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Home My WebLink AboutCC Resolution No. 15-001 Climate Action Plan RESOLUTION NO. 15-001 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CUPERTINO ADOPTING THE CITY OF CUPERTINO CLIMATE ACTION PLAN AND THE ADDENDUM TO THE 2040 GENERAL PLAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT WHEREAS, General Plan Policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan (CAP)) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP and Sustainability Strategies Implementation) direct the City to adopt and maintain a City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan (CAP) to attain State and regional reduction targets, and to periodically review and report on the effectiveness of the measures outlined in the Cupertino CAP; and, WHEREAS, General Plan Policies ES-1.1.1 and ES-1.1.2 are also identified under the amended General Plan, known as the Community Vision 2040, and the General Plan Amendment Final EIR as having the effect of reducing the environmental effects of the General Plan Amendments to the extent that the impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) were determined to be less-than-significant without mitigation; and, WHEREAS, the Cupertino CAP (Exhibit 2)is an implementation mechanism of the City's General Plan adopted in 2000 and amended in 2014, providing goals, policies, and programs to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, address climate change adaptation, and improve quality of life in the City, and supports or directly implements numerous General Plan goals, policies, and actions as identified under Chapter 6:Environmental Resources and Sustainability Element; and, WHEREAS, the Cupertino CAP also supports statewide GHG emissions reduction goals identified in Assembly Bill (AB) 32 and Senate Bill (SB)375;and, WHEREAS, the programs and actions in the Cupertino CAP will help the City sustain its natural resources, grow efficiently, ensure long-term resiliency to a changing environmental and economic climate, and improve transportation; and, WHEREAS, the CAP and its associated environmental review will also serve as a Bay Area Air Quality Management District Qualified GHG Reduction Plan and is consistent with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Resolution No. 15-001 Page 2 Guidelines Section 15183.5, simplifying development review for new projects that are consistent with the CAP; and, WHEREAS, General Plan 2040 policies and actions provide a comprehensive framework for reducing GHG emissions in the City. In particular, the Cupertino CAP would assist California in meeting the reduction goals for the year 2020 that are embodied in the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (Assembly Bill 32), and would ensure that GHG emissions in Cupertino City would not contribute considerably to cumulative GHG emissions and associated climate change effects; and, WHEREAS, the City undertook development of the Cupertino CAP in partnership with the County and adjacent cities to complete recent efforts initiated in the General Plan to address climate change and protect the local quality of life; and, WHEREAS, the Cupertino CAP, in combination with other existing policies and regulations by other agencies and business sectors of the economy, would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the City to a level that would comply with State guidelines; and, WHEREAS, the development of the Cupertino CAP included extensive public outreach to involve community interests in designing a City response to climate change and expanding existing resource efficiency initiatives and policies; and WHEREAS, the General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning Environmental Impact Report (State Clearinghouse No. 2014032007) ("GPA EIR-), which analyzed the significant environmental effects of the adopting and implementation of General Plan Policies ES-1.1.1 and ES- 1.1.2,was certified on December 4 2014; and, WHEREAS, the City has determined that the proposed Cupertino CAP does not meet the criteria for preparing a subsequent or supplemental EIR under CEQA Guidelines Sections 15162 and 15163; and, WHEREAS , an Addendum to the 2040 General Plan EIR (Exhibit 1)has therefore been prepared pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15164 for the Cupertino CAP in order to analyze the specific measures identified by the City to implem ent General Plan Policies ES-1.1.1 and ES-1.1.2,and; and, Resolution No. 15-001 Page 3 WHEREAS, the Draft Cupertino CAP and the 2040 General Plan EIR Addendum, (Exhibit 2 and 1),were made publicly available during a 30-day public review period from December 5,2014 through January 5,2015, online at cupertinogpa.org, to allow for public review and comment prior to the City Council hearing; and, WHEREAS, the Environmental Review Committee recommended adoption of the General Plan Amendment EIR Addendum; and, WHEREAS, a duly noticed public hearing was held by City Council on January 20,2015 and by the Environmental Review Committee on January 8, 2015;and, WHEREAS, City Council reviewed and considered the information in the administrative record, staff report, and all oral and written testimony presented to Council; and, WHEREAS, the Addendum provides analysis and cites substantial evidence that supports the City's determination that the CAP does not meet the criteria for preparing a subsequent or supplemental EIR under CEQA Guidelines Sections 15162 and 15163 including: 1)As addressed in the analysis contained in the Addendum, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions- reducing measures and actions proposed in the Plan are beneficial. Implementation of the CAP would not cause any new significant impacts or substantially increase the severity of previously identified significant impacts identified in the General Plan EIR GPA EIR.All impacts associated with adoption and implementation of the CAP would be to the same as, or less than, the impacts previously analyzed in the General Plan EIR and GPA EIR. 2)Implementation of the proposed CAP would not result in substantial changes in physical circumstances that would cause a new significant impact or substantially increase the severity of a previously identified significant impact, and there have been no other changes in the circumstances that meet this criterion. Rather, the CAP would result in beneficial actions that promote energy- efficient new development, renewable energy, reduced water and energy use, and waste reduction. There have been no changes in the environmental conditions in the City not contemplated and analyzed in the GPA EIR that would Resolution No. 15-001 Page 4 result in new or substantially more severe environmental impacts in association with implementation of the CAP. 3)There is no new information of substantial importance (which was not known or could not have been known at the time of the General Plan Amendment adoption on December 4,2014) that shows any of the following: a) A new significant impact; b)A substantial increase in the severity of a previously identified significant impact;or c)Mitigation measures or alternatives previously found infeasible that would now be feasible and would substantially reduce one or more significant effects of the General Plan Policies ES 1.1.1 and ES-1.1.2;or mitigation measures or alternatives which are considerably different from those analyzed in the GPA EIR which would substantially reduce one or more significant effects on the environment of GPA Policies ES-1.1.1 and ES 1.1.2. NOW, THEREFORE, BE 1T RESOLVED that the Cupertino City Council hereby makes the following findings: 1. Notice of the Cupertino City Council hearings on the CAP, and GPA EIR Addendum.was given as required by law and the actions were conducted in accordance with CEQA and the State CEQA Guidelines. 2.An EIR Addendum was prepared that provides analysis and is based on substantial evidence that supports the City's determination that the CAP does not meet the criteria for preparing a subsequent or supplemental EIR under CEQA Guidelines Sections 15162 and 15163. 3.All individuals, groups and agencies desiring to comment were given adequate opportunity to submit oral and written comments on the CAP and the environmental review documents.These opportunities for comment meet or exceed the requirements of the Planning and Zoning Law and CEQA. 4.The Cupertino City Council was presented with all of the information described in the recitals and has considered this information in adopting this resolution. Resolution No. 15-001 Page 5 5. The proposed Adoption of the CAP is in the public interest, and protects the health, safety, and welfare of the City. BE IT RESOLVED that the City of Cupertino City Council determines that: (1)The Addendum to the 2040 General Plan EIR (Exhibit 1)for the CAP reflects the independent judgment of the City of Cupertino; and, (2)Adopts the Addendum to the GPA EIR for the CAP (Exhibit 1). BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City of Cupertino City Council hereby adopts the Cupertino CAP, dated January 20, 2015. PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Cupertino on the 20th day of January 2015, by the following vote: Vote Members of the Citv Council AYES: Sinks, Chang, Paul, Vaidhyanathan, Wong NOES: None ABSENT: None ABSTAIN: None ATTEST: APPROVED: Grace Schmidt, City Clerk Rod Sinks, Mayor, City of Cupertino 651013.2 EXHIBIT 1 : Addendum to the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) prepared for 2040 General Plan Liz] CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO ADDENDUM TO THE GENERAL PLAN AMMENDMENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT SCH No. 2014032007 CITY F CUPE"NO i . ! • r JANUARY 2015 CUPERTINO CLIMATE ACTION PLAN Addendum Cover Page The purpose of this Addendum to the General Plan Amendment, Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning EIR (SCH No. 2014032007) (GPAEIR), referred to as the "Addendum," is to explain that adoption of the City proposed Climate Action Plan (CAP) would not create any new or substantially more severe significant effects on the environment that were not analyzed in the GPA EIR.The Draft CAP implements General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation), which were adopted on December 3rd, 2014, and were analyzed in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR is available for review in the City's Planning Department and accessible at http://www.cupertinogpa.org/. While CEQA does not require a public comment period for Addenda,the City will consider agency and individual comments on this Addendum received within 30 days of publication or January 5, 2015. Please submit comments to sustainability@cupertino.org. For additional questions related to the CAP, please contact Erin Cooke, Cupertino's Sustainability Manager by phone at 408-777-7603. Public Review Draft December 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CITY OF CUPERTINO City Council: Mayor Gilbert Wong Vice Mayor Rod Sinks Councilmember Mark Santoro Councilmember Orrin Mahoney Councilmember Barry Chang City Staff: David Brandt, City Manager Aarti Shrivastava,Assistant City Manager&Director,Community Development Department Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager AECOM Jeff Goldman,AICP,Project Director Josh Lathan,Project Manager Drew Sutton, CEQA Specialist Joseph Howell,Assistant CEQA Specialist TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose of Document................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Project Description....................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Baseline Conditions: Greenhouse Gas Inventories ...................................................................... 1-8 1.4 Greenhouse Gas Forecasts............................................................................................................ 1-9 1.5 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets........................................................................................... 1-14 1.6 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures........................................................................................ 1-17 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST AND FINDINGS........................................................................2-1 2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS: ........................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Explanation of Checklist Evaluation Categories..........................................................................2-2 2.3 Discussion and Mitigation Sections............................................................................................. 2-2 2.4 Aesthetics.....................................................................................................................................2-3 2.5 Agriculture and Forestry Resources............................................................................................. 2-6 2.6 Air Quality....................................................................................................................................2-8 2.7 Biological Resources..................................................................................................................2-12 2.8 Cultural Resources ..................................................................................................................... 2-17 2.9 Geology and Soils ......................................................................................................................2-19 2.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................................2-22 2.11 Hazards and Hazardous Materials.............................................................................................. 2-24 2.12 Hydrology and Water Quality....................................................................................................2-28 2.13 Land Use and Planning...............................................................................................................2-33 2.14 Mineral Resources...................................................................................................................... 2-34 2.15 Noise...........................................................................................................................................2-35 2.16 Population and Housing.............................................................................................................2-38 2.17 Public Services...........................................................................................................................2-39 2.18 Recreation...................................................................................................................................2-41 2.19 Transportation/Traffic................................................................................................................2-42 2.20 Utilities and Service Systems.....................................................................................................2-48 2.21 Mandatory Findings of Significance.......................................................................................... 2-52 3 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................3-1 Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino i Table of Contents Figures Figure1.1 Project Vicinity......................................................................................................................... 1-4 Figure1.2 City Limits................................................................................................................................ 1-5 Figure 1.3 Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year............................................................................. 1-15 Tables Table 1.1 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions.................................................................................... 1-8 Table 1.2 Baseline 2010 Community-wide Emissions........................................................................................... 1-9 Table 1.3 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions(2010 -2050).................................................... 1-10 Table 1.4 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 -2050)................................................................................ 1-10 Table 1.5 Municipal Operations BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals(2010 -2050) ........................................... 1-11 Table 1.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions ............................... 1-13 Table 1.7 Community-wide BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals(2010 -2050).................................................. 1-14 Table 1.8 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory,Forecasts, and Reduction Targets............................................ 1-15 Table 1.9 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory,Forecasts, and Reduction Targets............................................ 1-16 Table 1.10 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets....................................................... 1-16 Table 1.11 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions............................................................. 1-24 Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures.............................................................................................. 1-30 AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Table of Contents ii City of Cupertino 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT The purpose of this Addendum to the General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update,and Associated Rezoning EIR(SCH No. 2014032007) (GPAEIR),' referred to as the"Addendum,"is to explain that adoption of the City proposed Climate Action Plan(CAP)would not create any new or substantially more severe significant effects on the environment that were not analyzed in the GPA EIR. The Draft CAP implements General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation),which were adopted on [DATE], 2014, and were analyzed in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR is hereby incorporated by reference and is available for review in the City's Planning Department. General Plan policy ES-1.1.1 states: ► Climate Action Plan(CAP).Adopt, implement and maintain a CAP to attain greenhouse gas emission targets consistent with state law and regional requirements. This qualified greenhouse gas emissions reduction plan,by Bay Area Air Quality Management District's(BAAQMD)definition,will allow for future project California Environmental Quality Act(CEQA) streamlining and will identify measures to: ► Reduce energy use through conservation and efficiency; ► Reduce fossil fuel use through multi-modal and alternative transportation; ► Maximize use of and,where feasible, install renewable energy resources; ► Increase citywide water conservation and recycled water use; ► Accelerate Resource Recovery through expanded recycling, composting, extended producer responsibility and procurement practices; ► Promote and incentivize each of those efforts to maximize community participation and impacts; and ► Integrate multiple benefits of green infrastructure with climate resiliency and adaptation. General Plan policy ES-1.1.2 states: ► CAP and Sustainability Strategies Implementation.Periodically review and report on the effectiveness of the measures outlined in the CAP and the strategies in this Element. Institutionalize sustainability by developing a methodology to ensure all environmental, social and lifecycle costs are considered in project, program,policy and budget decisions. The Draft CAP does not authorize any development and would not directly result in physical environmental effects due to the construction and operation of facilities. Future projects implementing the CAP would be required to demonstrate consistency with the goals and actions of the proposed CAP in order to rely on the tiering and streamlining provisions in CEQA Guidelines section 15183.e(Tiering and Streamlining the Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions). 1 The GPA EIR was certified on[DATE],2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-1 Introduction This Addendum is organized into the following chapters: ► Section 1 —Project Description: this section describes the location and setting of the Draft CAP, along with the principal components of the project,and its relations to the City's forthcoming General Plan Amendment. The section also describes the policy setting and implementation process. In addition,this section provides pertinent project details, including lead agency contact information. ► Section 2—Environmental Checklist and Findings: Making use of the CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist,this chapter summarizes impact conclusions from the GPA EIR and explains that the proposed CAP Strategies would not create any new or substantially more significant environmental effects,providing substantiation of the findings made. ► Section 3—References: This chapter provides a list of documents used in the preparation of the Addendum. 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.2.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW The City of Cupertino has recently undertaken a community-based planning process to review land use,urban design,mobility, and economic development alternatives as part of a focused GPA,Housing Element Update, and associated Rezoning Project. The GPA EIR,published June 2014, for the proposed GPA Project evaluates three land use alternatives in addition to the No Project Alternative (Alternative A,B, and C), each consisting of options for city-wide development allocations(office, commercial,hotel,and residential),building heights and densities. Alternative C was analyzed as the proposed project and includes the maximum development intensity considered. This Addendum is based on the analysis of Alternative C. The City's 2005 General Plan, as amended by the 2014 General Plan Amendment, calls for preparation, adoption, and implementation of a CAP. The City of Cupertino has prepared a Draft CAP with input from the City Council, Planning Commission, City Staff, community members,the development community, and citizens. The Cupertino Climate Action Plan Project represents the City of Cupertino's municipal and community-wide efforts to achieve the state-recommended GHG emissions reduction target of 15%below 2010 levels by the year 2020 (equivalent to 1990 levels)as outlined in Assembly Bill(AB) 32 and the AB 32 Scoping Plan. The CAP would streamline future environmental review of projects in Cupertino by utilizing CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5,Tiering and Streamlining the Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,which, in part, states: Lead agencies may analyze and mitigate the significant effects of greenhouse gas emissions at a programmatic level, such as in...a separate plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Later project-specific environmental documents may tier from and/or incorporate by reference that existing programmatic review. (CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 [a]) The CAP would also meet the BAAQMD expectation of a Qualified GHG Reduction Strategy,using its Plan Level Guidance. To that end,the CAP identifies how the City would address its emissions targets through reduced dependency on fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy sources, and through increases in the efficient use of resources that are consumed. It also provides a way to connect climate change mitigation(i.e., GHG emissions reduction)to climate adaptation, community resilience, and broader community goals,commonly outlined in a City's General Plan. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-2 City of Cupertino The framework of Cupertino's CAP consists o£ 1. Inventory: Community-wide and municipal government operations GHG emission inventories and forecasts to establish a starting point and probable future emissions levels if no action to reduce emissions is taken(i.e., "Business as Usual"forecast). 2. Target: Reduction targets to provide aspirational goals to reduce GHG emissions incrementally by 2020, 2035, and 2050. 3. Measures: Goals, reduction measures, and implementation steps to achieve the reduction target through agency and community action. Upon adoption of the CAP, the City will take action to implement its reduction measures, monitor progress towards achievement of the reduction targets, and then evaluate effectiveness of the results to make adjustments to improve performance of CAP measures. 1.2.2 PROJECT LOCATION Cupertino is a suburban city of 10.9 square miles located on the southern portion of the San Francisco peninsula, in Santa Clara County. The city is located approximately 36 miles southeast of downtown San Francisco, eight miles south of downtown San Jose, and three miles south of Sunnyvale. As shown in Figure 1.1 and 1.2 below, the cities of Los Altos and Sunnyvale are adjacent to the northern city boundaries while the cities of Santa Clara and San Jose lie to the east and Saratoga lies to the south of Cupertino.Unincorporated areas of Santa Clara County form the western boundary and portions of the southern boundary of the city. The city is accessed by Interstate 280,which functions as a major east/west regional connector, and State Route 85,which functions as the main north/south regional connector. Cupertino is served by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA)bus system, and has 11 bus routes operating throughout various locations in the city, including several stops along De Anza Boulevard and Stevens Creek Boulevard2. The VTA bus system provides local and regional transportation to the greater Silicon Valley, including San Jose and Sunnyvale. Cupertino is known for its location in the heart of Silicon Valley and home to the worldwide headquarters of Apple Inc. Figures 1.1 and 1.2,below, show the City of Cupertino's location within Santa Clara County and its municipal boundaries,which serve as the project area for the CAP project. 2 Santa Clara VTA,Bus Routes by City:Cupertino,http://www.vta.ori/eetting-around/schedules/b�city,accessed on October 8,2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-3 Introduction P&AH M ,K LOURM COM1eSW GUS TW COVhrT eVurdly trrr� l '•-_ � — LEGEND "N �IIRMKISGb� City Boundary (D aw ---' �. � `•. 5m metier Urban 5ervi€e ArEa Boundary F,— r� AL MebA -------._ CUi1MTr i Unn€orporatd AWR ereas hin ' I ¢c ' L 9aundaryrAgreement Line Ck SAN MATEOa \ n�,fr Cowry `fk tarn SN MATED Pik k rla. '�1 u, crew• til y -:, '•-:aa.. ;els cam, Pain Alto 4 ... 1}1 Cupertino.,-> L..�.. . r to 9AVIR 3AMTW e'WUF EMUNTY LOI14'IY l Mountain aero J.gc Alin Sunnyvra le ra'. an .w Ls�laltia� - � I Santa Mara yea ----------------- San Jose Lupe, Gino $ z CanYpk 4 7 " --- _....... J 5ar;ktGga I LIN Gat SJANTiA "y SANTA Rll�i ' CLARA + UNTY 4i COU TY -+fia as i 5. •'. a Seel 1 1 S€rurce:(3ty of Cupertino 2QQO-162a General Paan_ Figure 1.1 Project Vicinity AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-4 City of Cupertino J / 2 . G Fremont Ave \ $ \ } / £ - � Homestead Rd \ ) � ri I & CO 3Stevens #Blv, �® £ \ CUP£RT N0 \ § � / ) : A�m m c [---- . \ & e $ kAV? r R E_� I ¥ ' { \ � } e ® \ - J $ St _ec_&/ — - prospect JJ Reservoir 1 \ \ $ w E COX Ave \. § & , q NIEe NORTH Base Map:Cal—e 22% 60318763#c mx0 Figure 1.2 C|t Limits Cupertino Dm$AanPIanEIRAddendum ACOM C6 of Cupertino 1a IA/ud« 1.2.3 OBJECTIVES In California's goal to be a leader in GHG emission reduction and prevention, several regulations have been adopted by the state.AB 32, one of the primary regulations in state climate change law,requires that emissions limits be reduced to 1990 levels by the target year 2020. Many California cities have already adopted climate action plans, or are in the process of doing so,using AB 32 as a guide to their own city-level regulations to help achieve statewide GHG emission goals. The CAP proposes community-wide and municipal operations GHG emission reduction goals,measures, and implementing actions with regard to the following elements: a)buildings and energy,b)transportation and land use, c)waste reduction, d)green infrastructure,and e)water conservation. The City's vision for the CAP is as follows: Cupertino has been collaborating with neighboring Santa Clara County cities to develop CAPS that seek to identify regional sources of greenhouse gas emissions and establish local strategies to reduce these emissions. This is part of the County's work with local agencies to protect residents and businesses from long-term impacts associated with climate change. Building from these regional climate action activities,Cupertino is now customizing the plan for our City. The City's CAP will include community-vetted measures to reduce GHG emissions in the region and locally to foster a healthy and resilient Cupertino. Through extensive research and community input,the CAP will be designed to support statewide emission reduction targets. It will identify opportunities to reduce Cupertino's emissions while benefitting our local environment,residents, and neighborhoods. Cupertino has been a leader in environmental planning since 2005, as one of the first cities to incorporate a Sustainability Element within its General Plan. The CAP will reinforce the goals of this Element by coordinating with the City's recent municipal projects and community-wide programs to conserve resources,while evolving the City's approach to mitigate and adapt to climate change to ensure the wellbeing and longevity of our City. The City has identified the following five objectives for its CAP: ► To demonstrate environmental leadership—Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable,reportable,verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions. ► To save money and promote green jobs—Residents,businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our environmental resources. ► To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives—California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services.As such, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state meet its goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ► To promote sustainable development—By developing this CAP according to BAAQMD guidelines, sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-6 City of Cupertino (i.e., "streamlined")through the CEQA review process by not requiring further analysis of GHG emissions for proposed projects that are consistent with the CAP. ► To support regional climate change efforts—Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions,performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. 1.2.4 STATE CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS Cupertino's strategy for climate protection must be set within the context of the Bay Area and the state,where much of the momentum for local action in the United States originates. California has long been a sustainability leader, as illustrated by Governor Schwarzenegger signing Executive Order(EO) S-3-05 in 2005. EO S-3-05 recognizes California's vulnerability to a reduced snowpack, exacerbation of air quality problems, and potential sea-level rise due to a changing climate. To address these concerns,the governor established targets to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010,to 1990 levels by 2020, and to 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. In 2006, California became the first state in the country to adopt a statewide GHG reduction target through AB 32. This law codifies the EO S-3-05 requirement to reduce statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 resulted in the 2008 adoption by the California Air Resources Board(ARB)of a Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan), outlining the state's plan to achieve emission reductions through a mixture of direct regulations, alternative compliance mechanisms, different types of incentives,voluntary actions,market based mechanisms, and funding. The Scoping Plan addresses similar areas to those contained in the CAP, including transportation, building energy efficiency,water conservation,waste reduction, and green infrastructure. AB 32 engendered several companion laws that can assist Cupertino in reducing community-wide GHG emissions. These legislative actions and regulations are referred to as statewide actions throughout the Draft CAP, and represent a significant source of estimated GHG reductions. The Draft CAP estimated the GHG emission reductions associated with State actions, including: ► Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS), ► California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ► AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency, ► AB 1493—Pavley I and II, ► EO-S-1-07—Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and ► Vehicle Efficiency Regulations. As the regulatory framework surrounding AB 32 grows, it may be possible to evaluate a wider range of statewide reductions. These statewide actions are described in more detail in the Draft CAP document. 1.2.5 REGIONAL COORDINATION AND ACTIONS In addition to the Scoping Plan and other actions taken at the statewide level,numerous county-wide and other regional efforts have also been established to support broad action towards emissions reductions within the Bay Area. These regional efforts promoting GHG reductions are already under way, and represent a suite of ways that Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-7 Introduction Cupertino has already teamed with adjacent communities to mitigate environmental impacts and emissions sources that cross geographic boundaries. These coordination activities are described in more detail in the Draft CAP document. 1.3 BASELINE CONDITIONS: GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES The purpose of a baseline inventory is to provide a snapshot of GHG emissions in a given year.A baseline inventory allows the City to identify major sources of emissions within the community or resulting from its own operations, and then develop meaningful reduction measures that address the major emissions contributors. The City developed its baseline emissions inventories for the 2010 operational year as part of a regional climate action planning effort in 2013. The City prepared its baseline inventories to describe two emissions perspectives: community-wide and municipal operations. Community-wide emissions include all emissions activity occurring within the City's jurisdictional boundary as a result of community activities (e.g.,building energy use, transportation, solid waste generation). Municipal operations emissions are a subset of the community-wide inventory, and only describe those emissions resulting from the provision of government services. The baseline inventories assessed emissions from energy use/facilities,transportation/vehicle fleet, solid waste generation,off- road sources,wastewater,and water services. See the Draft CAP for additional information on the components and preparation of an emissions inventory. 1.3.1 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS INVENTORY The baseline inventory identifies that the City's municipal operations generated a total of 1,775 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions(MT CO2e)in 2010. As shown in Table 1.1, emissions from the Facilities sector were the largest contributor of emissions (70.4%), followed by the Vehicle Fleet(23.9%)and Solid Waste (5.4%) sectors. Emissions from water supply services are in comparison a small contributor,making up only 0.4% of the baseline inventory. Emissions associated with wastewater services were excluded from Cupertino's inventory because the City does not have operational control over the regional wastewater treatment plant. Table 1.1 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions Emission Sector Subsector Emissions City Total(%) (MT COzelyr) Facilities 1,249 70.4% Building Energy 837 47.2% Public Lighting 412 23.2% Vehicle Fleet 424 23.9% Solid Waste 95 5.4% Water Services 7 0.4% Total 1,775 100% Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-8 City of Cupertino 1.3.2 COMMUNITYWIDE INVENTORY Cupertino's community-wide baseline emissions inventory totals 307,288 MT CO2e/yr in 2010.As shown in Table 1.2, energy use is the largest contributor of GHG emissions (55%),with transportation emissions contributing the majority of the remainder(34%). Off-road sources provide 7%of the inventory, and solid waste emissions provide another 2%. Potable water use and wastewater treatment are both small contributors by comparison, making up the remaining 2% of the inventory. Table 1.2 Baseline 2010 Community-wide Emissions Emission Sector Subsector Emissions Communitywide Total (MT CO2e/yr) (%) Energy 169,547 55.2% Electricity Subtotal 85,452 27.8% Residential 25,427 8.3% Commercial 60,025 19.5% Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 27.4% Residential 49,986 16.3% Commercial 34,109 11.1% Transportation 104,112 33.9% Off-Road Sources 22,390 7.3% Solid Waste 5,403 1.8% Wastewater Wastewater Treatment 4,640 1.5% Potable Water Water Demand 1,197 0.4% Total 307,288 100.0% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding 1.4 GREENHOUSE GAS FORECASTS The baseline inventories were used to forecast future emissions growth for 2020,2035, and 2050 under a business-as-usual(BAU) scenario. This BAU scenario assumes historic trends describing energy and water consumption,travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth. Growth factors for these future scenarios were based upon the General Plan's estimated growth in population, employment, and vehicle miles travelled under the highest growth scenario. BAU emissions forecasts are important because they are used to calculate the amount of emissions reductions necessary to achieve the City's future reduction targets. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-9 Introduction MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BAU FORECAST Table 1.3 identifies the forecasted BAU municipal operations emissions by sector for 2020,2035, and 2050. Table 1.3 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 -2050) Emission Sector Subsector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT COZelyr) (MT COZelyr) MT CO2e1 r MT CO2e1 r Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding COMMUNITY-WIDE BAU FORECAST Table 1.4 identifies the community-wide BAU emissions forecasts by sector for 2020, 2035, and 2050. Table 1.4 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding As described above in Section 1.2.4,the State of California has adopted and implemented numerous policies and programs that will help to achieve the state's long-term emissions reduction target.Adjusted business-as-usual AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-10 City of Cupertino (ABAU) forecasts consider the impact of this legislation to show what a community's emissions will likely be if the state continues to make progress on implementing its high-level actions.ABAU forecasts can be useful in identifying the remaining reductions gap between a jurisdiction's ABAU forecasts and its reduction targets. Local measures can then be developed to fill any gaps to support target achievement. MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS ABAU FORECASTS Within the municipal operations ABAU forecasts developed for the CAP,it is assumed that Facilities and Water sector emissions will be reduced through implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS). The standard effectively requires electrical utilities to reduce the carbon intensity of their electricity by obtaining 33% of their generation portfolio from renewable sources by 2020. This statewide action will help reduce municipal operations emissions and contribute toward achievement of the City's emissions targets. The City will monitor the effectiveness of this legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included, should additional actions be developed that would apply to the CAP. Unlike the community-wide ABAU forecasts described below,the municipal operations forecasts do not apply reductions from statewide actions related to vehicle emissions, such as Assembly Bill 1493 (Pavley I and 11),Executive Order S-1-07 (Low Carbon Fuel Standard), or other vehicle efficiency regulations. These actions were purposefully excluded to avoid double counting emissions reduction potential between the state's actions and the City's initiatives to reduce emissions from its fleet(as described in Chapter 4 of the CAP). Table 1.5 identifies municipal operations ABAU forecast emissions for 2020, 2035, and 2050. It is possible that the state may increase the requirements associated with the RPS,which would result in greater emissions reductions. However, at the time of CAP preparation, compliance with the standard only required a 33% renewable electricity portfolio by 2020.The calculations supporting Table 1.5 assume that the standard is achieved by 2020 and is not exceeded(i.e.,remains at 33%)in the 2035 and 2050 target years. Table 1.5 Municipal Operations BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector Subsector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT COZelyr) (MT COZelyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 BAU Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Statewide Reductions Renewable Portfolio Standard - (365) (385) (404) ABAU Total 1,775 1,490 1,584 1,672 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-11 Introduction COMMUNITY-WIDE ABAU FORECASTS Most of Cupertino's anticipated community-wide emission reductions are estimated to come from statewide actions. The CAP assumes that emissions within the energy and transportation sectors will be reduced through the statewide efforts mentioned above in Section 1.2.4(and described in Chapter 1 of the CAP). This includes regulations addressing the use of renewable energy sources, building energy efficiency, and GHG emissions from passenger cars and trucks. When the impact of these statewide actions is applied to Cupertino's BAU emissions forecast,the resulting ABAU emissions levels begin to show the pathway towards achieving future reduction targets. These actions provide important reductions that are applied toward Cupertino's community-wide emissions targets,reducing the total amount of emissions to be addressed through local community actions. This CAP also considers PG&E's future mix of electricity generation sources as planned through 2020,though this is not specifically a statewide action. In addition to its compliance with the state's RPS,PG&E also anticipates that the non-RPS compliant portion of its portfolio will become cleaner as their use of natural gas increases and that of coal decreases.Natural gas releases less CO2 than coal when burned,which will result in reduced carbon emissions from PG&E's electricity generation portfolio as this shift is implemented. The City will monitor the effectiveness of state legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included in future CAP updates. The CAP considers locally-realized community-wide emissions reductions from: ► Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS), ► California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ► AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency ► AB 1493—Pavley I and II, ► EO-S-1-07—Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and ► Vehicle Efficiency Regulations Including only these statewide initiatives towards the GHG reduction targets is considered a conservative approach because the AB 32 Scoping Plan describes numerous other actions that are likely to result in statewide reductions (e.g.,Million Solar Roofs program,High Speed Rail). The statewide actions included herein represent those for which a methodology is available to calculate Cupertino's likely share of these reductions. Other actions will provide statewide benefits,but cannot be accurately attributed to Cupertino at this time, and should be carefully tracked for possible incorporation during future year CAP updates. ARB's 2008 Scoping Plan provides emissions reduction estimates through 2020 that would result from implementation of the recommended actions contained therein. These reduction estimates were used to calculate the local reduction potential from those statewide actions that directly relate to emissions included in Cupertino's baseline inventories(e.g., electricity consumption,vehicle emissions). The First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan was approved in May 2014, and provides additional near-term and long-term actions to assist the state in pursuit of its long-term emissions reduction target of 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. The updated Scoping Plan also indicates that the state is on track to achieve its near-term reduction target of a return to 1990 levels by 2020, as codified in Assembly Bill 32. The updated Scoping Plan is meant to establish a framework to guide the state's actions in pursuit of climate goals beyond 2020. However,the update does not provide the same level of specific emissions reduction estimates resulting from implementation of these new actions beyond the AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-12 City of Cupertino 2020 horizon year. Therefore,reductions associated with statewide actions cannot be projected for the City's 2035 and 2050 target years with the same degree of confidence used to calculate the 2020 reductions estimates. Chapter 2 of the CAP presents two methods for estimating future reductions associated with statewide actions to address this uncertainty beyond the 2020 timeframe of the Scoping Plan. One approach estimates their impact based on the known extent of their implementation by 2020, as described in the Scoping Plan. These reductions can then be projected into the future, assuming no further enhancement to the statewide actions. Based on informal conversation with BAAQMD staff, a second approach was developed that applies the 2020 statewide reduction estimates to the City's 2020 target to calculate their relative contribution(i.e.,percentage of reduction target that is assumed to be met with statewide actions). This second approach then assumes that this same relative level of statewide actions contribution towards future target years. For example, statewide reductions in Cupertino are estimated to provide 85% of reductions needed to achieve the 2020 target. This second approach would assume that statewide actions are continually enhanced and strengthened in the future, such that those actions would also provide 85%of the reductions needed to achieve the City's 2035 and 2050 targets as well. As described in the updated Scoping Plan,the state is on track to achieve its 2020 target, and is now turning its focus towards longer-term reduction goals. While it is not possible to predict with certainty that future statewide actions will continue to contribute 85%of reductions needed to achieve the City's targets,progress made toward the state's 2020 target indicates a commitment and desire to realize California's long-term 2050 reduction target. The CAP directs the City to continually monitor these statewide actions and evaluate their local impact(i.e.,emissions reduction contributions)during regular inventory updates through Measure 2035-1. If these updates occur every 2-3 years,this will provide early warning on the actual impact of the statewide actions such that the City can develop additional local reduction strategies, as necessary,to ensure future target achievement. Table 1.6 summarizes the anticipated community-wide reductions in 2020 for the statewide actions listed above. Table 1.7 shows the resulting statewide reductions and community-wide ABAU emissions forecasts,assuming that the contribution of statewide actions in 2020 remains constant(i.e., 85%of the targets presented below in Section 1.5 are achieved with reductions from statewide actions). Table 1.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions Statewide Actions 2020 Emissions Reductions (MT COselyr) Renewable Portfolio Standard(33%by 2020)+PG&E De-carbonization 34,267 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 AB 1109 Lighting Efficiency 5,059 Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 Total 80,261 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding x Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-13 Introduction Table 1.7 Community-wide BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals (2010 -2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 BAU Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Statewide Reductions - (80,261) (230,427)' (380,307)' ABAU Total 307,288 275,349 197,380 119,352 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' Represents 85%of the community-wide 2035 and 2050 target(respectively)shown in Table 1.8 1.5 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION TARGETS The CAP's primary goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To further that goal, an emissions reduction target serves as an aspirational metric to help focus City strategies to achieve the desired reductions. The targets selected in the CAP are designed to support statewide emissions reduction efforts, as well as allow use of recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. The state's near-term emissions reduction goal, as defined in AB 32,is to return to 1990 levels by 2020. Most local governments do not have baseline inventory data for the year 1990, so the ARB and the BAAQMD have developed guidance suggesting that a reduction of 15%below the CAP's baseline year by 2020 could approximate a return to 1990 levels for jurisdictions with baseline years of 2005-2008. (see Draft CAP Chapter 2 for further description of the target selection process pg.62). This is the most common near-term target used in CAPs within California. However, Cupertino prepared its baseline inventories using the most current data available at the time of CAP preparation,which resulted in selection of a 2010 baseline year. Since BAAQMD's previous guidance suggested that a 15%reduction below a 2005-2008 baseline year could approximate a return to 1990 levels, it could be assumed that later baseline years would need to reduce emissions by a greater amount to similarly return to 1990 levels,as shown in Figure 1.3. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-14 City of Cupertino 12,500 12,000 _ 11,500 ' 11,000 _ 10,500 10,000 ' 9,500 22.7% below 2010 15.0% below 2005 9,000 ' 8,500 8,000 — 2005 2010 2020 BAU Emissions Target Figure 1.3 Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year BAAQMD's current guidance was based on ARB's 2007 statewide inventory and forecasts for the 2020 horizon year. Table 1.8 presents this original statewide information expressed as million metric tons of CO2e. ARB used a baseline year created from the average emissions inventories for 2002-2004, and also provided a 2020 target year emissions forecast.The 2005-2010 BAU emissions values presented here were interpolated based on ARB's baseline year and forecast estimate assuming straight line growth between these two points. The bottom row shows what reduction target below each baseline year would be required to achieve a return to 1990 levels. As shown, a 2008 baseline year would require a target of nearly 15%,while a 2010 baseline year would require a target of 17%to approximate a return to 1990 levels. Table 1.8 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 2002-2004 1990 Average 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 469' 477 485 493 501 509 517 596' Target Needed to Achieve 1990 Levels 0.0% 9.0% 10.5% 11.9% 13.4% 14.7% 16.1% 17.3% 28.4% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan,December 2008,pages 12-13 However, since BAAQMD provided its original guidance,ARB has updated the statewide inventory and 2020 forecasts to account for the economic recession that began in 2008. Table 1.9 presents this updated information using a 2008 baseline year.As shown,the 2020 emissions forecasts have been revised lower than those originally estimated in 2007. As a result,reduction targets to approximate a return to 1990 levels are also lower. Under this revised scenario, a 2008 baseline would only need to reduce emissions by 10%to return to 1990 levels,while a 2010 baseline would need reductions of approximately 12%. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-15 Introduction Table 1.9 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 1990 2008 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 475' 487 5453 %below Baseline to Reach 1990 Levels 0.0% 10.1% 12.3% 21.7% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan,December 2008,pages 12 2 From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/2020ghg emissions forecast 2010-10-28.pdf a From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/forecast.htm-, includes 2020 forecast value(i.e.,507 MMT CO2e/yr)plus 38 MMT CO2e/yr representing reductions anticipated from Pavley I and RPS,for a total 2020 BAU inventory of 545 MMT CO2e/yr In light of more current guidance from OPR or BAAQMD at the time of document preparation, Cupertino has selected a reduction target of 15%below 2010 baseline levels by 2020 as a proxy for a return to 1990 levels. This target falls squarely between those shown in Tables 1.8 and 1.9 for 2010 baseline years, and serves to demonstrate the City's commitment to supporting the state's emissions reduction goals by exceeding the reduction target associated with the revised statewide inventory(i.e., 12.3%). During future CAP updates,more refined targets may be available for incorporation into the plan,but at this time the selected target represents the best available data to allow local governments to approximate a return to 1990 levels. Governor Schwarzenegger also signed EO S-3-05,which includes a longer-term target to achieve emissions of 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. To demonstrate consistency with the state's long-range target,this CAP also includes targets for 2050,as well as interim year 2035 targets to serve as a mid-point check in between 2020 and 2050. Based on the state's 2050 target and the fact that this CAP uses a 2010 baseline year as described above, Cupertino has defined its longer-term targets as 49%below baseline levels by 2035 and 83%below baseline levels by 2050. Table 1.10 shows the community-wide and municipal operations reduction targets for these three planning years, along with the estimated contribution of statewide reductions to identify the total local reductions needed to achieve each target. Table 1.10 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets Community-wide Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15%below 2010 levels 49%below 2010 levels 83%below 2010 levels 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Statewide Reductions - (80,261) (230,427) (380,307) Local Reductions - Needed 14,154 40,663 67,113 AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-16 City of Cupertino Municipal Operations Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15%below 2010 levels 49%below 2010 levels 83%below 2010 levels 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed - 346 1,064 1,774 Statewide Reductions - (365) (385) (404) Local Reductions _ (19) 679 1,370 Needed 1.6 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION MEASURES 1.6.1 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS The Draft CAP includes a description of existing actions that have already been taken(or are ongoing)that would contribute to emission reductions. For the purposes of the analysis in this Addendum,the focus is on the proposed new actions to achieve GHG reductions. The municipal GHG reduction strategies included in the Draft CAP are summarized below. The items which were specifically evaluated in the Addendum because of their potential to affect the physical environmental are presented in italic text. Other proposed strategies include items that would not directly affect the physical environment;these measures may direct outreach programs,propose planning studies,or address financing strategies. Proposed municipal operations strategies include: M-F-1 Pursue Sustainable Energy Portfolio M-F-1 A. Support Utility-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio—PG&E proposed a"Green Option"program with the California Public Utilities Commission that would allow customers (including municipal governments) the ability to purchase electricity from renewable sources. If the Green Option program is approved,the City could decide to voluntarily participate and purchase the electricity used in its municipal operations from 100% emissions-free sources. The Green Option program may also offer a variety of options, such as 50%, 75%, and 100%clean electricity packages,with varying costs per kilowatt hour based on percentage of clean electricity provided. This action directs the City to study the feasibility of participating in the Green Option program, should it become available. M-F-1 B. Create Community Choice Energy Option—AB 117 enables California cities and counties to either individually, or collectively, supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a Community Choice Aggregation(CCA) district(refer to as Community Choice Energy or CCE in the Draft CAP). Unlike a municipal or publicly-owned utility, a CCA does not own the transmission and delivery systems, but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCA may own electric generating facilities,but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. Once a CCA is established,residents,businesses, and local governments may voluntarily participate by opting to purchase electricity from the CCA rather than the local utility company. Similar to the Green Option program, CCEs are Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-17 Introduction often developed to provide tiers of clean electricity, such as 75% or 100%clean electricity. This action directs the City to consider partnering with neighboring jurisdictions to prepare CCA feasibility studies for the development of a regional CCA district in which Cupertino's residents,businesses, and government could voluntarily participate. M-F-2 Develop Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation M-F-2 A.Install Solar PV Systems on City Buildings/Property—This action directs the City to pursue installation of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems at five previously analyzed sites: City Hall complex, Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Corporation Yard, and Civic Center carports. When fully implemented, the rooftop-and parking lot-mounted solar PV systems would total 508 kW of installed capacity, which are estimated to provide approximately 818,000 kilowatt hours (kWh)per year to City facilities. This action further directs the City to explore the potential for additional solar PV installations in the future, including on new buildings proposed as part of the City's Civic Center Master Plan. Specific locations where PV installations are proposed include the Civic Center and Corporation Yard. PV installations would be located on the roofs of existing buildings, and on free-standing structures in existing parking areas at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard. M-F-2 B.Install Solar Thermal Installations on City Facilities—Based on the City's previous Detailed Energy Audit,this action directs the City to conduct further feasibility analysis for the installation of solar thermal systems at the Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center, and pursue installation is systems are found to be financially viable. These systems would offset some or all of the facilities' natural gas demand used in water heating. This action does not direct the City to install any solar thermal systems at this time. M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management M-F-3 A.Develop Advanced Energy Efficiency Analytics—This action directs the City to partner with a third- party provider of building energy analytics programs and to use building energy use data to identify opportunities for building operational and maintenance improvements, and pursue installation or implementation of identified improvements as funding allows. These programs typically identify improvement opportunities in lighting management systems and buildings' mechanical, electrical, and plumbing(MEP) systems. M-F-3 B.Benchmark and Track Consumption Data Collected per Facility—This action directs the City to work with PG&E to install additional utility meters that would allow the City to track energy use at specific, individual buildings and facilities. Following installation of these additional meters,the City would be able to better track its energy use to identify efficiency improvement opportunities or monitor the results of various efficiency improvements. M-F-3 C.Install Energy Management Systems—This action directs the City to research and pursue opportunities for additional energy management systems (EMS)within its buildings. The City already uses EMS to control interior building lighting in numerous facilities and has installed plug load systems at some employee work stations to reduce energy use from office equipment and appliances after normal business hours. M-F-3 D.Introduce Retro-Commissioning Program—This action directs the City to formalize its existing procedures regarding the maintenance of its buildings' primary systems (e.g.,mechanical,electrical, and plumbing). These systems are commissioned at the time of installation to ensure their optimal operation. Over AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-18 City of Cupertino time,these settings shift, and retro-commissioning helps return them to an optimal operational state to improve building efficiency. M-F-3 E.Design/Implement Facilities and Equipment Energy Management Policy—This action directs the City to develop an overarching energy management policy to guide facility and equipment operations in an energy-efficient manner. M-F-3 F.Bolster Employee Behavior Change through Information/Education—This action would direct the City to train building facility and maintenance staff on the proper use of existing energy management systems and promote further use of an existing employee handbook that guides City procurement towards sustainable materials and products and energy-efficient options. The action also directs the City to install energy use dashboards in publicly-oriented buildings(e.g., City Hall,Library)to make energy conservation visible to City employees and the public. M-F-3 G.Pursue 3rd Party Facility Certification—This action directs the City to pursue certification programs that acknowledge the City's efforts related to building operational and management efficiency. M-F-4 Grow Existing Building Energy Retrofit Efforts M-F-4 A. Complete Building Retrofits—This action directs the City to use data collected as a result of the advanced analytics program(see M-F-3 A)to identify opportunities for additional building retrofits, such as HVAC replacement,hot water boiler insulation,or additional lighting retrofits. The City has already completed interior lighting retrofits with occupancy sensor installations and deployment of plug load controllers at work stations,both of which were recommended in the City's Detailed Energy Audit. This action does not direct the City to make any additional specific building retrofits at this time. M-F-4 B.Establish Energy Efficiency Fund—This action directs the City to explore the feasibility of establishing a revolving energy efficiency fund that could help fund energy efficiency improvements or renewable energy installations in the future. This action does not direct the City to commit funding for such purposes at this time. M-F-4 C. Set Standards and Targets—This action assumes that the City will continue implementing its existing Green Building Ordinance as applicable to future municipal construction retrofit projects. The action further directs the City to consider emphasizing energy and water conservation, as well as minimizing construction waste, through the retrofit design process. The Green Building Ordinance provides various pathways for compliance and this action directs the City to voluntarily pursue those pathways that would result in energy,water, and solid waste reductions,where feasible. This action does not direct a change to the City's Green Building Ordinance. M-F-4 D.Adopt Demonstration Policy—This action encourages the City to develop a formal process through which it can assist local businesses in testing and demonstration of emerging technology. M-F-S Expand New Building Energy Performance M-F-S A.Update Green Building Standard—Energy Performance Guidance-Similar to M-F-4 C,this action assumes that the City will continue implementing its existing Green Building Ordinance as applicable to future new municipal construction projects. The action further directs the City to consider emphasizing energy Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-19 Introduction and water conservation, as well as minimizing construction waste,through the building design and retrofit process. The Green Building Ordinance provides various pathways for compliance, and this action directs the City to voluntarily pursue those pathways that would result in energy,water, and solid waste reductions,where feasible. This action also directs the City to consider a building's solar orientation and consider including solar- ready construction,where feasible,to provide opportunities for additional future solar PV installations. This action does not direct a change to the City's Green Building Ordinance. M-F-6 Complete City-wide Public Realm Lighting Efficiency M-F-6 A. Complete Street Light Retrofits—This action directs the City to consider best practices in street lighting at the time of street light lamp replacement or fixture maintenance and replacement. This action further directs the City to achieve comparable levels of lighting efficiency in future new installations as were achieved in its recent city-wide street light retrofit project. This action does not direct any new lighting retrofits at this time. M-F-6 B.Retrofit Remaining Parking Lot and Park Facility Lighting—This action directs the City to identify additional opportunities for parking lot or park facility lighting retrofits, such as pathway lighting and athletic field lighting. It further directs the City to identify appropriate lighting retrofits for athletic fields that would maintain lighting level and quality requirements for sports play. The action also directs the City to update its lighting guidance documents to specify efficiency levels for new lighting installations or retrofits. M-F-7 Conserve Water through Efficient Landscaping M-F-7 A.Utilize Weather-Track System to Reduce Park and Median Water Use—This action directs the City to continue using its weather-based irrigation technology in City landscaping to avoid excessive water use, and to continue training staff on the proper use of the irrigation system. M-F-7 B.Benchmark and Track Water Use per Meter—This action directs the City to develop an operational framework for tracking and analyzing municipal water use at the meter level to help identify leaks or other wasteful activities. It further directs the City to incorporate water use reporting into its annual CAP progress reporting procedures to City Council. M-F-7 C.Adopt Water Budget and Green Grounds Policy—This action directs the City to consolidate its landscaping and park maintenance practices into one comprehensive guidance document or policy,referred to as a Green Grounds policy. This policy would incorporate the City's existing practices, including irrigation system training for Parks Department staff,management of green waste(e.g., grass trimmings,branch clippings),and plant selection. It further directs the City consider developing water budgets for individual park units to further monitor and manage water use. M-F-7 D.Use Bay-Friendly Landscaping Techniques Across Parks and Medians; Install Demonstration Gardens—This action directs the City to develop a funding and implementation schedule to update public landscapes with Bay-friendly landscaping techniques, and install a demonstration garden with educational placards to demonstrate water-sensitive design. M-F-7 E.Install Graywater and Rainwater Catchment Systems in New Construction and Major Retrofit Projects—This action directs the City to incorporate rainwater catchment systems and/or graywater plumbing in new municipal construction projects or major building retrofits, as appropriate. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-20 City of Cupertino M-F-7 F.Recognize Staff"Water Wise"Practices—This action directs the City to develop an acknowledgement/rewards program to celebrate the personal actions of staff who voluntary conserve water. M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles M-VF-1 A.Update Green Purchasing Policy and Vehicle Replacement Schedule to Prioritize Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Infrastructure—This action directs the City to develop an over-arching strategic plan and budget to transition the City's municipal fleet towards low-emissions and alternative fuel vehicles to pair with the City's existing Vehicle Replacement Schedule. The action directs the City to replace 5 passenger vehicles with hybrid electric models, 12 light-duty trucks with hybrid-electric SUV models, and 2 heavy-duty trucks with more fuel-efficient heavy-duty truck models. These replacements would be in addition to the City's existing 3 hybrid- electric passenger vehicles and 2 hybrid-electric SUVs. This action further directs the City to continue implementation of a municipal car share program, and consider opportunities for expansion of the City's existing municipal bicycle fleet. This action does not direct the City to install alternative fuel charging or refueling stations; see M-VF-2 A,B, and C for actions related to alternative fueling infrastructure. M-VF-1 B.Expand City Bike Fleet,Training, and Promotion—This action directs the City to continue promotion of its existing municipal fleet for use in instances when vehicle trips can be safely and conveniently replaced with trips via bicycle. M-VF-1 C.Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to City-Sponsored Events—Through this action,the City will continue to implement its municipal car share program, as well as work to identify opportunities to expand its municipal bike and car share programs for staff use to offset vehicle miles traveled during commutes to municipal buildings. M-VF-2 Increase Alternative Fuel Infrastructure M-VF-2 A.Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations—The City has already installed one dual port electric vehicle (EV) charging station, with plans to install four more in the near-term. This action assumes that the City will install a total of ten EV charging stations for municipal and public use to help support a future shift towards alternative fuel vehicles. This action does not specify the location of these additional EV charging stations. M-VF-2 B. Evaluate Fuel Cell Fueling Station— This action directs the City to continue analyzing opportunities for the development of local fuel cell fueling stations for municipal and community-wide use.It recommends the City share its research with neighboring jurisdictions to determine if joint-or bulk procurement is a viable funding strategy. This action does not direct the City to install any fuel cell fueling stations at this time. M-VF-2 C.Evaluate CNG Fueling Station -This action directs the City to prepare a feasibility analysis for development of a local compressed natural gas (CNG)refueling facility, including opportunities to develop a shared facility with other neighboring jurisdictions. However,this action does not direct the City to construct a CNG fueling station at this time. M-VF-3 Promote Behavior/Fuel Optimization M-VF-3 A.Implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Optimization—Telematics programs allow vehicle tracking and diagnostics to reduce the total number of vehicle miles traveled and ensure vehicles are Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-21 Introduction performing optimally. This assumes that the City will continue to use of its existing telematics system in Building Department vehicles, and evaluate opportunities to expand the use of telematics to other parts of the municipal fleet. M-VF-3 B.Update Vehicle Use Policy to Prioritize Fuel Efficient Operations and Maintenance—A driver's operation of a vehicle(e.g., speeding,idling, and hauling excessive weight)and the vehicle's overall maintenance can influence its amount of fuel consumption. This action directs the City to formalize its existing fleet operation and maintenance practices into an Efficient Vehicle Operation and Maintenance policy, or as a supplement to the City's existing Employee Vehicle Use Policy, and provide proper staff training(to drivers and fleet maintenance staff)on the policy's components. It also directs the City to partner with community groups and organizations to provide anti-idling outreach community-wide,particularly in school zones and commercial districts. M-VF-3 C.Expand Commuter Benefits Program—This action directs the City to develop additional benefits to further encourage City employees to pursue alternative commuting, and unites these benefits under a formalized commuter benefits program. Additional benefits could include carpool/vanpool service that connects transit stops with City Hall complex, carpool and walk/bike matching services, guaranteed ride home program, flexible/alternative work schedules, and telecommuting options. M-VF-3 D.Introduce Fuel Saving Recognition Program for Employees/Departments—This action directs the City to establish an inter-departmental recognition program to highlight achievements made towards vehicle fuel conservation. M-SW-1 Increase Waste Reduction M-SW-1 A.Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals—This action directs the City to establish a zero-waste goal within its Zero-Waste Strategy. It further directs the City to use information collected as part of its existing municipal waste audits to establish building-or department-specific waste reduction goals in support of the overarching zero-waste goal.Actions to achieve this goal are described in M-SW-1 B and C, M-SW-2 A, and M-SW-3 A. M-SW-1 B. Create Paperless Office Policy/Program—This action directs the City to expand its current paperless office initiatives through installation of printer-tracking software,conversion of paper forms and permits to electronic versions, and increasing electronic storage capacity, as necessary. The action further directs the City to monitor building or department paper waste through its existing municipal waste audits to identify opportunities for improvement. The City already contracts for organic materials and recyclables collection at municipal facilities through its franchise waste hauler. M-SW-1 C.Revise Green Procurement and Event Specifications; Pair with Implementation Handbook— This action directs the City to formalize its existing green procurement practices into a user-friendly Green Purchasing Guide for use by City staff. The guide would identify preferred materials or options for a range of items, including furniture, carpet/flooring,paints,packaging materials, appliances, and office equipment. The guidance would give preference to materials that are recycled,recyclable,or compostable. M-SW-1 D. Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion—This action assumes that the City will continue performing regular audits of the municipal waste stream to identify opportunities for increased diversion. This action directs the City to establish a waste audit cycle to allow monitoring and AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-22 City of Cupertino verification of the City's waste diversion efforts,tied to its ongoing facilities recertification efforts through the California Green Business Program M-SW-2 Increase Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion M-SW-2 A.Expand Municipal Collection and Composting Program—This action assumes the City will continue its existing food scrap and compostable paper collection program at municipal facilities. It further directs the City to use results from municipal waste audits (see M-SW-1 D)to identify City buildings or facilities that would benefit from having compostable waste collection bins on-site, or identify the need for additional education related to compostable collection. The City already contracts for compostable waste collection at municipal facilities through its franchise waste hauler. M-SW-3 Increase Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion M-SW-3 A. Set C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects—This action assumes that the City will continue implementation of its construction and demolition(C&D)waste diversion requirements (i.e., 60% diversion for applicable projects) as specified in the City's Green Building Ordinance. The action further directs the City to consider expanding those requirements to 75% diversion for applicable municipal projects, after discussing the feasibility of such an option with area landfill operators. This measure does not direct the City to increase its C&D diversion requirements at this time. EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS Table 1.11 summarizes the proposed municipal operations CAP strategies and actions, including those already implemented, and the associated greenhouse gas emission reductions anticipated from their implementation by the year 2020. As shown at the bottom of the table, emissions reductions by 2020 are estimated to exceed the City's near-term reduction target. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-23 Introduction Table 1.11 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target FACILITIES GOAL 552 160% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -1 M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 31% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 26% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 12% M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 36% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 0% Statewide Actions 1862 54% VEHICLE FLEET GOAL 66 19% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 14% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 5% SOLI)WASTE GOAL 82 24% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 18% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 4% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 1% TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15%below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020;See the Measure M-F-1 discussion in Chapter 4 of the Draft CAP for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2 of the Draft CAP.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 1.6.2 PROPOSED COMMUNITY-WIDE MEASURES Proposed community-wide GHG reduction strategies included in the Draft CAP are summarized below. The items which were specifically evaluated in the Addendum because of their potential to affect the physical environmental are presented in italic text. Other proposed strategies include items that would not directly affect the physical AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-24 City of Cupertino environment;these measures may direct outreach programs,propose planning studies, or address financing strategies. The City's community-wide emission reduction strategies are as follows: Statewide Actions—The implementation of several pieces of state legislation or programs will provide emissions reductions at the community-wide level within Cupertino. These actions by the state government include increasing the amount of emissions-free electricity provided through investor-owned and municipal utilities, reducing the carbon content of vehicle fuel,improving vehicle fuel efficiency levels, conserving the state's water resources, and improving the efficiency of lighting technology. These state actions will occur regardless of the City's adoption of a CAP, and have been referenced in the CAP to take credit for those likely sources of emissions reductions. The CAP does not direct these actions to occur. C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis—This action directs the City to develop a community outreach program to advertise the benefits of advanced building energy analytics services, either through the local utility company or third-party providers. These programs typically identify improvement opportunities in lighting management systems and buildings' MEP systems. The outreach programs would encourage voluntary participation in such programs. C-E-2 Retrofit Financing—This action directs the City to consider developing or participating in various retrofit financing programs and provide community-wide outreach to advertise their availability and related benefits. The following financing options are described in the Draft CAP: ► Property Assessed Clean Energy—A property-assessed clean energy(PACE)finance program is enabled through the AB 811 legislation. This bill allows land-secured loans for homeowners and businesses who install energy efficiency projects and clean-energy generation systems.A PACE program permits property owners within participating districts to finance the installation of energy-and water-efficiency improvements in their home or business through a lien against their property that is repaid through their property tax bill. This action directs the City to continue its work with neighboring jurisdictions to create or opt into a PACE program that provides financing to residential retrofit and renewable energy development projects;the City currently participates in the California FIRST PACE program. This action further directs the City to provide community outreach regarding the availability of PACE financing programs. ► Energy Service Company(ESCO)Promotion/Energy Performance Contracting—ESCO help businesses to identify energy efficiency improvement options,finance selected improvements, and monitor their results through an energy performance contract. This action directs the City to work with partner agencies, such as those involved in the collaborative CAP project, and the local business community to aggregate small-and medium-sized businesses with interest in building retrofits,in order to attract ESCO participation in this smaller market segment. C-E-3 Home and Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach—This action directs the City to partner with the local realtor community to develop and implement an informational campaign that targets new home and building owners. The campaign would provide information on existing sources of rebates and financing for home and business retrofits and renewable energy systems to encourage voluntary installation of such improvements. C-E-4 Energy Assurance and Resiliency Plan—This action directs the City to develop an energy strategy document that considers its current energy sources and their vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-25 Introduction research additional long-term opportunities for energy conservation within the community. This action does not direct the City to develop any energy resources. C-E-S Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development—This action directs the City to continue encouraging voluntary community-wide installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on residential and commercial properties. The Draft CAP further describes the following strategies to increase solar PV installations through public outreach campaigns and city-community partnerships to remove technical and administrative barriers to increased solar PV installation: ► Solar Service Provider Power Purchase Agreements(PPA)Promotion—This action directs the City to identify any remaining regulatory barriers to widespread installation of solar PVs throughout the City, including zoning requirements, development standards, or permit fees. It further directs the City to provide community outreach or otherwise disseminate information on the availability of solar service providers and power purchase agreements, as an alternative to outright purchase of rooftop solar PV systems. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Community Shared Solar Promotion—Similar to PPA promotion,this action directs the City to disseminate information regarding community shared solar programs as an alternative to outright purchase of a rooftop solar PV system. Community shared solar programs allow the purchase of locally-produced solar energy, even if a participants' building is not suitable for installation of its own solar PV systems. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Solar Empowerment Zones—This action directs the City to prepare an initial solar analysis to identify potential areas of the community that could support large-scale solar PV installations,referred to as solar empowerment zones. The analysis would consider factors such as, existing building orientation, solar access, roof types, and property ownership. The action further directs the City to remove any remaining regulatory barriers it identifies that would inhibit this type of solar PV development. It also directs the City to provide outreach to community members and property owners within any identified solar empowerment zones to present the results of the solar analysis and information on available solar financing options. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Building Regulations—This action directs the City to consider requiring solar pre-wiring/pre-plumbing as part of future revisions to the City's Green Building Ordinance, and to provide information on the benefits of pre-wiring/pre-plumbing during the plan check and permitting process. C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development—This action directs the City to work with PG&E to promote voluntary participation in the California Solar Initiatives—Thermal Program. The City would help to develop informational materials and host workshops or working group sessions targeting businesses and facilities with high hot water demands (e.g.,Laundromats). This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar thermal systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option—AB 117 enables California cities and counties to either individually or collectively supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a CCA district AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-26 City of Cupertino (referred to as Community Choice Energy or CCE in the Draft CAP). Unlike a municipal or publicly-owned utility, a CCA does not own the transmission and delivery systems,but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCA may own electric generating facilities,but more often,it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. Once a CCA is established,residents,businesses, and local governments may voluntarily participate by opting to purchase electricity from the CCA rather than the local utility company. Similar to the Green Option program(see municipal operations measures M-F-1 A), CCEs are often developed to provide tiers of clean electricity, such as 75% or 100%clean electricity. This action directs the City to consider partnering with neighboring jurisdictions to prepare CCA feasibility studies for the development of a regional CCA district in which Cupertino's residents,businesses, and government could voluntarily participate. C-T-1 Bike and Pedestrian Environment Enhancements—This action directs the City to update its Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plans to identify barriers to circulation within the Cupertino community, and prioritize projects for implementation. The action does not specify what improvements to make. However, an update to the existing Master Plans could identify enhancements such as, sidewalk widening, installation of ADA-compliant sidewalk ramps at certain intersections,crosswalk lighting improvements, or installation of way-finding signs to areas of interest. C-T-2 Bikeshare Program—Bikeshare programs allow participants to rent bicycles for short periods of time from bicycle kiosks or stations located at nodes of activity within a community. This action directs the City to explore the feasibility of initiating a city-wide bikeshare program, including potential participation in the existing Bay Area Bike Share program. The action does not direct the installation of any bikeshare program facilities at this time. C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management—This action directs the City to continue to support regional efforts designed to reduce vehicle miles traveled and reduce congestion on area freeways and local street networks. The Draft CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal through public outreach and partnerships regarding available transit and alternative commuting options: ► Transportation Demand Management Program—This action directs the City to support local implementation of SB 1339,which requires development of commuter benefit programs for employers with 50 or more employees. Eligible employers must opt into one of four commuter benefit options,including: the option for employees to pay for their transit or vanpool expenses with pre-tax dollars,as allowed by current federal law; a transit or vanpool subsidy to reduce, or cover, employees' monthly transit or vanpool costs; a low-cost or free shuttle,vanpool,or bus service operated by or for the employer; or an alternative method that would be equally as effective as the other options in reducing single-occupant vehicle trips (and/or vehicle emissions). This action further directs the City to work with VTA on outreach campaigns to encourage voluntary participation in these types of programs by local employers with fewer than 50 employees and those currently exempt from the legislation. ► Parking Cash Out—Parking cash out programs can help to reduce the number of vehicle commute trips by allowing employees to"cash out"their subsidized parking spaces at work, in exchange for alternative commute options(e.g.,bus, carpool,walking,biking). This action directs the City to work with the local business community on an outreach campaign to inform local businesses of the potential benefits from offering parking cash out program to their employees. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-27 Introduction ► Carpool/Rideshare Program—51 Lorg is a free web and phone service providing information on the Bay Area's traffic,transit options,rideshare opportunities, and bicycling information. This action directs the City to partner with 51 Lorg and local employers to leverage new ride-matching technologies and promote ridesharing among employees across the City,not just within a single business or organization. ► Guaranteed Ride Home—A guaranteed ride home program supports individuals who regularly commute by public transit,walking, or bicycling during personal emergencies (e.g., leave work early due to illness,pick up a sick child,work overtime)by providing free shuttle and taxi services and/or reimbursements. This action directs the City to work with other Santa Clara County partners to develop a guaranteed ride home program for employees who work within the county. C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion—This action directs the City to prepare a feasibility study that evaluates the potential for a community shuttle to connect nodes of activity within Cupertino(e.g., Civic Center, DeAnza Community College, shopping districts,major employment centers)to CalTrain or BART stations. This action does not direct the development of a community shuttle service at this time. C-T-S Transit Priority—This action directs the City to continue working with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority(VTA)to explore options for transit system improvements within Cupertino. The Draft CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal: ► Transit Signal Priority—Transit signal priority systems make transit service more reliable,faster, and cost- effective by using technology to reduce transit vehicles'dwell time at traffic lights. These systems are able to hold green lights longer or shorten red lights when transit vehicles are approaching. This action directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit signal prioritization within the City. This action does not direct the City to alter its traffic signal timing system at this time. ► Transit Intersection Queue Jumps (or designated Bus Turnouts)— Transit intersection queue jumps are a type of roadway configuration that give preference to buses at intersections. The jumps consist of a short stretch of additional travel lane at the approach to a signalized intersection, allowing transit vehicles to advance to the front of the intersection. The lanes are often accompanied by a separate traffic signal allowing transit vehicles a head start through the intersection. This action directs the City to work with VTA to idents potential opportunities for Transit Queue Jumps within the City along primary bus corridors. This action does not direct the City to alter any roadway configurations at this time. C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development—This action directs the City to identify areas that could support a net increase in population or employment through land use changes within a quarter-mile walking distance of primary transit stops(to be based on the future adopted General Plan Land Use Diagram,which is currently in draft form). This action further directs the City's Public Works Department to evaluate the capacity of existing infrastructure within these areas to support increased development density and/or intensity. The action also assumes that the City will identify opportunities to reduce off-street parking requirements for transit-oriented or mixed-use developments in these areas that provide shared parking or travel demand management programs as required by General Plan Amendment Policy 2.1: Focus Development in Mixed-Use Special Areas, additional policies related to the individual Special Areas, and Program 36: Flexible Parking Standards in the City's draft Housing Element. This action does not require the City to modify its parking standards. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-28 City of Cupertino C-T-7 Community-wide Alternative Fuel Vehicles—This action directs the City to encourage voluntary use of alternative fuel vehicles by community members through further development of electric vehicle recharging stations and the preparation of feasibility studies for other alternative fuel vehicle refueling stations. The Draft CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal: ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure—This action directs the City to identify cost- effective options for increasing the number of EV recharging stations or other alternative refueling stations located for public use within Cupertino. The action also directs the City to develop informational materials to assist property owners and developers in providing additional EV charging stations in their projects. The action also directs the City to partner with other regional jurisdictions to develop a strategy that helps multi- family property owners install EV charging stations for at-home residential use. ► Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Construction—This action directs the City to continue enforcing its existing pre-wiring requirements for at-home/business electric vehicle charging ports in new construction. ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program—This action directs the City to provide information on its website regarding available rebate programs for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles, and share maps of local and greater Bay Area alternative vehicle charging and refueling stations. C-W-1 SB-X7-7—This action directs the City to continue supporting regional efforts to achieve water conservation targets as specified in the urban water management plans prepared by the City's major water suppliers. It further directs the City to develop information campaigns that highlight the City's efforts to conserve water in municipal operations, such as landscape irrigation and design strategies, as well as work to share community-wide water use data through public portals. C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program—This action directs the City to conduct a feasibility study to determine potential recycled water users in Cupertino, such as current and future large irrigation water users. This action does not direct the City to install any recycled water infrastructure at this time. C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal—This action directs the City to establish non-binding community-wide goals and a strategic plan to exceed current solid waste diversion requirements established by AB 939. This action further directs the City to prepare a residential waste characterization study to identify opportunities for additional waste diversion within the residential sector. This action does not create any new requirements related to solid waste diversion. C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion—This action directs the City to continue its existing food scrap and compostable paper collection program through its franchise waste hauler agreement. It further directs the City to continue its informational programs regarding use of the compostable food waste collection service, and to work with local schools on development of educational materials that can be incorporated into existing curriculum. C-SW-3 Construction& Demolition Waste Diversion Program—This action assumes that the City will continue implementation of its C&D waste diversion requirements (i.e., 60%diversion for applicable projects)as specific in the City's Green Building Ordinance. The action further directs the City to consider expanding those requirements to 75%diversion for applicable projects, after discussing the feasibility of such an option with its Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-29 Introduction franchise waste hauler and area landfill operators. This action also directs the City to consider development of a C&D Debris Diversion Deposit Program to help enforce the City's existing ordinance. This measure does not direct the City to increase its C&D diversion requirements at this time. C-GI-1 Urban Forest Program—This action assumes that the City will continue implementing its landscaping requirements through its Development Standards and Design Guidelines. This action also directs the City to partner with neighborhood groups and community organizations to encourage voluntary tree planting on private property within Cupertino. C-2035-1 —This action directs the City to establish a regular emissions inventory update cycle combined with tracking implementation of statewide actions estimated to contribute to the CAP's target achievement. Inventory updates should be prepared every 2-3 years, and present the actual community-wide BAU and ABAU emissions for comparison against the CAP's estimated emissions forecasts. If statewide actions are not providing the level of reductions estimated in the CAP,the City will reassess opportunities to increase implementation of CAP actions or develop new actions to maintain progress towards the 2035 and 2050 targets. EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS Table 1.12 summarizes community-wide GHG emission reductions anticipated from implementation of the measures and actions presented above, along with the statewide reductions mentioned above. The table also shows how these anticipated reductions compare to the City's emissions reduction targets. As shown at the bottom of the table,the City is estimated to achieve its 2020 community-wide emissions reduction target following implementation of these measures. Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2elyr) 2020 Target ENERGY GOAL 10,125 10.7% C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 0.4% C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 8.6% C-E-3 Home and Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance and Resiliency Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 1.7% C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development Supporting Measure C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure TRANSPORTATION GOAL 3,775 4.0% C-T-1 Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 1.0% C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 3.0% AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-30 City of Cupertino Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT COzelyr) 2020 Target WATER GOAL 325 0.3% C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 0.3% C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure SOLID WASTE GOAL 275 0.3% C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 0.2% C-SW-3 Construction&Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 0.1% GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GOAL 200 0.2% C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 0.2% MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARD LONG-TERM TARGETS 0 0.0% C-2035-1 Long-Term Target Monitoring Supporting Measure STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS 80,261 85.0% Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 36.3% 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 0.9% AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 5.4% Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 38.7% Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 3.7% MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 7001 0.7% TOTAL COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTIONS 95,661 101.3% Reductions Needed in 2020 94,415 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 15.4%below 2010 baseline ' See Table 1.9 for Municipal Operations reduction measures Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-31 Introduction 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST AND FINDINGS 2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS: The Draft CAP would implement General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan)and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation), of the General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning EIR (SCH No. 2014032007). The City's complete list of CAP strategies (presented in Section 1.6 of this Addendum)was considered to identify which actions might require further analysis under the California Environmental Quality Act(CEQA)(see Chapters 3 and 4 of the Draft CAP for a complete description of each measure). The following discussion explains the City of Cupertino's conclusions that only a small set of measures from the Draft CAP would have the potential to affect the physical environment. These measures are discussed below. The remaining measures propose voluntary actions,feasibility studies,ongoing city operations or programs, or actions by other agencies, as described in Sections 1.6.1 and 1.6.2 above, and are not discussed further. In order to demonstrate a clear pathway towards achievement of the 2020 emissions reduction targets,the CAP references past and present actions taken by the City, its residents and businesses, and state initiatives that have resulted in emissions reductions between the 2010 baseline year and present day. In these instances,the CAP accounts for the emissions reductions that have already occurred, so that the City may report the resulting environmental benefits achieved through its prior efforts to the community,but does not direct expansion of those past actions. For this reason,these measures were not included in this analysis. Further, several strategies do not direct City action at this time,but propose activities within a time horizon that will inform the CAP and direct the eventual action. These instances are most often associated with the need to perform some additional level of feasibility analysis before a specific course of action can be defined to achieve the proposed emissions reduction outcome. These actions are included as early implementation steps to be prioritized in the near-term to support achievement of the City's longer-term emissions reduction goals. These strategies would not require or result in physical changes, and were not included in the analysis. The City has determined that the CAP was prepared to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions from municipal operations and community-wide activities of at least 15%below 2010 baseline levels by 2020,49% below 2010 levels by 2035, and 83%below 2010 levels by 2050. Implementation of proposed measures and actions would reduce energy use,reduce solid waste, conserve water,promote alternative transportation methods and fuels (thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions),and encourage improved green infrastructure within the City, among other elements. Section 1.6 presents the comprehensive list of measures included in the CAP,and identifies (in italic text)the measures which would result in physical effects. These measures,which are listed below, are the focus on this Addendum: ► M-F-2 A: Install Solar PV Systems on City Buildings/Property, ► M-VF-2 A: Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, ► M-VF-2 B: Evaluate Fuel Cell Fueling Station, ► C-T-2: Bikeshare Program, ► C-T-5: Transit Priority ► Transit Signal Priority Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-1 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Transit Intersection Queue Jumps (or designated Bus Turnouts), and ► C-T-7: Community-wide Alternative Fuel Vehicles ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure. 2.2 EXPLANATION OF CHECKLIST EVALUATION CATEGORIES WHERE IMPACT WAS ANALYZED The first column in the checklist,"where impact was analyzed,"provides a cross-reference to the specific GPA EIR impact number, section, or pages in which information and analysis that pertain to the environmental issue listed under each topic may be found. DO PROPOSED CHANGES INVOLVE NEW OR SUBSTANTIALLY MORE SEVERE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS? Pursuant to Section 15162(a)(1) of the State CEQA Guidelines,this checklist column indicates whether the proposed changes in the CAP would result in new significant impacts that have not previously been considered in the GPA EIR or would result in a substantial increase in the severity of a previously identified significant impact. ANY NEW INFORMATION OF SUBSTANTIAL IMPORTANCE REQUIRING NEW ANALYSIS OR VERIFICATION? This column indicates whether new information is available that would require additional analysis or verification beyond that provided in the GPA EIR. If additional analysis or verification is required,these issues are discussed in the issue area discussion and mitigation sections that follow. DO EXISTING GPA EIR MITIGATION MEASURES REDUCE IMPACTS TO A LESS-THAN-SIGNIFICANT LEVEL? This column summarizes whether existing mitigation measures from the GPA EIR would reduce the effects of the CAP to a less-than-significant level. If the answer is no, additional mitigation measures would be required. 2.3 DISCUSSION AND MITIGATION SECTIONS DISCUSSION A discussion of the elements of the Environmental Checklist is provided under each environmental category in order to clarify the answers. The discussion provides information about the particular environmental issue,how the CAP actions relate to the issue, and the status of any mitigation that may be required or that has already been adopted and, in some cases,implemented. MITIGATION MEASURES FROM THE GENERAL PLAN AMENDMENT EIR Previously adopted mitigation measures from the GPA EIR that will reduce or avoid impacts to the proposed project are listed under each environmental category. CONCLUSIONS A discussion of the conclusion relating to analysis contained in each section. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-2 City of Cupertino 2.4 AESTHETICS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? I.Aesthetics.Would the project: a) Have a substantial adverse Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a effect on a scenic vista? 4.1-22—4.1-25 b) Substantially damage scenic resources, including,but not limited Draft EIR,pp. to,trees,rock No No No n/a 4.1-26—4.1-33 outcroppings,and historic buildings within a state scenic highway? c) Substantially degrade the existing visual character or Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a quality of the site and its 4.1-33—4.1-38 surroundings? d) Create a new source of substantial light or glare Draft EIR,pp. which would adversely No No No n/a 4.1-38—4.1-39 affect day or nighttime views in the area? 2.4.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.1-1 on page 4.1-3 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies that would help to reduce aesthetics effects. a) Have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista? The General Plan does not designate scenic vistas or scenic corridors in Cupertino. However,the GPA EIR identifies the westward views of the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains as scenic vistas. The General Plan Amendment EIR also identifies the segment of Interstate 280(I-280) from the Santa Clara County line to Interstate 880 (1-880) as an eligible State Scenic Highway. The Draft CAP directs the City to install, and/or encourage development of community-wide, solar photovoltaic (PV) on buildings or as part of parking shade structures; queue jumping bus lanes (with the potential for minor roadway improvements such as curb, gutter, and paving improvements); alternative fuel vehicle stations, such as plug-in electric vehicle and fuel cell charging stations(kiosk-type facilities involving minimal ground disturbance or construction)installed in existing surface parking areas or the City's corporate yard;bikeshare facilities(secure bike racks and check-in/check-out kiosks involving minimal construction and ground disturbance); and similar small-scale facilities installed or constructed in existing urbanized, developed areas (parking areas, sidewalks, roadways, etc.). Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-3 Environmental Checklist and Findings As noted above, any construction, or ground disturbance would be minimal, located in already urbanized, developed areas, and would not materially alter the visual character of the existing environment. These activities would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. b) Substantially damage scenic resources, including, but not limited to, trees, rock outcroppings, and historic buildings within a state scenic highway? There are no state scenic highways in Cupertino. The GPA EIR evaluates the potential for effects on scenic resources within the viewshed of I-280,which is eligible for designation as a state scenic highway but has not been so designated. Implementation of the Draft CAP could result in physical changes(addition of PV cells)that could potentially be visible to motorists traveling on I-280.However, consistent with the discussion and analysis in the GPA EIR,the existing developed character of views from I-280 in the City would not be substantially altered by implementation of the Draft CAP. The physical changes associated with the Draft CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. C) Substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of the site and its surroundings? As noted previously,physical changes to the visual environment that would occur with implementation of the Draft CAP would be minimal. The Draft CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit- oriented development would be most advantageous. Depending on location, size, and type of the development, it is possible there could be impacts to the existing visual character. The City's approval of this CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although the Draft CAP contains a measure committing the City to study the feasibility of additional transit- oriented development(Measure C-T-6); this measure does not have direct physical effects. There is no specific strategy in the Draft CAP to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development, it is not possible for the City to determine whether there would be impacts related to theoretical future developments. When future developments are proposed,the City would conduct environmental review, enforce compliance with existing standards that mitigate environmental impacts(such as traffic impact fees, grading permit conditions, etc.). In addition,the General Plan includes policies that reduce future potential impacts to the visual character. The General Plan Amendment EIR analysis of aesthetic impacts includes these mitigating General Plan policies in Table 4.1-Ion page 4.1-3 of the GPA EIR. The physical changes associated with the Draft CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. d) Create a new source of substantial light or glare which would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area? As noted above,transit-oriented development is encouraged and depending on the location and scale of development,it is possible that transit-oriented development projects could have aesthetic impacts such as new AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-4 City of Cupertino sources of light that may adversely affect day or nighttime views. However,there is no specific strategy in the Draft CAP to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development. Future development would be subject to environmental review at that time. The General Plan Amendment EIR analysis of aesthetic impacts includes mitigating General Plan policies in Table 4.1-1 on page 4.1-3 of the GPA EIR;policies supporting preservation of existing tree canopy and requirements for landscaping and trees in new development would help to reduce light and glare effects. The physical changes associated with the Draft CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-5 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.5 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? II.Agriculture and Forestry Resources.Would the project: a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland,or Farmland of Statewide Importance(Farmland),as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the Draft EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency,to non- agricultural use? b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use Draft EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a or a Williamson Act contract? c) Conflict with existing zoning for,or cause rezoning of,forest land(as defined in Public Resources Code section 12220(g)),timberland(as defined by Public Draft EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Resources Code section 4526),or timberland zoned Timberland Production(as defined by Government Code section 51104(g))? d) Result in the loss of forest land or conversion of Draft EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a forest land to non-forest use? e) Involve other changes in the existing environment which,due to their location or nature,could result in conversion of Draft EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Farmland to non- agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-6 City of Cupertino 2.5.1 DISCUSSION a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance (Farmland), as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency, to non-agricultural use? There is no Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance within the city limits of Cupertino. There would be no impact. b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use or a Williamson Act contract? See item a). There are no agriculturally-zoned lands or land under Williamson Act contracts in Cupertino. There would be no impact. C) Conflict with existing zoning for, or cause rezoning of, forest land (as defined in Public Resources Code section 12220(g)), timberland (as defined by Public Resources Code section 4526), or timberland zoned Timberland Production (as defined by Government Code section 51104(g))? The Draft CAP would not direct or cause zoning changes. There is no land zoned or managed as forest resources in the City of Cupertino and implementation of the Draft CAP would not contribute to the conversion of forest land to non-forest resources. There would be no impact. d) Result in the loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? See item c). There is no forest land in Cupertino, and implementation of the Draft CAP would not result in loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use. There would be no impact. e) Involve other changes in the existing environment which, due to their location or nature, could result in conversion of Farmland to non-agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? See item c). The Draft CAP does not propose changes to the existing environment outside already-developed areas. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-7 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.6 AIR QUALITY Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? III Air Quality.Would the project: a) Conflict with or obstruct Draft EIR,pp. implementation of the No No No wa 4.2-22—4.2-48 applicable air quality plan? b) Violate any air quality standard or contribute Draft EIR,pp. substantially to an existing No No No Yes 4.2-48—4.2-55 or projected air quality violation? c) Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state Draft EIR pp. No No No n/a ambient air quality 4.2-55—4.2-57 standard(including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds for ozone precursors)? d) Expose sensitive receptors Draft EIR pp. to substantial pollutant No No No Yes 4.2-57—4.2-64 concentrations? e) Create objectionable odors Draft EIR pp. affecting a substantial No No No n/a 4.2-64—4.2-67 number of people? 2.6.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.2.2 on page 4.2-15 of the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce air quality effects. a) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? The San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin is designated nonattainment for Ozone and PM2.5 for California and federal standards,and designated in nonattainment for California's PM 10 standard. The GPA EIR presents attainment status and a summary of ambient air quality monitoring in Tables 4.2-3 and 4.2-4,respectively, on page 4.2-17 of the GPA EIR. Construction activities associated with implementation of the CAP would be minimal and would be consistent with the assumptions and the analysis provided in the GPA EIR. Operational air quality emissions would also be AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-8 City of Cupertino consistent with the assumptions and analysis provided in the GPA EIR. The analysis in the GPA EIR addresses compliance with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District(BAAQMD)2010 Bay Area Clean Air Plan and finds a less-than-significant impact related to attainment of air quality standards. Table 4.2-6 on page 4.2-26 of the GPA EIR identifies Control Measures from the Bay Area Clean Air Plan and describes how the General Plan would be consistent with these measures. However,the GPA EIR identifies a significant and unavoidable impact related to vehicle miles traveled(VMT)because the General Plan would result in VMT increases at a higher rate than population and employment increases(40.9%increase in VMT compared to a 34.8%increase in the total service population). The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis of conflict with an air quality plan in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Certain actions implementing the Draft CAP,including construction of solar PV installations, alternative fueling stations, and transit intersection queue jumps would potentially have localized short-term construction-related air quality impacts. The operation of queue jumping lanes could result in minor traffic delays. Actions implementing the Draft CAP will be required to comply with the following General Plan policies and strategies that would reduce or avoid potential air quality impacts: ► Policy 5-5: Air Pollution Effects of New Development: Minimize the air quality impacts of new development projects and the impacts affecting new development. • Strategy 1.Toxic Air Contaminants: Review projects for potential generation of toxic air contaminants at the time of approval and confer with BAAQMD on controls needed if impacts are uncertain. • Strategy 2. Dust Control: Require water application to non-polluting dust control measures during demolition and the duration of the construction period. • Strategy 3. Planning Decisions: Assess the potential for air pollution effects of future land use and transportation planning, and ensure that planning decisions support regional goals of improving air quality. • Strategy 4. Environmental Review: Evaluate the relationship of sensitive receptors, such as convalescent hospitals and residential uses,to pollution sources through the environmental assessment of new development. Furthermore,the purpose of the Draft CAP is the reduction of GHG emissions through various strategies and measures regarding energy use,renewable energy development, alternative transportation,land use planning, water management,waste reduction,and green infrastructure. The implementation of these strategies and measures would contribute to the overall improvement of air quality by reducing criteria pollutant and other air emissions and would support implementation of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD) air quality plan. b) Violate any air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation? See item a). The GPA EIR identified a significant impact because the buildout of the General Plan would generate a substantial increase in emissions exceeding BAAQMD's regional significance thresholds for reactive Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-9 Environmental Checklist and Findings organic gases (ROG),nitrogen oxides(NOX) and PM10. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Construction of certain improvements described in the Draft CAP could result in short-term construction air emissions Construction of transit intersection queue jumps and alternative fueling stations would be limited in complexity, the area affected, and the duration. These construction activities would be required to comply with the mitigation measures in the GPA EIR, including: ► Mitigation Measure AQ-2a: As part of the City's development approval process,the City shall require applicants for future development projects to comply with the current Bay Area Air Quality Management District's basic control measures for reducing construction emissions of PM10. ► Mitigation Measure AQ-2b: As part of the City's development approval process the City shall require applicants for future development projects that could generate emissions in excess of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD's) current significance thresholds during construction, as determined by project-level environmental review,when applicable,to implement the current BAAQMD construction mitigation measures (e.g. Table 8-3 of the BAAQMD CEQA Guidelines)or any construction mitigation measures subsequently adopted by the BAAQMD. Future projects that would occur through implementation of the Draft CAP would incorporate and comply with these mitigation measures. For example, operation of the PV installations and alternative fueling stations would air pollutant emissions from the generation of electricity and motor vehicles. Transit Signal Priority(TSP)would improve travel times of bus rapid transit(BRT) systems in areas of heavy congestion,reducing bus idling and associated emissions. It is possible that TSP would disrupt signal timing and cause additional delays for other vehicles at some locations; however; the specific locations where TSPS would be installed cannot be identified based on the information in the CAP.A list of intersections along existing transit service routes are identified by the GPA EIR as operating below level of service(LOS) standards (see section 2.16 Transportation/Traffic of this Addendum). Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. Operation of the bikeshare program would also contribute to air pollutant emission reductions by reducing the future number of vehicle trips in Cupertino. C) Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard (including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds for ozone precursors)? See items a) and b). The GPA EIR identified a significant impact related to cumulatively considerable air pollutant emissions. Mitigation Measures AQ-2a and AQ-2b (described in item"c")would reduce these impacts, but they would remain significant and unavoidable. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-10 City of Cupertino d) Expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? The GPA EIR identified a less than significant impact related to exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As noted above, construction activities associated with the CAP would be minimal. Depending on the locations of construction activities with respect to sensitive receptors, construction emissions could expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. Transit Signal Priority(TSP) could result in localized increases in traffic to allow Bus Rapid Transit(BRT) systems to improve travel times. The Draft CAP directs the City to work with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority(VTA)to identify potential opportunities for use of TSP within the City. Depending on where this would occur,there is potential to expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. e) Create objectionable odors affecting a substantial number of people? No strategies or measures proposed by the CAP would create objectionable odors. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-11 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.7 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Biological Resources.Would the project: a) Have a substantial adverse effect,either directly or through habitat modifications,on any species identified as a candidate,sensitive,or Draft EIR pp. special-status species in 4.3-11—4.3-12 No No No Yes local or regional plans, policies,or regulations,or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service? b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or Draft EIR p.4.3-13 No No No n/a regional plans,policies,or regulations or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? c) Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including,but not limited Draft EIR p.4.3-13 No No No n/a to,marsh,vernal pool, coastal,etc.)through direct removal,filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? d) Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established Draft EIR p.4.3-14 No No No n/a native resident or migratory wildlife corridors,or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-12 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Biological Resources.Would the project: e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a resources,such as a tree 4.3-14 preservation policy or ordinance? f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a Conservation Plan,or 4.3-14—4.3-15 other approved local, regional,or state habitat conservation plan? 2.7.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.3-1 on page 4.3-4 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce effects on biological resources. a) Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special-status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? The majority of the City has been urbanized and now supports roadways, structures, other impervious surfaces, areas of turf,and ornamental landscaping. Remnant native trees are scattered throughout the urbanized areas, together with non-native trees, shrubs,and groundcovers. The developed areas within the city boundary are bordered by natural areas supporting a cover of grassland, chaparral and brush lands,with woodlands and forest in the western portion of the city. In general,urbanized areas tend to have low to poor wildlife habitat value due to replacement of natural communities, fragmentation of remaining open space areas and parks, and intensive human disturbance. The diversity of urban wildlife depends on the extent and type of landscaping and remaining open space,as well as the proximity to natural habitat. Trees and shrubs used for landscaping provide nest sites and cover for wildlife adapted to developed areas. Typical native bird species include the mourning dove, scrub jay,northern mockingbird,American robin,brown towhee,American crow, and Anna's hummingbird, among others. Introduced species include the rock dove,European starling,house finch, and house sparrow. Urban areas can also provide habitat for several species of native mammals such as the California ground squirrel and striped skunk, as well as the introduced eastern fox squirrel and eastern red fox. Introduced pest species such as the Norway rat,house mouse, and opossum are also abundant in developed areas. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-13 Environmental Checklist and Findings Figure 4.3-2 in the GPA EIR shows the location of known special status species occurrences in the Cupertino area;these occurrences are generally in the hills to the west and south of the developed area of the city, or along Stevens Creek. The Draft CAP focus on the urbanized areas of the city where there is a low potential for candidate, sensitive, or special-status species to occur. The GPA EIR identified a potentially significant impact related to effects on special-status species. However,policies and mitigation included in the GPA and GPA EIR would minimize potential impacts to sensitive or special-status species from future development. These policies and mitigation measures include: ► Policy 5-10: Landscaping Near Natural Vegetation. Per the City's Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, and the Parks &Recreation Green Policies, continue to emphasize drought tolerant and pest-resistant native and non-invasive,non-native, drought tolerant plants and ground covers when landscaping public and private properties near natural vegetation,particularly for control of erosion from disturbance to the natural terrain. ► Policy 5-21: Compact Development Away from Sensitive Areas.Where such measures do not conflict with other municipal purposes or goals, encourage,via zoning ordinances, compact development located away from creeks,wetlands,and other sensitive areas. ► Mitigation Measure 13I0-1:Nests of raptors and other birds shall be protected when in active use, as required by the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the California Department of Fish and Game Code. If construction activities and any required tree removal occur during the breeding season(February 1 and August 31), a qualified biologist shall be required to conduct surveys prior to tree removal or construction activities. Preconstruction surveys are not required for tree removal or construction activities outside the nesting period. If construction would occur during the nesting season(February 1 to August 31), preconstruction surveys shall be conducted no more than 14 days prior to the start of tree removal or construction. Preconstruction surveys shall be repeated at 14-day intervals until construction has been initiated in the area after which surveys can be stopped. Locations of active nests containing viable eggs or young birds shall be documented and protective measures implemented under the direction of the qualified biologist until the nests no longer contain eggs or young birds. Protective measures shall include establishment of clearly delineated exclusion zones(i.e. demarcated by identifiable fencing, such as orange construction fencing or equivalent) around each nest location as determined by a qualified biologist,taking into account the species of birds nesting,their tolerance for disturbance and proximity to existing development. In general, exclusion zones shall be a minimum of 300 feet for raptors and 75 feet for passerines and other birds. The active nest within an exclusion zone shall be monitored on a weekly basis throughout the nesting season to identify signs of disturbance and confirm nesting status. The radius of an exclusion zone may be increased by the qualified biologist if project activities are determined to be adversely affecting the nesting birds.Exclusion zones may be reduced by the qualified biologist only in consultation with California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The protection measures shall remain in effect until the young have left the nest and are foraging independently or the nest is no longer active. With implementation of these policies and mitigation measures,the GPA EIR found that the impact would be less than significant.The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-14 City of Cupertino b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? Wetlands and jurisdictional waters within the city boundary include creek corridors and associated riparian scrub and woodland, and areas of freshwater marsh around ponds, seeps, springs, and other water bodies. Some remnant stands of riparian scrub and woodland occur along segments of the numerous creeks through the urbanized valley floor. The GPA EIR stated that potential future development would not encompass these creek corridors or contain other regulated waters. The GPA EIR identified no impact related to effects on riparian habitat or sensitive natural communities. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the Draft CAP, such as solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations,would occur within the footprint of existing development where riparian habitat and sensitive natural communities are not present. C) Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? Impacts to federally protected waters were analyzed in the GPA EIR,which found a less than significant impact. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As described in the GPA EIR construction implementing the Draft CAP actions would be required to comply with the Nation Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)and implement a construction Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan(SWPPP). The SWPPP would incorporate BMPs to control sedimentation, erosion, and hazardous materials contamination from runoff during construction. d) Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to wildlife movement. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the Draft CAP, such as solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations,would occur within the footprint of existing development. The Draft CAP focuses on the urbanized area where there is low potential for interference with native wildlife species, corridors, and nursery sites. e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to local ordinances protecting biological resources. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-15 Environmental Checklist and Findings The Cupertino Civic Center parking lot and Corporation Yard parking lot are proposed for construction of carports with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems based on previous solar feasibility studies. Several locations within these parking lots have been identified as feasible sites for carport installation. Several sites,primarily those adjacent to the Cupertino Library,would require tree removal or trimming to accommodate the carports. A total of 38 trees in and around the parking lot would need to either be trimmed or relocated for the installation of carports. Any trees with a minimum single-trunk diameter of ten inches (31-inch circumference) or minimum multi-trunk diameter of 20 inches (63-inch circumference)measured 4-1/2 feet from natural grade are subject to the City Protected Tree Ordinance(Chapter 14.18 of the Cupertino Municipal Code). Among other provisions of the Code are replacement of protected trees,protection of trees during construction, and preparation of a tree management plan. f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan? The City of Cupertino is outside of the designated habitat plan study area for the Santa Clara Habitat Plan and Natural Community Conservation Plan. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-16 City of Cupertino 2.8 CULTURAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? V.Cultural Resources.Would the project: a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the Draft EIR,pp. significance of a historical 4.4-17—4.4-20 No No No n/a resource as defined in Section 15064.5? b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a archaeological resource 4.4-21—4.4-22 pursuant to Section 15064.5? c) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique Draft EIR,p. paleontological resource 4.4-22 No No No n/a or site or unique geologic feature? d) Disturb any human remains,including those Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a interred outside of formal 4.4-23 cemeteries? 2.8.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.4-1 on page 4.4-5 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce effects on cultural resources. a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in Section 15064.5? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to historical resources. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The Draft CAP does not propose measures or strategies that would directly cause adverse changes to historical resources. The following General Plan policies would be applied to actions implementing the Draft CAP to avoid impacts to historical resources: Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-17 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Policy 2-70: Incentives for Preservation of Historic Resources. The City should utilize a variety of techniques to serve as incentives toward fostering the preservation and rehabilitation of Historic Sites including: • Allowing flexible interpretation of zoning ordinance not essential to public health and safety. This could include flexibility as to use,parking requirements and/or setback requirements. • Using the California Historical Building Code for rehabilitation of historic structures; • Tax rebates(Mills Act or Local tax rebates); and • Financial incentives such as grants/loans to assist rehabilitation efforts. ► Policy 2-71: Recognizing Historical Resources. An inventory of historically significant structures should shall be maintained and periodically updated in order to promote awareness of these community resources. b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to Section 15064.5? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to archaeological resources. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The construction of any facilities implementing the Draft CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The following General Plan policies and strategies would be applied to actions implementing the Draft CAP to reduce or avoid impacts to archaeological resources. ► Policy 2-72: Archaeologically Sensitive Areas. Protect archaeologically sensitive areas. • Strategy 1. Development Investigation. Require an investigation for development proposed in areas likely to be archaeologically sensitive, such as along stream courses and in oak groves,to determine if significant archaeological resources maybe affected by the project. Also require appropriate mitigation measures in the project design. • Strategy 2. Code Compliance. Ensure that City, State, and Federal historic preservations laws, regulations, and Codes are enforced, including laws related to archaeological and paleontological resources,to ensure the adequate protection of historic and prehistoric resources. c, d) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature; disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries? See item b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to paleontological resources or disturbance of human remains. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As with item b),Policy 2-72 of the General Plan would be applied to actions implementing the Draft CAP to avoid or reduce impacts to paleontological resources and disturbance of human remains. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-18 City of Cupertino 2.9 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VI.Geology and Soils.Would the project: a) Expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury,or death involving: i,Rupture of a known earthquake fault,as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Draft EIR,pp. Geologist for the area or 4.5-15—4.5-16 No No No n/a based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? (Refer to California Geological Survey Special Publication 42.) ii. Strong seismic ground shaking? iii. Seismic-related ground failure,including liquefaction? iv.Landslides? b) Result in substantial soil Draft EIR,p. erosion or the loss of 4.5-17 No No No n/a topsoil? c) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the Draft EIR,p. project,and potentially 4.5-18 No No No n/a result in on-or off-site landslide, lateral spreading,subsidence, liquefaction,or collapse? d) Be located on expansive soil,as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Draft EIR,p. Building Code(1994,as 4.5-18 No No No n/a updated),creating substantial risks to life or property? Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-19 Environmental Checklist and Findings Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VI.Geology and Soils.Would the project: e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a disposal systems where 4.5-14 sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? 2.9.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.5-1 on page 4.5-3 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce geology and soils impacts. a) Expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving: i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist- Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? (Refer to California Geological Survey Special Publication 42.) ii) Strong seismic ground shaking? iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? or iv) Landslides? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for exposure of people or structures to seismic hazards. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur through implementation of the Draft CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development.Furthermore, as discussed in the GPA EIR(pages 4.5-15 and 4.5-16), future projects would be required to implement mitigation measures from the Santa Clara County Multi- Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(LHMP)to minimize risk from seismic hazards, including(but not limited to) formal seismic/geologic review with technical studies, compliance with the California Building Code, and soils and foundation investigations. b) Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for soil erosion or loss of topsoil. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-20 City of Cupertino not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur through implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The GPA EIR analysis includes policies and strategies that would minimize impacts associated with substantial soil erosion or loss of topsoil,including: ► Policy 5-19: Reduction of Impervious Surfaces. Minimize storm water flow and erosion impacts resulting from development. • Strategy 3: Maximizing infiltration. Minimize impervious surface areas,minimizing directly-connected impervious surfaces,maximizing onsite infiltration and using on-site retaining facilities. C) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse? See items a) and b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to landslide,lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994, as updated), creating substantial risks to life or property? See item a) and b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the expansive soils. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? As described in the GPA EIR on page 4.5-14, future development would not require the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-21 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.10 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VII.Greenhouse Gas Emissions.Would the project: a) Generate greenhouse gas No No No n/a emissions,either directly Draft EIR,pp. or indirectly,that may 4.6-23—4.6-30 have a significant impact on the environment? b) Conflict with an applicable No No No n/a plan,policy,or regulation Draft EIR,pp. adopted for the purpose of 4.6-30—4.6-33 reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases? 2.10.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.6-4 on page 4.6-15 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce GHG emissions impacts. a) Generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to generation of GHG emissions that would have a significant impact on the environment because emissions would be reduced to comply with the AB 32 target in 2020 and a 2040 threshold based on the longer-term GHG reduction goal in Executive Order 5-03-05. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The purpose of the Draft CAP is to reduce GHG emission through methods such as increased use of alternative fuels, alternative transportation,and improved energy efficiency. Potential temporary short-term increases in GHG emissions that could occur during construction of solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations would be trivial from a regional perspective due to the very small scale of these facilities and consistent with those analyzed in the GPA EIR. Overall GHG emissions would be reduced through implementation of the Draft CAP. This impact would be less than significant. b) Conflict with an applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to conflict with an applicable GHG-reduction plan. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-22 City of Cupertino The Draft CAP aligns with the City's reduction goals to achieve California GHG emission reduction targets established by Assembly Bill 32,the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and Executive Order 5-03-05.AB 32 states that statewide GHG emissions should be reduced to 1990 levels by the target year of 2020. Executive Order 5-03-05 sets an emissions target of 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The AB 32 Scoping Plan outlines the State's strategies to meet target emissions. Local governments are recommended to reduce GHG emissions by 15%from their baseline levels. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-23 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.11 HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VIII.Hazards and Hazardous Materials.Would the project: a) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the Draft EIR pp. No No No n/a routine transport,use,or 4.7-20—4.7-21 disposal of hazardous materials? b) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable Draft EIR p. upset and accident 4.7-21 No No No n/a conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? c) Emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous Draft EIR,p. materials,substances,or 4.7-22 No No No n/a waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? d) Be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Draft EIR,pp. Government Code No No No Yes 4.7-22—4.7-24 §65962.5 and,as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or,where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a Draft EIR,p. public airport or public use 4.7-20 No No No n/a airport,would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-24 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VIII.Hazards and Hazardous Materials.Would the project: f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip,would the project Draft EIR,p.4.7- result in a safety hazard 20 No No No n/a for people residing or working in the project area? g) Impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a response plan or 4.7-24—4.7-25 emergency evacuation plan? h) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss,injury,or death involving wildland Draft EIR,pp. fires,including where No No No n/a 4.7-26—4.7-27 wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? 2.11.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.7-1 on page 4.7-8 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce hazards and hazardous materials impacts. a) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to routine transport,use or disposal of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? The Draft CAP proposes strategies and measures recommending building retrofits for clean and renewable energy use. Although there is potential for workers to be exposed to lead-based paints and asbestos in older buildings, construction activities in these buildings would be subject to compliance with state and federal safety regulations. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-25 Environmental Checklist and Findings The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to release of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. C) Emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to release of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. No specific development is proposed by the Draft CAP that would emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school.As discussed in item a), any future development with the potential for hazardous emissions or waste would be subject to environmental review at that time. This would be a less-than-significant impact. d) Be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code §65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? The GPA EIR found a significant impact related to Cortese-listed sites, and imposed Mitigation Measures HAZ- 4a and HAZ-4b: ► Mitigation Measure HAZ-4a: Construction at the sites with known contamination shall be conducted under a project-specific Environmental Site Management Plan(ESMP)that is prepared in consultation with the Regional Water Quality Control Board(RWQCB) or the Department of Toxic Substances Control(DTSC),as appropriate. The purpose of the ESMP is to protect construction workers,the general public,the environment, and future site occupants from subsurface hazardous materials previously identified at the site and to address the possibility of encountering unknown contamination or hazards in the subsurface. The ESMP shall summarize soil and groundwater analytical data collected on the project site during past investigations; identify management options for excavated soil and groundwater,if contaminated media are encountered during deep excavations; and identify monitoring,irrigation, or other wells requiring proper abandonment in compliance with local, State, and federal laws,policies, and regulations. The ESMP shall include measures for identifying,testing, and managing soil and groundwater suspected of or known to contain hazardous materials. The ESMP shall: 1)provide procedures for evaluating,handling, storing,testing, and disposing of soil and groundwater during project excavation and dewatering activities, respectively; 2)describe required worker health and safety provisions for all workers potentially exposed to hazardous materials in accordance with State and federal worker safety regulations; and 3) designate personnel responsible for implementation of the ESMP. ► Mitigation Measure HAZ-4b: For those sites with potential residual contamination in soil, gas, or groundwater that are planned for redevelopment with an overlying occupied building, a vapor intrusion assessment shall be performed by a licensed environmental professional. If the results of the vapor intrusion assessment indicate the potential for significant vapor intrusion into an occupied building,project design shall include vapor controls or source removal, as appropriate, in accordance with regulatory agency requirements. Soil vapor mitigations or controls could include vapor barriers,passive venting, and/or active venting. The AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-26 City of Cupertino vapor intrusion assessment and associated vapor controls or source removal can be incorporated into the ESMP (Mitigation Measure HAZ-4a). The GPA EIR concluded that implementation of these mitigation measures would reduce impacts related to Cortese-listed sites to a less-than-significant level. These mitigation measures would be applied if implementation of any of the Draft CAP actions required construction or redevelopment of Cortese-listed sites, these actions would be required to comply with these mitigation measures. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? The City of Cupertino is not located within the boundary of an airport land use plan or within two miles of a public airport or public use airport. There would be no impact. f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? The City of Cupertino is not located within the vicinity of a private airstrip. There would be no impact. g) Impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to emergency response and evacuation. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit signal priority(TSP) within the City. The Draft CAP does not propose any strategies or measures that would physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. TSP could potentially disrupt signal timing causing increased traffic delays at some locations. However, emergency and law enforcement vehicles can be also be fitted with devices that trigger signal changes in the event of emergency, and these changes would not physically interfere with emergency response plans. h) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires, including where wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? As shown on Figure 4.7-2 in the GPA EIR,there is a small area near the southern city limit of Cupertino identified as a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.As shown on Figure 4.7-4 of the GPA EIR, a portion of western and southwestern Cupertino is defined as an area of Wildland Urban Interface. The Draft CAP does not propose any measures or strategies that would expose people or structures to significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildfires. The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to wildfire hazards, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-27 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.12 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Hydrology and Water Quality.Would the project: a) Violate any water quality Draft EIR,pp. standards or waste No No No n/a 4.8-28—4.8-30 discharge requirements? b) Substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a (e.g.,the production rate of 4.8-30—4.8-31 pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? c) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area,including through the alteration of Draft EIR,pp. the course of a stream or No No No n/a 4.8-31—4.8-33 river,in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on-or off-site? d) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area,including through the alteration of the course of a stream or Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a river,or substantially 4.8-28 increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on-or off-site? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-28 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Hydrology and Water Quality.Would the project: e) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a drainage systems or 4.8-34—4.8-35 provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff? f) Otherwise substantially Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a degrade water quality? 4.8-35—4.8-36 g) Place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a federal Draft EIR,pp. Flood Hazard Boundary or No No No n/a 4.8-6—4.8-38 Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? h) Place within a 100-year flood hazard area Draft EIR,pp. structures which would No No No n/a 4.8-36—4.8-38 impede or redirect flood flows? i) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss,injury,or death Draft EIR,pp. involving flooding, No No No n/a 4.8-38—4.8-40 including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? j) Result in inundation by Draft EIR,p. seiche,tsunami,or 4.8-40 No No No n/a mudflow? 2.12.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.6-4 on page 4.6-15 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce GHG emissions impacts. a) Violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements? Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development where there is currently a high percentage of impervious surfaces. Potential water quality impacts from actions implementing the Draft CAP were analyzed in the GPA EIR, and addressed with policies, strategies, Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-29 Environmental Checklist and Findings and BMPs that would protect water quality and reduce potential impacts to water quality. The GPA EIR identified several policies and strategies that would reduce water quality impacts: ► Policy 5-19: Reduction of Impervious Surfaces. Minimize storm water flow and erosion impacts resulting from development. • Strategy 3: Maximizing infiltration. Minimize impervious surface areas,minimizing directly-connected impervious surfaces,maximizing onsite infiltration and using on-site retaining facilities. ► Policy 5-20: Pollution and Flow Impacts.Prior to making land use decisions, estimate increases in pollutant loads and flows resulting from projected future development to avoid surface and groundwater quality impacts. • Strategy: Best Management Practices. Require incorporation of structural and non-structural Best Management Practices (BMPs)to mitigate the projected increases in pollutant loads and flows. ► Policy 5-32: Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program. Support and participate in the Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program(SCVURPPP) in order to work cooperatively with other cities to improve the quality of storm water runoff discharge into San Francisco Bay. • Strategy 1: Post-Construction Urban Runoff Management. Implement the Post-Construction Urban Runoff Management requirements of the City's Municipal NPDES Permit to reduce urban runoff from project sites. • Strategy 2: Hydromodification Management. Implement the Hydromodification Management requirements of the City's Municipal NPDES Permit to manage runoff flow and volume from project sites. ► Policy 5-33: Illicit Discharge into Storm Drains and Waterways. Prohibit the discharge of pollutants and the illicit dumping of wastes into the storm drains, creeks and waterways. ► Policy 5-34: Storm Water Runoff. Investigate opportunities to retain or detain storm runoff on new development. Impacts from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR. There would be a less-than-significant impact. b) Substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level (e.g., the production rate of pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? Impacts to groundwater supplies were analyzed in the GPA EIR,which identified a less-than-significant impact. No CAP strategies or measures would require additional groundwater supply. Construction would not result in a substantial amount of new impervious surfaces replacing pervious surfaces so that related impacts to groundwater recharge from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those analyzed in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-30 City of Cupertino C) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site? The Draft CAP focuses on the urbanized areas of the city with low potential for any development to affect streams or rivers. There would be no alteration of existing drainage patterns. The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to drainage alterations, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site? See item c). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to drainage alterations, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to stormwater drainage and polluted runoff, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Otherwise substantially degrade water quality? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to water quality degradation, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. g) Place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? Actions implementing the Draft CAP would not result in construction of new housing units. There would be no impact. In addition,the following policies and strategies from the General Plan minimize flood impacts. ► Policy 6-35: Sea Level Rise Protection. Ensure all areas in Cupertino are adequately protected for the anticipated effects of sea level rise. • Strategy 1: Monitor Rising Sea Level. Regularly coordinate with regional, state,and federal agencies on rising sea levels in the San Francisco Bay and major tributaries to determine if additional adaptation strategies should be implemented to address flooding hazards. This includes monitoring FEMA flood map updates to identify areas in the city susceptible to sea level rise, addressing changes to state and regional Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-31 Environmental Checklist and Findings sea and bay level rise estimates, and coordinating with adjacent municipalities on flood control improvements as appropriate. • Strategy 2. Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Provide to the public, as available,up-to-date Flood Insurance Rate Maps(FIRM)that identify rising sea levels and changing flood conditions. ► Policy 7-5: Storm Drainage Infrastructure. Maintain the City storm drainage infrastructure in a manner that reduces flood hazards.As the storm drainage system is extended or modified,provide capacity to adequately convey the 10-year storm event. Developers should be responsible for upsizing or contributing towards additional capacity, as necessary. h) Place within a 100-year flood hazard area structures which would impede or redirect flood flows? See item g). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to structures placed in flood zones,and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. The specific locations identified for potential freestanding PV cell installation at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard are located outside the 100-year flood hazard area identified on Figure 4.8-4 of the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. i) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to structures placed in areas subject to inundation following dam failure,and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. The specific locations identified for potential freestanding PV cell installation at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard are located outside the dam inundation hazard area identified on Figure 4.8-5 of the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. D Result in inundation by seiche, tsunami, or mudflow? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to inundation by seiche,tsunami, or mudflow, and the actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-32 City of Cupertino 2.13 LAND USE AND PLANNING Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? X.Land Use and Planning.Would the project: a) Physically divide an Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a established community? 4.9-25—4.9-27 b) Conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy,or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project(including, but not limited to,a general Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a plan, specific plan,local 4.9-27—4.9-28 coastal program,or zoning ordinance)adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? c) Conflict with any applicable habitat Draft EIR,p. conservation plan or 4.9-24 No No No n/a natural community conservation plan? 2.13.1 DISCUSSION a) Physically divide an established community? The Draft CAP does not direct the development of new roadways or other physical features that would impair mobility within a community or physically divide an existing community. There would be no impact. b) Conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project (including, but not limited to, a general plan, specific plan, local coastal program, or zoning ordinance) adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? The Draft CAP would be consistent with the City's General Plan Land Use/Community Design Element. It does not propose physical changes that would conflict with City zoning ordinances or other jurisdictional policies. There would be no impact. C) Conflict with any applicable habitat conservation plan or natural community conservation plan? The City of Cupertino is outside of the designated habitat plan study area for the Santa Clara Habitat Plan and Natural Community Conservation Plan. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-33 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.14 MINERAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Changes Any changed Do previously in the Project Involve Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was New Significant Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? Xl.Mineral Resources.Would the project: a) Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that Draft EIR,p. 6-2 No No No n/a would be of value to the region and the residents of the state? b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on Draft EIR,p. 6-2 No No No n/a a local general plan, specific plan,or other land use plan? 2.14.1 DISCUSSION a) Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state? The Draft CAP proposes no strategies or measures that would require extraction of mineral resources or conflict with current general plan policy concerning mineral resource operations. There would be no impact. b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan, or other land use plan? As discussed above in a), no strategies or measures that would require mineral extraction are proposed by the Draft CAP. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-34 City of Cupertino 2.15 NOISE Do Proposed Do previously Changes in the Any changed Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures or Substantially Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve More Severe Verification? Impacts? Impacts? Severe Impacts XII.Noise.Would the project: a) Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a general plan or noise 4.10-27—4.10-32 ordinance,or applicable standards of other agencies? b) Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a groundborne vibration or 4.10-32—4.10-35 groundborne noise levels? c) A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project Draft EIR,pp. vicinity above levels 4.10-35—4.10-44 No No No n/a existing without the proj ect? d) A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a project vicinity above 4.10-44—4.10-46 levels existing without the prof ect? e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or,where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a Draft EIR,p. No No No no public airport or public use 4.10-27 airport,would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip,would the project Draft EIR,p. No No No no expose people residing or 4.10-27 working in the project area to excessive noise levels? Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-35 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.15.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.10-4 on page 4.10-8 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce noise impacts. a) Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies? Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the Draft CAP, such as PV installations, alternative fueling stations,and transit intersection queue jumps,would include limited construction activities that could generate temporary construction noise. The Draft CAP also encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with approval of the Draft CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development as a part of the ongoing General Plan update,this measure would not have physical effects. There is no specific strategy to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development. Future projects would be subject to compliance with City noise ordinance and Municipal Code, Section 10. Construction would occur between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m. during the weekend. The GPA EIR considered the potential for new noise-sensitive land uses to experience indoor noise levels above 45 dBA,the potential for incompatible uses and noise environments,potential construction noise, and the potential for ambient noise levels that exceed standards. For all these issues,the GPA EIR concluded that the application of existing regulations, especially the City Noise Ordinance and Municipal Code,would result in a less-than-significant impact. As noted previously,the General Plan directs any land use change, and the GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels? See item a). Construction associated actions implementing the Draft CAPS would be subject to compliance with City Noise Ordinance and Municipal Code (City of Cupertino 2014;4.10-9)to reduce impacts from groundborne vibration and noise levels. This would be a less-than-significant impact. C) A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? The Draft CAP proposes measures and strategies, such as a bikeshare program and transit route expansion,that would lead to reduced single occupancy vehicle trips, and increase use of public transportation,bicycle, and pedestrian travel. Reducing vehicle trips would reduce associated traffic noise,the single largest contributor to ambient noise levels in an urban environment. Therefore, implementation of the Draft CAP would not be expected to increase ambient noise levels and could potentially result in a decrease in ambient noise levels. This would be a less-than-significant impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-36 City of Cupertino d) A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? See item(a). Any future development would be subject to compliance with the City noise ordinance and the Municipal Code to mitigate temporary increases in ambient noise due to construction. This would be a less-than- significant impact. e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? The project is not within an airport land use plan. San Jose International Airport and Moffett Federal Airfield are approximately 11 miles and 8 miles away, respectively, from the city of Cupertino. There would be no impact. f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? There are no private airstrips within the vicinity of the project. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-37 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.16 POPULATION AND HOUSING Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XIII.Population and Housings.Would the project: a) Induce substantial population growth in an area,either directly(for example,by proposing new homes and Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a businesses)or indirectly(for 4.11-10—4.11-15 example,through extension of roads or other infrastructure)? b) Displace substantial numbers of existing housing, Draft EIR,pp. necessitating the construction No No No n/a 4.11-15—4.11-17 of replacement housing elsewhere? c) Displace substantial numbers of people,necessitating the Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a construction of replacement 4.11-17 housing elsewhere? 2.16.1 DISCUSSION a) Induce substantial population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure)? The purpose of the Draft CAP is to reduce GHG emission through methods such as alternative fuels, alternative transportation, and energy efficiency but does not propose development that would induce population growth. The Draft CAP does not direct land use change that would cause population growth. As noted previously, such changes are directed by the General Plan and were analyzed in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact related to inducement of population growth. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Displace substantial numbers of existing housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere? See item a). Implementation of the Draft CAP would not displace existing housing. There would be no impact. C) Displace substantial numbers of people, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere? See item a). Implementation of the Draft CAP would not displace Cupertino residents. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-38 City of Cupertino 2.17 PUBLIC SERVICES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XIV.Public Services.Would the project: Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities,or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities,the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts,in order to maintain acceptable service ratios,response times,or other performance objectives for any of the public services: Draft EIR,pp.4.12-6 Fire protection? —4.12-8 No No No n/a Draft EIR,pp.4.12-11 Police protection? —4.12-12 No No No n/a Draft FIR,pp.4.12-18 No No No n/a Schools? —4.12-20 Draft EIR,pp.4.12-31 No No No n/a Parks`. —4.12-32 Draft EIR,pp.4.12-24 Other public facilities? —4.12-25 No No No n/a 2.17.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.12-1 on page 4.12-2 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce public services impacts. a) Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other performance objectives for any of the public services: a) Fire protection? b) Police protection? c) Schools? d) Parks? e) Other public facilities? The Draft CAP does not propose any measures or strategies that would induce population growth or change existing development such that there would be a need for new or physically altered governmental facilities. The Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-39 Environmental Checklist and Findings Draft CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this Draft CAP does not increase, decrease,or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development, implementation of this measure would not have direct physical effects. As note previously,the General Plan directs land use changes,including transit-oriented development. The GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes, including impacts to fire protection,police protection,parks, and other public facilities, and found these impacts to be less than significant. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-40 City of Cupertino 2.18 RECREATION Do Proposed Any changed Any New Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Information of Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts Significant Impacts Importance Measures or Substantially or Substantially Requiring New Address/Resolve More Severe More Severe Analysis or Impacts? Impacts? Impacts Verification? XV.Recreation.Would the project: a) Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a such that substantial physical 4.12-31—4.12-32 deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? b) Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a facilities which might have an 4.12-32—4.12-33 adverse physical effect on the environment? 2.18.1 DISCUSSION a) Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? Implementation of the Draft CAP would not induce a population increase. The Draft CAP proposes a bikeshare program to encourage the use of bicycles as an alternative mode of travel.It is possible that through successful implementation of this program,there would be an incremental increase in use of parks and recreational facilities. However,the Draft CAP does not propose any new bicycle infrastructure or facilities, and most use of the bikeshare program would occur on roadways as users replaced shorter car trips with bicycle trips. An incremental increase in use of facilities would not be expected to cause substantial deterioration. The Draft CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this Draft CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development.Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit- oriented development,this measure would not have physical effects. As noted previously,the General Plan directs land use changes, and the GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes. The GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes, including impacts to parks, and found these impacts to be less than significant. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment? See item a). The Draft CAP does not propose measure or strategies that would require the construction or expansion of recreation facilities. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact related to construction of recreational facilities. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-41 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.19 TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the Significant Impacts Importance Requiring Measures EIR? or Substantially Significant Impacts or Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve More Severe Verification? Impacts? Impacts? Severe Impacts XVI.Transportation/Traffic.Would the project: a) Conflict with an applicable plan, ordinance or policy establishing measures of effectiveness for the performance of the circulation system,taking into account all modes of transportation Draft EIR,pp. including mass transit and non- 4.13-49—4.13- No No No Yes motorized travel and relevant 61 components of the circulation system,including but not limited to intersections,streets, highways and freeways, pedestrian and bicycle paths,and mass transit? b) Conflict with an applicable congestion management program,including,but not limited to level of service Draft EIR,pp. standards and travel demand 4.13-61—4.13- No No No Yes measures,or other standards 62 established by the county congestion management agency for designated roads or highways? c) Result in a change in air traffic patterns,including either an Draft EIR,p. increase in traffic levels or a 4.13-46 No No No change in location that results in substantial safety risks? d) Substantially increase hazards due to a design feature(e.g., Draft EIR,p. sharp curves or dangerous 4.13-62 No No No n/a intersections)or incompatible uses(e.g.,farm equipment)? e) Result in inadequate emergency Draft EIR,p. No No No n/a access. 4.13-63 f) Conflict with adopted policies, plans,or programs regarding Draft EIR,pp. public transit,bicycle,or 4.13-64—4.13- No No No n/a pedestrian facilities,or otherwise 65 decrease the performance or safety of such facilities? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-42 City of Cupertino 2.19.1 DISCUSSION a) Conflict with an applicable plan, ordinance or policy establishing measures of effectiveness for the performance of the circulation system, taking into account all modes of transportation including mass transit and non-motorized travel and relevant components of the circulation system, including but not limited to intersections, streets, highways and freeways, pedestrian and bicycle paths, and mass transit? The Draft CAP does not propose strategies or measures that would increase vehicle traffic. Implementation of the Draft CAP would potentially result in fewer single-occupant vehicle trips through the improvement of facilities and services that promote alternative transportation such as updating the Pedestrian Transportation Plan and a bikeshare program. Traffic impacts from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found significant traffic impacts. Transit signal priority(TSP) could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays at some locations. The following intersections along existing transit service routes operate below Level of Service(LOS) standards, according to the GPA EIR: ► SR 85 NB Ramps and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► Stelling Rd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Rd./De Anza Blvd. and Homestead Rd.—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and I-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and McClellan Rd./Pacifica Dr.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and Homestead Rd.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd./Miller Ave. and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► I-280 SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Agilent Tech Drive Way and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway NB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour TSP implemented at any of these intersections could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays and increase congestion. Transit intersection queue jumps could also potentially cause delays at some locations. The Draft CAP does not cause specific transit signal timing changes or alter roadways for queue jumps. The Draft CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for TSP and transit intersection queue jumps within the City. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. The GPA EIR also includes mitigation measures for some of the identified intersections that would be considered and used to minimize traffic impacts: ► Mitigation Measure TRAF-1: The City of Cupertino shall commit to preparing and implementing a Traffic Mitigation Fee Program to guarantee funding for roadway and infrastructure improvements that are necessary Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-43 Environmental Checklist and Findings to mitigate impacts from future projects based on the then current City standards. As part of the preparation of the Traffic Mitigation Fee Program,the City shall also commit to preparing a"nexus" study that will serve as the basis for requiring development impact fees under AB 1600 legislation, as codified by California Code Government Section 66000 et seq.,to support implementation of the proposed Project. The established procedures under AB 1600 require that a"reasonable relationship" or nexus exist between the traffic improvements and facilities required to mitigate the traffic impacts of new development pursuant to the proposed Project. The following examples of traffic improvements and facilities would reduce impacts to acceptable level of service standards and these, among other improvements, could be included in the development impact fees nexus study: ► SR 85 Northbound Ramps and Stevens Creek Boulevard: An exclusive left-turn lane for the northbound leg of the intersection(freeway off-ramp) at the intersection of SR 85 and Stevens Creek Boulevard would result in one left-turn lane, one all-movement lane, and one right turn lane. The additional lane could be added within the existing Caltrans right-of-way. ► Stelling Road and Stevens Creek Boulevard: The addition of a second exclusive left turn lane for the eastbound leg of the intersection from Stevens Creek Boulevard to northbound Stelling Road,which could be accomplished by reworking the median. Right turns would share the bike lane. ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Road/De Anza Boulevard and Homestead Road: Widen De Anza Boulevard to four lanes in each direction or the installation of triple left-turn lanes. ► De Anza Boulevard and I-280 Northbound Ramp: Restriping of De Anza Boulevard in the southbound direction to provide room for right turn vehicles to be separated from through traffic may be required. The bike lane would be maintained, and right turns would occur from the bike lane. The right turns would continue to be controlled by the signal and would need to yield to pedestrians. Painting a bike box at the front of the lane to provide space for bikes wait at red lights may enhance the bicycle experience. ► De Anza Boulevard and Stevens Creek Boulevard: Restripe westbound Stevens Creek Boulevard to provide room for right turn vehicles to be separated from through vehicles may be required. The right turn vehicles will share the bike lane and will still be controlled by the traffic signal. Paint a bike box at the front of the lane to provide bikes a place to wait at red lights. The pedestrian crossings will not be affected may enhance the bicycling experience. ► De Anza Boulevard and McClellan Road/Pacifica Drive: Realign the intersection that is currently offset resulting in inefficient signal timing such that the McClellan Road and Pacifica Drive legs are across from each other may be required. In addition, double left turn lanes may be required to be added to De Anza Boulevard with sections of double lanes on McClellan Road and Pacifica Drive to receive the double left turn lanes. These improvements will require the acquisition of right-of-way and demolition of existing commercial buildings.However, some existing right-of-way could be abandoned,which would reduce the net right-of- way take. ► Wolfe Road and Homestead Road: The addition of a third southbound through lane to the southbound approach of the intersection of Wolfe Road and Homestead Road may be required, as well as the addition of a southbound exclusive right-turn lane. Three southbound receiving lanes on the south side of the intersection currently exist. An additional westbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes, an AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-44 City of Cupertino additional receiving lane on Homestead westbound to receive the additional through lane, as well as the addition of a westbound exclusive right-turn lane may be required. This will require widening Homestead Road.An additional eastbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes, an additional receiving lane on Homestead eastbound to receive the additional through lane,as well as the addition of an eastbound exclusive left-turn lane for a total of two left-turn lanes may be required. These improvements will require the acquisition of right-of-way and demolition of parking areas. ► Wolfe Road and I-280 Northbound Ramp: An additional northbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes may be required. This will require widening the Wolfe Road overcrossing. The lane needs to be extended north of the interchange so that there are a continuous three lanes northbound. Right-of- way acquisition may be required. In addition to widening the overcrossing,the City may wish to pursue a redesign of the interchange to go from a partial cloverleaf design to a diamond design. This could help with heavy volumes in the right lane,which contributes to the level-of-service deficiency. ► Wolfe Road and I-280 Southbound Ramp: An additional through lane for a total of three through- movement lanes for the northbound leg of the intersection at the Wolfe Road and 1-280 Southbound Ramp may be required. This additional northbound through lane would require widening to the freeway overcrossing. In addition to widening the overcrossing,the City may wish to pursue a redesign of the interchange to go from a partial cloverleaf design to a diamond design. This could help with the problem of heavy volume in the right lane,which contributes to the level of service deficiency. ► Wolfe Road/Miller Avenue and Stevens Creek Boulevard: The restriping of the westbound leg of the intersection to provide room so that right turn vehicles can be separated from through vehicles may be required. Right turn vehicles would share the bike lane. Right turn vehicles would still be controlled by the signal, and pedestrian crossings would not be affected. Paint a bike box at the front of the lane to provide bikes a place to wait at red lights may enhance the bicycling experience. b) Conflict with an applicable congestion management program, including, but not limited to level of service standards and travel demand measures, or other standards established by the county congestion management agency for designated roads or highways? See item a). A number of the intersections along existing transit service routes that would operate below Level of Service(LOS) standards, according to the GPA EIR, are also included in the CMP: ► SR 85 NB Ramps and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► Stelling Rd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Rd./De Anza Blvd. and Homestead Rd.—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and 1-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and 1-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and 1-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and 1-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd./Miller Ave. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► 1-280 SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-45 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Lawrence Expressway NB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour As with item a), implementation of Mitigation Measure TRAF-1 would reduce this impact,but the impact for the GPA EIR would remain significant. Traffic impacts from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified, and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. C) Result in a change in air traffic patterns, including either an increase in traffic levels or a change in location that results in substantial safety risks? The San Jose International Airport is more than 12 miles from Cupertino. The Draft CAP does not include any strategy or measure that would directly or indirectly affect air traffic patterns. There would be no impact. d) Substantially increase hazards due to a design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)? The Draft CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit queue jumps within the City. Specific designs for queue jumps are not known at this time. Future projects at specific locations would be designed to avoid creating hazards based on the following General Plan policies regarding roadway plans and design: ► Policy 4-10: Roadway Plans that Complement the Needs of Adjacent Land Use. Design roadways based on efficient alignments, appropriate number and widths of traffic lanes, inclusion of medians,parking and bicycle lanes and the suitable width and location of sidewalks as needed to support the adjacent properties. In addition,design the local streets to satisfy the aesthetic requirements of the area served. In general,the aesthetics of a street will be improved if it can be narrower rather than wider,include significant landscaping with shade trees,and provide safe and convenient places for people to bicycle and walk. Details of design, such as provision of vertical curbs and minimum corner radii, are to be considered desirable. Design details should be developed in the City's road improvement standards. ► Policy 4-12: Street Improvement Planning. Plan street improvements such as curb cuts, sidewalks,bus stop turnouts,bus shelters,light poles,benches and trash containers as an integral part of a project to ensure an enhanced streetscape and the safe movement of people and vehicles with the least possible disruption to the streetscape. • Strategy 2. Bus Stop Turnouts in Street Frontages. Require bus stop turnouts,or partial turnouts, within the street frontage of a new or redeveloping site. This policy does not apply to the Crossroads Area. Bus stops should include shelters,benches,trash receptacles and other amenities as appropriate. Follow the VTA specifications for improving bus stops. ► Policy 6-13: Roadway Design. Involve the Fire Department in the design of public roadways for review and comments. Attempt to ensure that roadways have frequent median breaks for timely access to properties. Changes implementing the Draft CAP would be consistent with the assumptions considered in the GPA EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact related to design hazards. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-46 City of Cupertino e) Result in inadequate emergency access? Physical changes that would occur from construction of solar PV installations,alternative fueling stations, and transit intersection queue jumps would occur within the footprint of existing development. The Draft CAP does not propose development that would change existing uses. Transit signal priority(TSP) and transit intersection queue jumps could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays at some locations. At this time,the City is not directed to alter transit signal timing or alter any roadway configurations. The Draft CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for TSP and transit intersection queue jumps within the City. Traffic impacts from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Conflict with adopted policies, plans, or programs regarding public transit, bicycle, or pedestrian facilities, or otherwise decrease the performance or safety of such facilities? The Draft CAP directs the City to update its Pedestrian Master Plan to identify barriers to walkability within the Cupertino community, and to prioritize projects for implementation. The City is also directed to explore feasibility of a bikeshare program. The GPA EIR includes policies and strategies regarding public transit,bicycle, and pedestrian facilities. The Pedestrian Master Plan update and bikeshare feasibility study would not conflict with the City's General Plan Land Use/Community Design Element. Impacts from implementation of the Draft CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-47 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.20 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XVII.Utilities and Service Systems.Would the project: a) Exceed wastewater treatment requirements of Draft EIR,pp. the applicable Regional 4.14-33—4.14-35 No No No n/a Water Quality Control Board? b) Require or result in the construction of new water or wastewater treatment facilities or expansion of Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a existing facilities,the 4.14-35—4.14-36 construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? c) Require or result in the construction of new storm water drainage facilities or expansion of existing Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a facilities,the construction of 4.14-22—4.14-23 which could cause significant environmental effects? d) Have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project from existing Draft EIR,pp. No No No n/a entitlements and resources, 4.14-13—4.14-22 or are new or expanded entitlements needed? e) Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider that serves or may serve the project that it has Draft EIR,pp. adequate capacity to serve 4.14-36—4.14-40 No No No Yes the project's projected demand,in addition to the provider's existing commitments? f) Be served by a landfill with Draft EIR,pp. sufficient permitted capacity 4.14-49—4.14-52 to accommodate the No No No Yes project's solid waste disposal needs? g) Comply with federal, state, Draft EIR,p. and local statutes and 4.14-52 No No No Yes regulations related to solid waste? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-48 City of Cupertino 2.20.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.14-1 on page 4.14-5 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce utilities impacts. a) Exceed wastewater treatment requirements of the applicable Regional Water Quality Control Board? Implementation of the Draft CAP would not induce population growth or other causes that would result in an increase in demand on existing wastewater treatment. Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the Draft CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The Draft CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this Draft CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development,this measure would not have physical effects. There is no specific strategy to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development.As noted previously,the General Plan directs land use change, and the General Plan Amendment EIR analyzed the impacts of such change.When future developments are proposed,the City would conduct environmental review, enforce existing requirements that mitigate environmental impacts(such as traffic impact fees, grading permit conditions, etc.) and mitigating General Plan policies to reduce future potential impacts. The Cupertino Sanitary District(CSD) sewer collection system directs wastewater to the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant(SJ/SCWPCP), a joint powers authority. The San Francisco RWQCB established wastewater treatment requirements for the SJ/SCWPCP in an NPDES Permit(Order No. R2-2009-0038), adopted April 8, 2009 and effective June 1,2009.32 The NPDES Order sets out a framework for compliance and enforcement applicable to operation of the SJ/SCWPCP and its effluent,as well as those contributing influent to the SJ/SCWPCP. The CSD is one of six additional satellite collection systems that discharge into the SJ/SCWPCP. Each satellite collection system is responsible for an ongoing program of maintenance and capital improvements for sewer lines and pump stations within its respective jurisdiction in order to ensure adequate capacity and reliability of the collection system. The GPA EIR concluded that continued compliance with applicable regulations would ensure that implementation of the GPA would not exceed the wastewater treatment requirements or capacity of the SJ/SCWPCP. Similarly,the Sunnyvale sewer collection system serves a small area of the City and compliance with the NPDES permit and regulatory requirements would ensure that implementation of the GPA would not exceed the treatment requirements or capacity of the Sunnyvale Water Pollution Control Plan. Impacts to water resources would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than- significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-49 Environmental Checklist and Findings b) Require or result in the construction of new water or wastewater treatment facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? See item a). The Draft CAP does not propose strategies or measures that would result in the construction of new water or wastewater facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Impacts related to water and wastewater treatment facilities would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. C) Require or result in the construction of new storm water drainage facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? See item a). Impacts related to storm drainage facilities would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project from existing entitlements and resources, or are new or expanded entitlements needed? See item a).New or expanded entitlements would not be needed. In addition,the Draft CAP proposes measures and strategies to increase water efficiency through implementation of Senate Bill X7-7,which directs urban water retailers to achieve 20 percent per capita water use reductions by 2020. Impacts related to water supply would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider that serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project's projected demand, in addition to the provider's existing commitments? See item a). Implementation of the Draft CAPS would not cause an increase in population or other causes that would increase the provider's existing commitments. Impacts related to wastewater treatment capacity would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact after implementing the following mitigation measures: ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6a: The City shall work with the Cupertino Sanitary District to increase the available citywide treatment and transmission capacity to 8.65 million gallons per day, or to a lesser threshold if studies justifying reduced wastewater generation rates are approved by CSD as described in Mitigation Measure 1UTIL-6c. ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6b: The City shall work to establish a system in which a development monitoring and tracking system to tabulate cumulative increases in projected wastewater generation from approved projects for comparison to the Cupertino Sanitary District's treatment capacity threshold with San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant is prepared and implemented. If it is anticipated that with approval of a development project the actual system discharge would exceed the contractual treatment threshold,no AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-50 City of Cupertino building permits for such project shall be issued prior to increasing the available citywide contractual treatment and transmission capacity as described in Mitigation Measure UTIL-6a. ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6c: The City shall work with the Cupertino Sanitary District to prepare a study to determine a more current estimate of the wastewater generation rates that reflect the actual development to be constructed as part of Project implementation. The study could include determining how the green/LEED certified buildings in the City reduce wastewater demands. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Be served by a landfill with sufficient permitted capacity to accommodate the project's solid waste disposal needs? The Draft CAP includes strategies and measures to decrease solid waste disposal, such as a zero waste plan and paperless office policy. Construction impacts that would potentially increase solid waste disposal would be temporary. Operational impacts would be consistent with those identified in the General Plan Amendment EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact after implementing Mitigation Measure UTIL-8: ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-8: The City shall continue its current recycling ordinances and zero waste policies in an effort to further increase its diversion rate and lower its per capita disposal rate. In addition,the City shall monitor solid waste generation volumes in relation to capacities at receiving landfill sites to ensure that sufficient capacity exists to accommodate future growth. The City shall seek new landfill sites to replace the Altamont and Newby Island landfills, at such time that these landfills are closed. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. g) Comply with federal, state, and local statutes and regulations related to solid waste? See item f).No measures or strategies are proposed by the Draft CAP that would not comply with solid waste statutes and regulations. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-51 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.21 MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XVIII.Mandatory Findings of Significance.Would the project: a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment,substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species,cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below self- Draft EIR,pp. sustaining levels,threaten 4.3-11 to 4.3-12 No No No No to eliminate a plant or and 4.3-14,4.4-17 animal community,reduce to 4.4-22 the number or restrict the range of an endangered, rare,or threatened species, or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory? b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited,but cumulatively considerable? ("Cumulatively considerable"means that Draft EIR,pp. 6-2 the incremental effects of to 6-8 No No No n/a a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects,the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects.) Draft EIR,pp. 4.1-22 to 4.1-39, 4.2-22 to 4.2-67, c) Does the project have 4.6-23 to 4.6-33, environmental effects that 4.7-20 to 4.7-27, will cause substantial 4.8-28 to 4.8-40, No No No n/a adverse effects on human 4.10-27 to 4.10-46, beings,either directly or indirectly .4.12-6 to 4.12-32, 4.13-49 to 4.13-65, and 4.14-33 to 4.14-52. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-52 City of Cupertino 2.21.1 DISCUSSION a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment, substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels, threaten to eliminate a plant or animal community, reduce the number or restrict the range of an endangered, rare, or threatened species, or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory? All impacts analyzed in the GPA EIR regarding biology and cultural resources were determined to be less than significant or no impact. The actions implementing the Draft CAP are consistent with the assumptions for the environmental analysis in the GPA EIR, and implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR.No measures proposed by the Draft CAP would affect fish or wildlife habitat or cause fish or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels,threaten to eliminate any plant or animal community, or reduce the number or restrict the range of any species. The Draft CAP recommends retrofitting buildings with more energy-efficient equipment,but as discussed in the GPA EIR, changes to any historically significant buildings would be subject to compliance with City General Plan policies regarding the preservation of historical resources and would not cause significant impacts. b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited, but cumulatively considerable? ("Cumulatively considerable" means that the incremental effects of a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects.) The purpose of the Draft CAP is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help meet City reduction targets and state AB 32 goals. Certain impacts associated with the implementation of the Draft CAP,with consideration to past, current, or future projects,do have potential to be cumulative but these would be beneficial cumulative impacts. The GPA EIR found significant cumulative air quality,noise, and transportation impacts. Actions implementing the Draft CAP would be consistent with the assumptions considered in the GPA EIR. Implementing the Draft CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR C) Does the project have environmental effects that will cause substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly? None of the strategies or measures proposed by the Draft CAP would result in significant impacts under any environmental impact regarding adverse effects to humans analyzed in this Initial Study. Implementation of the Draft CAP would potentially result in a decrease of certain human impacts such as those regarding transportation and air quality. It is possible there would be construction-related temporary impacts from future transit-oriented development,but future projects would be reviewed for consistency with the General Plan and Municipal Code upon application. Implementation of the Draft CAP would not cause direct or indirect substantial adverse effects on human beings. This would be a less-than-significant impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-53 Environmental Checklist and Findings 3 REFERENCES City of Cupertino. 2014. Cupertino General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update,and Associated Rezoning Draft EIR. Cupertino, CA. Available: http://www.cupertinogpa.org/app_folders/view/177. Accessed September 29,2014. 2005. Cupertino General Plan. Adopted 2005. Cupertino, CA. Available: http://www.cupertinogpa.org/app_folders/view/20. Accessed September 26,2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 3-1 References EXHIBIT 2: Draft Cupertino Climate Action Plan (CAP) CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN icy CrTY OF CUPERTINO �. MEMORIAL NARK JANUARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Climate Action Plan was developed in partnership with the community with assistance from City employees and leaders. The following individuals are specifically acknowledged for their time in the creation of this document. THE CITY OF CUPERTINC Members of City Council: Mayor Gilbert Wong Vice Mayor Rod Sinks Councilmember Mark Santoro Councilmember Orrin Mahoney Councilmember Barry Chang Administration: David Brandt, City Manager Aarti Shrivastava, Assistant City Manager & Director, Community Development Department Prepared by: Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager with assistance from: Michela Gentile, Environmental Programs Assistant, Public Works Department Amanda Leonis, Climate Corps Bay Area Member, Office of the City Manager Additional Contributors: Cheri Donnelly, Environmental Programs Manager, Public Works Department Rick Kitson, Director, Public and Environmental Affairs Timm Borden, Director, Public Works Department Teri Gerhardt, GIS Coordinator, Information Technology Albert Salvador, Chief Building Official, Building Department Piu Ghosh, Senior Planner, Community Development Department Rebecca Tolentino, Senior Planner, Community Development Department City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 George Schroeder, Associate Planner, Community Development Department Julia Kinst, Administrative Assistant, Community Development Department David Stillman, Senior Traffic Engineer, Public Works Department Chris Mertens, Service Center Superintendent, Public Works Department Chris Orr, Facilities Supervisor, Public Works Department John Bisely, Grounds & Fleet Supervisor, Public Works Department Shawn Tognetti, HazMat/Yard Operations, Public Works Department Angela Tsui, Economic Development Manager, Office of the City Manager EXTERNAL PARTNERS Pacific Gas & Electric Sapna Dixit, Community Energy Manager Santa Clara County Demetra McBride, Director, Office of Sustainability and Climate Action AECOM Jeff Goldman, Project Director Lisa Reynolds, Planner Culley Thomas, Project Manager Jonathan Thompson, Energy Analyst Josh Lathan, Assistant Project Manager George Lu, Lead Greenhouse Gas Analyst Claire Bonham-Carter, Project Advisor Amruta Sudhalkar, Greenhouse Gas Analyst Brian Goldberg, Sustainability Planner Photographs Unless otherwise noted, photographs were provided by the City of Cupertino. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I November 2014 FUNDING PROVIDERS Development of the energy measures explored within the City's Climate Action Plan was supported by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), as part of a portfolio of programs administered by PG&E using customer funds under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. In addition, the County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability provided additional resources to provide full climate action plan templates on behalf of local agencies, as a means for identifying regional opportunities to mitigate emissions and contribute to the health, wellness, and vibrancy of Silicon Valley. "So UUN11 d ,L Tq C Legal Notice This report was prepared, in part, as a result of work sponsored by the California Public Utilities Commission ("Commission"). It does not necessarily represent the views of the Commission, its employees, or the State of California. The Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. For more information about the City of Cupertino's Climate Action Plan contact: Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager 10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014 408-777-7603 erinc(@cupertino.orq www.cupertino.orq/preen City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 • • • � 9 s r SFff1.Alfi vim,G� :d 'b 1 RM VVI .y`. j�jt Y ,yam n •is 4 R ✓ 14 AFL- r f< Ncwlar- S. it ll7 � '` PEETfWOGR�Oi f .D f A 1 . LAN - iM— J+x i i f t, This Climate Action Plan (CAP) defines Cupertino's path toward creating a healthy, livable, and vibrant place for its current and future residents to live, learn, work, and play. The strategies outlined in this CAP seek to not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also provide energy, water, fuel, and cost savings for the City, its community members and businesses, further improving Cupertino's already high quality of life. The plan also represents another example of a successful partnership between engaged community members and City staff to jointly plan for Cupertino's sustainable future and continue to lead by example on important environmental issues. Cupertino has a rich history of environmental leadership, showcased throughout its operational spectrum including policy adoption (e.g., Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement, Bay Area Climate Compact, General Plan Sustainabilitv Element), program design (e.g., city-wide organics collection, Green(@Home, GreenBiz), and infrastructure investment (e.g., Don Burnett Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge, Stevens Creek Restoration Plan and Project, streetliqht retrofit project). Despite this progress, City leaders driving these efforts recognize that there is more to do to safeguard Cupertino's natural resources for future use and enjoyment. Specifically, delays in addressing the effects of climate change will accelerate the potential for irreversible damage by depleting nonrenewable resources, harming the shared environment on which we depend and impairing the community we all call home. To address this growth risk, the City of Cupertino worked with our community to develop its first Climate Action Plan (CAP), a strategic document that provides a roadmap for our community and municipal government to accelerate our environmental advancements by strategically working to abate our climate impacts, which arise from local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CAP builds from the City's broad past and ongoing environmental efforts and identifies opportunities for additional action to achieve even greater emissions reductions. The CAP also serves to support California's statewide climate change efforts through identification of actions that can be taken locally, by residents, businesses, and the City itself, to ensure the state's ambitious reduction goals are achieved. As an incentive for voluntarily taking such bold local action, the CAP can also provide benefits to future development projects within Cupertino through a streamlined environmental review process, allowed as part of the California Environmental Quality Act. Aligned with the community's vision as defined in its General Plan, the CAP will serve as a blueprint to ensure Cupertino's long-term quality of life and vitality. This document seeks to answer a series of questions to more fully inform the City's emissions reduction efforts and effectively engage the community in this process. It begins with an introduction to the purpose of preparing a Climate Action Plan, details the elements of the City's Plan, shares linkages with state law, and offers an overview of the City's current greenhouse gas emissions generated. Purpose of a CAP As directed by the City's General Plan Sustainability Element, the CAP seeks to identify emissions reduction strategies that are informed by the goals, values, and priorities of our community. CAPs prepared in California also typically provide a process through which communities can contribute to the state's climate protection efforts, recognizing that: 1. cities are the population and business centers where emissions are generated, and 2. local governments can serve as a direct connector to policies, programs, and infrastructure to reduce these emissions at their source. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 In partnership with the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), the City of Cupertino developed this CAP as part of a regional effort to support achievement of five objectives: ■ To demonstrate environmental leadership — Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable, reportable, verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions that can serve as a model for small cities in the state and nationwide. ■ To save money and promote green jobs — Residents, businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our shared environmental resources. ■ To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives — California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services. As coordination with cities serves as the keystone to achieving statewide greenhouse gas emissions reductions, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state address emissions sources that arise in our geography and meet its goals to reduce these emissions. ■ To promote sustainable development — By developing this Climate Action Plan to reinforce General Plan policies and align with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District guidelines, a new class of sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked (i.e., "streamlined") through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review process by not requiring GHG emissions for proposed projects consistent with the CAP. ■ To support regional climate change efforts — Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions, performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. In realizing these CAP-driven goals, the City also hopes to advance actionable ways our community can engage in initiatives that can improve our environment and overall quality of life. Components of a CAP A CAP is a tool that many cities in California are using to quantify their share of statewide GHG emissions and establish action steps toward achieving a local emissions reduction target. A CAP provides a set of strategies intended to guide GHG emissions reduction efforts, typically through a combination of statewide and local action. Figure ES.1 illustrates the basic steps of the CAP development process. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Figure ES.1 — CAP Development Process Step 1: PFFStep 2"71, Understand Set Emission I Current and FutureReduction r' GoalsEmissions Lbe— --..A 4, _1qq Step 6: IF T - . DevelopMonitor and Identify and Evaluate Leverage ctiveness Existing Actions Step 4: f Step 5:Implement t ize Plan L Future Actions COMMUNITY-WIDE AND MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS PERSPECTIVES Using this CAP development process, the City of Cupertino's CAP analyzes climate change strategies through two different lenses. The community-wide perspective considers the total impact of emissions-generating activities and reduction opportunities within the City's jurisdictional boundaries. This approach relies upon the participation from residents, businesses, and local government employees to achieve community-wide reduction targets. The municipal operations perspective considers only those emissions resulting from the provision of local government services. Reduction strategies associated with municipal operations describe ways for the City to continue to provide a high-level of service to its residents, while more efficiently consuming resources. Municipal operations emissions can be considered a subset of the community-wide emissions, as shown in Figure ES.2, and typically represent 2-5% of total community-wide emissions. In Cupertino, emissions from government activities make up less than 1% of total community-wide emissions. However, development of the municipal operations components of this CAP reinforces the City's commitment to emissions reductions, and includes strategies that will lay the foundation for deeper reduction opportunities throughout the community. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure ES.2— Relationship of Community-wide and Municipal Operations Emissions Community-wideEmissions Munici.. Operations Emissions In addition to reducing GHG emissions, many of the strategies included in this plan will also help make Cupertino a more attractive place to live — lowering energy and water bills through conservation, improving bicyclist and pedestrian safety, improving local air quality, and extending the operational life of local landfills through waste diversion activities. Chapters 3 and 4 identify other "co-benefits" associated with the CAP's measures, beyond their emissions reduction potential. DOCUMENT CONTENT This document is structured according to the following seven chapters: ■ Chapter 1 — Climate Change and Cupertino provides an overview of the CAP and introduces the current state of climate change science, as well as the state's vision for a lower emissions future. ■ Chapter 2 — Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets describes the components of an emissions inventory, and then presents the community-wide and municipal operations inventories for 2010. It describes the process for forecasting future emissions and presents the community-wide and municipal operations emissions forecasts for years 2020, 2035, and 2050. It concludes with a discussion of the CAP's emission reduction targets. ■ Chapter 3 — Community-wide Reduction Measures presents the goals, measures, and actions that can be implemented at the community-wide level to achieve the community's emissions reduction target for 2020. It also describes a pathway for future EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Q progress towards the 2035 target, outlining the large-scale actions that would need to occur to make that target attainable. ■ Chapter 4 — Municipal Operations Reduction Measures presents the goals, measures, and actions that can be implemented with regards to the local governments' provision of services in order to achieve the City's reduction target. Similar to Chapter 3, this chapter also considers a pathway towards the City's longer-term targets in 2035 and 2050 in order to continue leading by example. ■ Chapter 5 — Personal Actions describes the steps that Cupertino's residents, local businesses, and our schools can take starting today to kick-off the implementation phase of the CAP in their own homes, neighborhoods or organizations. ■ Chapter 6 — Adaptation and Resiliency shares next generation goals for Cupertino's climate agenda, building upon state and regional resources that identify the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities that our changing climate presents. It also offers a resilience framework that will enable our community to plan, adapt, and thrive. ■ Chapter 7 — Benchmarks and Next Steps provides a schedule and framework for CAP implementation, including a description of future inventory updates, measure tracking and revisions, and comprehensive CAP updates. CAP PREPARATION The City prepared this CAP as part of a Santa Clara County regional climate mitigation and adaptation initiative named Silicon Vallev 2.0 (SV 2.0). As part of this shared effort, the cities of Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, San Jose, Saratoga and unincorporated Santa Clara County prepared CAPs to achieve the climate mitigation objectives of the SV 2.0 project. Through this effort, a common list of reduction measures was developed from which individual jurisdictions selected their preferred list. This approach provided a framework for overlapping initiatives regionally to allow collaboration through resource and knowledge sharing when it comes time to implement the plans. This regional approach also included joint preparation of baseline emissions inventories and forecasts for the purpose of using a consistent methodology and common reduction targets and timelines. This will allow CAP comparisons from one jurisdiction to the next in support of future collaboration opportunities. Early project meetings among the participants also established a local network of colleagues across jurisdictions to build the foundation of this regional collaboration framework. Cupertino's CAP was also prepared with input from community members, elected officials, and government employees. Two community open house workshops were held to introduce the CAP project and gather public comments on the types of reduction measures it should include and the role that Cupertino should play in contributing to the state's emissions reduction goals. Additional focus group meetings were held with members of the local business community to ensure the CAP was developed in way that would not impair Cupertino's excellent reputation as City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 a business center. Public study sessions with the Planning Commission and City Council provided further refinement to the collection of measures included in the plan and described in Chapters 3 and 4. Additionally, City employee feedback was collected to accurately represent the City's past programmatic successes in sustainability and focus the CAP on the best opportunities for new or expanded local action. Through this open process Cupertino developed a strategy that has resident, business, and City support, which will help in the transition from the planning phase to CAP implementation. Relation to the California Environmental Quality Act One of the considerations for the City in deciding to prepare its Climate Action Plan was the ability to provide future project California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) streamlining benefits. Local governments may prepare a Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases that is consistent with the state's emission reduction goals as described in Assembly Bill 32. By preparing such a plan, the City can streamline CEQA review of subsequent plans and projects that are consistent with the GHG reduction strategies and targets in the plan (this is often referred to as "streamlining"). To meet the standards of a qualified GHG reduction plan, Cupertino's CAP must achieve the following criteria (which parallel and elaborate upon criteria established in state CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1]): ■ Complete a baseline emissions inventory and project future emissions ■ Identify a community-wide reduction target ■ Prepare a CAP to identify strategies and measures to meet the reduction target ■ Monitor effectiveness of reduction measures and adapt the plan to changing conditions ■ Adopt the CAP in a public process following environmental review This approach allows jurisdictions to analyze and mitigate the significant effects of GHGs at a programmatic level, by adopting a plan for the reduction of GHG emissions in a public process following environmental review. As part of the implementation process, the City will establish the means by which it will determine consistency of future proposed projects (e.g., development projects, plans, and other actions subject to CEQA review) with the CAP. Later, as individual projects are proposed and found to be consistent with the CAP, project-specific environmental documents may rely on the GHG emissions reductions measures in the CAP to determine that estimated project-level GHG emissions would be less-than-significant in their cumulative impacts analysis. Emissions Inventories and Forecasts Baseline inventories of community-wide and municipal operations emissions for 2010 were prepared to serve as the starting point for the CAP's analysis. The baseline inventories were then used to forecast future emissions growth for 2020, 2035, and 2050 under a business-as- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY usual (BAU) scenario. This BAU scenario assumes historic trends describing energy and water consumption, travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no future statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth (beyond what was already in place as of the 2010 baseline year). BAU emissions forecasts are important because they are used to calculate the amount of emissions reductions necessary to achieve the City's future reduction targets. Growth factors for these future scenarios were based upon the General Plan's estimated growth in population, employment, and vehicle miles traveled under the highest growth scenario. As the CAP and General Plan Amendment development ran in tandem, the CAP was designed to address the highest projected emissions anticipated to arise from future development in the City based on build out of the General Plan's Land Use diagram. However, if an alternative General Plan scenario is adopted (i.e., a scenario other than the highest growth scenario), the resulting emissions under that build out scenario are expected to be lower than the levels assumed in this CAP, and therefore fewer reductions would be required to achieve the City's emissions targets. Table ES.1 shows Cupertino's community-wide emissions baseline and BAU forecasts by sector for 2010, 2020, 2035, and 2050. Figure ES.3 illustrates this data, showing that the Energy sector is the greatest contributor to the community's emissions profile, followed by the Transportation sector. Off-Road Sources, Solid Waste, Wastewater, and Potable Water contribute relatively less to the inventory. Cupertino's community-wide emissions are forecasted to increase by 63% by 2050 (see Figure ESA), based upon the growth factors utilized for the General Plan as described above. Table ES.1 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions(MT (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT COZe=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding aCity of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure ES.3— Community-wide Emissions by Sector- 2010 1.8% 1.5% 7.3% r0.4% ■Energy Transportation ■Off-Road Sources 33.9% ■Solid Waste ■Wastewater Potable Water Figure ESA— Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 300,000 250,000 200,000 Energy L a Transportation m N v 150,000 Off-Road Sources Solid Waste Wastewater 100,000 Potable Water 50,000 0 , 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table ES.2 shows emissions associated with Cupertino's municipal operations for the same planning years as the community-wide inventory. Figure ES.5 illustrates the municipal operations inventory, showing that the Facilities sector contributes approximately 70% of total emissions, with the City's Vehicle Fleet contributing another 24%. The remaining emissions come from the Solid Waste and Water Services sector. This mirrors the community-wide inventory with energy-related emissions (i.e., Facilities) and transportation-related emissions (i.e., Vehicle Fleet) contributing the largest share of total emissions. Municipal operations emissions are forecast to increase by 17% by 2050, a much slower rate than shown in the community-wide forecasts, since government services do not increase at a one-to-one ratio with the community's population and employment growth (see Figure ES.6). Appendix B describes the methodology used to prepare both the community-wide and municipal operations inventories and forecasts. Table ES.2 unicipaI Operations Businas Ms-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 9nIRM Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT COZe=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure ES.5— Municipal Operations Emissions by Sector- 2010 5.4% 0.4% 23.9% ■Facilities Vehicle Fleet ■Solid Waste ■Water Services 70.4% Figure ES.6— Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 1,600 1,400 1,200 L 1,000 Facilities d cm v 800 Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste � 600 Water Services 400 200 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Reduction Targets The CAP's primary goal is to create a roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Cupertino. Setting an emissions reduction target for future years serves as a concrete quantifiable metric to help focus City strategies to that end. The targets selected in this CAP are designed to support statewide emissions reduction efforts and to enable use of recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. Much like creating a retirement savings plan for your family, establishing a clear and attainable target can focus and motivate staff and community members to reach these future goals. Targets also help drive long-term strategies and elevate transparency and accountability to achieve the objectives of this CAP. The state's near-term emissions reduction goal, as defined in Assembly Bill 32, is to return to 1990 levels by 2020. Most local governments do not have baseline inventory data for 1990, so the Air Resources Board and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District have developed guidance suggesting that a reduction of 15% below the CAP's baseline year by 2020 can approximate a return to 1990 levels. Governor Schwarzenegger also signed Executive Order S- 3-05, which includes a longer-term target to achieve emissions of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. To demonstrate consistency with the state's long-range target, this CAP also includes targets for 2050, as well as interim year 2035 targets to serve as a midpoint check-in between 2020 and 2050. Based on the state's 2050 target and the fact that this CAP uses a 2010 baseline year, Cupertino has defined its longer-term targets as 49% below baseline levels by 2035 and 83% below baseline levels by 2050 (see Chapter 2 for further details on the target selection process). Table ES.3 shows the community-wide and municipal operations reduction targets for these three planning years. Figures ES.7 and ES.8 illustrate the community-wide and municipal operations BAU emissions forecasts, respectively, compared to their corresponding reduction targets. Table ES.3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets Community-wide Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15% below 2010 49% below 2010 83% below 2010 levels levels levels 307,288 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15% below 2010 49% below 2010 83% below 2010 levels levels levels 1,775 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed - 346 1,064 1,774 4 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure ES.7— Community-wide BAU Emissions and Targets 600,000 500,000 00 400,000 = 00 L 00 0 300,000 BAU Emissions Reduction Target 200,000 100,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Figure ES.8— Municipal Operations BAU Emissions and Targets 2,500 2,000 — L5% 1,500 m N O — — BAU Emissions V g 1,000 Reduction Target 500 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies Chapters 3 and 4 describe the reduction strategies developed to achieve the City's emissions targets. As the foundation of its CAP approach, the City has identified bold, overarching goals that guide its pursuit of the emissions reduction targets, which include: Reduce Energy Use / Improve Facilities: recommends ways to increase energy efficiency in existing buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. --- _. _________ A■1_____—7-__— —_ _____-. _ -..A_.—___ e — _____---A 1 I_..1 t ..9 A■ ' encourages transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single-occupancy vehicle trips within the community, and facilitates a shift towards cleaner, alternative fuel vehicles. Conserve Potable Water: promotes the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. Reduce Solid Waste: increases waste diversion through recycling and organics collection, and reducing consumption of materials that will otherwise end up in landfills. Expand Green Infrastructure: enhances the City's existing urban forest and landscapes on public and private land. The City's CAP strategies comprise a framework of goals, measures, and actions through which the near-term (i.e., 2020) targets can be achieved, and progress can be made on the longer- term (i.e., 2035, 2050) targets. The reduction strategies are defined by the previously presented goals, which align with different emissions sectors (with the exception of Green Infrastructure which is not an emissions source because carbon dioxide released as a result of the natural carbon cycle (i.e., plant growth, death, and decay) is considered a biogenic emissions source and is not included in emissions inventories). Reduction measures then describe how each goal can be achieved, and actions describe the specific steps to be taken during the implementation process. Figure ES.9 illustrates the hierarchy of goals, measures, and actions, using the municipal operations strategy as an example. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure ES.9— Hierarchy of Goals, Measures, and Actions GOALS ' . MEASURES ACTIONS Goal 1- Improve Facilities Goal 2- Action A Convert Vehicle Fleet Action B Action C Action D Goal 3 - Reduce Solid Waste EMISSION REDUCTION MEASURES Chapter 3 describes 20 community-wide reduction measures and their corresponding action steps for implementation. The measures were selected based on existing City programs, policies, or actions to leverage these past efforts and to identify opportunities for expansion or new efforts. Table ESA presents a summary of these measures, organized according to their corresponding goal, and presents the 2020 emissions reduction estimates that would result from their implementation. Chapter 3 provides more detail than that summarized in Table ESA, including how these actions contribute to the City's longer-term reduction targets. Several measures are described as "Supporting Measures" because no emissions reductions are directly associated with that measure (or cannot be accurately quantified at this time). However, these supporting measures still play an important role in the implementation of other measures and achievement of the City's reduction targets. For example, programs that share information and provide educational resources on energy efficiency to the public and City staff cannot be accurately quantified as a discrete action. However, increasing knowledge about energy conservation techniques, financing, and success stories is widely believed to be an important driver to increase voluntary participation in such activities. As shown at the bottom of Table ES- 4, the combination of CAP measures, statewide actions, and the contribution of municipal operations reductions will allow the City to achieve its 2020 target of 15% emissions reductions below the 2010 baseline level. Chapter 3 provides details of each measure, including: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ■ descriptions of how it will reduce emissions ■ estimates of reduction potential by 2035 ■ actions steps defining the implementation process ■ responsibilities for leading the implementation process ■ co-benefits associated with the measure in addition to emissions reductions, and ■ progress indicators to allow progress tracking and monitoring. Chapter 3 also presents a discussion about how these measures can help lay the foundation upon which the City can make progress towards its long-term 2050 target. However, specific 2050 reductions are not estimated in this CAP for each measure due to the numerous variables and assumptions that are required to estimate actions so far into the future. Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions (MT COzelyr) REDUCE ENERGY USE 10,125 C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 C-E-3 Home&Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development Supporting Measure C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION 3,775 C-T-1 Bicycle& Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 CONSERVE WATER 325 C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure REDUCE SOLID WASTE 275 C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 C-SW-3 Construction & Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions (MT CO2elyr) EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 200 C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS 80,261 Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 700' TOTAL COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTIONS 95,661 Reductions Needed in 2020 94,415 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 15.4%below 2010 baseline 1 See Table ES-4 for Municipal Operations reduction measures Similarly, Chapter 4 presents the goals, measures, and actions that will contribute to the City's municipal operations reduction targets. Table ES.5 summarizes the 14 proposed measures, (including one statewide measure), and presents their associated GHG emissions reductions anticipated from implementation by the year 2020. As with the community-wide measures, the municipal operations measures are organized according to overarching goals and include two supporting measures that are not quantified. Based on the City's numerous past efforts to reduce energy use in its facilities, conserve water in landscape irrigation and indoor plumbing use, divert solid waste from landfills, and shift its vehicle fleet towards alternative fuel models, the City is estimated to exceed its 2020 reduction target and achieve reductions of nearly 35% below 2010 levels (assuming these CAP measures are implemented by 2020). This represents significant progress towards the next target year in 2035. Chapter 4 presents the same details for municipal operations measures as described above for the community-wide measures. It also considers what long-term actions would need to occur for the City to achieve its ambitious 2050 reduction target. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table ES.5 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions (MT CO2e/year) FACILITIES GOAL 552 M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 Statewide Actions 1862 VEHICLE FLEET GOAL 66 M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 SOLID WASTE GOAL 82 M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 34.9%below 2010 baseline Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion in Chapter 4 for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Table ES.2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. Additional Considerations As shown in Tables ESA and ES.5, the goals, measures, and actions included within this CAP have been designed to achieve the City's near-term 2020 reduction targets. Chapters 3 and 4 also consider the on-going effects of these measures as compared to the City's longer-term targets. A variety of factors and uncertainties can influence the ability to achieve the 2035 and 2050 targets, including: 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ■ accuracy of emissions forecasts, ■ actual population and employment growth within the community, ■ development of new emissions-reducing technologies (or, emissions-generating technologies), and ■ continued influence of state-level actions related to climate change planning. This CAP is a living document that needs regular monitoring and updates to ensure the City is making real progress towards it reduction targets in the context of ever-changing social and financial priorities. Though Cupertino already has a long history of leadership in environmental stewardship and sustainability planning, this CAP provides an extension of those past local successes into a space of planetary influence. To that end, this CAP also represents another example of how the community and City government are partnering to ensure the city remains a vibrant, healthy, and attractive community for residents and businesses in the future. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CONTENTS Acronyms................................................................................................... A Executive Summary.................................................................................... 1 Purposeof a CAP .......................................................................................................................2 Componentsof a CAP ................................................................................................................3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Perspectives.....................................................................4 DocumentContent..................................................................................................................................5 CAPPreparation.....................................................................................................................................6 Relation to the California Environmental Quality Act ...................................................................7 Emissions Inventories and Forecasts..........................................................................................7 ReductionTargets.....................................................................................................................12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies....................................................................14 Emission Reduction Measures............................................................................................................. 15 Additional Considerations .........................................................................................................18 Charter 1 : Climate Change and CUDertinc ................................................. 1 California's Commitment to Climate Protection......................................................................................3 Cupertino's Commitment to Climate Protection .....................................................................................5 Purpose of a Climate Action Plan................................................................................................6 City's Commitment to Effective Operations and Service Delivery..........................................................7 Componentsof a CAP ..............................................................................................................10 Step 1. Understand Current and Future Emissions.............................................................................. 12 Step 2. Set Emission Reduction Goals ................................................................................................ 12 Step 3. Identify and Leverage Existing Actions.................................................................................... 13 Step 4. Develop and Prioritize Future Actions...................................................................................... 13 Step5. Implement Plan ........................................................................................................................ 14 Step 6. Monitor and Evaluate Effectiveness......................................................................................... 14 ClimateChange Science...........................................................................................................15 Benefits of Addressing GHG Emissions............................................................................................... 17 State Climate Change Actions ..................................................................................................18 Renewable Portfolio Standard.............................................................................................................. 18 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards ......................................................................................... 19 AB1109— Lighting Efficiency............................................................................................................... 19 AB 1493— Pavley I and II..................................................................................................................... 19 EO-S-1-07— Low Carbon Fuel Standard .............................................................................................20 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations .............................................................................................................20 Regional Coordination and Actions...........................................................................................21 Santa Clara County-Specific: ...............................................................................................................21 BayArea-Focused:...............................................................................................................................22 LocalEfforts..............................................................................................................................24 ==00i TABLE OF CONTENTS PlanPreparation .......................................................................................................................26 RegionalFramework ............................................................................................................................26 Public Outreach and Community Engagement....................................................................................26 Scope and Content of the Climate Action Plan..........................................................................27 Relationship to the Draft General Plan Amendment..................................................................29 Relationship to the California Environmental Quality Act...........................................................30 rhantAr 7• ('�rn;nnhni -,P, Gas Emissions and Targets ................................ 33 Greenhouse Gas Inventories ....................................................................................................34 EmissionsSectors................................................................................................................................34 Unitsof Measurement ..........................................................................................................................39 BaselineInventory— 2010.........................................................................................................40 Community-wide 2010 Baseline Inventory...........................................................................................41 Municipal Operations 2010 Baseline Inventory....................................................................................42 Business-as-Usual (BAU) Emissions Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) ..................................44 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts...................................................................45 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts............................................................47 Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (ABAU) Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) .................49 Community-wide Emissions Adjusted Business-as-Usual Forecasts..................................................49 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts.............................................53 GHG Emission Reduction Targets ............................................................................................55 Mass Emissions and Efficiency Thresholds .........................................................................................55 Target Setting Considerations..............................................................................................................56 Cupertino's Emissions Reduction Targets ...........................................................................................59 Chapter 3: Community-Wide Reduction Measures ...................................63 MeasureDevelopment..............................................................................................................64 ReductionStrategies.................................................................................................................65 Community-wide Reduction Measures.................................................................................................67 Summaryof Reductions............................................................................................................68 Reduction Measure Structure....................................................................................................70 ReductionMeasures.............................................................................................................................70 Transportion and Land Use Strategy.........................................................................................93 WaterStrategy........................................................................................................................112 SolidWaste Strategy...............................................................................................................118 Green Infrastructure Strategy..................................................................................................126 TargetAchievement................................................................................................................131 Progresstoward 2020 Target............................................................................................................. 131 Progress toward 2035 Target............................................................................................................. 132 Long-Term Reduction Opportunities .................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 4: Local Government Reduction Measures................................ 141 Purpose of the Municipal Operations Strategy ........................................................................142 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Measure Development Process ..............................................................................................142 ReductionStrategies...............................................................................................................145 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures........................................................................................ 145 Summaryof Reductions..........................................................................................................146 Impact of Past City Actions................................................................................................................. 149 Impact of New Municipal Reduction Actions ...................................................................................... 150 Emissions Reduction Measures..............................................................................................151 Implementation Steps, Status, and Department Responsibility......................................................... 152 GHGReduction Potential ................................................................................................................... 152 ProgressIndicators............................................................................................................................. 153 Co-Benefits......................................................................................................................................... 153 ImplementationTimeline .................................................................................................................... 154 FacilitiesStrategy....................................................................................................................155 VehicleFleet Strategy.............................................................................................................189 SolidWaste Strategy...............................................................................................................205 Reduction Target Achievement...............................................................................................215 2020 Target Achievement ..................................................................................................................215 Trajectory towards 2035 and 2050 Targets........................................................................................216 Chapter 5: Climate Action: What's My Role? ..........................................221 HowDo I Contribute?..............................................................................................................222 WhatCan I Do to Help? ..........................................................................................................224 Green@Home.........................................................................................................................226 Green@Work..........................................................................................................................229 Green@School .......................................................................................................................232 Chapter 6: Adaptation and Resiliency.....................................................237 Chapter 7: Benchmarks and Next Steps .................................................257 Implementation and Monitoring...............................................................................................258 Implementation Timeline- Near-Term Actions..................................................................................260 Plan Evaluation and Evolution.................................................................................................262 Plan Evaluation: Ongoing Monitoring for Continued Success............................................................262 Plan Evolution: Adapting for Continuous Improvement......................................................................264 Endnotes.................................................................................................................................266 Figures Figure ES.1 -CAP Development Process............................................................................ES-4 Figure ES.2 - Relationship of Community-wide and Municipal Operations Emissions ..........ES-5 Figure ES.3 - Community-wide Emissions by Sector- 2010.................................................ES-9 Figure ESA -Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector-2020, 2035, 2050............ES-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 Figure ES.5 - Municipal Operations Emissions by Sector - 2010........................................ES-11 Figure ES.6 - Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050...ES-11 Figure ES.7 - Community-wide BAU Emissions and Targets..............................................ES-13 Figure ES.8 - Municipal Operations BAU Emissions and Targets.......................................ES-13 Figure ES.9 - Hierarchy of Goals, Measures, and Actions..................................................ES-15 Figure 1.1 - Climate Change in California...................................................................................4 Figure 1.2 - City of Cupertino Existing Energy Programs............................................................9 Figure 1.3 - CAP Development Process...................................................................................11 Figure 1.4 - Measure Development Process ............................................................................14 Figure 1.5 - Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................16 Figure 1.6 - CAP Measure Co-Benefits ....................................................................................17 Figure 2.1 - Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions....................................35 Figure 2.2 - 2010 Community-wide Baseline Emissions by Sector...........................................41 Figure 2.3 - 2010 Municipal Operations Baseline Emissions by Sector....................................43 Figure 2.4 - Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050...................46 Figure 2.5 - Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050............47 Figure 2.6 - Community-wide ABAU Emissions Forecasts .......................................................51 Figure 2.7 - Revised Community-wide ABAU Forecasts...........................................................52 Figure 2.8 - Municipal Operations ABAU Emissions Forecasts ................................................54 Figure 2.9 - Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year ..........................................................59 Figure 3.1 - Community-wide Measure Development Process .................................................64 Figure 3.2 - Reduction Goals and Measures ............................................................................67 Figure 3.3 - Reduction Measure Infographic.............................................................................71 Figure 3.4 - CAP Measure Co-Benefits ....................................................................................72 Figure 3.5 - 2020 Community-wide Target Achievement........................................................131 Figure 3.6 - 2035 Community-wide Target Progress ..............................................................132 Figure 3.7 - 2035 Target Progress with Alternative Statewide Reduction Estimates...............133 Figure 3.8 - Long-Term Reduction Options ............................................................................139 Figure 4.1 - Municipal Operations Measure Development Considerations..............................143 Figure 4.2 - Hierarchy of Goals, Measure, and Actions ..........................................................146 Figure 4.3 - Municipal Reduction Measures Contribution by 2020..........................................147 Figure 4.4 - Comparative Emission Reduction Potential of CAP Actions (2020).....................150 Figure 4.5 - Reduction Strategy Hierarchy..............................................................................151 Figure 4.6 - Municipal Operations Measure Co-Benefits ........................................................153 Figure 4.7 - Energy Strategy Loading Order...........................................................................165 Figure 4.8 - CAP Measure Emission Reduction Potential 2010 to 2020 .................................216 Figure 5.1 - Energy Consumption in California Homes...........................................................223 Figure 5.2 -Average California Household GHG Emissions (CO2e).......................................224 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Tables Table ES.1 Community-wide BALI Emissions (2010 - 2050) .................................................ES-8 Table ES.2 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) ..................ES-10 Table ES.3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets........................ES-12 Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures .............................................................ES-16 Table ES.5 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures.......................................................ES-18 Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential ...................................................40 Table 2.2 2010 Community-wide Emissions..............................................................................42 Table 2.3 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions ........................................................43 Table 2.4 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050)..................................46 Table 2.5 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050)...........................48 Table 2.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions........51 Table 2.7 Alternative Emissions Reduction Estimates from Statewide Actions..........................52 Table 2.8 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) ............54 Table 2.9 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets..................60 Table 2.10 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets................60 Table 2.11 Community-wide 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets ..............................61 Table 2.12 Municipal Operations 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets .......................62 Table 3.1 Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions.............................................68 Table 4.1 Existing City Emissions Reduction Initiatives...........................................................144 Table 4.2 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions....................................148 Table 4.3 Impact of Past City Actions 2010-2014....................................................................149 Table 4.4 Summary of Municipal Operations Reductions........................................................215 Table 4.5 Impact of 2020 Municipal Operations Reductions on Future Target Achievement...217 Table 4.6 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions....................................218 Table 7.1 Measure Implementation Tracking Template...........................................................259 Table 7.2 Summary of Near-Term Reduction Actions .............................................................260 Appendix A — Community Outreach Responses Appendix B — GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology Appendix C — Implementation Tracking Framework Appendix D — Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices Appendix E — Water Conservation and Energy Efficiency Toolkit Appendix F — Green Business Certification Appendix G — green@school Certification TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS Acronym Definition AB Assembly Bill ABAG Association of Bay Area Governments ABAU Adjusted-Business-as-Usual AMA advanced metering analytics AMI advanced meter infrastructure ARB California Air Resources Board BAAQM Bay Area Air Quality Management District BAU Business-as-Usual C&D construction and demolition CalRecycle California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery CAP Climate Action Plan CCA Community Choice Aggregation CCE Community Choice Energy CDT Community Design and Transportation CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CIWMP Countywide Integrated Waste Management Plan CNG Compressed Natural Gas CPUC California Public Utilities Commission CSI California Solar Initiative EIR Environmental Impact Report EO Executive Order EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPC energy performance contracting ESA energy service agreement ESCO energy service companies EV Electric Vehicle FEMP Federal Energy Management Program GHG Greenhouse Gas GVWR gross vehicle weight rating HAN Home and Business Area Networking HPS High-Pressure Sodium kW kilowatt kWh Kilowatt Hour LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard 0 City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 Acronym Definition LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LGOP Local Government Operations Protocol MT COze Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent MTC Metropolitan Transportation Commission MW Megawatt OPR California Office of Planning and Research PACE property-assessed clean energy PDA Planned Development Area PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company PPA power purchase agreement psi pounds per square inch PV photovoltaic RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard SB Senate Bill Scoping Plan Climate Change Scoping Plan TDM Transportation demand management TOD transit-oriented development TSP transit signal priority VMT vehicle miles traveled VTA Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority ACRONYMS • • • J9 s i i i i f p. ,l 4 tIL lip 9`r 't ` is Ak A, 1 , ■ This chapter defines the purpose of the City's Climate Action Plan (CAP) and the planning framework used to develop it. An overview of the State of California's greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction efforts is introduced, along with a policy framework of existing statewide action. The chapter also presents a summary of ongoing local and regional efforts related to climate change planning. It concludes with a description of how the CAP relates to the City's General Plan and to the California Environmental Quality Act. "No citizen of the global village is free from the damage caused by climate change. For the harmony between human settlements and nature, for the symbiosis of all groups of citizens, and for the happiness of both current and future generations, cities should think and act together. " Park Won Soon, Mayor, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic Of Korea; Chair, World Mayors Council on Climate Change City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The City of Cupertino's Climate Action Plan is designed to be a blueprint of our community's response to the challenges posed by climate change, recognizing our responsibility as an emissions generator and as a guardian of our locality and all of its members. Aligned with our community's vision as defined in our General Plan, this document serves as a roadmap to ensure our long-term quality of life and vitality. Climate scientists around the world, represented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have presented an unequivocal position on this issue: human activity is changing the earth's climate through the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The longer communities delay in taking action, the greater the risk humans will face of irreversibly depleting nonrenewable resources and harming the environment. However, it is conceivable, and increasingly foreseeable, that humans will "Someday, our children, and our delay action so long that useful policy and programs will not • -n's children, will look be able to effectively prevent permanent, and possibly at us in the eye and they'll ask catastrophic, damage to our planet and all of its inhabitants. us, did we do all that we could when we had the chance to deal According to most climatologists, the planet is starting to with this problem experience shifts in climate patterns and increased them cleaner, safer, more stable" • , frequency of extreme weather events at both the global and local levels. At a statewide level, these impacts include — President '"rackBarack ••" reduced snow pack in the Sierra Nevada affecting Climate Speech, June 25, 2013 California water supplies; rising sea levels threatening cities along the coast, San Francisco Bay, and the state's rivers; decreasing air quality affecting public health; and, rising temperatures impacting the state's agricultural industry. Local communities represent the epicenter of these impacts where the "rubber hits the road," revealing new vulnerabilities that will require cohesive disaster planning, emergency response, and community capacity-building to minimize the social, economic, and environmental challenges arising through this new climate reality. This Climate Action Plan represents our community's efforts to achieve these aims. CALIFORNIA'S COMMITMENT TO CLIMATE PROTECTION California has long been a sustainability leader, as illustrated by Governor Schwarzenegger signing Executive Order (EO) S-3-05 dating back to 2005. EO S-3-05 recognizes California's vulnerability to a reduced snowpack, exacerbation of air quality problems, and potential sea level rise due to a changing climate. Figure 1.1 illustrates several primary climate change impacts that state departments are currently tracking in California. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.1 — Climate Change in California Climate Change in California From the Sierra snowpack to sea levels along the California coast,climate change is already having a significant impact on our environment.The new"Indicators of WATER Climate Change in California"report tracks AGRICULTURE Springrunoff to the Sacra- Winter chill periods,neces- mento River has dropped 36 indicators of a changing climate across sary for the production of by 9 percent since 1906. fruit andnut crops,are de- Reduced spring runoff the state.This inforgraphic presents creasing.Continued means less water for the O warming threatens the environment,agriculture, some examples of what the indicators �. production of these high- and agrowing population. are showing. value crops,which are central to the state's agri- p i cultural economy. N a GLACIERS Glaciers have shrunk d'matically.A 2004 study of seven glaciers found that their surface -`-- area was only 22 to 69 percent of what it was in 1900. FIRE Wildfires are getting 4 worse,and California's fire GPS season is starting earlier and lasting longer.The three worst fire years on record have happened since 2002. / 49 EXTREME HEAT OCEAN The frequency and I ACIDIFICATION intensity of heat As carbon dioxide S waves have increased levels increase in the QU}} statewide since 1950, atmosphere,the (h/1 jeopardizing public ocean is absorbing Od health and agricul- nearly one-quarter of . tural production and it,changing the chem- straining our energy istry ofseawater This , supply.An unprec- can affect shell- edented heat wave in forming organisms,in- its r�,Y July 2006 resulted in cluding those at the 140 heat-related base of the food deaths. chain,upsetting the balance of marine life. SEA-LEVEL RISE SEA LIFE Along the California coast,sea levels have risen by seven inches over the last Ocean warming and changes in the distribution and abundance century.Future rises increase the threat of Flooding in coastal cities,damage of prey have affected marine populations.For example,excep- the infrastructure and salwater contamination of drinking water tionally high sea lion pup mortality in 1998 and 2007 were as- sociated with unusually warm sea surface temperatures. Source:httD://oehha.ca.aov/multimedia/eDic/imaaes/2013infoaraDhic.aif 10 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft i December 2014 To address these concerns, the Governor established the following targets to reduce statewide GHG emissions: • 2000 levels by 2010, • 1990 levels by 2020, and ■ 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 In 2006, California became the first state in the country to adopt a statewide GHG reduction target through Assembly Bill (AB) 32. This law codifies the EO S-3-05 requirement to reduce statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 also resulted in the 2008 adoption by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) of a Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan), outlining the state's plan to achieve emission reductions through a mixture of direct regulations, alternative compliance mechanisms, different types of incentives, voluntary actions, market based mechanisms, and funding. The Scoping Plan also recommends that local governments reduce municipal operation emissions to a level approximately 15% below baseline levels by 2020 to assist in achieving the statewide 2020 reduction target (i.e., a return to 1990 levels). Recent guidance from the State Office of Planning and Research further recommends that local governments plan to reduce their emissions on a trajectory that would contribute to the state's long-term 2050 target expressed in EO-S-3-05 (i.e., 80% below 1990 levels). See Chapter 2 for further discussion on the CAP's target setting rationale. CUPERTINO'S COMMITMENT TO CLIMATE PROTECTION The City of Cupertino has long been a leader in practicing resource conservation and efficiency, and formalized its efforts in 2008 through the creation of an Environmental Affairs Division (now called Sustainability Division) within the Office of the City Manager as the team dedicated to designing and implementing the energy, water, and transportation scope set forth in the City's General Plan In 2012, the City chose to partner with other local governments in Santa Clara County to jointly develop climate action plans that address emissions from community-wide and municipal operations sources, an outstanding policy objective defined in the General Plan Sustainability Element. As the majority of GHG emissions arise from communities, local governments must play a vital role in their mitigation, but the City of Cupertino cannot solve the climate crisis alone. Together with its partners in county, state, and federal government, Cupertino has committed to taking steps to reduce its emissions, and create new programs and services that will support the community and its families to do the same. This CAP offers ways to make Cupertino's homes more energy efficient and increase the amount of locally produced renewable energy. It supports development patterns envisioned in the City's General Plan that emphasize vibrant complete neighborhoods, which allow people to perform daily activities on foot, by bicycle, or via public transportation. It provides transit solutions to further improve this mobility within the community. It offers ways to conserve resources and reduce waste sent to area landfills. Lastly, ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 it identifies specific actions the City can take to reduce emissions generated from government activities while still providing an exceptional level of service to its residents and businesses. The strategies presented in this CAP build from the commitment of Cupertino's residents, local businesses, and City government to take actions that will improve the community's quality of life, while also reducing Cupertino's greenhouse gas emissions. By collaborating with individuals and community groups to take these steps toward minimizing our climate change contribution, our City can achieve a common vision for community longevity and environmental vitality, and to reduce our vulnerabilities to current and predicted climate impacts. Purpose of a Climate Action Plan At its basic level, climate action planning seeks to identify emissions reduction strategies that are informed by the goals, values, and priorities of our community. CAPs prepared in California also typically developed as a roadmap for cities to contribute to the state's climate protection efforts, recognizing that our communities are the population and business centers that use resources and generate emissions. California's CAPs also define steps to comply with applicable local Air Quality Management Districts' efficiency standards for GHG emissions. CUPERTINO'S FIVE CAP OBJECTIVES Demonstrate Save money an Id oil$ Promote Support regional environmental promote a a a • - .i - climate change leadership jobs environmental development efforts IL L —A initiatives The City of Cupertino, along with climate-committed individuals and interested community groups, partnered with Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), to develop this CAP as part of a regional effort to support Santa Clara County governments in achieving the following five objectives: ■ To demonstrate environmental leadership – Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable, reportable, verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions that can serve as a model for small cities in the state and nationwide. ■ To save money and promote green jobs – Residents, businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our shared environmental resources. ■ To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives — California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services. As coordination with cities serves as the keystone to achieving statewide greenhouse gas emissions reductions, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state access emissions sources that arise in our geography and meet its goals to reduce these emissions. ■ To promote sustainable development — By developing this Climate Action Plan to reinforce General Plan policies and align with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) guidelines, a new class of sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked (i.e., "streamlined") through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review process by not requiring GHG emissions for proposed projects consistent with the CAP. ■ To support regional climate change efforts — Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions, performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. CITY'S COMMITMENT TO EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS AND SERVICE DELIVERY In addition to its community-wide commitment to climate protection, the City is dedicated to providing services, programs, and facilities in a fiscally responsible manner. The City has already made numerous investments that promote efficient resource use, reduce operation and maintenance costs, reduce risks to future cost uncertainty, and strengthen long-term resilience. Examples of past initiatives include: �. ■ Retrofitted all City-owned and operated street light fixtures with energy and cost-efficient lighting i technologies. Ji ■ Replaced irrigation controllers with "smart" weather-based controllers to n� m improve landscaping water conservation, coupled with the w" application of drought-tolerants landscaping where applicable. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO ■ Replaced all City-owned traffic signals with energy-efficient technologies that also reduce maintenance costs. ■ Retrofitted facility parking lot and park pathway lighting with LED technology. ■ Upgraded interior lighting to LEDs and T8s, exit signs to LEDs, and office/workstation to ENERGY STAR and EPEAT-certified electronic equipment. ■ Adopted a Green Building Ordinance, Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, Electric Vehicle Charging System Pre-Wiring Requirement that applies to new and retrofitted City, commercial, and residential buildings. ■ Benchmarked energy use in all municipal facilities through ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. ■ Enrolled and certified all municipal facilities in the California statewide Green Business Program to benchmark and periodically inventoried operational sustainability practices in the areas of energy, water, materials, storm water, health and wellness, and hazardous materials. ■ Expanded this comprehensive sustainability-focused, behavior change-driven program to support emissions reduction and resource efficiency cost-savings gains in small to mid-sized businesses (i.e., GreenBiz Cupertino), residents (i.e., Green c(b..Home and the Do-It-Yourself Green@Home Toolkit), and schools (i.e., green@school). ■ Incorporated Plug-In-Electric hybrid and fuel-efficient vehicles into the City fleet, prioritized through lifecycle cost assessments as directed by the City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, and electric vehicle charging stations for municipal and community use. ■ Expanded composting services, available to all residents and businesses, beyond municipal facilities into parks to ensure the City is further reducing its landfill contribution. Figure 1.2 shows an informational poster used during the CAP's public workshop open houses to highlight past City successes in energy conservation and renewable energy development, including several other energy programs launched by the City. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 1.2— City of Cupertino Existing Energy Programs NGR� P,ND -NERGYAf�p� -m _ e^v O` `yGl� Green Building Ordinance, �• Green Q Expedited Plan Business © Check for Green ca,e• Program, Projects,LEED p �•^e Commercial © Silver Standard w , PACE Program for New City .,•aa Buildings GreenPoint or c1eem e<ei LEED certification 11171111 Green[Home,GreenBi; Energy Reimbursement green@school, Management Municipal Benchmarking; S Systems S Enterprise Carbon � Installed in � / x«r„•.. wne, Accounting some City ^M0 13 Buildings EV Pre-wiring (,1 SRequirement mpm es I\BFM 5 � Aefor New enl 'S� p•e'=^••'^ ® for New PG&Energy Construction 100%of 9y 01 Streetlights �eu,.n•@ Efficiency Convected to Financing O S• Programs Inductive Technology O deepen GreenBizConverting Indoor Lighting _N Parking lots. - Retrofits In City - _ - „,�'"'q;,i,ry --__ Local Energy • and Pathway Buildings, 1 Efficiency 13 Lighting to Programmable Financ'n9 LEDwith Lighting Control c.d •�'pvb Guide Motion Sensors Systems - moo CEG Reduced Solar � "w�`,,;•„ Low-Interest DOE Fees for PV 5 d1f Loan; American Solar Installation f. Ener U rade ® Transformation Q- gy Pg mP Initiative Califon nia Q participant p�pttr 1FCVPERTINOr—N *114 61.111 ilk •a Beyond utility-focused efficiencies, which serve as the basis for the City's past, present, and future climate-related objectives detailed in this report, it should also be noted that Cupertino operates under a "lean" government model. This enables the agency, and its taxpayers, to achieve dramatic cost efficiencies through many shared-service provisions, which also serve to reduce its operational emissions. For example, the City contracts with Los Gatos for street- sweeping services, reducing its purchase of this specialized vehicle, and with the County for police and fire services to leverage their public safety-related expertise and equipment. The City is also evaluating opportunities to outsource services itself, including sign and banner printing and sustainability services, identified as two unique city assets relevant to smaller adjacent jurisdictions. Through this shared service model, the City is reducing the agency's demand for additional equipment (e.g., vehicles) and staffing, and associated resources and emissions, a goal that will continue to be considered and prioritized through implementation of the CAP. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO e 1116 IddP Components of a CAP A CAP is a tool that many cities in California are using to quantify their share of statewide GHG emissions and establish action steps toward achieving a local emissions reduction target. A CAP provides a set of strategies intended to guide community efforts to reduce GHG emissions, typically through a combination of statewide and local actions. CAPs can be developed to address community-wide emissions (i.e., total emissions within a jurisdictional boundary) and/or municipal government emissions (i.e., emissions resulting from the provision of government services). As described in the Executive Summary, Cupertino has prepared its CAP to address the climate change issue from both the community-wide and municipal operations perspectives. To facilitate local governments' climate protection efforts, California's Air Resources Board prepared the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP). The LGOP reporting protocol provides guidance on how to inventory greenhouse gas emissions resulting from government buildings and facilities, government fleet vehicles, wastewater treatment and potable water treatment facilities, landfill facilities, and other operations and services.' Local governments are also encouraged to use the LGOP to conduct inventories and prepare a report of GHG emissions compared to a baseline so that achieved reductions can be tracked in a transparent, consistent, and accurate manner. Additionally, the organization ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainability, provides guidance on how local governments can address environmental impacts from a community-wide perspective, based upon a recently released U.S. Communitv Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The City's CAP was developed in conformance with the technical guidance provided within the LGOP as well as climate change City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 planning guidance from other agencies, including BAAQMD, the United Nations International Panel on Climate Change, and the Climate Change Action Registry. Like other California communities, the City's CAP development framework was modeled after ICLEI's universally-applied Five Milestones for Climate Mitiqation, which includes the following steps: 1. Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year 3. Develop a Local Climate Action Plan 4. Implement policies and measures 5. Monitor and verify results This 5-step approach was modified for this CAP to split Step 3 into two distinct steps in which the full breadth of Cupertino's past actions and progress on emissions reduction could be evaluated, quantified, and then expanded. Figure 1.3 illustrates this six-step process used to guide Cupertino's CAP development. Figure 1.3— CAP Development Process Step 1: Understand Step 2: Current and Set Emission Future Reduction L Emissions Goals L 1hk_ _99 k ORR Step 6: T - . Monitor and Identify and Evaluate Leverage ctiveness L Existing Al Actions - . Step 5: Develop Implement ize Actions Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 This CAP evaluated community-wide and municipal operations GHG emission inventories and forecasts to establish a starting point and probable future emissions levels if no action to reduce emissions is taken (Step 1). Reduction targets were then defined to provide aspirational goals for improvement (Step 2). Emission reduction measures and implementation actions were written to help the City achieve its reduction targets (Step 3). Upon adoption of the CAP, the City will take action to implement its reduction measures (Step 4), monitor progress towards achievement of its reduction targets (Step 5), and evaluate effectiveness, celebrate successes, and use monitoring results to make adjustments to improve performance of CAP measures in the future (Step 6). This CAP represents Cupertino's progress on Steps 1-3, though the agency has already launched a variety of programs to implement emissions reductions (Step 4) throughout the community by implementing its General Plan Sustainability Element; these initiatives are described more fully in Chapter 3. The following discussion provides further detail on each step of the CAP development process. STEP 1. UNDERSTAND CURRENT AND FUTURE EMISSIONS Understanding the source and scale of greenhouse gas emissions and the underlying emission- generating activities is a critical element for any climate action planning process. The City's 2010 baseline GHG emissions inventory and future year emissions forecasts for 2020, 2035, and 2050 identify the amount of emissions generated by each sector (e.g., energy/facilities, transportation/vehicle fleet, potable water, solid waste) and relevant subsectors. This information, described in detail within Chapter 2, identifies both the challenges and opportunities facing the City in mitigating its emissions, and will assist the City Council to select appropriate actions to reduce emissions. It also forms the basis for setting emission reduction targets and strategies for future years. As previously mentioned, Cupertino has prepared emissions inventories and forecasts at the community-wide and municipal operations levels. STEP 2. SET EMISSION REDUCTION GOALS Statewide guidance recommends that local governments adopt emissions reduction targets that support the state's efforts towards its 2050 target. As described earlier, the state has adopted reduction targets that would return statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The state is also encouraging local governments to adopt similar targets through locally-developed climate action plans to contribute to these statewide efforts. In order to do its part and continue to lead by example, the City has developed reduction targets based on its 2010 baseline emissions inventory, which mirror the efforts at the state level. Per guidance included in the 2008 Scoping Plan, the City established a near-term target of 15% below baseline levels by 2020, which is meant to approximate a return to 1990 emissions levels. This goal was then extrapolated to 2050 in order to mirror the state's goal for 80% below 1990 levels, which results in a City goal of 83% below 2010 levels by 2050. A 2035 goal of 49% 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 below 2010 levels was also identified to serve as a mid-point check-in between these near-term and long-term goals. The CAP uses these same targets to evaluate the community-wide and municipal operations reduction strategies. These targets were presented to the public in the context of the community-wide CAP during community workshops and at Planning Commission and City Council study sessions as part of the consideration for developing appropriate local emissions reduction measures. While some community members expressed a desire to adopt more stringent targets, the majority of participants were more comfortable selecting these targets, which more closely align with statewide efforts and those of neighboring jurisdictions. See Chapter 2 for further description of the target setting process. STEP 3. IDENTIFY AND LEVERAGE EXISTING ACTIONS Greenhouse gas mitigation within local governments is most effective when a city can use existing efforts as a foundation on which to build additional future initiatives. During the development of the CAP, the City identified a wide range of actions that it has already taken to encourage community-wide energy and water conservation, reduce municipal energy and water use, support installation of renewable energy systems, improve vehicle efficiency in the municipal fleet, support alternative vehicle use community-wide, and divert organic waste to reduce landfill emissions. While the purpose of the CAP is to identify and define new actions, the momentum from these existing actions provides a platform to launch additional emissions mitigation in the future. Discussion of existing communitywide and municipal operations efforts is provided within Chapter 3 and 4, respectively, where relevant to the implementation of future action. STEP 4. DEVELOP AND PRIORITIZE FUTURE ACTIONS Future greenhouse gas emissions reduction actions need to be feasible, effective, and compatible with other City objectives. A review of best practices from other leading jurisdictions nationally and internationally was conducted to develop the actions contained within the CAP. City staff preliminarily reviewed these best practices and identified strategies that are compatible with community goals and City Council and other organizational priorities. Once the preliminary list of measures was identified, draft actions and implementation steps were developed that could be used to implement these measures by 2020. Emissions reduction estimates were then developed from the list of measures. This information was shared with the community and elected officials who provided guidance on the final list of CAP strategies and implementation steps, and helped to prioritize the early action items for CAP implementation. This measure development process is illustrated in Figure 1.4. ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.4— Measure Development Process Review best practices fromother communities Identify preliminary list of strategies Draft actions and implementation steps Develop greenhouse gas reduction estimates Refine strategies with community, • elected offical input Develop implementation steps and prioritize local actions STEP 5. IMPLEMENT PLAN The CAP directs a wide variety of actions to be implemented. Each action identifies specific implementation steps, responsible parties, a timeline for completion, and recommended performance indicators. Some of the actions can be directly executed by City staff or community members, while other actions will require additional research, refinement, development, and coordination in order to achieve the desired outcomes. STEP 6. MONITOR AND EVALUATE EFFECTIVENESS Although climate action planning is still relatively new in California, a key step in the planning process is to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of a plan and its actions. Effectiveness can be defined in terms of: ■ Overall and sector-level emissions as demonstrated by periodic inventories ■ Progress toward performance targets defined for each action ■ Reduction in City energy, fuel, and related operations and maintenance costs Chapter 7 concludes the CAP by defining a framework and schedule for monitoring and evaluating CAP effectiveness and updating the document in the future. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Climate Change Science According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, global warming refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface, and is caused primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. However, global warming itself represents only one aspect of climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time, including major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer." Over the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth, trapping energy from the sun in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life on Earth (see Figure 1.5, next '7ncreasingly intense droughts page). Many greenhouse gases are also naturally occurring. • _ • Southwest, However, the buildup of greenhouse gases from human • _ • the • _ everythingst have to .. with human- activities and resulting global average temperature rise can made ,_ change Earth's climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to ecosystems."' — Dr. James Hansen In the United States, 83.6% of GHG emissions are from CO2, with 94.4% of CO2 emissions coming from the burning of fossil fuels.' Trend projections indicate that atmospheric concentrations of GHG emissions will continue to increase throughout this century. If these projections become reality, climate change will threaten our economic well- being, public health, and environment. California has an advantage in its scientific understanding of climate change, which stems from public investment into climate research and publications. Much of this research is performed through the California Climate Change Research Center created by the California Energy Commission in 2003 as the first state-funded climate change research program in the country (see: htti)://enerciv.ca.ciov/research/environmental/climate.htm1). This research has provided a solid body of vital data, which is available to assist state and local leaders to better understand how climate change is affecting us now, what is in store ahead, and what we can do about it. State-sponsored research has contributed greatly to recent advances in our understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on California. A first assessment prepared by the California Climate Change Center and published in 2006, made clear that the level of impacts is a function of global emissions of greenhouse gases and that lower emissions can significantly reduce those impacts.' Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.5— Greenhouse Effect 2 1 AfM • Aj 0 Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere. Some infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and stays in the atmosphere.The more QA small amount of solar radiation is reflected greenhouse gases there are,the more infrared before entering the atmosphere. radiation,or heat,is trapped in the atmosphere. 0 After reaching the Earth's surface,some infrared radiation is emitted back through the atmosphere. Source:AECOM 2014 The third and most recent publication, The 2012 Vulnerability and Adaptation Study, explores local and statewide vulnerabilities to climate change, highlighting opportunities for taking concrete actions to reduce climate change impacts.' The California legislature passed legislation (discussed below in the section State Climate Change Actions) based upon the findings of the most comprehensive, advanced, and thoroughly reviewed documents on the science of climate change. The development of CAPs in California, including those in Santa 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Clara County, is based upon the actions of the California legislature and its reliance on these findings. For further information on climate science generated for our state, please visit the California Climate Change Portal at httr)://www.climatechancie.ca.gov/. BENEFITS OF ADDRESSING GHG EMISSIONS Planning efforts intended to reduce GHG emissions through resource efficiency and conservation measures often have multiple benefits that will improve the local quality of life, help the community adapt to future impacts of climate change, support local economic development, and demonstrate local sustainability leadership. While some of these "co-benefits" (i.e., achieving multiple ends) are qualitative, others are quantifiable improvements over current conditions. This plan generally refers to co-benefits as the additional, yet interconnected, benefits resulting from implementation of various CAP measures. Figure 1.6 presents icons that illustrate the co-benefits discussed during the CAP's public outreach activities, though this list is in no way exhaustive. Figure 1.6- CAP Measure Co-Benefits Improves air quality - Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use •! Reduces heat island effect Promotes regional smart Improves public health growth Reduces traffic congestion Creates local jobs Reduces water use; Reduces waste; Extends community water Extends landfill lifespan supply Provides long-term savings to Improves water quality; $ � residents, businesses, and local Reduces storm water run-off governments Improves local energy independence 11 Raises community awareness - Conserves natural resources CH Reduces landfill methane Regional Implementation Opportunities Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO State Climate Change Actions Cupertino's strategy for climate protection must be set within the context of the Bay Area and the state, where much of the momentum for local action in the United States originates. As mentioned above, California's climate-related actions were codified in AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. In addition to codifying the state's 2020 reduction target as originally envisioned in EO-S-3-05 (i.e., return to 1990 levels by 2020), AB 32 engendered several companion laws that can assist local communities, such as Cupertino, in reducing their community-wide GHG emissions. These legislative actions and regulations are referred to as statewide actions throughout the CAP, and represent a significant source of estimated GHG reductions. This CAP estimated the GHG emission reductions associated with: ■ the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) ■ California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards ■ AB 1109— Lighting Efficiency ■ AB 1493— Pavley I and II ■ EO-S-1-07 — Low Carbon Fuel Standard ■ Vehicle Efficiency Regulations As the regulatory framework surrounding AB 32 grows, it may be possible to evaluate a wider range of statewide reductions sources in the future. The following section presents an overview of each of these statewide actions included in the CAP. Chapter 2 provides additional information on how these actions relate to achievement of the community-wide and municipal operations targets. RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD Senate Bill (SB) 1078, SB 107, EO-S-14-08, and SB X1-2 establish increasingly stringent RPS requirements for California utilities. RPS-eligible energy sources include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and small-scale hydro. ■ SB 1078 requires investor-owned utilities to provide at least 20% of their electricity from renewable resources by 2020. ■ SB 107 accelerated the SB 1078 the timeframe to take effect in 2010. ■ EO-S-14-08 increased the RPS further to 33% by 2020. PG&E, Cupertino's electricity provider, delivered 23.8% of its electricity from eligible renewable sources in 2013. ■ SB X1-2 codified the 33% RPS requirement established by EO-S-14-08. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 2013 BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS California's Building Standards Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24) dictates how new buildings and major remodels are constructed in California. The Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 24, Part 6), are a subset of the state building code, which detail energy efficiency standards for residential and non-residential development. The standards are updated on an approximately three-year cycle. The state has further increased building energy conservation requirements through adoption of the 2013 standards, which went into effect July 1, 2014. It is estimated that these revisions to the current 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards will result in energy consumption reductions of 15-25% over the previous standards. The California Green Building Standards Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 11) includes additional requirements for new construction and renovation projects that may also result in emissions reductions. This plan does not include these reductions as a separate measure. However, the impact of these requirements may be accounted for in other statewide or local reduction measures (e.g., construction and demolition waste diversion requirements). Net Zero Energy New Buildings In the 2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report, the CEC adopted a goal to achieve net zero energy buildings in new residential construction by 2020 and non-residential construction by 2030. A net zero energy building consumes only as much energy on an annual basis as can be generated with an on-site renewable energy system (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal). While the pathway to realize this goal has not yet been defined, this goal will play a role in the future ability to achieve the state's long-term reduction target. Future reduction estimates associated with this goal may be quantifiable once an implementation pathway for this policy has been identified. AB 1109 — LIGHTING EFFICIENCY AB 1109 was signed into law in 2007. The California Lighting Efficiency and Toxics Reduction Act requires the California Energy Commission to adopt energy efficiency standards for all general purpose lights, reducing lighting energy usage in indoor residences and state facilities by no less than 50%, by 2018, as well as require a 25% reduction in commercial facilities by that same date. To achieve these efficiency levels, the California Energy Commission applied its existing appliance efficiency standards to include lighting products, as well as required minimum lumen/watt standards for different categories of lighting products. In addition, the bill prohibits the manufacturing for sale or the sale of certain general purpose lights that contain hazardous substances. AB 1493 - PAVLEY I AND II AB 1493, California's mobile-source GHG emissions regulations for passenger vehicles, or California Clean Car Standards, was signed into law in 2002. AB 1493 requires ARB to develop and adopt regulations that reduce GHG emissions from passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks, ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 and other non-commercial vehicles for personal transportation. In 2004, ARB approved amendments to the California Code of Regulations adding GHG emissions standards to California's existing standards for motor vehicle emissions. EO-S-1-O7 — Low CARBON FUEL STANDARD EO-S-01-07 reduces the carbon intensity of California's transportation fuels by at least 10% by 2020. The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is a performance standard with flexible compliance mechanisms that incentivizes the development of a diverse set of clean, low-carbon transportation fuel options to reduce GHG emissions. VEHICLE EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS ARB has adopted several additional regulations to reduce emissions through improved vehicle efficiency that will have local GHG emission reduction benefits in Cupertino. The following six regulations were quantified and included as part of this CAP, assuming their ongoing or future implementation, as appropriate. Tire Inflation Regulation On September 1, 2010, ARB's Tire Pressure Regulation took effect. The purpose of this regulation is to reduce GHG emissions from vehicles operating with under-inflated tires by inflating them to the recommended tire pressure rating. The regulation applies to vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 10,000 pounds or less. Under this regulation, automotive service providers must meet the following requirements: ■ Check and inflate each vehicle's tires to the recommended tire pressure rating, with air or nitrogen, as appropriate, at the time of performing any automotive maintenance or repair service. ■ Indicate on the vehicle service invoice that a tire inflation service was completed and the tire pressure measurements after the service were performed. ■ Perform the tire pressure service using a tire pressure gauge with a total permissible error no greater than + two (2) pounds per square inch (psi). ■ Have access to a tire inflation reference that is current within three years of publication. ■ Keep a copy of the service invoice for a minimum of three years, and make the vehicle service invoice available to the ARB, or its authorized representative upon request. Tire Tread Program This measure increases vehicle efficiency by creating an energy efficiency standard for automobile tires to reduce rolling resistance. A reduction in GHG emissions results from reduced fuel use. ARB staff estimates that reducing the rolling resistance of tires by 10% results in a 2% increase in fuel efficiency. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Low Friction Engine Oils This measure increases vehicle efficiency by mandating the use of engine oils that meet certain low friction specifications. The American Petroleum Institute has established "energy conserving designation" for certain oils. These specifications will be used as a starting point for the mandated oils under this measure. Solar Reflective Automotive Paint and Window Glazing This measure increases vehicle efficiency by reducing the engine load for cooling the passenger compartment with air conditioning. The use of solar reflective automotive paints and window glazing reduces heating of the automobile passenger compartment from the sun resulting in reduced air conditioning use. The result is both less frequent air conditioning use by drivers and smaller air conditioners specified by manufacturers for new vehicles. Heavy-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Reduction (Aerodynamic Efficiency) This regulation requires existing trucks/trailers to be retrofitted with the best available technology and/or ARB-approved technology to increase vehicle aerodynamics and fuel efficiency that will result in GHG reductions. This measure was identified as a Discrete Early Action in the Scoping Plan, and became enforceable beginning in 2010. Technologies that reduce GHG emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of trucks may include devices that reduce aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance. These requirements apply to both California- registered trucks and out-of-state registered trucks that travel to California. Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Hybridization This measure regulates or incentivizes GHG reductions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles used in vocational applications such as parcel delivery trucks, garbage trucks, utility trucks, and transit buses. Hybrid electric technology has potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions and improve vehicle efficiency from these vehicles. Regional Coordination and Actions In addition to the Scoping Plan and other actions taken at the statewide level, numerous county- wide and other regional efforts have been established to support broad action towards emissions reductions within the Bay Area. The following regional efforts promoting GHG reductions are already in progress: SANTA CLARA COUNTY-SPECIFIC: ■ Silicon Valley 2.0 — Led by the Santa Clara County office of sustainability, the Silicon Vallev 2.0 project includes development of long-term strategies that support climate change mitigation and adaptation within the greater Silicon Valley region. The project aims to identify likely climate change impacts that would negatively affect the economic Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 vitality of the region or endanger its residents. This CAP was prepared as part of the Silicon Valley 2.0 mitigation strategy, which included regional collaboration on the development of community-wide and municipal operations CAPs for seven participating jurisdictions. The broader adaptation strategy considered local impacts to various facilities (e.g., vehicle infrastructure, buildings, utilities) within the region resulting from several climate risks (e.g., rising sea level, riverine flooding, heat waves). ■ Silicon Valley Energy Watch — This program is a local government partnership between the City of San Jose, PG&E, and Ecology Action, to promote energy efficiency in municipal and non-profit buildings in Santa Clara County. Cupertino was the only municipality to receive funding for its GreenBiz and green@schools programs through SVEW's Communitv Enerciv Champions Grant program from 2011 to 2014. ■ Energy Upgrade California in Santa Clara County — This Santa Clara County program aims to help residential consumers make improvements to their homes so they will use less energy, conserve water and other natural resources, and become healthier and more comfortable. The program connects homeowners with participating contractors who can help plan and complete energy efficiency projects and take advantage of rebates. Energy Upgrade California is a partnership among California counties, cities, non-profit organizations, and the state's investor-owned utilities (e.g., PG&E). ■ Congestion Management Agency — VTA serves as the Congestion Management Agency for Santa Clara County to identify strategies to respond to future transportation needs, develop procedures to alleviate and control congestion, and promote county-wide transportation solutions (i.e., Transit 511). ■ Santa Clara Valley Water District — The Santa Clara Vallev Water District (SCVWD) is the primary water resource agency for Santa Clara County. As such, SCVWD is responsible for long-term water supply planning for the region and has taken steps in response to California's recent drought conditions. Its Board of Directors passed a resolution calling for mandatory measures to reach a water use reduction target equal to 20% of 2013 water use levels. SCVWD also provides rebates to encourage county residents to conserve water in their homes and landscapes. The District provides rebates for landscape conversions to low-water designs, irrigation hardware updates, graywater-to-landscape systems, high-efficiency toilets and clothes washers, and multi- family property submeter installation. BAY AREA-FOCUSED: ■ Sustainable Communities Strategy/Regional Transportation Plan — Local governments and regional agencies collaborated to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) in compliance with the requirements of SB 375, titled Plan Bay Area. This long-range integrated transportation and land-use/housing strategy for the Bay Area entirety, was approved by the Association of Bay Area Governments and Metropolitan Transportation Commission in 2013. Plan Bay Area defines the nine-county region's 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 SCS to accommodate future population growth and reduce emissions from cars and light trucks including initiatives to expand housing and transportation choices, create healthier communities and build a stronger regional economy. The aim of the forthcoming Santa Clara Countv-focused SCS is to better integrate land use with public transportation in order to reduce GHG emissions within our County specifically. ■ Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network — Established in 1993, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network provides analysis and action on issues affecting the local economy and quality of life. The organization brings together established and emerging leaders —from business, government, academia, labor, and the broader community—to spotlight issues and work toward innovative solutions. Joint Venture is dedicated to promoting climate- friendly activities that help the local economy and improve quality of life in Silicon Valley, as is realized through its Climate Prosperity Council and Public Sector Climate Task Force, through which Cupertino collaboratively procured its first solar project. ■ Silicon Valley Leadership Group Bay Area Climate Change Compact — Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG) is an organization consisting of principal officers and senior managers of member companies to work cooperatively with local, regional, state, and federal government officials to address major public policy issues affecting the economic health and quality of life in Silicon Valley. In 2009, SVLG organized the Bay Area Climate Change Compact, which establishes a framework for regional cooperation and setting aggressive goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Cupertino has teamed with SVLG to pursue regional opportunities to procure electric vehicles and charging stations and recently received a "Red Tape to Red Carpet Award" in the category of Sustainable Green Development for its GreenBiz Program. ■ Bay Regional Energy Network— BavREN is a collaboration of the 9 counties that make up the San Francisco Bay Area. Led by the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), BayREN implements effective energy saving programs on a regional level and draws on the expertise, experience, and proven track record of Bay Area local governments to develop and administer successful climate, resource, and sustainability programs. BayREN is funded by California utility ratepayers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. One of only two Regional Energy Networks in the state, BayREN represents 20 percent of the state's population. ■ Sustainable Silicon Valley — In 2004, Sustainable Silicon Valley (SSV) organized a regional voluntary initiative, setting a visionary target of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20% below the region's 1990 levels by the year 2010. SSV partners participating in the voluntary CO2 emissions reduction program determined their own baseline year and a CO2 percentage reduction goal to reach by 2010. Each pledging partner develops tactics to reach their targets. Options varied from improvements in equipment efficiency to energy conservation, the use of renewable energy sources, and purchase of green power and/or promotion of alternative commute options. ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 ■ City/County Association of Governments of San Mateo County — The City/County Association of Governments (C/CAG) is a council of governments consisting of the County of San Mateo and its 20 cities. The organization works on topics such as transportation, air quality, stormwater runoff, hazardous waste, solid waste and recycling, land use near airports, abandoned vehicle abatement, and issues that affect quality of life in general. Cupertino partnered with C/CAG through its Regionally Integrated Climate Action Plan Suite (RICAPS) process to develop a cursory Climate Action Plan that provided background information for this document. ■ Joint Policy Committee Bay Area Climate & Energy Resilience Project — The Bba ii Area Climate & Energv Resilience Proiect (BACERP) is a collaborative of more than 100 public, private, and non-profit stakeholders in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. The primary purpose of the project is to support and enhance the local climate adaptation efforts of cities, counties, and other organizations. BACERP is focused on specific actions that will help all Bay Area stakeholders to move forward in a more efficient and powerful manner. ■ Sierra Club, Loma Prieta Chapter, Local Government Climate Action Survey — A report released in 2014 detailing the climate leadership of communities located in Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties to increase awareness of the environmental efforts of local governments in the region, facilitate the exchange of best climate action practices, and advocate for more decisive action worthy of the magnitude of climate change. ■ PG&E's Sustainable Communities Team — A PG&E Community Energy Manager has been assigned to Santa Clara County to work jointly with each municipality to develop a comprehensive energy management strategy that the City can implement across institutional, residential, business, and industrial sectors. In addition, PG&E can provide city and county energy use data, GHG inventory assistance, and information on innovative pilot grant funding for projects that aim to reduce GHG emissions in each community. Local Efforts Though the key tenants of sustainability were only recently formally integrated into the City's hierarchy, the City of Cupertino has long prioritized energy efficiency, water conservation, pollution prevention, materials management, green information technologies (IT) and infrastructure (most recently the award-winning Don Burnett Bicycle Footbridge and Stevens Creek Restoration Project), and alternative transportation technologies and commuting through its municipal operations and community-wide services. Historically, these initiatives were managed as independent projects and have since become integrated into the Sustainability Division's scope of work to broaden into programs and service areas among diverse stakeholder groups and effectively implement the Sustainability Element of the City's General Plan. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Since its formation, the Sustainability Division has worked to bring environmental awareness across departments and engage staff, businesses, students, and residents in activities to grow environmental stewardship, achieve greenhouse gas reductions, and realize resource conservation goals. These goals have since been institutionalized through the City's adoption of diverse policies including an Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, Green Building Ordinance, and Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, among others. Further, the City's sustainability-linked efforts have led to two new community designations of Tree Citv USA by the Arbor Day Foundation and silver-certified Bicvcle Friendly Community by the American League of Bicyclists. Program staff's main duties are diverse, and focus primarily on: ■ Developing strategic plans, ■ establishing quantitative benchmarks and analyses (e.g., cost, utility consumption), ■ providing research and technical assistance, • fostering public agency/public-private partnerships, ■ tracking performance, ■ formulating municipal policies, ■ accessing grants, and ■ implementing and engaging stakeholders in innovative pilots and programs. These actions are achieved through close coordination with City Council, senior management, business leaders, and members of the community to develop a consistent plan to exceed regulatory compliance and reach long- and short-range program goals, established both internally and through regional (e.g., Bay Area Climate Compact) and national initiatives (e.g., Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement). Cupertino simplifies its quantitative sustainability goals under the following four-phase framework: Understand Reduce our Empower Excite ourour our • . •• • Community 'Air IF • • A pr Since the Division's formation, this team has benchmarked Cupertino's municipal and community-wide emissions as a means of better understanding the City's impact (goal 1); implemented myriad municipal energy and water efficiency projects (e.g., energy-efficient traffic controller and streetlight retrofits, renewable energy projects, electric vehicle charging stations, interior lighting upgrades, HVAC upgrades, IT energy management software installations, irrigation controller retrofits) to reduce the City's footprint (goal 2); and empowered municipal ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 employees to follow the City's lead by utilizing a new bicycle fleet, employee commute programs, alternative work schedules, and community-wide energy efficiency programs (goal 3). The Sustainability Division team is now focused on extending internal successes to the broader community by expanding existing residential- and business-focused programs and services (goal 4). Details of these initiatives are shared throughout the measure descriptions in Chapters 3 and 4. Plan Preparation REGIONAL FRAMEWORK This CAP was prepared as part of a regional effort led by the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability. Through this effort, local governments within Santa Clara County were invited to participate in the joint preparation of community-wide and/or municipal operations climate action plans to leverage grant funding provided by PG&E, and additional funding provided by the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability. Participants included the cities of Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, Saratoga, and San Jose, as well as the County of Santa Clara. As part of this process, each of the CAPs were developed Y "If we are together noffikng i from a similar template to provide overall consistency from one CAP to the next and as a means of sourcing future 'impossible. If we are divided all will fail." collaboration opportunities to regionally mitigate emissions that know no boundaries. 11 1 Through this regional approach, the participants jointly prepared baseline emissions inventories and forecasts with a consistent methodology that allows direct comparison of one jurisdiction to the next. It also allowed development of common emissions reduction targets and implementation timelines to further support future collaboration towards emissions reductions. Early project meetings among the participants established a local network of colleagues that forms the foundation of this regional collaboration framework. PUBLIC OUTREACH AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Given that this CAP will serve as a resiliency roadmap for the entire community, the City sought to engage its residents, businesses, and broader stakeholder base in its design to ensure the right approach was taken throughout the plan. The City provided several public engagement opportunities during the CAP development process to present information, gather comments, and begin a community dialogue that will continue through plan implementation. Two public workshops were held at the LEED Platinum Kirsch Center for Environmental Studies at De Anza College, along with supporting online surveys developed to mimic the workshop activities for residents who were unable to attend. The City also held two focus group meetings to collect additional input on specific topic areas. The first focus group meeting addressed the business community through the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce, while the second invited comments from representatives of the local real estate industry. The City also held study sessions with the City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Planning Commission and City Council prior to development of the Public Review Draft CAP, both of which were open to the public, to ensure the Plan aligned with the expectations of the City's elected and appointed officials. Comments collected from each of these engagement opportunities were used to inform the climate planning approach presented throughout this CAP. See Appendix A for a summary of the public comments collected during plan preparation. 04 s Scope and Content of the Climate Action Plan The CAP comprises seven chapters: 1) Climate Change and Cupertino; 2) Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets; 3) Community-wide Reduction Measures; 4) Local Government Reduction Measures, 5) Personal Actions, 6) Adaptation and Resiliency, and 7) Benchmarks and Next Steps. Appendices A through G provide additional detail on topics covered within the CAP. The contents of each chapter and appendix are briefly described below: CAP CHAPTERS: ■ Chapter 1: Climate Change and Cupertino describes the community's rationale for reducing GHG emissions, as well as the goals of the CAP to comply with local Air Quality Management District guidelines, as applicable. This chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in the CAP, presents conventional climate change science findings, and describes statewide actions to address climate change. This chapter also introduces the CAP's relationship to the City's Draft General Plan Amendment, and its ability to enable a CEQA process known as "streamlining," which allows future development projects that are found to be consistent with the CAP to skip certain steps in the traditional CEQA review process. ■ Chapter 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets outlines important first steps taken to develop the CAP, including the 2010 baseline GHG inventories, forecasting Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 future emissions in 2020, 2035, and 2050, and setting GHG reduction targets for 2020 and longer-range targets for 2035. This chapter also describes the local reductions attributable to implementation of statewide climate change policy, and the resulting emissions reduction gap between the targets and the statewide actions, which will be addressed through local actions developed in Chapters 3 and 4. ■ Chapter 3: Community-wide Reduction Measures addresses five main reduction strategies: energy, land use and transportation, water conservation, waste reduction, and green infrastructure. The chapter provides a summary of projected reductions and a description of the reduction strategy development process. It also identifies the following information for each reduction strategy: key elements, existing programs and accomplishments, implementation actions, performance metrics against which to measure success, and estimated GHG reductions. ■ Chapter 4: Local Government Reduction Measures describes the specific efforts that the City of Cupertino has already taken and will take in the future to lead by example in emissions reductions. Similar to Chapter 3, this measure presents emissions reduction opportunities organized into three key strategy areas: (1) Improve Facilities, (2) Convert Vehicle Fleet, and (3) Reduce Solid Waste. The strategy areas include goals, reduction measures, and implementation actions, along with supporting reduction estimates, departmental responsibility, performance tracking information, and implementation timelines. ■ Chapter 5: Personal Actions describes the steps that Cupertino's residents and local businesses can take starting today to kick-off the implementation phase of the CAP. ■ Chapter 6: Adaptation and Resiliency leverages state and regional resources that identify the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities our changing climate presents. It also offers a resilience framework that will enable our community to plan, adapt, and thrive. ■ Chapter 7: Benchmarks and Next Steps describes the process to monitor the City's progress toward achieving its GHG reduction targets. This chapter identifies monitoring procedures, plan update processes, and other steps to ensure successful CAP implementation. CAP APPENDICES: ■ Appendix A: Community Outreach Responses summarizes the public comments collected during plan preparation, including two community open houses, two focus group meetings, and study sessions with the Planning Commission and City Council. ■ Appendix B: GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology provides a technical description of the methodology and data sources used to prepare the 2010 emissions inventories and 2020, 2035, and 2050 emissions forecasts. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ■ Appendix C: Implementation Tracking Framework describes how city staff will implement CAP measures and related actions, and track the performance metrics identified for each measure as part of the larger regional CAP program. ■ Appendix D: Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices provides the list of GHG reduction best management practices (BMP) developed from a review of regional, national, and international cities, which was presented to City staff for identification of City actions already employed and potential new strategies for consideration in the CAP. ■ Appendix E: Water Conservation and Energy Efficiency Toolkit presents the Do-It— Yourself home energy efficiency and water conservation Green(a).Home Toolkit so Cupertino's residents can begin to take climate action. ■ Appendix F: Green Business Certification provides the checklist to get certified as a green business through GreenBiz Cupertino, which offers free energy, water, and waste assessments, free equipment to help businesses save water, free guidance to help with the certification process, and recognition of business leadership. ■ Appendix G: green@school Certification shares background on the City's green@school program, created to empower students as environmental change agents on their school campuses, at home and throughout their community. green@school trains K-12 Cupertino students as eco-experts to help shepherd their school through a sustainability certification program to create a cleaner, greener and healthier school site. Relationship to the Draft General Plan Amendment Whether by local desire, guidance from the State of California, or both, a growing number of cities and counties are addressing climate change in their General Plans through inclusion of policies and programs that also help reduce GHG emissions. Since GHG emissions are a cross- cutting issue addressed by many General Plan elements, the CAP as a whole is generally considered and defined as an implementation strategy for the General Plan. This structure allows the City to update the CAP on an ongoing, as-needed basis to ensure that its climate protection efforts reflect both current legislation and emerging best practices, without triggering a General Plan Amendment. In addition, several state agencies have provided guidance and case studies for local governments to address climate change in their General Plans. For example: ■ Since 2008, the California Attorney General's office has provided guidance to local governments on addressing climate change and greenhouse gas reduction through General Plan policies. (See: http://oaci.ca.gov/environment/climate-change) ■ The California Office of Planning and Research (OPR) is preparing an update to the state's General Plan Guidelines that will include guidance for GHG emissions reduction and climate adaptation. (See: http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_generalplanguidelines.php) EmEw• • - CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO ■ The California Natural Resources Agency released a Climate Adaptation Policy Guide for local governments. (See: httr)://resources.ca.ciov/climate/safeauardina/adaptation oolicv Guide/) ■ The California Department of Housing and Community Development released a guidance document on General Plan housing element policies and programs addressing climate change with case study examples. (See: htti)://www.hcd.ca.Gov/hr)d/HE°/o2OGuidance%2OComr)lete%20r)ackacle.r)df) ■ The Office of Planning and Research prepared guidance documents for addressing complete streets in General Plans as required by AB 1358. (See: htti):/foi)r.ca.aov/docs/Update GP Guidelines Complete Streets.Ddf) Cupertino was simultaneously preparing an amendment to its General Plan while developing the Climate Action Plan. Proposed General Plan Amendment growth projections and policies/measures were considered during CAP preparation, and expanded upon, where appropriate. At the time of CAP development, the City's policy commitment included encouraging higher density, mixed-use and infill development in appropriate locations, expanding energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the community, supporting multi-modal transportation options, and continuing resource conservation efforts. To ensure the CAP was able to provide future CEQA review streamlining benefits, as described below, the community-wide emissions forecasts were developed based on the population, employment, and resulting vehicle miles traveled (VMT) growth estimates resulting from build- out of the Draft General Plan Amendment's Land Use Alternative C scenario. This scenario represented the highest growth scenario under consideration, and therefore, would also result in the highest emissions growth. CAP measures were developed to provide sufficient emissions reduction potential to achieve the City's 2020 emissions target under this highest- growth alternative. Relationship to the California Environmental Quality Act Local governments may prepare a Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases that is consistent with AB 32 goals. By preparing such a plan, the City can streamline CEQA review of subsequent plans and projects that are consistent with the GHG reduction strategies and targets in the plan (this is often referred to as "streamlining"). To meet the standards of a qualified GHG reduction plan, Cupertino's CAP must achieve the following criteria (which parallel and elaborate upon criteria established in state CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1]): ■ Complete a baseline emissions inventory and project future emissions ■ Identify a community-wide reduction target 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ■ Prepare a CAP to identify strategies and measures to meet the reduction target ■ Monitor effectiveness of reduction measures and adapt the plan to changing conditions ■ Adopt the CAP in a public process following environmental review This approach allows jurisdictions to analyze and mitigate the significant effects of GHGs at a programmatic level, by adopting a plan for the reduction of GHG emissions in a public process following environmental review. Later, as individual projects are proposed, project-specific environmental documents may rely on the GHG emissions reductions measures in the CAP to determine that estimated project-level GHG emissions would be less than significant in their cumulative impacts analysis. A project-specific environmental document that relies on this CAP for its cumulative impacts analysis must identify specific CAP measures applicable to the project, and how the project incorporates the measures. If the measures are not otherwise binding and enforceable, they must be incorporated as mitigation measures applicable to the project. If substantial evidence indicates that the GHG emissions of a proposed project may be cumulatively considerable, notwithstanding the project's compliance with specific measures in this CAP, an EIR must be prepared for the project. Following adoption of this CAP, the City will develop guidance on how future projects seeking to use this CEQA streamlining benefit will be reviewed to ensure compliance with the CAP's emissions reduction measures. The City's guidance could include the development of a checklist or points-based rating system to evaluate future projects' compliance with the CAP; an approach used by numerous communities throughout the state seeking CAP-tied project-level CEQA streamlining (e.g., Sacramento, Los Altos, Pleasanton). Chapter 1: I CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO • • • j9 s k ��I '.fit• .r w +,SAP �, 1 Y a ` `¢y 1� A 4 � Developing a set of measures and actions that can reduce Cupertino's greenhouse gas emissions requires an understanding of baseline and future emissions-generating activities. Once this information is established, the City can more easily identify areas where it can leverage limited resources to yield the most effective emission reductions. This chapter provides a summary of the 2010 baseline inventories for community-wide and municipal operations emissions, as well as forecasts for 2020, 2035, and 2050. It also describes the considerations for selecting reduction targets that are consistent with and will contribute to the state's ongoing efforts. Greenhouse Gas Inventories Emissions inventories provide a snapshot of the amount and source of greenhouse gas emissions in a given year. The baseline inventory serves as a reference point for reduction targets and informs the measure and action selection process. Future inventory updates can demonstrate progress toward the adopted targets and assess the effectiveness of City actions. The City prepared 2010 baseline inventories as part of the multi-jurisdiction climate action planning process led by Santa Clara County. These inventories, in following guidance from the LGOP, BAAQMD, United Nations International Panel on Climate Change, and the Climate Change Action Registry, assessed emissions from a variety of sources. As previously described, Cupertino chose to prepare inventories at both the community-wide and municipal operations levels. Various inventory preparation guidance documents clarify primary and secondary emissions sources, and define the data needs of agency's seeking to conduct an initial or follow-up inventory. The City will continue to follow the prevailing industry standard guidance in the future so that its inventory updates can be compared to other jurisdictions (though this may pose a challenge regarding comparisons to previous local inventory versions). The baseline emissions inventory was prepared using a combination of empirical and modeled data for the community as a whole, as well as local government operations. Data was collected from a variety of sources, such as PG&E, CalRecycle, City department staff, and the Air Resources Board. It was then converted into greenhouse gas estimates using emission factors provided by PG&E and state and regional agencies to provide a common metric with which to compare emissions sources, referred to as metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year or MT CO2e/yr. Appendix B shares additional details on the City's GHG inventory methodology and data sources analyzed for further consideration. EMISSIONS SECTORS The CAP analyzes emissions from two different perspectives (i.e., community-wide and municipal operations), but takes a similar approach in their analysis and reporting. In general, baseline inventories organize emissions into categories, or sectors, based on the source of emissions. These sectors are largely consistent between the community-wide and municipal operations inventories, though naming conventions do differ slightly. Cupertino's community- wide inventory includes emissions from the following sectors: ■ Energy (i.e., electricity and natural gas) ■ Transportation ■ Off-Road Equipment (e.g., industrial, commercial, and lawn and garden equipment) ■ Solid Waste ■ Potable Water ■ Wastewater 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The municipal operations inventory includes slightly different sectors, which are named to more accurately reflect the departmental sources of the emissions: ■ Facilities (electricity and natural gas) ■ Vehicle Fleet ■ Solid Waste ■ Water Services Emissions are also categorized based upon how they are generated in relation to the scope of the emissions inventory and the jurisdiction's ability to influence their mitigation. Emissions can be classified into three scopes, as illustrated in Figure 2.1 through a federal emissions example. Figure 2.1 — Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO2 AL CH 4 A, HFCS 2 3 Y>$hiCleS and Equipm,@nt TFons T1ip"3 on and QNStributioh mosses frorn Purchased Electri€oty "�.. PurchaSC9 _- .� Electricity Business Ira%-m *' . Stationary Scsurees a PurCllmodl ,r Employee �WO�� \ Heatinga`C*okng ✓ C53nM1Pnutil g On-sde Landidis 4 Wastewater Treatment contrattod Solid PurchasQQ Waste Disposal Steam Contractee Wastewater _ Treatment I°argltl� 1 Emissions 1 *►� Others' Wi kl SCOPE 1: SCOPE 2: SCOPE 3: Greenhouse gas efnissrons Greenhouse gas crnissions Greenhouse gas 4?rmissiams from From sources that are owned or resulting'from the generation of sources not owned or directly controlled by a Federal agency" electricity,heat,or Steam controlled by,a Federal agency purchased by a Federal agency. but related to agency activities, `Additional.significant Scope 3 emission sources exist beyond the examples provided. Source:httos://www.fedcenter.aov/Photos/index.cfm?id=16810 Scope 1 emissions are those generated from equipment or facilities that are directly owned by the jurisdiction or community members, such as a home's hot water heater or a wastewater + • • GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 treatment plant. Scope 2 emissions are those resulting from the purchase of energy that is transmitted from outside the jurisdiction's boundaries, such as electricity. Scope 3 emissions result indirectly from a jurisdiction or community's activities and represent emissions sources over which the jurisdiction does not have direct control, such as business-related air travel or employee commutes. Typically, Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are included within a municipal operations inventory and Scope 3 emissions are excluded to represent the full emissions over which a jurisdiction has direct control to influence their reduction (though Scope 3 emissions can be voluntarily included for informational purposes). Community-wide inventories often include Scope 1 and 2 emissions as well, but also include some sources that would be considered Scope 3 at the municipal level, such as emissions from community-wide transportation and process emissions from landfills wastewater treatment plants or other large regional facilities. See Appendix B for more information on the sources of emissions included within each of the CAP's baseline inventories. Energy/ Facilities In general, energy emissions are generated through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity or directly provide power (e.g., natural gas combustion for water heating). The energy sector includes the use of electricity and natural gas in residential, commercial, industrial, and government land uses within the legal boundaries of Cupertino. Although emissions associated with electricity production are likely to occur in a different jurisdiction, the emissions are considered to be measured at the point of use and not the point of generation (this is called "Scope 2" or indirect emissions). Consumers are thus considered accountable for the generation of those emissions. Electricity-related GHG emissions are considered indirect emissions because they are generated as a 2013 result of activities occurring within the _ nary Power jurisdiction, but occur in different geographic Market Nuclear areas. For example, a Cupertino resident may Purchases22% consume electricity within the city, but that 17%, , electricity may be generated in a different region Renewable of the state. Direct emissions (i.e., Scope 1) are _ 22% those where the consumption activity directly / ,. - Mnd:0% generates the emissions, such as natural gas Large ti f-4 combustion for heating or cooling (when this Hyo 1 ynrGecdwrrd:.13% activity occurs on site). 1pi Hydro PG&E provides electricity and natural gas to Natural Cas+Other i5 �1 `rna Cupertino, and provided electricity and natural 21313 deliwery 51aisfius are prelhTinauy and subject to an imkpawlleni gas consumption data to develop the baseline a�aand veffi=km that w it M be€xtmpleted until Owber 1.2414_ FVwes represent%aF PUE''s total burr fed retail sa'es. inventories. PG&E provided all electricity and natural gas consumption data in the form of Source: httD://www.areentechmedia.com/content/imaaes/articles/PGE kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr) and therms per -2013-RE.iDa year (therms/yr), respectively. Electricity-related 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 GHG emissions are quantified using a utility-specific (e.g., PG&E) emission factor that accounts for the utility's electricity production portfolio (e.g., the mix of coal, oil, wind, solar, and other sources of electricity production) in the baseline year of the emissions inventory. Natural gas GHG emissions are also quantified using a utility-specific natural gas emissions factor, though this is less subject to variation than the electricity emissions factor. Transportation /Vehicle Fleet Community-wide transportation emissions come from vehicle trips that begin and/or end within Cupertino's boundaries. Pass-through trips (for example, non-local drivers on Interstate 280) are not included within the emissions inventory because the CAP measures would not affect those emissions. This sector includes GHG exhaust emissions from both private vehicles and City- owned vehicles. Unlike most of the other emissions sectors, where activity data is available to more precisely calculate actual resource consumption (e.g., electricity used, wastewater generated, solid waste disposed), the transportation sector relies upon travel models to estimate vehicle use within a community. Travel models estimate the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) within a community, which are then combined with vehicle fuel emissions factors to estimate transportation-related emissions. Inverness Wd,� Ir V?.nv,,;4V<:y gs q a •5 --- yomeste -Homestead Rd -H'omesteed Ad---I r-E-Hornes[ead Rd----- RomestaadRS- [R^ '� __ ' l rl e. Kaiser Permangnle Snnta - � Pendleton Parc l Um Medical Center" a - dWRrpMEMO e 5errFw` Ir �,pe'�Tra Serr,Fw A ?� 1, r 5--- f r atetes`ur .•i Apple 2 dig y l a lnn<^� 4 r_ MerFriz i3e Gate of Heaven CemeEery a' Altcc ur velkro Fashion Park lay VaI IG, Ag�rlent ieehnohg: a W kwy 5 w L - Coperlinta Ste wCe kelvd Stevens Creek Elvdl %✓��pP Sle'"ells'Creels Blvd K I r` I m a; pve ay_ P�Anta College � 00 v A Vnse Me to Mar IN ¢ - W n J Parifics DP Cg Til3on'Ave ¢ -______.__I G a' McClellan Rd 'T 'i 14 p. G Nirwin to P, Hrann+st-1 far as - Peep CIO Golf Cil �, ., .r_ 6ollin9er.Rd For this CAP, VMT data were acquired from the City's General Plan Amendment transportation consultant to ensure that emissions forecasts in the CAP align with the City's estimated growth resulting from build-out of its Draft General Plan Amendment. This model provided VMT data separated by trip origin and destination. The VMT associated with vehicle trips that would originate or terminate within the city were attributed to the community-wide transportation sector. Municipal operations vehicle fleet emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption from the City's own vehicle fleet. In this way, vehicle-related emissions in the municipal inventory are based on actual empirical data, and are not modeled as in the community-wide inventory. The ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 City's vehicle fleet emissions only include those vehicles and fleet equipment that are owned and operated by the City. As previously described, the City contracts with other agencies for the provision of certain services, such as police and fire services, street sweeping, and waste hauling. Therefore, emissions related to use of these vehicles are not included within Cupertino's municipal operations inventory and forecasts. Emission factors for this sector were obtained from the California Air Resources Board's (ARB) vehicle emissions model, EMFAC2011. EMFAC2011 is a mobile source emission model for California that provides vehicle emission factors by both county and vehicle class. Santa Clara County-specific emission factors were used in this emissions inventory. Off Road Equipment Off-road equipment emissions can come from local construction and mining activities, operation of lawn and garden equipment (e.g., lawn mowers, leaf blowers), and use of light commercial/industrial equipment (e.g., backhoes, forklifts). Data for construction, mining, light commercial, industrial, and lawn and gardening equipment can be obtained from ARB's OFFROAD2007 model, which provides county-level emissions factors for off-road equipment. OFFROAD2007 provides total off-road equipment emissions by county. Similar to the transportation sector, these emissions are modeled and not based on specific activity data. This emissions sector is also only presented in the community-wide inventory. Solid Waste The solid waste sector includes emissions associated with solid waste disposal. During the solid waste decomposition process, only organic (i.e., carbon-based) materials release greenhouse V gas emissions. Carbon dioxide �.. (CO2) emissions are generated under aerobic conditions (i.e., in REUSE the presence of oxygen), such RECYCLEICOMPOST as when composting. Methane ENERGYRECOVERY (CH4) and CO2 emissions are LANDFILL LEAST PREFERRED generated under anaerobic conditions (i.e., in the absence of oxygen), as in many landfill environments. Waste collection and hauling activities also Source:htto://eDa.aov/climatechanae/imaoes/life-cvcle-imaoes/lifecvcle.iDa generate GHG exhaust emissions. However, hauling-related emissions are assumed to be included within the commercial vehicle transportation model and represented within the community-wide 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 transportation sector. As described above, the City does not own its own waste hauling vehicles, and therefore, emissions associated with solid waste collection are not included within the municipal operations inventory. Solid waste generated within the city is primarily sent to the Newby Island Sanitary Landfill. Annual tons of community-wide solid waste generated by land uses (i.e., residential and non- residential) and waste categorization data were collected from CalRecycle's online database. Data on municipally-generated waste was provided by the City. The first-order-decay method was used to estimate methane landfill emissions in order to incorporate the time factor of the solid waste degradation process, which can take decades to occur. In future inventories, the City will review opportunities to connect to the EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to more effectively analyze the full lifecycle of its materials management efforts, including source reduction, recycling, combustion, composting, and landfilling (see graphic on previous page). This tool is currently utilized by the City through its award-winning Food Recovery Challenge activities, and should be expanded to be considered within future greenhouse gas emissions inventories, depending upon the prevailing industry practice in inventory methodology. Wastewater The wastewater sector includes emissions resulting from wastewater treatment processes and from energy used to power wastewater treatment plants. The 2006 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is commonly used to quantify CH4 and nitrous oxide (N20) emissions resulting from wastewater treatment processes. Generation of both types of emissions depend on the amount of annual throughput (i.e., volume of wastewater), as well as characteristics of the wastewater itself and treatment plant management processes. Energy-related GHG emissions associated with wastewater treatment facility operation are typically removed from this sector to avoid double counting with the energy sector. Potable Water/Water Services The potable water and water services sectors include energy emissions associated with water treatment, distribution, and conveyance. The California Energy Commission's water-energy intensity studies are commonly used to calculate the amount of electricity required to provide potable water. GHG emissions associated with potable water supply are then calculated using statewide electricity intensity factors. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Emissions inventories are commonly expressed in metric tons (or tonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year (MT CO2e/yr) to provide a standard measurement that incorporates the varying global warming potentials (GWP) of different greenhouse gases. GWP describes how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide, which has a GWP of 1. For example, methane has a GWP of 25, which means that 1 metric ton of methane ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 will trap 25 times more heat than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide, making it a more potent greenhouse gas. Some gases used in industrial applications can have a GWP thousands of times larger than that of CO2. See Table 2.1 for a sample of common greenhouse gases and their global warming potential. Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential Common Name Chemical Formula Global Warming Potential(100-yr) Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 Methane CH4 25 Nitrous Oxide N20 298 Tetrafluoromethane (PFC-14) CF4 7,390 Fluoroform (HFC-23) CHF3 14,800 Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 22,800 Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007vii Baselli 1e mventui v — 201 C The purpose of a baseline inventory is to provide a snapshot of GHG emissions in a given year. A baseline inventory allows the City to identify major sources of emissions within the community or resulting from its own operations, and then develop meaningful reduction measures that address the major emissions contributors. The City developed its baseline emissions inventories for the 2010 operational year as part of a regional climate action planning effort in 2013, IF , which corresponds to Step 1 of the CAP L GHG Reduction development process as described in Chapter , Emissions Target 1. 2010 represented the most current, full 4 years' worth of data available to participating ir jurisdictions when the regional CAP Recognize Develop a project began. Climate Cupertino, as well as the other participating Action Plan jurisdictions, is located within the Bay Area Air Step 4: Quality Management District's (BAAQMD) Track Implement jurisdictional boundary. Therefore, the City's lk".. Progress J Measures inventory was calculated to be consistent with BAAQMD's GHG Plan Level Quantification Guidance. This approach allowed all of the jointly-prepared community-wide GHG inventories and CAPs (i.e., Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, and unincorporated Santa Clara County) to be developed in a consistent manner. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The following sections separately present the community-wide and municipal operations emissions inventories. These baseline inventories were prepared under a separate project contract from the emissions forecasts and the CAP document itself, and therefore, certain specifics of the baseline inventory methodology are unknown. However, the following section describes how baseline inventories are typically prepared, and provides details related to Cupertino's baseline inventory where known. See Appendix B for the emissions inventory methodology. COMMUNITY-WIDE 2010 BASELINE INVENTORY Cupertino's community-wide baseline emissions inventory totals 307,288 MT CO2e/yr in 2010. As shown in Figure 2.2, energy use is the largest contributor of GHG emissions in the city (55%), with transportation emissions contributing the majority of the remainder (34%). Most community-wide emissions inventories find that energy and transportation emissions account for the overwhelming majority of total emissions. In Cupertino, the energy and transportation sectors account for approximately 89% of total emissions, suggesting that local reduction efforts should focus on these areas. Off-road sources provide 7% of the inventory, and solid waste emissions provide another 2%. Potable water use and wastewater treatment are both small contributors by comparison, making up the remaining 2% of the inventory. See Table 2.2 for the total emissions from each sector. Figure 2.2—2010 Community-wide Baseline Emissions by Sector 2.1% 1.5%f0.4% 7.3%I 401 ■Energy Transportation ■Off-Road Sources ■Solid Waste 33.8% ■Wastewater ■Potable Water Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.2 2010 Community-wide Emissions Emission Sector Emissions Communitywide Total (MT CO2elyr) N Energy 169,547 55.2% Electricity Subtotal 85,452 27.8% Residential 25,427 8.3% Commercial 60,025 19.5% Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 27.4% Residential 49,986 16.3% Commercial 34,109 11.1% Transportation 104,112 33.9% Off-Road Sources 22,390 7.3% Solid Waste 5,403 1.8% Wastewater 4,640 1.5% Potable Water 1,197 0.4% Total 307,288 100.0% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS 2010 BASELINE INVENTORY The municipal operations baseline inventory shows that the City's actions generated a total of 1,775 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (MT COZe) in 2010. As referenced above, these emissions are a sub-sector of the community-wide inventory (i.e., the community- wide inventory is inclusive of municipal operations emissions), and represent less than 1% of total community-wide emissions. As shown in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.3, emissions from the Facilities sector were the largest contributor of emissions (70.4%), followed by the Vehicle Fleet (23.9%) and Solid Waste (5.4%) sectors. Emissions from the Water Services sector are a small contributor by comparison, making up only 0.4% of the baseline inventory. This sector includes the energy used to operate the City's landscape irrigation system. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 2.3 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions A Emission Sector Emissions City Total(%) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 70.4% Building Energy 837 47.2% Public Lighting 412 23.2% Vehicle Fleet 424 23.9% Solid Waste 95 5.4% Water Services 7 0.4% Total 1,775 100% Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.3-2010 Municipal Operations Baseline Emissions by Sector 23.9% ■ Facilities 0.4% Vehicle Fleet 9W ■Solid Waste ■Water Services 70.4% j0por Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' As shown in Table 2.3 above, the Facilities sector includes emissions from building energy use as well as public lighting. Within the Building Energy subsector, approximately 69% of emissions come from electricity use (e.g., interior lighting, office equipment), while the remaining 31% are related to natural gas use (e.g., building heating, hot water heating). Building energy use contributes 47% of total municipal emissions. The Public Lighting Facilities Subsectors subsector comprises electricity- 100% related emissions from City-owned 80% lighting sources, including traffic 60% signals, streetlights, park lighting, 40% and other outdoor lighting. Public 20% lighting accounts for nearly one- quarter of total municipal emissions 0% Total Emissions Building Energy Public Lighting as shown to the right. Approximately 75% of City vehicle fleet emissions are generated by gasoline vehicles. The Grounds Department uses the largest amount of gasoline (33%) while providing clean and safe recreational areas, followed by the Streets Department (25%) during maintenance of transportation infrastructure and signage. Diesel vehicles contribute the remaining 25% of City fleet emissions. Trucks and equipment operated by the Streets Department, the Building Department, and the Traffic Department generate almost all of these diesel emissions. Solid Waste sector emissions come from municipally-generated waste that is sent to the landfill where organic waste materials create methane gas during the decomposition process. Examples of municipally-generated organic waste include food scraps; office paper, cardboard, and other compostable paper products; and landscape trimmings that are disposed of in the solid waste stream. Water sector emissions include the electricity used to pump, treat, and convey water used in City landscape irrigation. Business-as-Usual (BAU) Emissions Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) The baseline inventories were used to forecast future community-wide and municipal operations GHG emissions under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Cupertino's GHG emissions were forecast for the future years 2020, 2035, and 2050, assuming that historic trends describing energy and water consumption, travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future, from a per-capita perspective. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 BAU emission forecasts provide insight regarding the scale of reductions necessary to achieve an emissions target before considering reductions likely to result from statewide actions (e.g., vehicle efficiency standards), inherent technological advancements (e.g., lighting technology), or new voluntary or mandatory conservation efforts (e.g., landscape irrigation restrictions). The BAU emission forecasts do not anticipate new sources of emissions or increased consumption rates in existing sectors. For example, as use of personal electronics (e.g., smart phones, tablets) increases, emissions from electricity plug-load may also increase. Therefore, the only variable influencing the BAU forecasts is projected population and employment growth within the City. The BAU forecasts used the best available population and employment growth assumptions from the City's General Plan Amendment process, which was in progress at the same time that the CAP was under development. The City's General Plan transportation consultant provided future VMT activity levels using assumptions based on build-out of the highest growth land use alternative under consideration for the General Plan Amendment. The 2020 emissions forecast year aligns with the AB 32 target year. Similarly, the 2050 forecast year aligns with the state's long-term target year, while the 2035 forecast year provides a mid- point between 2020 and 2050. These forecasts were developed for planning purposes, and due to the complexity of each emissions sector and the uncertainty of future population and employment growth within the City, are subject to change. Therefore, as the 2020, 2035, and 2050 horizon years approach, the City will reevaluate its emissions projections to incorporate additional data points from periodic emissions inventories and revised City growth estimates. Regular emissions inventory updates will also help to assess progress towards the reduction targets, allowing for revisions to CAP measures as necessary. Reduction measures described in Chapters 3 and 4 are applied to BAU emissions forecast levels to determine if the City is on track to achieve its targets. As with the baseline inventories, the following sections separately present the community-wide and municipal operations emissions forecasts. See Appendix B for details on the emission forecast methodology. COMMUNITY-WIDE BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Figure 2.4 illustrates Cupertino's community-wide emissions forecasts by sector from 2010- 2050. As shown in the corresponding Table 2.4, community-wide emissions are forecast to increase in future years under the business-as-usual scenario to approximately: • 355,610 MT CO2e/yr by 2020 (15.7% above the 2010 baseline), ■ 427,807 MT CO2e/yr by 2035 (39.2% above the 2010 baseline), and ■ 499,659 MT CO2e/yr by 2050 (62.6% above the 2010 baseline). ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' Figure 2.4- Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector-2020, 2035, 2050 300,000 250,000 200,000 Energy L d Transportation N 0 150,000 Off-Road Sources i- Solid Waste 100,000 Wastewater Potable Water 50,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Source:AECOM 2014 Table 2.4 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Figure 2.5 illustrates the BAU municipal operation emissions forecasts by sector for 2020, 2035, and 2050. As shown in Table 2.5, municipal operations emissions are estimated to increase in future years under the business-as-usual scenario based upon projected population and employment growth within the city, to approximately: ■ 1,855 MT CO2e/year by 2020 (4.5% above the 2010 baseline), ■ 1,969 MT CO2e/year by 2035 (10.9% above the 2010 baseline), and ■ 2,076 MT CO2e/year by 2050 (17.0% above the 2010 baseline). Figure 2.5— Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 1,600 1,400 — 1,200 1,000 Facilities d v 800 Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste � 600 Water Services 400 200 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' Table 2.5 EL Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Emissions in each sector are projected to increase under the business-as-usual scenario because the City's population and employment are anticipated to continue growing. As described above, these BAU projections are based on estimated population and employment growth within the City as envisioned in the General Plan Amendment, which would lead to increased demand for government services, which leads to additional emissions resulting from the provision of those services. However, emissions growth across the sectors is estimated to occur at different rates based on the relationship between the types of government services provided within each sector and population and employment growth. The emissions sector growth forecasts are as follows: ■ Facilities: Emissions from the Facilities sector are projected to grow by 4% in 2020, by 10% in 2035, and by 15% in 2050. Energy use is a function of the number of City-owned buildings/facilities and the number of City staff working in those buildings. It is assumed that as the City's population and employment grows, additional municipal buildings and supporting staff will be necessary to continue providing a high-level of quality government services. The City already anticipates a modest increase in the number of facilities operating to serve the community (i.e., construction of an Environmental Education Center is underway, and the Civic Center Master Planning process may propose additional buildings), along with increased staffing to offer support services for its growing population (estimated to reach 71,300 residents by 2040 based on build-out of the City's Draft General Plan Amendment). The slower growth rate for this sector (relative to Vehicle Fleet and Water sectors) is due to assumed efficiencies of scale that can be realized for future service provision, such that existing City administrative and service buildings and staff can accommodate some portion of future population growth. ■ Vehicle Fleet: Emissions from the Vehicle Fleet sector are projected to grow by 6% in 2020, by 15% in 2035, and by 23% in 2050. City departments are assumed to experience varied demand for additional vehicles depending upon how closely their provision of services is tied to population and employment growth. For example, the City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Streets Department may not need additional vehicles unless new City streets are developed as a result of population growth, whereas the Building Department may require additional vehicles to inspect a higher number of residential and commercial buildings resulting from denser future development. ■ Solid Waste: As with the Facilities sector, Solid Waste emissions are projected to grow by 4% in 2020, by 10% in 2035, and by 15% in 2050. Emissions in this sector are closely related to the growth in City staff from which the waste included in the municipal operations inventory is generated. Therefore, the same growth estimates used in the Facilities sector were assumed here as well. ■ Water: Emissions in this sector are estimated to grow at a rate closely correlated to population and employment growth. This assumes that additional park space will be provided to support a growing population, and that landscape irrigation would occur within these new parks comparable to that of parks existing in the baseline year. Emissions from this sector are estimated to increase by 10% in 2020, 25% in 2035, and 40% in 2050. Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (ABAU) Forecasts (2020. 2035, and 2050) As described in Chapter 1, the State of California has adopted and implemented numerous policies and programs that will help to achieve the state's long-term emissions reduction target. Adjusted business-as-usual (ABAU) forecasts consider the impact of this legislation to show what a community's emissions will likely be if the state continues to make progress on implementing its high-level actions. ABAU forecasts can be useful in identifying the remaining reductions gap between a community's ABAU forecasts and its reduction targets. Local measures can then be developed to fill any gaps to support target achievement. COMMUNITY-WIDE EMISSIONS ADJUSTED BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECASTS Most of Cupertino's anticipated community-wide emission reductions are estimated to come from statewide actions. This CAP assumes that emissions within the energy and transportation sectors will be reduced through the statewide efforts described in Chapter 1. This includes regulations addressing the use of renewable energy sources, building energy efficiency, and GHG emissions from passenger cars and trucks. When the impact of these statewide actions is applied to Cupertino's BAU emissions forecast, the resulting ABAU emissions levels begin to show the pathway towards achieving future reduction targets. These actions provide important reductions that are applied toward Cupertino's community-wide emissions targets, reducing the total amount of emissions to be addressed through local community actions. This CAP also considers PG&E's future mix of electricity generation sources as planned through 2020, though this is not specifically a statewide action. In addition to its compliance with the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), PG&E also anticipates that the non-RPS compliant portion of its portfolio will become cleaner as their use of natural gas increases and that of coal ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 decreases. Natural gas releases less CO2 than coal when burned, which will result in reduced carbon emissions from PG&E's electricity generation portfolio as this shift is implemented. The City will monitor the effectiveness of state legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are P' included in future CAP updates. This CAP -- considers locally-realized emissions reductions from: ■ Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), ■ California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ■ AB 1109 — Lighting Efficiency ■ AB 1493 — Pavley I and II, ■ EO-S-1-07 — Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and Source: htto://extras.mnointeractive.com/live/media/site568/2013/1028/20131 • Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 028 climate-2.JPG Including only these statewide initiatives towards the GHG reduction targets is considered a conservative approach because the AB 32 Scoping Plan describes numerous other actions that will likely result in statewide reductions (e.g., High Speed Rail, Million Solar Roofs program). The actions included herein represent those for which a methodology is available to calculate Cupertino's likely share of these reductions. Other actions will provide statewide benefits, but cannot be accurately attributed to Cupertino at this time, and should be carefully tracked for consideration during future year CAP updates Table 2.6 summarizes the anticipated reductions associated with these statewide actions in years 2020 and 2035. Based on these estimated reductions, Figure 2.6 shows the trajectory of community-wide BAU and ABAU emissions forecasts from baseline year 2010 through 2035. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 2.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions State or Federal Action 2020 Reduction 2035 Reduction (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Renewable Portfolio Standard (33% by 2020)+ PG&E De-carbonization 34,267 42,117 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 3,063 AB 1109 Lighting Efficiency 5,059 5,253 Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 55,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 4,217 Total 80,261 110,185 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.6— Community-wide ABAU Emissions Forecasts 450,000 400,000 L 350,000 d N O V 300,000 250,000 200,000 2010 2020 2035 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions As shown in Figure 2.6, statewide actions set Cupertino's emissions on a downward trajectory by 2020, but begin to trend upward after that. At the time of CAP preparation, ARB only provided statewide reductions estimates through horizon year 2020, though it is likely that additional statewide action will be taken to further reduce emissions in order to achieve the state's 2050 reduction target. While the precise impact of future statewide actions is currently unknown, it could be assumed that they will continue to provide the same level of reduction impact at the community-wide level for local CAP planning purposes. That is, if statewide actions are estimated to provide approximately 85% of reductions needed for local target achievement by 2020 (as is the case in Cupertino), then it could be assumed that statewide actions would provide a comparable proportion of reductions needed in future target years as ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS well. Based on that assumption, Table 2.7 shows what statewide actions would achieve in Cupertino in 2035 and 2050 if their level of impact in 2020 is maintained. This table does not attempt to estimate the distribution of statewide reductions among the currently known statewide actions, but instead presents total statewide reduction estimates based on the community-wide BAU forecasts and reduction targets presented in Chapter 1. Figure 2.7 illustrates how these statewide reductions compare to the community-wide BAU forecasts. It will be important for the City to monitor future state-level planning efforts related to these statewide actions and others described in the Scoping Plan to determine with more certainty what role state actions will play in target achievement and what the remaining role for local action will be. Table 2.7 Alternative Emissions Reduction Estimates from Statewide Actions 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 15% below 49% below 83% below Reduction Target 2010 2010 2010 - 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Reductions from Statewide Actions - 80,261 230,427 380,307 Contribution of Statewide Actions to Target - 85% 85% 85% Source:AECOM 2014 Figure 2.7— Revised Community-wide ABAU Forecasts 600,000 500,000 400,000 L d N L) 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft December 2014 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS ADJUSTED BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Within the municipal operations ABAU forecasts developed for the CAP, it is assumed that Facilities and Water sector emissions will be reduced through implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). As previously described, the standard effectively requires electrical utilities to reduce the carbon intensity of their electricity by obtaining 33% of their generation portfolio from renewable sources by 2020. This statewide action will help reduce municipal operations emissions and contribute toward achievement of the City's emissions targets. The City will monitor the effectiveness of this legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included, should additional actions be developed that would apply to the CAP. Unlike the community-wide ABAU forecasts described above, the municipal operations forecasts do not apply reductions from statewide actions related to vehicle emissions, such as Assembly Bill 1493 (Pavley I and II), Executive Order S-1-07 (Low Carbon Fuel Standard), or other vehicle efficiency regulations. These actions were purposefully excluded to avoid double counting between the state's actions and the City's initiatives to reduce emissions from its fleet (as described in Chapter 4). Table 2.8 identifies municipal operations ABAU forecast emissions for 2020, 2035, and 2050 by subtracting the estimated reductions associated with implementation of the state's RPS. It is possible that the state may increase the requirements associated with the RPS, which would result in greater emissions reductions. However, at the time of CAP preparation, compliance with the standard only required a 33% renewable electricity portfolio by 2020. The calculations in Table 2.8 assume that the standard is achieved by 2020 and is not exceeded (i.e., remains at 33%) in the 2035 and 2050 target years. Therefore, municipal operations emissions are estimated to decrease by 2020 under the adjusted business-as-usual scenario as a result of the RPS, and then begin to increase again through 2050 to approximately: ■ 1,490 MT CO2e/year by 2020 (16.1% below the 2010 baseline), ■ 1,584 MT CO2e/year by 2035 (10.8% below the 2010 baseline), and ■ 1,672 MT CO2e/year by 2050 (5.8% below the 2010 baseline). See Figure 2.8 for a graph of the City's BAU and ABAU emissions forecasts. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.8 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 BAU Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Statewide Reductions Renewable Portfolio - (365) (385) (404) Standard ABAU Total 1,775 1,490 1,584 1,672 %below 2010 Levels - 16.1% 10.8% 5.8% Source:AECOM 2013 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.8— Municipal Operations ABAU Emissions Forecasts 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900cm — v 1,800 _ 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft December 2014 GHG Emission Reduction Targets The first and most essential step in the design of any plan is defining the goal(s) of that plan. As previously described, the second step in the CAP development process is to establish a GHG emissions reduction target. The CAP's Inventory Establish a singular goal is to reduce emissions, and the L GHG - Reduction reduction target serves as an aspirational ' metric that will focus City strategies to 4, achieve future emissions reductions. The target is designed to support statewide "' Achievement .- W J emissions reduction efforts, and allow use of 4t recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. Establishing a clear and attainable target can motivate staff and community members, help drive long-term strategies, Track 0 L implement L Measures , Progress and elevate transparency and accountability to achieve the objectives of this CAP. MASS EMISSIONS AND EFFICIENCY THRESHOLDS In general, an emissions reduction target can be expressed as either mass emissions reductions or efficiency thresholds. Mass emissions targets establish an absolute emissions level to be achieved by a target year, such as 100,000 MT CO2e/yr by 2020. Typically, mass emissions targets are expressed as a percent below the emissions level of some baseline year, such as 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 (i.e., as outlined in Governor Schwarzenegger's Executive Order S-3-05). Alternatively, efficiency thresholds set a target level of emissions per population or per service population (i.e., population plus local jobs), such as 6.6 MT CO2e/SP/yr (i.e., as used in Cupertino's 2014 General Plan Amendment). Efficiency thresholds demonstrate a city's ability to grow population and employment, while emissions shrink on a per unit basis; in effect, a city could be growing more efficiently from an emissions standpoint. In this case, total emissions within a city may increase while still achieving an efficiency target, as long as service population is growing faster than emissions. Both types of targets are useful to consider when selecting an appropriate emissions reduction target for a community. It is anticipated that the Governor's Office of Planning and Research will provide future guidance regarding preparation of plans for the reduction of GHG emissions. This guidance may identify mass emissions reduction targets as preferable to the use of efficiency metrics at the community-wide planning level to ensure that each jurisdiction in California makes progress towards actual mass emissions reductions. However, at the time of this CAP's preparation there was no state-level guidance requiring local governments to adopt specific reduction targets. Similarly, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District is currently in the process of developing regional emissions reduction targets, which can serve as guidance for local climate action ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS planning in the future. At the time of this CAP's preparation, BAAQMD had not developed this guidance on how to select appropriate local reduction targets for jurisdictions using a baseline year of 2009 or later. For purposes of this CAP, the City selected mass emissions targets as described below. TARGET SETTING CONSIDERATIONS The City considered a range of GHG emission reduction targets during plan preparation. In making its target selection, the City weighed numerous factors, such as: ■ existing California climate change legislation, direction from ARB, and guidance from California's Air Districts; • general understanding of the probable range of GHG reduction opportunities from various types of local and statewide measures; ■ range of targets and goals set by other area jurisdictions who have completed or begun preparation of CAPs; and ■ feasibility of achieving different GHG targets. State Legislation and Guidance The underlying purpose of AB 32 is to take state action that will result in an absolute reduction in the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which contribute to the impacts commonly associated with climate change. Therefore, the state has set mass emissions reduction targets at the statewide level. As described in Chapter 1, Executive Order S-3-05 identified California's vulnerability to the impacts of GHG emissions. The Executive Order established a long-range GHG reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Subsequently, AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 was signed, requiring California to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 also directed ARB to develop and implement regulations that reduce statewide GHG emissions. ARB approved The Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan) in December 2008, which outlines the state's plan to achieve the GHG reductions required in AB 32. The Scoping Plan does not define the specific role local governments, like the City of Cupertino, will play to contribute toward meeting the state's GHG reduction goals, but does identify cities and counties as "essential partners" within the overall statewide effort. As such, many cities and counties began to asses local GHG contributions and develop community-focused Climate Action Plans. However, many local governments do not have access to sufficient historical data to prepare a 1990 baseline emissions inventory, which would allow local governments to establish reduction targets that exactly mimic the state's own targets. In the 2008 Scoping Plan, ARB "encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 emissions that parallel the state's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 15 percent from current levels by 2020. Based on this language, many community-wide CAPs have selected a reduction target of 15% below baseline levels by 2020 to parallel the state's target. Some CAPs also establish a longer- term target to show a trajectory towards the state's 2050 goal of 80% below 1990 levels. California Environmental Quality Act As described in Chapter 1, the City of Cupertino intends to California use a provision of CEQA that allows communities that have Environmental2014 adopted a "... local plan for the reduction or mitigation of Quality GHG emissions" (pursuant to SB 97 and state CEQA Act Guidelines Section 15183.5) to not require individual, CEQA project-level greenhouse gas analysis in CEQA documents for projects that are consistent with the City's CAP. The STATUTE AND GUIDELINES CAP meets the framework set forth in the CEQA Guidelines so that the City can rely on the GHG analysis and application of GHG reduction measures in the CAP tor��" s° satisfy the requirements of CEQA. As part of the (` _ r implementation process, the City will establish the means ;,AA by which it will determine consistency of future proposed ALA projects (development projects, plans, and other actions subject to CEQA review) with the CAP. State CEQA kr Guidelines Section 15183.5 establishes the criteria that a GHG reduction plan, such as Cupertino's CAP, should meet in order to provide for streamlining of future development projects consistent with the plan. In general, such plans should: ■ Quantify GHG emissions within a defined area, ■ Establish a level where GHG emissions are not cumulatively considerable, ■ Identify emissions from activities covered by the plan, ■ Specify measures to achieve the emissions reduction goal, ■ Monitor progress and amend if necessary, and ■ Be adopted in a public process following environmental review. Section 15183.5(b)(1)(B) specifically requires that a GHG reduction target must "Establish a level, below which the contribution to [GHG] emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable." To comply with this provision within the guidelines, a reduction target must be based on substantial evidence. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Air Quality Management District Guidance Several Air Districts and state agencies, including the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and ARB, have established the required substantial evidence associated with recommended community-wide emissions reduction targets as described above per the California Environmental Quality Act. As previously mentioned, the 2008 Scoping Plan presents substantial evidence recommending local agencies seek to reduce community-wide emissions by 15% below current emission levels by 2020. In 2010, BAAQMD also adopted CEQA Air Quality Guidelines that presented substantial evidence for three community-wide emissions reduction targets: 1) 1990 levels by 2020, 2) 15% below current (2008 or earlier) levels by 2020, or 3) use of an efficiency threshold of 6.6 MT CO2e/yr per service population (i.e., residents plus employees) by 2020. This efficiency threshold is intended to be used only in the context of general or community-wide plans, not individual development projects. However, BAAQMD's June 2010 adopted thresholds of significance were challenged in a lawsuit, and the Alameda County Superior Court issued a judgment finding in 2012 that the Air District had failed to comply with CEQA when it adopted the thresholds. The court found that the adoption of the thresholds constituted a "project" under CEQA and ordered the Air District to examine whether the thresholds would have a significant impact on the environment under CEQA before recommending their use. The court issued a writ of mandate ordering the Air District to set aside the thresholds and cease dissemination of them until the Air District had complied with CEQA. In view of the trial court's order, which remains in place pending final resolution of the case, the Air District is no longer recommending that the thresholds be used as a generally applicable measure of a project's significant air quality impacts. However, the court did not determine whether the thresholds are or are not based on substantial evidence and thus valid on the merits. Therefore, cities could continue to rely on the substantial evidence based on statewide data and analysis relative to AB 32 that underlies the June 2010 BAAQMD thresholds when making an independent determination of significance of plan-level GHG impacts pursuant to state CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.7(c). In addition, BAAQMD has not yet revised its community-wide emissions reduction target guidance to reflect baseline inventories prepared after 2008. It is increasingly common for jurisdictions to prepare a baseline inventory using the most recent set of annual data available; baseline years of 2009 through 2012 are not uncommon among more recent CAP development projects. However, BAAQMD's original target-setting guidance only identified targets up to a 2008 baseline year. As baseline years progress, cities have more time to implement emissions- reducing measures on their own, such as locally-adopted green building ordinances, local retrofit promotion programs, city-wide streetlight retrofits, or other actions that would serve to reduce community-wide emissions. BAAQMD is in the process of updating its target-setting guidance, and is expected to consider locally-implemented emissions reduction activity that may have occurred since the state's climate change legislation was adopted, as well as the impacts, if any, that the economic recession had upon Bay Area communities' emissions growth. City of Cupertino CAP l Public Review Draft l December 2014 CUPERTINO'S EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS As described above, BAAQMD has provided guidance on selecting appropriate community-wide emissions targets for jurisdictions with baseline years of 2005-2008. However, Cupertino prepared its baseline inventories using the most current data available at the time of CAP preparation, which resulted in selection of a 2010 baseline year. Since BAAQMD's previous guidance suggested that a 15% reduction below a 2005-2008 baseline year could approximate a return to 1990 levels, it could be assumed that later baseline years would need to reduce emissions by a greater amount to similarly return to 1990 levels, as shown in Figure 2.9. Figure 2.9— Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year 12,500 12,000 11,500 _ 11,000 10,500 10,000 ' 22.7% below 2010 9,500 15.0% below 2005 I 9,000 8,500 8,000 i 2005 2010 2020 BAU Emissions Target BAAQMD's current guidance was based on ARB's 2007 statewide inventory and forecasts for the 2020 horizon year. Table 2.9 presents this original statewide information expressed as million metric tons of CO2e. ARB used a baseline year created from the average emissions inventories for 2002-2004, and also provided a 2020 target year emissions forecast. The 2005- 2010 BALI emissions values presented here were interpolated based on ARB's baseline year and forecast estimate assuming straight line growth between these two points. The bottom row shows what reduction target below each baseline year would be required to achieve a return to 1990 levels. As shown, a 2008 baseline year would require a target of nearly 15%, while a 2010 baseline year would require a target of 17% to approximate a return to 1990 levels. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.9 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 2002-2004 1990 Average 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 469' 477 485 493 501 509 517 596' Target Needed to Achieve 1990 Levels 0.0% 9.0% 10.5% 11.9% 13.4% 14.7% 16.1% 17.3% 28.4% Source:AECOM 2014 Note: MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan, December 2008,pages 12-13 However, since BAAQMD provided its original guidance, ARB has updated the statewide inventory and 2020 forecasts to account for the economic recession that began in 2008. Table 2.10 presents this updated information using a 2008 baseline year. As shown, the 2020 emissions forecasts have been revised lower than those originally estimated in 2007. As a result, reduction targets to approximate a return to 1990 levels are also lower. Under this revised scenario, a 2008 baseline would only need to reduce emissions by 10% to return to 1990 levels, while a 2010 baseline would need reductions of approximately 12%. Table 2.10 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 1990 2008 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 4752 487 5453 % below Baseline to Reach 1990 Levels 0.0% 10.1% 12.3% 21.7% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan, December 2008,pages 12 2 From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: htto://www.arb.ca.ciov/cc/inventory/data/tables/2020 C1hq emissions forecast 2010-10-28.r)df s From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: httD://www.arb.ca.aov/cc/inventory/data/forecast.htm; includes 2020 forecast value(i.e.,507 MMT CO2e/yr)plus 38 MMT CO2e/yr representing reductions anticipated from Pavley I and RPS,for a total 2020 BAU inventory of 545 MMT CO2e/yr In light of more current guidance from OPR or BAAQMD at the time of document preparation, Cupertino has selected a reduction target of 15% below 2010 baseline levels by 2020 as a proxy for a return to 1990 levels. This target falls squarely between those shown in Tables 2.9 and 2.10 for 2010 baseline years, and serves to demonstrate the City's commitment to supporting the state's emissions reduction goals by exceeding the reduction target associated with the revised statewide inventory (i.e., 12.3%). During future CAP updates, more refined targets may be available for incorporation into the plan, but at this time the selected target represents the best available data to allow local governments to approximate a return to 1990 levels. This 2020 target was also extrapolated to 2050 to determine what level of reductions the City would need to achieve 80% below 1990 levels, per the state's long-term target. The City City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 also developed an additional 2035 target to serve as a mid-point check-in between the 2020 and 2050 horizon years. Based on these target-setting considerations, Cupertino has established the following GHG emissions reduction targets for 2020, 2035, and 2050: ■ 2020: 15% below 2010 emissions levels (approximates a return to 1990 levels) ■ 2035: 49% below 2010 emissions levels (provides a mid-point target) ■ 2050: 83% below 2010 emissions levels (approximates 80% below 1990 levels). These targets will allow the City to demonstrate contributions toward statewide absolute emissions reductions, and will provide opportunities for future CEQA streamlining benefits based on the substantial evidence supporting these metrics found in the Scoping Plan and BAAQMD's June 2010 thresholds of significance. These targets are also consistent with those selected by the other participating jurisdictions in the CAP development process, which further supports the regional collaboration established during plan development. The 2020 target is directly related to the previously described guidance from ARB and BAAQMD, whereas the 2035 target represents consistency with a linear trajectory towards the state's long-term target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Tables 2.11 and 2.12 summarize the emissions reduction targets, contributions from statewide actions, and the remaining emissions reduction gaps to be addressed through implementation of local actions at the community-wide and municipal operations levels, respectively. As shown in Table 2.11, the community would face an emissions reduction gap of approximately 14,000 MT COZe/yr in 2020 after considering the likely impact of statewide actions. Similar reductions gaps are shown for 2035 and 2050 as well. Additional reductions will likely need to be provided through development and implementation of local CAP measures, as described in Chapter 3. Table 2.11 Community-wide 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions Inventory and Forecasts 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below _ 2010 levels 2010 levels 2010 levels 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed to Achieve Target - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Assumed Statewide Reductions' - -80,261 -230,427 -380,307 Local Action Reductions Needed to - 14,154 40,663 67,113 Achieve Target Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' Per Table 2.7 alternative statewide reduction estimates ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS As shown in Table 2.12, Cupertino is projected to achieve its 2020 municipal operations target without need for additional local action. Emissions reductions estimated from statewide actions would exceed the City's reduction target for that year. However, as municipal operations emissions increase through 2035 and 2050, a reductions gap is projected to develop, which can be addressed through implementation of the reduction strategies described in Chapter 4. able 2.12 ll[Municipal Operations 2020 35 Emiss' educt' rgets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions Inventory and Forecasts 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below _ 2010 levels 2010 levels 2010 levels 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed to Achieve Target - 346 1,064 1,774 Assumed Statewide Reductions' - -365 -385 -404 Local Action Reductions Needed to - 0 679 1,370 Achieve Target Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Per Table 2.7 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 I. / T r i 41 a 'a IA This chapter presents the goals, measures, and actions that the City and community members could implement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the community- wide targets. The chapter provides a description of the CAP measure development process, a summary of the emission reductions anticipated from implementation of each proposed measure, a discussion regarding estimated achievement of the community's 2020 emissions reduction target, and recommendations for putting Cupertino on a pathway toward reaching its 2035 and 2050 targets. The remainder of the chapter provides detailed descriptions of the individual measures and implementation actions. Measure Development The measures presented within this chapter were developed by considering best management practices in local emissions reduction from jurisdictions throughout the United States and abroad. The project team first considered a comprehensive list of available strategies, and identified those which Cupertino has already implemented. From this much smaller list of potential strategies not yet pursued locally, City staff preliminarily identified new strategies that might be successful options for the community to consider. The City then hosted two community workshops and two focus group meetings to gather public input on these potential options. The workshops presented the City's emissions inventory and forecasts, estimated emissions reduction potential from the proposed measures, and their relationship to the City's proposed reduction targets. Following these workshops and focus group meetings, the project team presented similar information to the Planning Commission and City Council at study sessions open to the public. The project team also conveyed public comments collected to date at these study sessions to help inform additional comments provided by the Planning Commission and City Council. The CAP's final list of reduction measures was developed based on this collection of input from the community, City staff, and elected officials. Figure 3.1 illustrates the process used to refine the community-wide measures into the final version presented in the CAP. Figure 3.1 — Community-wide Measure Development Process Reviewed Best Management Practices from Other LCommunities Gathered City Staff Input kk L Coordinated Community Workshops AAA Hosted Focus Group AAA L Meetings • FINAL MEASURES City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I November 2014 Reduction StrategieF The community-wide reduction measures are organized topically into strategy areas. Each strategy area comprises an overarching goal, a collection of reduction measures related to a certain topic, and action steps to guide implementation of each measure. The measures identified in this chapter affect issues within the City's direct influence, and were selected to influence emissions reductions within the community (as opposed to emphasizing other potential co-benefits). As described in Chapter 1, this document focuses on achievement of the City's emissions reductions goals. Strategies related to the general principles of sustainability that do not directly reduce GHG emissions were excluded from this document (such as, reducing plastic bag waste), though they may contribute to the City's quality of life and overall environmental well-being and will remain under the implementation purview of the Sustainability Division. The measures presented here were developed by (a) evaluating existing community conditions, (b) identifying emission reduction opportunities within the community, (c) reviewing best practices from other jurisdictions, (d) incorporating state and regional laws, guidelines, and recommendations, and (e) engaging community members to gather additional ideas and comments, and generate support to lead implementation of the CAP. �K Ir F, R�e r �F } , -J-. .-.tom ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Cupertino's emissions reduction measures are organized into the following five goals: GOAL 1 — REDUCE ENERGY USE:. Increase energy efficiency in existing buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. s GOAL 2 — ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION: Support transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single- occupancy vehicle trips within the community. GOAL 3 _. vONSERVE WATER: Promote the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. GOAL 4 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Strengthen waste reduction efforts through recycling and organics collection and reduced consumption of materials that otherwise end up in landfills. GOAL 5 — EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Enhance the City's existing urban forest on public and private lands. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Within the framework of the five goals, this chapter presents 20 community-wide reduction measures. The majority of measures are focused on the Energy and Transportation & Land Use strategies because, as was shown in Chapter 2, these represent the greatest emissions sources in the community and therefore provide the best opportunities for deep emissions reductions as well. Figure 3.2 illustrates the interlocking community-wide reduction goals and their corresponding measures. The "C" in the measure numbers indicates it is a community-wide measure (as opposed to "M" for municipal operations as is used in Chapter 4), while the next letter(s) identifies with which goal the measure is associated. Figure 3.2— Reduction Goals and Measures GOALS MEASURES Goal 1 Reduce Energy Use Goal 2 Encourage — Alternative Transportation Goal 3 Conserve Water Goal 4 Reduce Solid Waste Goal 5 Expand Green Infrastructure ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Summary of ReductionF Table 3.1 presents an overview of the 20 community-wide reduction measures that are presented in greater detail later in this chapter. It lists the measure numbers, titles, and estimated 2020 and 2035 reduction potential, organized according to their overarching goals. It also shows the total estimated reductions from implementation of the CAP, including statewide reductions, community-wide measures, and municipal operations measures. At the bottom of the table, these reduction totals are compared to reductions needed to achieve the 2020 and 2035 targets. As shown, this CAP estimates that the City will achieve its 2020 community-wide reduction target with a 15.4% reduction below 2010 levels. It also estimates that implementation of this CAP will set the City on a course towards its 2035 target. Further discussion of near-term target achievement and additional actions to assist in long-term target achievement are presented at the end of this chapter. As a reminder, emissions reductions are not directly associated with "Supporting Measures" (or cannot be accurately quantified at this time), as outlined in the CAP's Executive Summary. However, these supporting measures still play an important role in the implementation of other measures and achievement of the City's reduction targets, which is why they are included in this CAP and tables below. Table 3.1 Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 2035 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) REDUCE ENERGY USE C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 850 C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 10,525 C-E-3 Homes&Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance&Resiliency Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 4,400 C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development 0 925 C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure' Energy Subtotal 10,125 16,700 ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION C-T-1 Bicycle& Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 2,375 C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 10,225 Transportation Subtotal 3,775 12,600 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 3.1 Oil Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 2035 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) CONSERVE WATER C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 375 C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure Water Subtotal 325 375 REDUCE SOLID WASTE C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 750 C-SW-3 Construction &Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 550 Solid Waste Subtotal 275 1,300 EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 725 Green Infrastructure Subtotal 200 725 MONITOR PROGRESS TOWARD LONG-TERM TARGETS C-2035-1 Long-Term Target Monitoring Supporting Measure STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 - 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 - AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 - Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 - Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 - Statewide Reductions Subtotal 80,261 230,4272 Community-wide Measures Subtotal 14,700 31,700 Municipal Operations Measures Subtotal 7003 1,2003 TOTAL REDUCTIONS 95,661 263,327 Reduction Target 15% below baseline 49% below baseline Reductions Needed 94,415 271,090 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 15.4% 46.5% Source:AECOM 2014 Notes:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding See discussion titled Progress towards 2035 Target at end of Chapter 3 for a description of why emissions reductions from this measure are not included in this table 2 See Chapter 2,Table 2.7 for a discussion of calculating future reductions from statewide actions 3 Interpolated from municipal operations reduction estimates for 2020 and 2050,as shown in Table 4.6 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Reduction Measure Structure As described above, this chapter is organized according to the five reduction strategy areas: energy, transportation and land use, water, solid waste, and green infrastructure. These strategies represent the primary avenues by which to reduce community-wide GHG emissions in Cupertino. Each strategy area section begins with an introduction to its reduction goal and the overarching concepts that tie that particular strategy to GHG emission generation and potential reductions. This overview is followed by the specific measures and actions that will translate the City's vision into on-the-ground implementation. REDUCTION MEASURES Measures define the programs, policies, and projects that the City will undertake to accomplish its GHG emission reduction goals. Each measure includes information related to GHG reduction potential, measure co-benefits, and a description of past and future City actions within this area. An implementation table is also provided at the end of each measure to quickly identify the next steps for action. These tables include action steps, the current status of measure implementation, departmental responsibility, implementation timelines, and progress indicators. Figure 3.3 illustrates how each piece of information is presented throughout the chapter. Measure Title Each measure begins with a color-coded title bar that relates to the underlying strategy area (e.g., Energy, Solid Waste). The title bar contains the measure number and title, which are used as references in summary tables throughout the CAP. Measure The measure is a one or two sentence statement about the action to be taken. The statements expand upon the concept indicated in the measure title, but are not as detailed as the action steps presented later. GHG Reduction Potential The estimated annual emissions reduction potential of each quantifiable measure is provided for 2020 and 2035 in MT CO2e/yr. Measures identified as "Supporting Measures" contribute to GHG reductions and are an important component of this CAP, but currently lack a methodology to quantify their individual emissions reduction potential. In the case of Transportation Strategy measures, many of the "Supporting Measures" do provide emissions reductions, which have already been embodied in the CAP through the incorporation of the General Plan Amendment VMT data used to prepare the emissions forecasts, as described in Chapter 2. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 3.3— Reduction Measure Infographic MEASURE TITLE MEASUREC-E-1 ENERGY USE DATAAND ANALYSIS MEASURE Increase resident and building owner/tenant/operator knowledge about how,when,and where building energy is used. GHG REDUCTION 2020 GHG Reduction Potential:400 MT CO2elyr POTENTIAL 2036 GHG Reduction Potential:850 MT CO,elyr X001 rmpmvhrg anergy elkcteocy antl managament'in.bating buildings can pmvide the immediate benefds amd.� CO-BENE FITS emra.bna and building mperab-1nga#~u q east wrings,and WIA.ha'lly provides bnger ten. maintenance cast savings-Addhionally,advanced analytic energy management systema have invaawngly become more.oph.h-ted and offer another keol to aOie deep coal-edeodve energy saviirgs.Building effrciency antl consenalin,improvements also suppod in&W.fion aeddt...I renewable energy syakms,tines these ays wind be sized 1..--n,the ower b—ing.-Mydemanda- Analyzing banding-ape cifc energy use data wn help to id-Ply ap Mr nb inp...ntappar ,ie or fauhy MEASURE mechanical system.,Al—ng kdlide.menaJem or balding operator b mom clo.ely control.operating cash. BAC KG ROU N D Ther advanced energy eldciency analytics p...uses daily antl hn.dy budding energy meter doh,we.lher data,GIS mapping,and alher input to delennine haw a balding uses eneryy.Thi.type a data...ly.i.allows INFORMATION fir remote buddy audfl.That can alien identify law-or no-coal npare1-1 improvements leadbg b greaser building elffeiency.PG&E and numerous thW-party service i—idem after advanced anaEWt .em through sndwam..b.dpffon,or direct monitoring-Nnike lna ffi rel manual meter—ding,advanced mater inbashuclure(AMI),commonly referred to as Smart Mn—,spinus two-way...-i-b.between the aitrry compaay and Vee meter.When combined wM advanced instating-.lytic.software drat organize.and—W. . M-dab,the c t.e amt value of the data is amplified,nesting amore proactive energy management-1. As of January 13,2013,PG&E customers can obl%in.usage inl5nn—tion in real time by wiveJ.sty wnnecdng to their amort meters through PG&E'.Home antl Bu.heess Are.,Ne1w 1.g(HAN)program.The HAN pogrom pmvid.aha benefds al advanced energy analytic.ft,—M.n:.- - - STATUS —,k.0 PG&E in developing ih MAN impiementakon ping. W increase program participation wMb Vre community.The Citywill also pafioerwith ober KO i'Pclinna,P E,antl thkZny,emice p—d—to increase P.e of advanced energy awlyhc. larva cam —.tab tea baildya. DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILTY TABLE AcElon stat.. Responsihifty Timehn. Work V PG&E b bcidak agge.arve implementalien a A PG&EaHnrereaf>dgaaa�.Are Nom. HAN'p°9`am IMPLEMENTATION w tin ape M1 a ACTIONS -- `m PG&E,ly did TIMELINE B W.ines.es to esl�fiah 1w1i g regional ativaeced naetnvg O Sins ilityGhi- 40 ab aslydn implemerf[ehon pmgmm faoorrsrc'tnel antl reaklmVal buiFdim}s Codabnafe with Weer Sarda°las CourVy focal gavanmenls G btlerebpmJhz—Dam thatmrmvnricale.benefiha O. Su�inaballY°-.visor a.h9 artel etivanced Yhc.la impar erergyedcinecY antl reduce energy tills Pfagresslndi,at PROGRESS ors yanr 2,200,"kWhrlyr saved-as.urres 10%a rwme.itlenb.1 apuam footage in 21110 baaefne yea(e.,1.27 milliona")Parb nP in ativ®�anelyh®Po9wrr: 20 20 INDICATORS5, 1"" 1 a lafamily � ,1�g ea,and5%a'll n� 4,4 ,"kyyhrlyr eared-as.unea 20%of rwmeatle lsquare footage in 2010 ba.ehrc yea(.e.,2.5 .;Aron.aqd)parCdp_in eW Jawlyti pings. 2- 2,W. IMdr saved-ass-25%asire fondly unit,(..,3,750 hones)and 10%amsm-fanny unAs Ii a-,(5001 pad;nl .In aManced a W1.p Mg— ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Co-Benefits Co-benefits describe the various additional outcomes that could occur as a result of measure implementation, beyond emissions reductions. Co-benefit icons are used to illustrate these overlapping outcomes. Figure 3.4 shows the co-benefits and their corresponding icons used throughout this chapter, though this list is no way comprehensive of all possible co-benefits. Figure 3.4— CAP Measure Co-Benefits LQImproves air quality j Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use • Reduces heat island effect 0 W� Promotes regional smart growth Improves public health Reduces traffic congestion Creates local jobs Reduces water use; Reduces waste; Extends community water Extends landfill lifespan supply Improves water quality; Provides long-term savings to • Reduces storm water run-off L$) residents, businesses, and local governments Improves local energy independence 0 Raises community awareness Conserves natural resources CFi4 Reduces landfill methane Regional Implementation Opportunities Measure Background Information The measure background section provides information about the specifics of a measure, including descriptions of various technologies or financing mechanisms. This section also provides information on currently available rebates and other financial incentives related to the measure, and describes any actions the City has taken to date towards implementation of that measure. Additionally, some descriptions provide guidance that will be used in program implementation, such as components of the outreach plan and which segments of the community should be targeted for inclusion. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Actions, Status, and Department Responsibility Actions identify specific steps that the City will take to implement each measure. The status column indicates whether an action is an existing City priority or a new item proposed by the CAP. Measure status is indicated with the icons shown below: 0 Q Existing City Actions Proposed New Actions The implementation table also identifies responsible departments that would be best positioned to lead or provide input for implementation of certain tasks. Implementation Timeline The timeline column in the implementation tables indicates when each implementation step should occur based on the following four timeframes: On-going items are actions the City already performs or programs the City already offers that should be continued in the future. Near-term items are those that should be pursued immediately, within a 1-2 year timeframe following CAP adoption. Medium-term items will help to achieve the 2020 reduction target, and should be pursued within 3-5 years following CAP adoption. Long-term items will help provide broader measure implementation, but are not critical to immediate success; these items include actions that can be started now and will take 5+ years to complete, or can be actions that do not require implementation consideration for at least 5 years. Progress Indicators Progress indicators describe the specific action that is being quantified to estimate the reduction potential. These indicators enable City staff, the City Council, and the public to track implementation and monitor overall CAP progress. Progress indicators are provided for both 2020 and 2035, and are specifically described when possible (e.g., 500 single family homes will install a solar hot water heater). Progress indicators are not provided for supporting measures, which do not have quantifiable emissions reductions. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES r Goal 1 — Reduce Energy Use Increase energy efficiency in existing homes and buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The consumption of electricity for appliances, lighting, and cooling, and 2010 Baseline Emissions combustion of natural gas for heating, cooking, and other processes within ■ Energy residential, commercial, and industrial Transportation buildings generated more than half of Off-Road Sources Cupertino's community-wide GHG emissions in 2010 (see pie chart). solid waste These emissions can be reduced by Wastewater improving energy efficiency in new and Potable Water existing buildings and increasing the amount of electricity and heat generated from renewable energy sources. In Cupertino, approximately 68%'" of the housing stock was built before California's energy code, Title 24 Part 6, was first adopted in 1978. Consequently, this building stock offers considerable opportunity for cost-effective energy efficiency retrofits to decrease the use of both electricity and natural gas. The City plans to achieve building energy efficiency improvements in both existing and new buildings through a combination of community outreach and education, continuation of existing programs, and regulations. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is Cupertino's energy utility, providing both natural gas and electricity for residential, commercial, industrial, and municipal uses. PG&E provides electricity generated at hydroelectric, nuclear, renewable, natural gas, and coal facilities. As of 2012, Renewable Portfolio yy�z Standard-compliant renewable energy facilities and contracts provided 19% of the electricity delivered to customers.X As PG&E continues to comply with the r provisions of the RPS mandate, it will ' expand its renewable electricity portfolio, Source: Amazon News making additional GHG-free electricity available to customers in Cupertino. The City will encourage community-wide installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar hot water systems to increase the portion of Cupertino's energy portfolio provided from renewable sources, including opportunities for solar PV installations on municipal buildings and facilities. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES The total GHG emission reduction potential of the Energy Strategy is 12,150 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 16,700 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 75.0% percent of total 2020 reductions anticipated from local CAP measure implementation. MEASURE C-E-1 ENERGY USE DATA AND ANALYSIS Increase resident and building owner/tenant/operator knowledge about how, when, and where building energy is used. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 400 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 850 MT CO2e/yr 13045 Improving energy efficiency and management in existing buildings can provide the immediate benefits of reduced emissions and building operational savings through utility cost savings, and potentially provides longer-term maintenance cost savings. Additionally, advanced analytic energy management systems have increasingly become more sophisticated and offer another tool to achieve deep cost-effective energy savings. Building efficiency and conservation improvements also support installation of additional renewable energy systems, since these systems could be sized to accommodate the lower building energy demands. Analyzing building-specific energy use data can help to identify operational improvement opportunities or faulty mechanical systems, allowing facilities managers or building operators to more closely control operating costs. The advanced energy efficiency analytics process uses daily and hourly building energy meter data, weather data, GIS mapping, and other inputs to determine how a building uses energy. This type of data analysis allows for remote building audits that can often identify low- or no-cost operational improvements leading to greater building efficiency. PG&E and numerous third-party service providers offer advanced analytics services through software subscriptions or direct monitoring. Unlike traditional manual meter reading, advanced meter infrastructure (AMI), commonly referred to as Smart Meters, allows two-way communication between the utility company and the meter. When combined with advanced metering analytics software that organizes and analyzes meter data, the context and value of the data is amplified, creating a more proactive energy management tool. As of January 13, 2013, PG&E customers can obtain usage information in real time by wirelessly connecting to their smart meters through PG&E's Home and Business Area Networking (HAN) program. The HAN program provides the benefits of advanced energy analytics to residential and small-business customers. The City will work with PG&E in developing its HAN implementation program to increase program participation within the City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 community. The City will also partner with other jurisdictions, PG&E, and third-party service providers to increase use of advanced energy analytics in large commercial and industrial buildings. Tracking community-wide energy use savings can be challenging when energy data is aggregated at the zip-code or block level. The City will work with residents and businesses during implementation of this measure to identify strategies for sharing energy use data in a way that illustrates success stories and local energy-saving potential, while still protecting end-users privacy. As with most of the measures in the CAP, the City and community members will need to partner together and leverage information and resources to fully implement the strategies described in this plan. Home and Business Area . .� Network Pilot Program (0301 ' DYQ.O$L7k41Fr n Get in-depth information about your energy usage and casts. - � Nf[i.li Source:we.com Measure C-E-11 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Work with PG&E to facilitate aggressive implementation of A PG&E's Home and Business Area Network(HAN)program O Sustainability Division within Cupertino 0 Partner with PG&E,other Santa Clara County local governments,third-party service providers,and local B businesses to establish leading regional advanced metering Sustainability Divisions and analytics implementation program for commercial and residential buildings Collaborate with other Santa Clara County local governments C to develop outreach program that communicates benefits of Sustainability Division using advanced analytics to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy bills 4LL Progress Indicators Year 2,200,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 10%of nonresidential square footage in 2010 baseline year (i.e., 1.27 million sqft)participates in advanced analytics program; 2020 775,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 10%of single family units(i.e., 1,500 homes)and 5%of multi-family units (i.e.,300)participate in advanced analytics program 4,400,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 20%of nonresidential square footage in 2010 baseline year (i.e.,2.5 million sqft)participates in advanced analytics program 2035 2,000,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 25%of single family units(i.e.,3,750 homes)and 10%of multi-family units(i.e.,600)participate in advanced analytics program ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-E-2 RETROFIT FINANCING Promote existing and support development of new private financing options for home and commercial building retrofits and renewable energy development. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 8,150 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 10,525 MT CO2e/yr SED a 63 0 (D Energy efficiency improvements to residential and nonresidential structures can reduce both energy bills and GHG emissions. Many residences (approximately 65 percentx') in Cupertino are owner—occupied, and thus the financial savings of home energy efficiency retrofits are in the long-term economic interest of the homeowner. As such, the City will emphasize voluntary participation in energy efficiency retrofit programs, in lieu of mandatory programs, as guided by feedback collected during the City's CAP community outreach efforts. Financing typically represents the primary barrier to broad implementation of building retrofits. Inadequate financing options or lack of awareness to existing financing and rebate options can prevent property owners from making energy- and water-conservation improvements. Distribution of information on available programs as well as leveraging programs through partnerships with utility companies, non-profit organizations, and other funding providers can lead to greater community-wide implementation of efficiency retrofits. The City currently provides energy conservation resources on its website such as tools to manage energy use, conservation information, and energy efficient product rebates and tax credits. The website also includes information on the City's Green(@Home and GreenBiz programs which provide free energy audits and an energy- and water-saving direct-install program to homeowners and businesses, respectively. As part of its efforts to encourage voluntary building retrofits, the City will enhance its website by linking to information on existing energy efficiency rebates and other financial incentives, including PG&E programs for residents and businesses, PACE financing districts, and energy service companies. The website could also contain local case studies of residents and businesses that have completed cost-effective energy efficiency improvements. The City will also promote resources such as California Flex Alert, the Department of Energy's (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program for low-income households, and PG&E's SmartEnergy Analyzer TM program, all of which link residential property owners to educational and financial resources. The City will also finalize it's in-progress Financing Energy Efficiency Guide for Businesses, developed as part of the City's Silicon Valley Energy Watch grant to expand the City of Cupertino CAP i Public Review Draft I December 2014 GreenBiz suite of services, which is also priortizing the creation of a program-level Property Manager Guide. CLE AN ENERGY PROJECT �4uclng anergy and ' N I PG&E and Energy Upgrade California Many of PG&E's building retrofit programs are offered through Energy Upgrade California, which provides educational materials and an online platform that provides access to incentives, technical assistance, and qualified contractors. Typical rebates and incentives available to Santa Clara County residents through Energy Upgrade California include PG&E's Basic and Advanced Retrofit Packages; pool pumps and motor rebates; efficient water heaters/blankets; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) upgrades; furnace upgrades; and wall insulation installation. In addition, PG&E is working to a fulfill Goal 2.2 of the CPUC Lonq-Term Enerav Efficiencv Strategic Plan, which states, "By 2020, 100 percent of eligible and willing customers will have received all cost-effective Low Income Energy Efficiency measures." PG&E also offers an on-bill financing program that provides low-interest loans to non-residential customers for qualified energy efficiency improvements. Based on data provided by PG&E, participation in PG&E home and building retrofit programs since the 2010 baseline year has provided significant electricity and natural gas savings. Residential programs have resulted in electricity savings totaling nearly 3.8 million kWh/yr and natural gas savings of approximately 12,600 therms/yr. Commercial programs have created annual electricity savings of more than 19 million kWh, and natural gas savings of more than 620,000 therms/yr.X" Together these PG&E programs provide emission reductions that contribute approximately 7% of the 2020 target. The City will work with PG&E to identify the ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES most successful programs to continue their promotion in outreach campaigns, as well as identify less successful programs that would benefit from additional local marketing and promotion. Property Assessed Clean Energy Districts Property assessed clean energy (PACE) finance programs provide another source of retrofit and renewable energy development financing. PACE programs were first enabled through AB 811 legislation. This bill allows land-secured loans for homeowners and businesses who install energy efficiency projects and clean-energy generation systems. Senate Bill 555 reinforced implementation opportunities for PACE programs by expanding the scope of activities allowed within a community facilities district, as defined by the Mello-Roos Community Facilities Act of 1982. A PACE program permits property owners within participating districts to finance the installation of energy- and water-efficiency improvements in their home or business through a lien against their property that is repaid through their property tax bill. If the property is sold, payment responsibility transfers to the new owners, allowing building owners to avoid up-front installation costs while at the same time requiring little or no investment of local government general funds. In some instances, the new lender may require repayment of the existing lien, in which case the remaining PACE loan is repaid from the proceeds of the property sale. Cupertino is a participating member of the CaliforniaFIRST (PACE) program, which allows funding for commercial, industrial, non-profit owned, and multi-family residential projects. CaliforniaFIRST is in the process of expanding this program to provide financing options to smaller (i.e., less than 5 units) residential buildings as well. The City will continue its participation in the CaliforniaFIRST program, and will continue its efforts to work with other regional governments to establish a county-wide PACE program available to residential property owners. The City will also work with PACE program administrators and the local realtor community to develop and share informational materials regarding the availability of this financing mechanism within the community. Energy Service Companies Another retrofit financing option is through energy performance contracting (EPC). EPC provides customers with a comprehensive set of energy efficiency and renewable energy generation measures. Energy service companies (ESCOs) often use EPC to provide energy- efficiency-related services in which the ESCO guarantees a level of energy savings (or energy generation, in the case of renewable energy programs), and assumes some performance risk during the project's economic life. ESCOs typically provide building energy audits, improvement recommendations, financing and installation, and performance monitoring. This model removes the barrier of up-front capital investments to encourage additional building retrofits. The City can support use of ESCOs and EPC by developing a market aggregation program that identifies interested commercial and industrial property owners and assembles them into a market of sufficient scale. To City will also work with local mortgage lenders to reduce or remove limitations that would prevent use of EPC in commercial properties. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Measure C-E-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Property Assessed Clean Energy Continue to participate in California FIRST to make PACE A financing available to commercial,industrial,multi-family G Sustainability Division residential(5+units),and non-profit-owned buildings Continue to participate in effort with other Santa Clara County local governments to establish countywide PACE financing B district available for residential property owners(could also Sustainability Division provide another source of commercial financing to compliment California FIRST program) Work with PACE financing providers to educate local Realtor C and contractor community about PACE offerings,process,and Sustainability Division benefits to increase participation Finalize GreenBiz Financing Guide and create residential- focused guide and companion website to direct interested D parties to utility, public agency,and local lending institution Sustainability Division resources to advance energy efficiency and water `--' conservation measures Energy Service Company Promotion Develop business energy performance contracting market aggregation program that identifies interested commercial and D industrial properties and aggregates them into markets of a Sustainability Division sufficient scale to attract energy service companies(ESCOs) or energy service agreement(ESA)providers Work with local commercial banks to reduce mortgage lender E limitations on external financing that limit use of ESCO and Sustainability Division ESA contracts Progress Indicators Year 750 single-family houses install a comprehensive retrofit package; 450 single-family houses install a basic retrofit package; 300 multi-family units receive a comprehensive retrofit package; 2020 175 multi-family units receive a basic retrofit package; 875,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a comprehensive retrofit package 1,500 single-family houses install a comprehensive retrofit package; 1,500 single-family houses install a basic retrofit package; 600 multi-family units receive a comprehensive retrofit package; 2035 600 multi-family units receive a basic retrofit package; 1,900,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a comprehensive retrofit package ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-E-3 HOME & COMMERCIAL BUILDING RETROFIT OUTREACH Develop aggressive outreach program to drive voluntary participation in energy- and water-efficiency retrofits. Supporting Measure — Reductions included with Measure E-2 13 0 63 P 0 In addition to its outreach activities related to building retrofit financing described in Measure C- E-2, the City will also partner with the local realtor community on a targeted building owner outreach campaign. During the measure development phase, several building retrofit regulations were considered for inclusion in the CAP, most of which would have been triggered at a building's point-of-sale. These considerations included residential and commercial energy conservation ordinances (RECO/CECO), commercial lighting retrofit requirements, building energy rating requirements, and a building retro-commissioning requirement. However, these regulations were ultimately removed from further development and consideration due to the City's ability to achieve its near-term (i.e., 2020) target without pursuing additional regulations and the likely minimal reduction potential of these regulations due to the City's low building turnover rates. Based on input from the local Realtor community, Cupertino historically has low turnover of residential properties (estimated to be around 3% of total residential units each year), which would make development of mandatory point-of-sale retrofit programs infeasible as a primary emissions reduction strategy because they would apply to so few buildings each year. Instead, the City will focus on encouraging voluntary building retrofits through collaboration with the City's Housing Division and local Realtors who will have first contact with the City's new residents to achieve its 2020 goals. First, the City will prioritize access to energy efficiency and water conservation programs to those economically disadvantaged residents who can benefit the most. In addition to the City's 260 current Below Market Rate (BMR) units, the City's Regional Housing Needs Allocation- consistent Housing Element projects the addition of 794 new affordable homes to support extremely low, low, and moderate income community members by 2022. As such, the City's Sustainability Division is discussing opportunities to partner with the Housing Division to develop a program that would connect this population to available financial tools (e.g., California Alternative Rates for Energy (CARE), Family Electric Rate Assistance (FERA), Energy Savings Assistance Programs) and services that can help reduce household energy use, lower monthly utility bills, and also improve occupant comfort and indoor air quality. To achieve 2020 CAP objectives, staff will prioritize this partnership to improve the energy efficiency of approximately 1,000 affordable homes, including attic insulation, weather stripping, minor housing repairs, and related energy conservation measures. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Next, the City will work with the local Realtor community to develop and implement an energy efficiency outreach campaign that targets new residents and businesses. Through this partnership, the City can provide new property owners with information on the benefits of cost- effective building retrofits, direct them to the financial and contractor resources previously described (i.e. Energy Upgrade California, Green@Home, HAN), and share case studies of successful retrofits to similar buildings in the community. The City can also continue to partner with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to welcome new businesses with similar types of information (i.e., GreenBiz) or launch a geographic-focused campaign targeting businesses located within the "Heart of the City", the forthcoming Main Street project, or a future Business Improvement District. This approach will be deployed as part of the City's current Green Business Challenge, run in partnership with ICLEI, and lessons learned should be applied to future commercial facility energy and water audit, benchmarking, and financing efforts. The City will also continue to partner with its Community Development Department, Planning and Building Divisions, to review opportunities to connect with existing home and building owners pursuing retrofit projects. Using the City's updated Community Development software, staff will also track projects that trigger the Green Building Ordinance, CalGreen, or Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance to gather energy and water conservation data metrics that will inform future CAP-updates. Based upon this information, staff will revisit the effectiveness of its voluntary and incentive-based approach to achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals and reconsider the efficacy of mandatory requirements (i.e. conservation ordinances, lighting retrofit requirements, building benchmarking or rating requirements, etc.) as part of future scheduled CAP reports to Council and the community. This CAP assumes that a voluntary market- and incentive-based approach to energy conservation will be successful at helping the community to achieve its emissions reduction targets. As part of regular inventory updates and CAP revisions, if the City finds that it is falling short of its targets, building-oriented regulations could be considered to increase energy efficiency improvements within the City's existing building stock. As previously mentioned, these types of regulations were considered during the CAP development process, but were omitted in favor of voluntary market-driven approaches instead based on comments collected during the CAP's outreach activities. See Appendix A for a summary of public comments received during CAP preparation. Measure C-E-3 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Partner with Housing Division to design a low-to moderate- O Sustainability Division income targeted energy and water conservation pilot program ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES S-10 Partner with local realtor community to develop and implement a building owner outreach campaign that targets new building B owners to provide information on available building energy Sustainability Division efficiency audit and retrofit programs,as well as locally- available financing options(including PACE financing) Identify ways to streamline permitting process for large non- C residential retrofit programs;consider developing checklists, Sustainability Division guides and/or a City liaison role in Building Department to assist projects through the permitting process During CAP implementation monitoring and updates, determine if voluntary,incentive-based approach to existing building retrofits is achieving desired results regarding energy conservation; if implementation metrics in Measure C-E-2 are not being met,first identify additional outreach strategies or incentives that could increase voluntary participation based on focus group discussions with local contractors, Realtors, D business owners,and community leaders; if additional O Sustainability Division outreach/incentives still fail to produce necessary results, engage community members again regarding potential building regulations that could increase energy savings;benefits from adding new building regulations should first be analyzed with regards to current state building regulations,opportunities to increase reductions from other CAP measures,and cost/benefit analysis or potential new regulations MEASURE C-E-4 ENERGY ASSURANCE & RESILIENCY PLAN Develop a long-term community-wide energy conservation plan that considers future opportunities to influence building energy efficiency through additional or enhanced building regulations. Supporting Measure— Not Quantified S13 0 U H (D To ensure the security of future energy supplies in light of estimated climate change impacts, the City will develop a long-term energy assurance & resiliency plan to guide widespread energy conservation within the community, following the CaLEAP model (see caleap.org). As part of this strategic plan, the City will evaluate the success of locally implemented programs designed to conserve energy, and determine if additional progress can be made. Based on the most current statewide energy conservation legislation at the time of strategic plan preparation, the City will research successful case studies of additional energy conservation programs or regulations from other cities and states. The City will give preference for further consideration to those programs that have shown to be successful at reducing energy use, and are voluntary, incentive-based programs, before considering development of additional energy-related City regulations. The City will work closely with the local Realtor community during strategic plan City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 preparation, particularly as related to the research of energy-conserving regulations used in other jurisdictions. Measure C-E-4 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Develop overarching energy plan for community that considers t, A energy sources and their reliability with regards to estimated Sustainability Division climate change impacts Based on most current Statewide legislation(e.g., CalGreen code)and successful case studies in other cities,research B additional opportunities for feasible building retrofit regulations Sustainability Division that generate long-term energy savings in existing building stock Consider emissions reduction potential from additional regulations in context of other available emissions reduction C strategies and give preference to voluntary,incentive-based Sustainability Division programs that allow City to achieve its emissions reduction targets Work closely with local realtor community to identify barriers to D implementation and develop strategies to reduce potential Sustainability Division burden on building sellers and real estate transaction process MEASURE C-E-5 COMMUNITY-WIDE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVELOPMENT Encourage voluntary community-wide solar photovoltaic development through regulatory barrier reduction and public outreach campaigns. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 3,600 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 4,400 MT CO2e/yr Distributed renewable energy systems generate clean, renewable electricity on site, where the energy will be used. Increasing the use of distributed renewable energy systems (e.g., rooftop solar, ground-source heat pumps, solar water heaters) prevents the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity. Residential, commercial, and industrial rooftops all provide opportunities for PV installations. Currently, the City's website provides information on the City's Solar Roadmap, developed through the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Program, and the ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES California Solar Initiative. Cupertino also offers a heavily subsidized permit fee for residents pursing solar installations on new or existing homes, and the application process can be completed on-line. Other programs available to Cupertino residents and businesses that encourage PV installation include Green@Home Cupertino, GreenBiz Cupertino, and Energy Upgrade California. The PACE financing districts described in Measure C-E-2 also includes renewable energy systems within their finance options. According to utility grid interconnection data provided by PG&E, Cupertino installed nearly 1.7 megawatts (MW) of residential PV capacity since the 2010 baseline year. An additional 3.8 Mw of PV capacity was installed on commercial properties during the same time period.X" Additionally, the Apple Campus 2 project is expected to incorporate approximately 650,000 square feet of solar panels capable of generating 15,000,000 kilowatt hours per year (kWh/yr).X'V The City has prepared several solar reports to study the viability of municipal buildings and facilities to support solar PV installations. These site-scale solar PV systems could help to offset building or facility-specific energy loads. Combined with energy-efficiency improvements (e.g., lighting retrofits, HVAC maintenance), PV installations could offset the entire electricity load of certain buildings or facilities. Through its most recent solar feasibility study, the City has explored the feasibility of five installation locations: City Hall, Community Hall, the library, the corporation yard, and the parking lots around the Civic Center complex. The study considered the existing electricity demand of these buildings compared to the potential PV electricity generation that could be supported by each site. If all five sites are pursued, the City could install approximately 500 kilowatts (kW) of PV capacity with a generation potential of nearly 820,000 kWh/yr. While numerous barriers can prevent widespread adoption of solar PV technology, including local regulations, up-front costs, and misinformation or lack of information; new opportunities for financing and collaboration have emerged that reduce these barriers and encourage more Californians to utilize solar energy. Barriers to PV installation include homeowner's association covenants or design review that prohibit or restrict solar panel installation, or zoning ordinances that restrict the types of districts in which solar facilities are allowed. Other barriers are more subtle, such as height restrictions, lot coverage limitations, or setback requirements that do not allow for the placement of solar panels on existing rooftops or building sites. Screening requirements for rooftop equipment and landscaping requirements that limit access to solar resources can also act as barriers. Each of these barriers is being evaluated as part of the City's participation in the Department of Energy American Solar Transformation Initiative Solar Roadmap process. This program helps local governments, electric utilities and service providers implement global best practices at the local level to make solar energy easier, faster and more cost effective (see: solarroadmap.com). Solar Service Providers As with building retrofit programs, financing is also critical to the success of the solar PV program. Financing models, such as power purchase agreements (PPAs), can be used to offset 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 the initial capital cost. With Solar PPAs, solar service providers install PV systems which they own and maintain, then sell the electricity generated back to the property owner at an established rate. Solar PV rebates may also be available through the investor owned utility- funded California Solar Initiative and its related programs, as well. In partnership with solar service providers, the City can conduct outreach to advertise the availability of such financing options. As part of this promotion work, the City should identify any remaining regulatory barriers to widespread solar PV installations in the community. To date, the City has streamlined its solar permitting process and reduced permitting fees associated with rooftop solar PV installation, so additional regulatory barriers may no longer exist. Community Shared Solar Promotion Community shared solar programs allow the purchase of locally-produced solar energy, even if a participants' building is not suitable for installation of its own solar PV systems. Community solar typically includes a solar-electric system that provides power to a group of community members that may collectively own the system. A 2008 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory found that only approximately one-quarter of residential rooftop area is suitable for solar PV installation." Collective PV system ownership allows participation in renewable energy development for those who cannot install PV systems on their own buildings for various reasons (e.g., tenant does not own building, structural issues, poor solar access), but still want to receive the benefits associated with clean electricity. As part of its proposed Green Option Program, PG&E anticipates offering a Community Solar Program that will allow customers to voluntarily purchase electricity from small- and mid-sized solar programs developed nearby in exchange for higher per kilowatt hour electricity costs associated with development of the systems (see: http://www.pge.com/myhome/environment/pge/greenoption/faq). The City will provide outreach and information regarding various community solar options. The City can also identify interested community partners to develop a community solar pilot program, and assist those partners through the City's permitting process to establish a local model for additional future projects. If permitting barriers are identified during the pilot project, the City would work to reduce or remove those barriers if possible. Solar Empowerment Zones The City could prepare an initial solar analysis to identify potential areas of the community that could support large-scale solar PV installations, referred to here as solar empowerment zones. The analysis would consider factors such as existing building orientation, solar access, roof types, and property ownership. As with the other solar PV programs described above, the City might identify regulatory barriers preventing such development, and could work to reduce or remove those obstacles. The Building Department could also perform an initial analysis of building roof systems within the identified areas to generalize building types and estimate their feasibility to accommodate solar PV installations without substantial retrofits. Additional building- specific analysis would be required prior to actual PV system installation, and this initial assessment could remove some of the unknown variables preventing further consideration on ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES the part of the property owner. Outreach to community members and property owners within any identified solar empowerment zones will be necessary to present the results of the solar analysis and share information on available solar financing options. Measure C-E-5 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Solar Service Provider PPA Promotion Conduct outreach program to educate residents and A businesses about potential benefits of solar service providers' Sustainability Division power purchase agreements(PPA) 0 B Host workshop with area solar service providers to identify Sustainability Division opportunities to streamline installation of solar PV systems C Pending result of PPA workshop,remove identified barriers to Sustainability Division 4q wide-scale solar installation throughout city Provide general information on City website describing various D solar PV financing/installation options(e.g.,PPA,community Sustainability Division shared solar,outright purchase) Community Shared Solar Promotion Conduct outreach program to educate residents and E businesses about opportunities for community shared solar PV O Sustainability Division systems; invite neighborhood groups/organizations to help identify potential interest F Work with PG&E to share information about PG&E's O Sustainability Division Community Solar program Work closely with identified candidate to develop successful pilot program(e.g.,assist group in navigating permitting G requirements)that can be replicated by others;share success Sustainability Division stories on City's Sustainability website;work to remove regulatory barriers identified during pilot project Solar Empowerment Zones Conduct analysis to identify areas within City most suited for large-scale photovoltaic system development(e.g.,excellent solar access;large,flat rooftop or parking lot expanses; Hminimal number of property owners);identify potential barriers Sustainability Division (e.g.,regulatory,ownership,structural/technical)to photovoltaic system development in these areas Identify these areas as"priority solar development areas"and Planning Department 4q work to reduce existing barriers to system development City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 Conduct focused outreach to land owners and tenants J regarding photovoltaic system development opportunities; Sustainability Division partner with PACE program,PG&E,or other renewable energy funders as appropriate on outreach campaign Building Regulations Consider including solar pre-wiring/pre-plumbing 414 K requirements in future revisions to City's Green Building Building Division Ordinance Instruct building and plan check officials to provide information to customers on the benefits of pre-wiring/pre-plumbing for L solar applications at the time of new construction or substantial Building Division retrofits, including lower up-front costs as compared to 0 retrofitting buildings in the future Progress Indicators Year 1.5 MW of new solar PV capacity installed community-wide(residential and nonresidential combined— excluding Apple Campus 2 project listed below); 2020 Apple Campus 2 solar PV systems installed to generate 15 million kWh/yr; 5.5 MW of existing solar PV installed from 2010-2014 5.0 MW of new solar PV capacity installed community-wide(residential and nonresidential combined— excluding Apple Campus 2 project listed below); 2035 Apple Campus 2 solar PV systems installed to generate 15 million kWh/yr; 5.5 MW of existing solar PV installed from 2010-2014 MEASURE C-E-6 COMMUNITY-WIDE SOLAR HOT WATER DEVELOPMENT Encourage communitywide solar hot water development through regulatory barrier reduction and public outreach campaigns. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 0 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 925 MT CO2e/yr s a ED D_ By using the sun's energy to heat or preheat water, solar hot water heaters can complement natural gas or electric systems, reducing usage, utility costs, and carbon emissions. Solar water heating systems include solar collectors, typically placed on roofs, which are attached to an insulated water storage tank. According to the California Solar Initiative (CSI), solar hot water systems can lower energy bills by meeting 50 to 80 percent of hot water needs. The California Solar Water Heating and Efficiency Act of 2007 (AB 1470) created a 10-year program aimed at installing solar water heaters in homes and businesses and was designed to lower system purchase costs, which typically range from $3,000 to $6,000. Similar to solar PV installations, ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES rebates and utilization of the PACE financing program to amortize remaining costs can help reduce upfront installation costs. Due to system costs and relatively low prices for natural gas, participation in the CSI-Thermal Program has been less robust than seen in the statewide solar PV program. In the future, installations of solar thermal systems may become more financially viable as technology costs decrease or energy prices increase. The City will partner with PG&E to promote voluntary installation of solar thermal systems through an outreach campaign that targets high-volume hot water users (e.g., Laundromats, multi-family residential buildings). The City could host roundtable discussions that bring together potential customers to discuss barriers to implementation, and identify solutions to overcome those obstacles. In addition to community-wide application, the City has preliminarily considered opportunity sites for solar thermal systems using a high-level study, which identified several municipal facilities that may be good candidates. However, it was determined that more cost-effective energy improvements should be pursued first. Future analysis of this opportunity may conclude that solar thermal projects are viable for installation at municipal facilities with high hot water heating loads, such as the Sports Center, Blackberry Farm Pool, or new buildings envisioned in the Civic Center Master Plan. Measure C-E-6 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Collaborate with PG&E and California Solar Initiative-Thermal A Program to develop local outreach program to maximize Sustainability Division installation of solar hot water systems and leverage existing funding opportunities 0 Work with PG&E to identify businesses and multi-family B residential building owners with high hot water use,and O Sustainability Division provide targeted outreach with promotional materials for participation in CSI-Thermal Program Host roundtable discussion with large hot water users to 4 C identify potential City barriers to installation of solar thermal A Sustainability Division systems;work with City departments to remove or reduce identified barriers,where possible Progress Indicators Year 750 single-family houses install a solar thermal system capable of providing 70%of the building's hot water heating energy; 300 multi-family buildings install a solar thermal system capable of providing 65%of the building's hot water 2035 heating energy; 630,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a solar thermal system capable of providing 30%of the building's hot water heating energy City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft December 2014 MEASURE C-E-7 COMMUNITY CHOICE ENERGY OPTION Partner with other Santa Clara County jurisdictions to evaluate the development of a regional CCE option, including identification of the geographic scope, potential costs to participating jurisdictions and residents, and potential liabilities. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 46,300 MT CO2e/yr (Note: Not included in progress toward 2020 target calculations) 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 56,875 MT CO2e/yr (Note: See Progress towards 2035 Target discussion at end of chapter) 130 0 (D Assembly Bill 117, which was signed into law in 2002, enables California cities and counties, either individually or collectively, to supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a community choice aggregation district (refer to here as community choice energy (CCE)). Unlike a municipal utility, a CCE does not own the transmission and delivery systems, but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCE may own electric generating facilities, but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. A key benefit of a CCE is that the participating jurisdictions can determine the amount of renewable energy contained within the generation portfolio. For example, a Santa Clara County CCE could decide to provide 75% of its electricity from renewable sources, which would exceed state requirements directing California's utilities to provide 33% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Developing a CCE would require a detailed analysis of energy demand, efficiency opportunities, and renewable generation opportunities in the county. Using existing models from other counties (e.g., Marin County) is likely to reduce the initial program design costs. The program would be most effective if the City partnered with other Santa Clara County cities and the county government to jointly pursue a CCE program. While developing this CAP, Cupertino joined the cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain View and the County of Santa Clara to collaboratively pursue an initial CCE feasibility study. As shown above, a CCE option could provide substantial reductions opportunity by 2020 if implemented in Cupertino. However, for purposes of this CAP it was assumed that a local CCE program in which Cupertino's residents and businesses could voluntarily participate would not be implemented prior to the 2020 target year due to the lead time required for existing CCEs to perform necessary studies, form governing bodies, and complete other administrative tasks. At the statewide level, increasing access to clean electricity has been identified as a primary mechanism for achieving the state's long-term emissions reduction goals. Therefore, this CAP included the CCE measure as an item for early action to lay the foundation for future emissions ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES reduction opportunities. See the discussion on Progress towards 2035 Target at the end of this chapter for an estimate of its long-term emissions reduction potential. Measure C-E-7 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Work with other Santa Clara County partners to conduct Sustainability Division feasibility study of developing multi-jurisdiction CCA program 0 If study determines CCA to be feasible and advantageous to Cupertino residents and businesses,work with Santa Clara B County partners to prepare necessary additional study reports, Sustainability Division informational materials,and any other supporting research 0 and/or documents to help pursue development of CCA program 0 City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 1rL'A[IN IN �r Le " . TRANSPORTATION AND LANDSTRATEGY Goal 2 — Encourage Alternative Transportation Support transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single- occupancy vehicle trips within the community. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' Transportation-related emissions make up approximately 40% of the 2010 Baseline Emissions community-wide 2010 emissions inventory (see pie chart). Vehicle fuel Energy efficiency, fuel carbon content, and Transportation vehicle operations, all influence the ■off-Road Sources amount of transportation emissions 34% Solid Waste generated in a community. However, Wastewater these emissions are largely generated by the number of vehicle miles traveled Potable Water (VMT) by residents and employees. Long vehicle trips and high numbers of trips create higher emissions. While state-mandated technological changes in fuel efficiency and reductions in fuel carbon content are estimated to greatly reduce transportation emissions, additional reductions will require local and regional action. Eliminating or shortening vehicle trips is made possible through increasing alternative transportation options, such as transit, bicycling, or walking, and through the distribution of diverse land uses relative to transportation options. The Transportation and Land Use Strategy includes efforts to improve pedestrian mobility to encourage walking between nearby destinations and accommodate non-automotive circulation. Enhancing the bicycling network and improving access to transit stops also support multi-modal transportation options. Where people live, work, shop, and play also determines how far they have to travel daily, whether they choose to walk, bike, use public transit, or drive. Measures that support mixed land uses and opportunities for higher density development along existing transit routes are essential to supporting alternative transportation options. Facilitating a transition to alternative fueled vehicles and managing daily traffic demand can also reduce emissions. This includes incorporating alternative fuel vehicles in the municipal fleet, providing charging and refueling stations for alternative fueled vehicles community-wide, and assisting local businesses with single occupancy vehicle travel reduction efforts. As described in Chapter 2, the CAP's emissions forecasts were based on VMT growth estimates developed as part of the City's Draft General Plan Amendment project. These VMT estimates considered the City's Draft General Plan Amendment land use and circulation policies and the land use distributions associated with the highest VMT land use alternative; therefore, many of the measures presented in this strategy area do not have specific emissions reduction estimates. Instead, their VMT-reduction potential is assumed to be reflected within the Draft General Plan Amendment's VMT data, which was used to prepare the CAP's emissions forecasts. Several measures go above and beyond what was envisioned within the Draft General Plan Amendment policies and have been quantified separately here. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Emissions reductions from the Transportation and Land Use Strategy total 3,350 MT CO2e/yr in 2020, and 12,600 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 21% of total local CAP measure reductions in 2020. s MEASURE C-T-1 BICYCLE & PEDESTRIAN ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS Continue to encourage multi-modal transportation, including walking and biking, through safety and comfort enhancements in the bicycle and pedestrian environment. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified W-4 11111WR _ Cl 0-0 Bicycle and pedestrian enhancements support safe and comfortable biking and walking environments, potentially increasing local bicycle trips and foot traffic to retail establishments and businesses, while decreasing automobile trips and emissions. Bicycle improvements can include the addition of bike lanes and markings (e.g., green lanes), pursuing "road - Y diets" (i.e., lane reduction or re- channelization), creating bike storage facilities , ' and parking spaces, and developing way- ti #+ finding signage to points of interest, amongr other strategies. Pedestrian enhancements can include the provision of seating, shading, way-finding signage, safe crosswalks, and traffic calming measures such as roundabouts and curb extensions. Providing connectivity and convenient, enjoyable bikeways and - - pedestrian areas is also essential for improving residents' quality of life. A Bicycle or Pedestrian Master Plan provides a framework for local governments to address cyclist and pedestrian safety, identifying important improvements that would increase safety and comfort within a community. In 2002, Cupertino adopted its Pedestrian Transportation Plan which recommends various capital improvement projects that ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES would improve pedestrian connectivity and safety throughout the city. These fall into the categories of Pedestrian Circulation/Safety Projects, Improvement to Help Pedestrians Cross Streets, Missing Sidewalks, Short-Cuts/Pathways/Bridges, and Traffic Calming/Bike Lanes. These projects have been prioritized into high, medium and low categories, which help the City focus their efforts on the projects of most importance. The City has also included design aesthetics such as pavers and landscape strips in some pedestrian areas. These improvements increase safety and encourage walking to nearby destinations, thereby reducing vehicle trips. The City also adopted a Bicycle Transportation Plan in 2011, which describes long-term goals with respect to the creation of a safe, convenient, and comprehensive network of bicycle facilities throughout the City. The Plan is divided into five main chapters to address Environment, Engineering, Encouragement, Education, and Enforcement. The heart of the Plan (Chapter 3) proposes 17 unique bikeways be placed throughout the community to expand Cupertino's already vast bikeways network (see; www.cui)ertino.ora/bikemap). It also shares funding strategies to implement these infrastructure improvements and ensure their use through residential and school-focused education and behavior change-focused campaigns, growing existing Walk-One-Week and Boltage programs (learn more at www.cupertino.org/bicycling). The City should update its Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Plans, and plans to do so in partnership with its Bicycle Pedestrian Commission in the short-term, to identify which priority projects have already been completed and which remain to be implemented, and identify any new projects that should be included for prioritization. The City should also continue to identify internal and external funding sources to support plan implementation. I pp , City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 mmzlr� Action Status Responsibility Timeline Update City's Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Plans to A reflect current bicycle and pedestrian safety and access needs; Transportation Division prioritize new projects identified G 4L Partner with local bicycle advocacy groups/clubs and B neighborhood groups to identify dangerous bicycle or Transportation Division pedestrian conditions,and develop strategies to address problem areas 4L C Identify grant-funds to pursue Plan-recommended education, , Sustainability Division design,and/or construction projects 4L Partner with schools, neighborhood groups,and businesses to encourage alternative transportation commute options. Expand D alternative commute measures within existing sustainability Sustainability Division programs,including Green@Home, GreenBiz,and 4L. green@school Continue to evaluate City's bike&walkability through use of E online and community surveying tools including Wake-core, Sustainability& Pipvcle FpeRdIv Qpmmunity_criteria, Safe Routes to School Transportation Divisions VVa)kability Checklist,etc. 4L MEASURE C-T-2 BIKESHARE PROGRAM Explore feasibility of developing local bikeshare program. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 13 0 0 v (D Bicycling can be a healthy and enjoyable alternative to driving that reduces vehicle miles traveled, resulting in lower community-wide emissions and local air quality improvement. Bikeshare programs allow participants to rent bicycles for short periods of time from bicycle kiosks or stations located at nodes of activity within a community, such as schools, retail districts, and civic areas. Bike sharing increases mobility by providing a flexible transportation option, and has the potential to expand long-term practices of urban bicycling as new users become accustomed to riding safely in and around higher-traffic areas. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' tr�+id 4 To encourage the use of bicycles as an alternative mode of transportation, it is essential for a city to provide a network of well-connected bicycle routes, lanes, and paths that link key destinations (e.g., employments centers, transit hubs, commercial districts) with residential areas, and to make bicycles available for use. The Bay Area Bike Share Program launched in August 2013 to make bikes available to riders in the Bay Area. The program now represents a bike sharing system with over 700 bikes and 70 stations across the region, with locations in San Francisco, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and San Jose. In its first three months, riders made more than 80,000 trips, traveling approximately 178,000 miles. Taking the lead and as a means to encourage other large employers, the City of Cupertino established its own municipal bike share program to provide bicycles for use by City employees. In order to extend the benefits offered by its municipal program to the broader community, the City will evaluate the potential demand for a city-wide bikeshare program, and explore future system expansion opportunities with the Bay Area Bike Share program. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Measure C-T-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Continue to operate municipal bike fleet for City employee use © Sustainability Division and encouragement of bike fleets at large employers B Evaluate potential demand for city-wide bikeshare program; Sustainability Division discuss expansion opportunities with Bay Area Bike Share 4L If participation in Bay Area Bike Share is deemed infeasible, discuss potential for locally-operated system with that C organization to identify likely barriers to successful bike share O Sustainability Division network in Cupertino(e.g.,infrastructure limitations,locational 0 disadvantages,land use concerns, low potential user/destination densities) a 11. • t U 3 7 F .i ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' MEASURE C-T-3 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT Provide informational resources to local businesses subject to SB 1339 transportation demand management program requirements and encourage additional voluntary participation in the program. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 925 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 2,375 MT CO2e/yr 1 r. 0i� C3 9 (D Transportation demand management (TDM) programs apply strategies and policies to reduce travel demand (specifically single-occupancy vehicles) and traffic congestion, particularly at peak commute hours. Instead of increasing capacity by widening or adding roadway, TDMs promote cost-effective strategies, such as carpooling, flexible schedules, and the use of public transit as a means to reduce VMT and transportation-related emissions. Within the region, several agencies have programs and measures that encourage alternatives to driving alone. The Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) is the transportation planning, coordinating, and financing agency for the nine-county San Francisco Bay area. MTC provides alternative transportation resources on its 511.org website, including a trip planner, maps (e.g., high-occupancy vehicle, park-and-ride lots, bike paths), carpool and car-sharing services, and mobile applications that provide real-time transportation information. The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) also provides incentives to use public transportation, including a park-and-ride lot that serves several bus lines, and a subsidized employer and multi-family resident transit pass called the Eco Pass. These Nlvyidlils offer an opportunity for the City to develop partnerships that leverage resources, expand incentives, and further support efforts to reduce regional traffic congestion, lower emissions, and improve public health. Transportation Demand Management Program Employee commutes represent a substantial portion of total vehicle trips made within the Bay Area. To address that source of vehicle emissions and traffic congestion, SB 1339 authorizes the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) to adopt and implement a regional ordinance known as the Bay Area Commuter Benefits Program. The program requires employers with 50 or more employees within MTC's jurisdiction to select one of four commuter benefit options including: ■ the option for employees to pay for their transit or vanpool expenses with pre-tax dollars, as allowed by current federal law; City of Cupertino CAP l Public Review Draft l December 2014 ■ a transit or vanpool subsidy to reduce, or cover, employees' monthly transit or vanpool costs; ■ a low-cost or free shuttle, vanpool, or bus service operated by or for the employer; or ■ an alternative method that would be equally as effective as the other options in reducing single-occupant vehicle trips (and/or vehicle emissions). The City of Cupertino is within MTC's boundaries and therefore, subject to the requirements of SB 1339. The City will support BAAQMD, VTA, and MTC in implementation of the program, and will work locally to encourage voluntary participation in similar TDM actions by smaller businesses that are not subject to the regulation. The City will work with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to identify case studies of small, local businesses that offer TDM programs and share these examples with Cupertino businesses. Parking Cash Out Another option to support multi-modal commute trips is to provide parking cash out options to employees. In these programs, employees can elect to permanently give up their parking space (often leased by the company) in exchange for a small cash bonus, often a fraction of the parking space leasing cost to the employer. The cash out payments may be spent however the employee chooses, included to purchase transit fares / passes or pay carpool participation fees, or simply saved if the participant has no transportation-related expenses. The City can work with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to perform an informal survey of local businesses that lease parking spaces, and provide them with informational materials on parking cash out programs and multi-modal transportation options that would allow their employees to confidently participate. Carpool / Rideshare Program As previously mentioned, 511.org provides rideshare opportunities within the Bay Area, including a ride match service to connect riders with existing drivers or facilitate the development of new carpool groups. The City will partner with 511.org to provide informational resources on the benefits and process of carpooling to local businesses, with special focus given to small businesses that are not subject to the requirements of SB 1339 described above. Guaranteed Ride Home Another incentive to support voluntary use of multi-modal commute options is the provision of a guaranteed ride home program. A guaranteed ride home program applies to individuals who regularly commute by public transit, carpool/vanpool, walking, or bicycling when personal emergencies arise (e.g., leave work early due to illness, pick up a sick child, work overtime). These programs typically provide free shuttle and taxi services and / or reimbursements for such services. VTA already provides an Emergency Ride Home service to individuals who use its Eco Pass program. To provide a similar service to a wider number of multi-model commuters (e.g., bicyclists, carpoolers, walkers), the City can work with other local governments and ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES agencies to develop a county-wide Guaranteed Ride Home Program. A county-wide program would further facilitate confidence in multi-modal transportation as a reliable and convenient daily option. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Transportation Demand Management Program Support regional efforts to implement SB 1339 commute A benefit requirements for employers with more than 50 Sustainability Division employees 0 Work with VTA and/or 511.org on outreach campaigns targeting employers with fewer than 50 employees to encourage voluntary participation in TDM program activities, B including pre-tax deductions for alternative travel mode �„ Sustainability Division expenses,transit pass subsidies,and new vanpool development;share best-practices in TDM programs with local businesses to identify options that have been successful at small scale Parking Cash Out Work with Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to conduct Sustainability& 414 C informal survey of businesses that lease employee parking Economic Divisions spaces Develop program to work with businesses that lease parking Sustainability& 414 D spaces to describe benefits of parking cash-out programs for Economic Divisions businesses and employees Carpool/Rideshare Program Partner with 511.org and employers to leverage new ride- E matching technologies and promote rideshare among Sustainability Division employees Guaranteed Ride Home Work with other Santa Clara County partners to develop F Guaranteed Ride Home program for employees who work in Sustainability Division Santa Clara County and commute to work via alternative travel options(e.g., public transit,carpool/vanpool, biking,walking) Progress Indicators Year 10%of total employees in 2020 participate in TDM program that offers rideshare promotion,telecommuting/ 2020 alternative schedules,and subsidized transit fares 20%of total employees in 2020 participate in TDM program that offers rideshare promotion,telecommuting/ 2035 alternative schedules,and subsidized transit fares 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft December 2014 MEASURE C-T-4 TRANSIT ROUTE EXPANSION Explore options to develop local community shuttle or community-wide car sharing to fill gaps in existing transit network. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 13 0 Where people live determines how far they travel to work, to shopping, and to other destinations, and influences whether they choose to walk, bike, use public transit, or drive. If residents live near bus stops, neighborhood-serving commercial centers, or their work places, they are more likely to use multi-modal, lower-emission travel modes than drive single occupancy vehicles. However, when users have difficulty getting from their starting location to a transit network or from a transit network to their final destination (commonly referred to as "the last mile" in transportation planning), they may be more likely to forgo transit use altogether. Solutions that enhance connectivity and convenience can therefore improve transit ridership. Caltrain provides commuter service along the San Francisco peninsula, through the South Bay to San Jose and Gilroy. However, the closest station to Cupertino is in Sunnyvale, which is approximately five miles away. Currently, VTA provides bus service to the Caltrain station only on specific routes and a specific schedule. Comments made during the CAP'S public participation activities indicated a desire for better connections to BART and Caltrain, and possible development of a community shuttle system to connect high-activity areas. Such a shuttle in Cupertino might connect the Civic Center, De Anza College, major retail areas, and higher-density residential neighborhoods. A shuttle could possibly include connections to the Caltrain station in Sunnyvale to further support broad transit options within the Bay Area. Apple currently provides free shuttle services for its employees to and from work through a shuttle network extending throughout the Bay Area. The City should consider the impacts of Apple's existing shuttle system when evaluating the community-wide demand for a system that would be available to general public. The City should also collect input from other large employers as part of its feasibility assessment. The City can look to other communities for potential funding strategies that could support this program. As an example, the Emeryville Emery-Go-Round and Mountain View shuttle are privately funded by local commercial property owners within the City's business improvement district and a Transportation Management Association (TMA), respectively, but are free of cost to anyone to ride. The City is exploring the creation of several business improvement districts as part of a series of new development projects and should carefully consider this as a source of potential alternative transportation funding, alongside the consideration of creating a Cupertino-focused TMA. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Finally, the City could support private entities introducing car share services, which are becoming increasingly more prevalent in the Bay Area. These types of services include corporate offerings (e.g., ZipCar, City Car Share) and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., RelayRides, Getaround) to serve as transit connectors and single occupancy vehicle substitutes. These staples of the newly-emerging sharing economy are thriving due to growing Generation Y workers dependency, as they often seek lower impact urban, and often car-free, lifestyles. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Conduct feasibility study that evaluates potential for community Sustainability& A shuttle between Cal Train,Civic Center,major employment/ Economic Divisions retail centers in Cupertino,and DeAnza Community College Research possible funding strategies with business B improvement districts,major employers,community Sustainability Division organizations,and other appropriate partners 0 Support further development of private car share options for residents and daytime employee population,such as through C efforts to identify adequate parking locations for shared Sustainability Division vehicles(e.g.,ZipCar)or working with local business 0 community to increase knowledge of available options s MEASURE C-T-5 TRANSIT PRIORITY Improve transit service reliability and speed. Supporting Measure – Not Quantified M-0 Building an efficient transportation system can improve traffic flow and reduce congestion- related transportation emissions. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) incorporate traffic signal synchronization on major roadways to reduce instances of "stop-and-go" traffic and vehicle idling. Specific types of ITS can help to better facilitate transit service, particularly at congested intersections. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Transit Signal Priority Transit signal priority (TSP) operational strategies can improve the reliability and efficiency of transit service, especially in areas with heavy traffic congestion, by prioritizing transit vehicles in and around designated intersections. TSP are often incorporated into the design of bus rapid transit (BRT) networks to maintain the faster vehicle travel times associated with those systems. VTA is currently planning for the Stevens Creek BRT project, which would provide bus rapid transit along a nearly 9-mile stretch of Stevens Creek Boulevard from De Anza College to the Transit Mall in downtown San Jose. The project would incorporate TSP to provide faster travel times for the BRT vehicles. The City will continue to work with VTA in developing the Stevens Creek BRT project, and consider land use-related planning opportunities around the designated BRT stops as part of a transit-oriented development strategy (see Measure C-T-6). Transit Intersection Queue Jumps Similar to TSP, queue jumps also facilitate the movement of transit vehicles through congested intersections. Transit intersection queue jumps are a type of roadway configuration that gives preference to buses at intersections. The jumps consist of a short stretch of additional travel lane at the approach to a signalized intersection, allowing higher-capacity transit vehicles to jump to the front of the queue, reducing the delay caused by traffic signals, and improving the operational efficiency of the transit system. The lanes are often accompanied by a separate traffic signal allowing transit vehicles a head start through the intersection. Queue jumps can also be incorporated into BRT system design, particularly in areas where a dedicated BRT lane cannot be provided. The City can work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for queue jumps within the City along primary bus corridors. oJiT -A Action Status Responsibility Timeline Transit Signal Priority Work with VTA to identify local roadways on which traffic A congestion frequently leads to impacted transit reliability or Transportation Division timing 0 Consider opportunities for transit-priority signal integration 4 B along these routes that would not further contribute to Transportation Division congestion problems Transit Intersection Queue Jumps Based on work with VTA to identify congestion problems along A C primary transit routes,also investigate opportunities for Transportation Division integration of intersection queue jump lanes(in conjunction with priority signals)to further facilitate on-time transit service ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES i �F_ A MEASURE C-T-6 TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT Continue to encourage development that takes advantage of its location near local transit options (e.g., major bus stops) through higher densities and intensities to increase ridership potential. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified R—w mou . 13 0 Transit-oriented development (TOD) places higher density and intensity development within walking distance of primary transit stops. This approach brings residents and jobs closer to transit opportunities, providing additional ridership for the public transit system. Successful TOD can take various shapes, depending on the character of the community. TOD can focus on increasing employment near transit stops, typically within a '/2-mile radius, provided adequate pedestrian connectivity is available for riders to then reach their jobs. It can also focus on increasing residential densities near transit stops, usually within a '/4-mile radius. TOD can also include a mix of uses (e.g., residential, office, retail) when the goal is to develop a more complete neighborhood center. Community opposition to increased densities or intensities may hinder local efforts to encourage TOD. Local land use and development policies may also pose a barrier. Parking standards that ignore the potential for reduced automobile trips in TOD may inhibit development due to the high cost of providing parking. The City currently considers parking reductions for projects that provide for shared parking in certain TOD or mixed-use developments. Within Santa Clara County, the Cores, Corridors, and Station Areas Priority Development Area PDA encourages high-density development around important transit areas. This includes portions of De Anza and Stevens Creek Boulevards in Cupertino. In addition, VTA developed a Community Design and Transportation (CDT) Manual with a compilation of transportation and land use "best practices" intended to enhance the way communities are planned, designed, funded, and built. The CDT program provides capital grants intended to help VTA member agencies, cities, towns, and the County of Santa Clara, design and build transit- and pedestrian- friendly projects, and include these elements in capital projects related to transit facilities, streets, and core areas such as downtowns. As part of its ongoing planning efforts toward transit-oriented and mixed-use development as expressed in the Draft General Plan Amendment, the City will continue to plan for areas that can support a net increase in population or employment and are located within walking distance to major transit stops. The City will also continue to consider the infrastructure capacity of these development areas with respect to their ability to support increased levels of development. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 :Iwpr� Action Status Responsibility Timeline Through City's General Plan process,identify areas that could A support net increase in population or employment through land Planning Division use changes within 1/4 mile walking distance of priority transit stops Planning Department 0 Evaluate infrastructure capacity for higher-density/intensity B development in transit areas,and develop prioritization and Planning Division funding strategies to complete necessary improvements 0 Continue to consider off-street parking requirements for transit- oriented and mixed-use developments,for developments C providing shared parking,and for developments that Planning Division incorporate travel demand management measures s r r• MEASURE C-T-7 COMMUNITY-WIDE ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES Encourage community-wide use of alternative fuel vehicles through expansion of alternative vehicle refueling infrastructure. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 2,850 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 10,225 MT COZe/yr 13 ED H 0 One of the key challenges to adoption of alternative-fueled vehicles, specifically those powered by natural gas, hydrogen fuel, and electricity, is the limited refueling infrastructure available to support a broad range of vehicles. However, developing the required refueling infrastructure to encourage the use of low- or zero-emissions alternative fuel vehicles will be necessary to support the state's long-term emission reduction efforts. To advance work in this space, Cupertino is teaming up with four other cities and the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability to launch its "Driving to Net Zero: Decarbonizing Transportation in Silicon Valley" project, which was recently awarded a $550,000 grant from the California Strategic Growth Council (SGC) for an innovative regional alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) planning effort. This effort, which includes elements of policy, codes and permitting, technical and cost issues, public-private partnerships, and coordination of AFV infrastructure, will be a catalyst for growth in this sector locally and serve as a model for other regions throughout the state and country. Tools and findings from this project will inform Cupertino- • COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES specific activities to expand alternative fuel infrastructure in our community and is anticipated to further accelerate alternative vehicle procurement of personal and fleet vehicles across our City. Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging / Refueling Infrastructure The City of Cupertino provides an EV Charging Station and Alternative Transportation Resources webpage to share information related to alternative fueling infrastructure in the community. The City has already installed a publicly available dual-plug charging station through a contract with ChargePoint and recently received a grant to install four additional public charging stations throughout the City The charging station is located on Rodrigues Avenue adjacent to the Civic Center parking lot entrance. The broader ChargePoint Network allows registered users to review charging station availability and to make reservations. Although Cupertino's station is not available for reservation at this time, this could become an option in the future based on demand. There are nearly 100 private home-based and commercial EV chargers located throughout the city, some of which may be available to the public. The City's webpage provides links to the Silicon Valley Energy Map and Department of Energy EV Station Location Map, charging station planning resources, and alternative vehicle resources including a buying guide. In addition to EV charging stations, the City is supporting a developer di proposal to site a fuel cell refueling station for public use on Stevens �`� " -aw; Creek Boulevard. Fuel cell vehicles are electric vehicles powered by hydrogen. They provide refill times similar to combustion vehicles (e.g., gasoline and diesel vehicles), with .. zero emissions and power "Y - characteristics of battery electric vehicles. Cupertino's station is expected to be operational by the summer of 2015. While not yet as common as electric vehicles, additional fuel cell passenger vehicle models are being introduced to the market, and broader construction of refueling stations is underway across the state. Compressed natural gas (CNG) represents another alternative-fuel technology that requires special refueling infrastructure. CNG vehicles are more common in large vehicle fleets, such as municipal bus fleets or delivery vehicle fleets, because they provide significant emissions reductions over diesel engines and currently provide fuel price savings as a result of increased domestic natural gas production. There are also CNG passenger vehicle and light-duty truck models available for use by the general public. PG&E currently operates a CNG refueling station in Cupertino on N. Blaney Avenue that is open for public use with a pre-arranged PG&E City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 account. The City may also want to consider the role of CNG vehicles in the future within the municipal fleet, to determine if a CNG refueling station at the City's Corporation Yard could support a long-term emissions reduction strategy. EV Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Residential Construction The majority of EV charging occurs at home, where vehicles can be left to charge overnight to take advantage of utility time-of-use pricing discounts. However, most existing construction was developed prior to consideration of vehicles' charging needs in a garage or carport. Depending on the age of the building, its electrical system, and the design of the garage, electrical retrofits to accommodate an at-home EV charging unit could cost several hundred to several thousand dollars. Increasingly, pre-wiring to accommodate the future installation of EV charging systems is being designed into new residential and commercial construction. The City of Cupertino has already adopted EV charging unit pre-wiring requirements for certain types of new construction, such as residential and small businesses, to help support this important infrastructure in the future. As part of the City's involvement in the Santa Clara County "Driving to Net Zero" SGC Grant project noted above, Cupertino will explore additional building and zoning code revisions that expands electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) installations throughout the community. In addition to the existing pre-wiring requirements already adopted in our jurisdiction, this project will evaluate charging station requirements for new or renovated multi-family commercial development, preferential parking requirements for new commercial development, and compliance with other regulations (e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act) and pursue expedited permitting processes for EVSE integration in new and existing development. A T - J �h ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program To encourage further adoption of alternative fuel vehicles in the community, the City will continue to share information on local and regional alternative fueling infrastructure, considerations when purchasing an alternative fuel vehicle, the City's EV charging policy, and other relevant information on its website. The City will share information regarding its efforts to reduce emissions from operation of the municipal fleet, including the incorporation of alternative fuel vehicles and plans for additional public refueling infrastructure. Here also, the "Driving Net Zero" SGC Grant project will enable Cupertino's access to free consulting services to evaluate incentives that facilitate community alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) adoption. Incentives being evaluated through this effort are those often applied in the early stages of the adoption curve, which can be gradually retired after AFVs have achieved market momentum. Local incentives to be reviewed include public parking policies that provide preferential or free parking for AFVs, reduced parking requirements for private developments that implement shared-parking and car-sharing systems in tandem with EVSE integration, and reduced on-street parking permit fees for AFVs (where applicable). In addition, the project will assess the potential for reduced EV charging and CNG fueling prices. It will also share guidance on local jurisdiction financial incentives for AFV purchases by residents and businesses, and offer funding mechanisms to incentivize expansion of charging stations to further open access to private infrastructure. Measure C-T-7 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure Continue to explore cost-effective ways to increase alternative vehicle charging/refueling infrastructure within City for public A use; review permitting and inspection process to identify © Transportation Division potential barriers to installation and define strategies to reduce 0 or remove barriers through SGC grant or other means Develop Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Siting Plan focused on strategic development of EV charging stations and municipal CNG fueling stations based upon demand analyses and B feasibility studies;EV station siting plans will identify Sustainability& appropriate locations for Level 1 (slow charge), Level 2(fast Transportation Division charge),and Level 3 and DC(rapid charge)charging stations in community and will analyze different models for charging station ownership/management(i.e., public vs.private sector) Work with MTC and Bay Area local governments to develop C informational brochures and technical support for developers/ Sustainability Division contractors interested in providing public electric vehicle(EV) charging ports in new projects Identify regional partners for collaboration on multi-family EV D charging station retrofit program to develop strategies for Sustainability&Planning installing EV chargers in existing multi-family Division buildings/apartment developments City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 EV Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Residential Construction(SFR and MFR) Continue to enforce pre-wiring for at-home/business electric vehicle charging ports in new construction per City's existing E ordinance and evaluate additional building code and zoning Planning Division code revisions recommended through SGC Grant Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program Pursue local incentives,partnerships,and funding F mechanisms guided by SGC Grant; Provide links on City's Sustainability Division website to sources of cash rebates or other financial incentives for purchase and/or lease of alternative fuel vehicles 0 moo G Continue to provide links to existing maps identifying Bay Area Sustainability Division alternative fuel charging and refueling infrastructure Share information regarding City's efforts to transition its H municipal fleet towards alternative fuel vehicles,including Sustainability Division plans for additional installation of recharging/refueling infrastructure that would be open to public use 4,, Progress Indicators Year Community-wide motor vehicle profile shifts as follows: 5%of gasoline passenger vehicles shift to plug-in hybrid electric(PHEV); 5%of diesel passenger vehicles shift to PHEV; 2020 5%of gasoline light-duty trucks shift to PHEV; 3%of gasoline heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 3%of diesel heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 40%of diesel buses shift to CNG,20%shift to PHEV Community-wide motor vehicle profile shifts as follows: 8%of gasoline passenger vehicles shift to plug-in hybrid electric(PHEV);2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5% shift to CNG 8%of diesel passenger vehicles shift to PHEV;2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5%shift to CNG 2035 8%of gasoline light-duty trucks shift to PHEV;2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5%shift to CNG 25%of gasoline heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 25%of diesel heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 45%of diesel buses shift to CNG,30%shift to PHEV ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 4- 4L- 1 kir s + �•' ^ - - _ t. Goal 3 — Conserve Water Promote the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 On September 30, 2014, California ended one of the driest water years on 2010 Baseline Emissions record (note: California's water years 1.5%, _0.4% run October 1 through September 30). ■� With the recent drought spanning the Energy previous three years, there is no Transportation guarantee that the 2015 water year will I Off-Road Sources be any wetter. Given this Solid Waste unpredictability, it is more critical than ever that water conservation efforts be ■Wastewater enhanced to sustain this vital resource. ■ Potable Water Water-related GHG emissions are primarily a result of energy used to pump, transport, and treat potable water and wastewater. Emissions associated with this sector accounted for approximately 2% of the community-wide GHG inventory (see pie chart), which indicates a relatively small contribution for water conservation in the City's emissions reduction strategy. This is due to the fact that much of Cupertino's water supply is delivered through gravity-fed systems that use relatively less energy than systems relying on industrial pumps to transport water across the state or western United States. However, with water supplies expected to continue declining, water conservation strategies have the additional benefits of aligning demand with future water availability. This strategy area considers emissions reductions resulting from local implementation of statewide water conservation legislation. It considers opportunities for future recycled water use in irrigation within the community to further conserve potable water supplies as well. The total GHG emissions reduction potential of the Water Strategy is 325 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 375 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 2% of total local CAP measure reductions. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-W-1 SB-X7-7 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 325 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 375 MT CO2e/yr 63 0 OM Implement water conservation policies contained within Cupertino's Urban Water Management Plan to achieve 20 percent per capita water reductions by 2020. The state has made water conservation a priority through adoption of SB X7-7 in 2009, which requires California to achieve a 20% reduction in urban per capita water use by December 31, 2020. The state is required to make incremental progress toward this goal by reducing per capita water use by at least 10% by December 31, 2015. SB X7-7 requires each urban retail water supplier to develop both long-term urban water use targets and an interim urban water use target. This law creates a framework for future planning and actions for urban and agricultural users to reduce per capita water consumption 20% by 2020. The San Jose Water Company and California Water Service Company are the major water suppliers within the city's boundaries. Both have adopted UWMP's that identify best management practices in water conservation, which are being implemented to achieve the state's water conservation goals. These conservation strategies include: ■ Residential water surveys ■ Customer rebates, vouchers, retrofits, and conservation kits ■ Customer water loss audits ■ Residential landscape surveys, large landscape conservation programs, and irrigation retrofits ■ Metering and residential conservation pricing ■ Public information and education programs ■ Full-time water conservation supervisor In addition to these water-conserving activities led by the water suppliers, the City has also shown initiative in incorporating conservation strategies into municipal landscaping practices and building operations. The City highlights its myriad efforts on its website (see: Cupertino.org/savewater), including use of drought tolerant plants, adjustments to lawn mower blade heights, reduced water schedules and installation of climate-sensitive irrigation systems, installation of water-efficient fixtures in major City facilities, and active monitoring of fixtures and City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 water bills to support early leak detection. In addition to municipal water conservation practices, the City also offers its GreenBiz and Green@Home programs, which provide free indoor and outdoor water assessments and equipment upgrades (e.g., faucets, showerheads, toilets) to residents and local businesses. These highly successful programs have saved 5.5 million gallons of water to date, and saved participants $100,000 from water and energy savings. While the City already highlights these accomplishments on its website, community participants in the CAP's public outreach activities expressed a desire for more publicity regarding the City's sustainability program successes, such as online walking tour maps to visit xeriscape projects or other water-conserving landscape installations. The City will continue to promote its own water conservation activities as well as programs available for community participation. Measure C-W-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Develop public information campaign that highlights/advertises A City projects and landscaping practices that conserve water (e.g.,drought-tolerant landscaping,efficient irrigations Sustainability Division systems) 0 Work with local water providers to identify opportunities for water use data tracking and reporting at community-wide level; B if successful,share this information through CAP's annual Sustainability Division progress reporting procedures,aligned with required General 0 Plan implementation annual reports Partner with community/neighborhood groups to promote C existing water conservation programs and participation in Sustainability Division voluntary turf-removal programs 0 Progress Indicators Year 15%per capita water use reduction of 2010 baseline use 2020 15%per capita water use reduction of 2010 baseline use 2035 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES r' MEASURE C-W-2 RECYCLED WATER IRRIGATION PROGRAM Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 0 ff 10 Explore opportunities to use recycled water for irrigation purposes to reduce potable water demands. The City currently does not have access to recycled water, which could offset potable water use in large, irrigated landscapes. There have been discussions of a possible connection between the San Jose and Sunnyvale recycled water systems, which could bring necessary infrastructure inside of Cupertino's boundary to service Apple's campus"' However, expanding this infrastructure for broader residential, commercial, and municipal use has not yet been prioritized. As an initial step to developing a recycled water use plan, the City could prepare a feasibility study to identify potential recycled water users within the City, including their location and potential recycled water demand. The City should continue to monitor regional discussions for expansion of existing recycled water systems, and include recycled water as a priority within forthcoming revised service agreements with its two water retailers. Given the process of producing and transporting recycled water that is safe for landscape application, it is possible that replacing potable water with recycled water for irrigation in Cupertino could result in a net emissions increase. As an alternative to recycled water use (since Cupertino currently has no access), small-scale, on-site rainwater catchment systems could be installed to better utilize natural precipitation for irrigation purposes, as opposed to use of scarce potable water resources. The City will develop a demonstration project on municipal property to promote voluntary adoption of such landscaping techniques community-wide. The project should be designed as an educational tool to show-case water-efficient landscaping design and alternative irrigation strategies. The project could include a rain barrel catchment system connected to a climate-appropriate demonstration garden to show how drought-tolerant plant options can be supported without use of traditional irrigation systems. Alternatively, the City could identify a high-visibility location to install a rain garden connected to a building's downspout, or construction of a bioswale adjacent to a parking lot or roadway. Both of these options can incorporate drought-tolerant plants, and contribute to natural stormwater management to improve water quality. The environmental benefits associated with conserving potable water sources would undoubtedly outweigh a relatively minor emissions increase associated with potential future recycled water use. However, in the meantime, other options are available to reduce potable water use in irrigation, which could be applied broadly in the community. If the City decides to 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 pursue recycled water infrastructure development in the future, it will need to include these additional emissions in future emissions inventory updates. Measure C-W-2 Implementation Table K. M, s h Action Status Responsibility Timeline Conduct feasibility analysis to determine potential for recycled A water systems in Cupertino;map locations of large irrigation AIM& Grounds&Fleet water users(now and likely future users)to identify feasible Division extent of new system B Continue to monitor regional discussions regarding expansion Sustainability Division of existing recycled water systems in neighboring jurisdictions Identify City-owned site to install educational demonstration C project that showcases water-efficient landscaping strategies, Sustainability,Grounds alternative irrigation options,and/or low-impact landscape &Fleet Divisions design techniques 0 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 0 Goal 4 — Reduce Solid Waste Strengthen waste reduction efforts through recycling and organics collection and reduced consumption of materials that otherwise end up in landfills. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Waste disposal creates emissions when organic waste (e.g., food scraps, 2010 Baseline Emissions yard clippings, paper and wood products) is buried in landfills and anaerobic digestion takes place, Energy emitting methane. Additionally, Transportation extracting and processing raw Off-Road Sources materials for consumer products, ■Solid Waste distributing them to consumers and Wastewater disposing them creates GHG emissions. In Cupertino, approximately Potable Water 2% of GHG emissions are associated with solid waste generation and disposal in landfills (see pie chart). Recent efforts to reduce long-term waste generation have incorporated the principle of zero- waste, with the goal of being able to recycle, reuse, or compost all waste products. Implementation programs to achieve zero-waste can include community-wide recycling, organics collection (e.g., food scraps, compostable paper), and green design to minimize construction-related waste. Business procurement policies can also be developed to give preference to materials that support a zero-waste goal. Paperless office policies can incorporate technological hardware and software to minimize office paper waste. Manufacturing processes can be designed to eliminate supply stream waste and reduce operating expenses. A combination of these practices can potentially lead to lower landfill-related emissions, and help to extend the useful operating life of local landfills. The measures included within the Solid Waste Strategy provide total GHG emission reduction potential of 275 MT CO2e/yr in 2020, and 1,300 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 2.0% of total local CAP measure reductions. It should be noted that a growing number of public agencies are supplementing sector-based emissions inventories, the tool used to conduct Cupertino's inventory that is described in detail in Chapter 1, with a "consumption-based" approach to estimate those emissions that arise from the lifecycle of goods and services utilized within a community. This lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions accounting evaluates and reports the full lifecycle of emission associated with the raw materials extraction, manufacturing or processing, transportation, use, and end-of-life management of a good or service, regardless of which sector produces these emissions." The Environmental Protection Agency has developed the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to help solid waste planners and organizations track and voluntarily report greenhouse gas emissions reductions from several different materials management practices (see: htti):Her)a.aov/er)awaste/conserve/tools/warm/). While this lifecycle inventorying approach is not yet the industry standard practice, the City will continue to monitor the evolution of climate change planning and emissions inventory methodologies as part of its on-going CAP revisions process. If in the future it becomes standard practice to assess total lifecycle emissions (as ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES opposed to annualized emissions inventories that are currently industry standard), then the City will incorporate this practice into its future inventory updates. Cupertino will consider using the WARM tool, paired with the EPA's Re-Trac, which was deployed as part of the City's award- winning Food Recovery Challenge launched to help local grocery stores and markets reduce food waste through effective inventory management, new donation agency partnerships, and expanded composting services (learn more at: httiDs://connect.re-trac.com/reqister/ei)afrc). MEASURE C-SW-1 ZERO WASTE GOAL Maximize solid waste diversion community-wide through preparation of a zero-waste strategic plan. Supporting Measure— Not Quantified 0 13 90 Zero waste is a philosophy that reimagines the resource cycle to allow reuse of all products by diverting materials from the landfill or incinerators. The purpose of a zero waste strategic plan is to shift consumption patterns, manage purchases more carefully, and establish the infrastructure and informational resources necessary to achieve broad community support. In 2001, California was the first state to adopt a zero-waste policy, noting that the public, industry, and government will work together to reduce, reuse, or recycle all solid waste materials. AB 939 mandates local jurisdictions to meet numerical diversion goals. Although landfill capacity is no longer considered the statewide crisis it once was, waste diversion from landfills protects public health and safety and the environment by reducing landfill methane emissions and groundwater contamination associated with faulty landfill membranes, as well as conserving natural resources. In its efforts to exceed the diversion goals established in AB 939, the City incorporated a zero-waste goal into its waste-hauling contract with Recology South Bay. The City's contract provides curbside recycling and garbage services to all businesses and residents in Cupertino, as well as curbside organic waste services for residents and relevant businesses. To gauge progress toward its zero-waste goal and identify additional material diversion opportunities, the City should prepare residential and commercial waste characterization studies. These studies, which could be offered as a GreenBiz Cupertino service, are conducted to determine the types and amounts of materials in a community's waste stream, which can be used to support development of an overarching strategic plan to reduce waste. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 It is widely understood that achieving r "zero waste' in our communities will require a dramatic shift away from our current "end of life" focus on recycling, composting, and landfilling to one based upon the modern-era materials management hiearchy: first prevent ' ? waste, next reduce and reuse, and finally recycle and compost. To that end, Cupertino will expand it's current outreach and educational efforts through green@schools, GreenBiz and Green@Home to help residents R-1o9Y and businesses prevent waste in the -- a„s`s;os,on first place by supporting their efforts to buy less and reuse what they already do have. One emerging tool to faciliate this is the growing sharing economy, which enables consumer access to _ products and services via peer-to-peer y networks versus the traditional ownership model. Cupertino can accelerate interest in this ; "collaborative consumption” model by sharing resources through its civic media assets. In addition, the City will work to grow extended producer responsibility to manage materials efficiently and expand take-back materials (packaging and products) from consumers after they have reached the end of their useful life to reincorporate these materials into the manufacturing cycle. Finally, the agency will continue its work to offer effective and widely understood and utilized composting and recycling services. The City will continue sharing informational resources and presenting these programs through its neighborhood leader- focused Growing Greener Blocks initaitive, which will also ensure residents' understand how to safely handle toxic products, such as batteries, paints, pesticides, and other hazardous materials. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Measure C-SW-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Continue to implement City's goal to divert 75%of community- Environmental Division wide solid waste through franchise waste hauling contract 0 Prepare residential and commercial waste characterization studies to identify Cupertino-specific opportunities for additional waste diversion; use study results to develop B outreach campaigns that increase participation in City's Environmental Division existing waste management programs,targeting specific waste types and/or sources Establish timeline and funding mechanism to perform periodic 'q C Waste Characterization Study updates to evaluate efficacy of Environmental Division new outreach programs Develop robust outreach campaign to ensure community-wide 4q understanding of materials management service offerings, drive behavior change focused on lifecycle of materials(i.e., D source reduction,materials reuse,end-of-life),and facilitate Environmental Division access to emerging materials management support tools(i.e., those focused on sharing economy and collaborative consumption) MEASURE C-SW-2 FOOD SCRAP AND COMPOSTABLE PAPER DIVERSION Continue to promote the collection of food scraps and compostable paper through the City's organics collection program. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 150 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 750 MT CO2e/yr 1310 Food scraps are unwanted cooking preparation and table scraps, such as banana peels, apple cores, vegetable trimmings, bones, eggshells, meat, and pizza crusts. Compostable paper, sometimes called food-soiled paper, usually comes from the kitchen and is not appropriate for paper recycling due to contamination. Materials such as stained pizza boxes, paper cups and plates, waxed cardboard, used coffee filters, paper food cartons, napkins and paper towels are all compostable paper. Diverting these organic items from the landfill helps to reduce methane gas generation from anaerobic decomposition, and helps to prolong the operable life of a City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 landfill. Composting of organic materials, such as food, is one method of managing these materials and diverting them from landfills. Recology South Bay provides residential food scrap collection services, providing Cupertino households with a single food waste and yard waste bin to collect yard clippings; food scraps such as bones, fruits, and seafood; and other organics including soiled paper products, coffee grounds, and pizza boxes. Free compost, made from this collected yard and food waste, is available for any Cupertino resident to pick up at the Stevens Creek Quarry from March through October each year (learn more at www.cupertino.ora/compost). Cupertino also distributes food scrap recycling information via the City website and newsletter, and provides links to the County of Santa Clara Recycling & Waste Reduction Commission composting workshops. In 2013, Cupertino received the U.S. EPA national award for innovative food waste reduction efforts for its three-year effort to work with grocers, residents, and businesses to divert food from landfills. Their efforts included providing workshops for local grocers and markets on ways to reduce waste, and helping businesses develop better food recovery methods. Currently the City also conducts outreach to food businesses such as grocers and restaurants in order to encourage the expansion of commercial organics collection in the community. Moving forward, the City will leverage outreach channels available through its GreenBiz program and partner with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce and Recolgy South Bay to encourage additional voluntary participation in organic waste collection from local businesses. This partnership could focus on providing technical assistance based on best practices to overcome challenges posed by organic collection bin storage and management. The City will use the results of the waste characterization studies described in Measures SW-1 to assess the efficacy of its residential organics collection program, and develop program alterations if additional food waste diversion opportunities are identified. The City can also expand its green@schools work with local elementary schools to incorporate food waste composting into their existing recycling programs and curriculum. By building this knowledge base with children first, Cupertino households will gain a stronger understanding of the existing program's services. Measure C-SW-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue to implement the City's organics collection program 400 A outreach campaign,including outreach to Cupertino's business Environmental Division community regarding upcoming commercial food waste ordinance Provide information to local elementary schools on existing B organics collection program for incorporation into on-going Environmental Division recycling program curriculum Work with franchise waste haulers,the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce,and other local business organizations to increase C voluntary participation in City's organics collection program; Environmental Division provide technical assistance based on best practice examples 4L to overcome collection bin storage/placement barriers ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Progress Indicators Year Households divert 40%of food scraps and compostable paper; 10%of businesses divert 20%of food scraps and compostable paper; 2020 Households and businesses divert 85%of yard waste Households divert 60%of food scraps and compostable paper; 30%of businesses divert 20%of food scraps and compostable paper; 2035 Households and businesses divert 90%of yard waste MEASURE C-SW-3 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE DIVERSION PROGRAM Continue to enforce diversion requirements in City's Construction & Demolition Debris Diversion and Green Building Ordinances. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 125 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 550 MT CO2e/yr CH4 D According to California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery's (CalRecycle's) 2008 Statewide Waste Characterization Study, construction and demolition (C&D) materials account for almost 29 percent of the waste stream in California. Many of these materials can be diverted from landfills for reuse and recycling, including concrete, bricks, metal, drywall, and lumber. Lumber is an organic material, and therefore generates methane emissions through anaerobic decomposition in a landfill. Reusing and recycling C&D materials conserves natural resources and diverts material from landfills, while also reducing greenhouse gasses and conserving landfill capacity. The California Green Building Code, effective January 1, 2011 and subsequently amended, requires the diversion of at least 50 percent of construction waste materials generated during most new construction, including all new residential and commercial projects, with few exceptions. The City has exceeded this statewide requirement through adoption of its own Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance, which requires applicable construction projects to divert 60% of construction waste. This ordinance applies to all construction, demolition, and renovation projects that are 3,000 square feet or larger. Prior to receiving a final building inspection, a construction recycling report must be submitted to show the tons recycled and disposed by material type. Implementation and monitoring challenges can limit full participation in the City's C&D diversion efforts, even though the requirements are codified in the Cupertino Municipal Code. Some communities have addressed the issue of compliance through development of a C&D diversion City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 deposit program, in which the project applicant pays a deposit (as a percentage of total project costs or on a square foot basis) in exchange for a building permit. The deposit is reimbursed to the applicant upon submittal of appropriate documentation that outlines what level of diversion was achieved by the contractor or waste hauler. The program could also be structured to forgo deposit requirements if applicants provide a signed contract with an authorized C&D collector that clearly states the level of diversion to be achieved. The City will continue to implement its Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance, and work with franchise waste haulers to evaluate opportunities for increased C&D diversion capabilities. The City could consider increasing its C&D diversion requirements in the future as green building practices continue to evolve and as area landfill operators and waste haulers become accustomed to higher diversion rates. The City could consider developing a C&D debris deposit program if it identifies opportunities for improving compliance with the existing diversion ordinance as well. Measure C-SW-3 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue to implement City's 60%C&D diversion requirement A for applicable projects as defined in City's Construction and Q Environmental Division Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance Work with franchise waste haulers to evaluate capability of B area landfill operators to maximize C&D waste diversion(e.g., O Environmental Division 75%diversion) 0 Consider increasing City's diversion requirements to 75% C diversion to support zero-waste goal(see SW-1);alternatively, O Environmental Division only target scrap lumber with 75%diversion requirement,if found to be feasible Consider developing Construction and Demolition Debris 414 Diversion Deposit Program to help enforce C&D ordinance,in D which deposit is paid to City prior to issuance of building permit Environmental Division and refunded to applicant following submittal/approval of applicable waste diversion documentation Progress Indicators Year 60%of construction and demolition waste diverted, per City's ordinance—approximately 2,600 tons/yr 2020 75%of construction and demolition waste diverted—approximately 3,500 tons/yr 2035 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES u Goal 5 — Expand Green Infrastructure Enhance the City's existing urban forest on public and private lands. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Green space consists of a variety of places that, when integrated within an urban environment, provide valuable recreation, ecological, and public health services to the community. In Cupertino, green space includes the urban forest, parks, landscaped medians and parkways, and natural stormwater-absorbing landscapes. Healthy and robust green infrastructure systems can mitigate the urban heat island effect, lower building energy use, provide natural stormwater management and wildlife habitat, improve local air quality, and increase community pride. As one component of the green infrastructure network, urban forests provide shade and can reduce the heat island effect, which causes temperatures to increase in areas with concentrations of exposed pavement and rooftops. These higher temperatures can lead to increased air conditioner use, which increases energy consumption and can strain utility infrastructure at peak hours of the day. Urban forests also provide a visual amenity for residents and habitat value for wildlife. The City also recognizes other beneficial aspects of trees. Trees beautify neighborhoods, increase property values, reduce noise and air pollution, and create privacy. Additionally, trees gain carbon-sequestering biomass in their trunks and roots as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air to grow. The measure in this section seeks to enhance Cupertino's already well- established urban forest through partnerships with residents, businesses, and community and neighborhood groups. The total GHG emission reduction potential of the Green Infrastructure Strategy is 200 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 725 in 2035. This represents about 1.4% percent of total 2020 reductions anticipated from local CAP measure implementation. r .• yam, ♦�� •'tR' J a- W11 II � iAr— R+ � r � - ry r • COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-G-1 URBAN FOREST PROGRAM Support development and maintenance of a healthy, vibrant urban forest through outreach, incentives, and strategic leadership. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 200 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 725 MT CO2e/yr 13 13 M C3 The urban forest contributes to Cupertino's quality of life and attractiveness as a place to live, work, and visit. Trees are a valuable role in the identity of a city because they strengthen a community's image, encourage pedestrian activity, and develop inviting public and private spaces. Trees also perform important environmental functions such as removing air and water pollutants, providing wildlife habitat, and capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Approximately 2,400 net new trees will be planted as part of the Apple Campus 2 project to further enhance the City's urban forest. The City can partner with other local businesses, neighborhood groups and residents, and other community organizations to encourage additional voluntary tree planting on private property within Cupertino. The City could request technical support from PG&E to provide basic tree planting guidelines, so when the trees are full grown, they will provide shade to homes and businesses and help to lower air conditioner use during peak periods. Management of an urban forest can sometimes require the support of more than just the City's Public Works staff. There may be opportunities for community partners to assist the City in the management and maintenance of street trees planted within the public right-of-way. The City should consider developing a long-range forestry plan to identify policies and strategies that proactively manage the City's urban forest for future generations while minimizing maintenance conflicts with overhead and underground utility infrastructure. This urban forest should also expand to the City's parks and medians, both in terms of expanding the City's urban canopy, but also by prioritizing drought-tolerant native plants and demonstration gardens (noted both as a General Plan policy and among the Local Government strategies described in Chapter 4) as well as community-wide rooftops. The City should incentivize Green roofs for their role in "protecting water resources adversely impacted by climate change by reducing electricity usage and improving air quality.,,viii Staff will also consider opportunities to stretch its current ordinances and codes to prioritize cool roofs and cool pavements to reduce local impacts from the urban heat island effect. Over 60% of urban surfaces are covered by roofs or pavement,`which are typically dark and absorb 80% City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 of sunlight, thereby exacerbating the warming effects of climate change. Though not technically a green infrastructure item, cool roofs and cool pavement can further support the beneficial outcomes provided by a healthy, robust urban forest. In addition to trees, other types of landscaping and vegetation can help to enhance ecological functions of the City's green infrastructure. Community and school gardens can help to build a personal connection to, and ultimately ownership of, the places we seek to protect. These local spaces offer a retreat from the noise and commotion of our daily lives, and can impart a stewardship ethic among gardeners and adjacent property owners alike. They also allow families and individuals without land of their own to produce food, build skills, and share knowledge. Further, community gardens can provide access to fresh, nutrient-rich produce that localizes the traditional commodity chain, reducing associated transportation emissions and eliminating packaging lifecycle impacts. School gardens further these gains by serving as outdoor classrooms where learning happens through hands-on trial and error, and students are empowered as food and plant scientists to apply lessons learned indoors. Cupertino is currently home to one over-subscribed 60 acre organic garden located at McClellan Ranch Preserve, a recently opened small working garden at the adjacent Blackberry Farm that supplies produce to the cafe, and a 5.1 acre orchard on its Stocklmeir Ranch. Each of these sites is part of the Stevens Creek Corridor, a natural park setting with extensive creek restoration projects and a host of trail and park amenities, which are the current focus of a Master Planning Proiect that will define its future use (e.g., "legacy farm" creation, garden expansion). Beyond City properties, local schools host a variety of edible schoolyards, butterfly, or native plant gardens, and complimentary compost programs, many of which have launched or expanded in partnership with the City's green@school program or via funding made available through the Rotary Club of Cupertino. To foster a deeper connection to these natural community assets and strengthen our environmental legacy, which in turn can transform other climate-tied emissions reductions activities among those engaged, these urban green spaces should be expanded throughout the City and across our school campuses and coupled with ancillary naturalist education and volunteer opportunities, such as the City's current GreenFingers habitat restoration program. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue implementing landscaping requirements in City's ` A Development Standards,Design Guidelines,and other Planning Division regulatory documents G -I-- Partner with neighborhood groups,community organizations, 4 and business community to encourage voluntary tree planting B on private property within Cupertino;identify opportunities for Sustainability Division such organizations to assist City with maintenance of street trees planted within public rights-of-way ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Consider developing strategic,long-range plan to identify Trees&Right of Way C policies and strategies to proactively manage and grow the City's street tree population Division Evaluate opportunities to expand current ordinances and Sustainability Division; D codes to prioritize expansion of City's green and cool roofs,as Planning Division well as pervious and cool pavement Assess opportunities to expand Cupertino's network of community gardens,demonstration gardens,and edible Recreation and E schoolyards through Stevens Creek Corridor Maser Plan Community Services process,targeted Green@Home or Green@School campaign, Department 4L and strengthened Rotary Club partnership Expand community and school gardens,and evaluate Recreation and F opportunities to develop prevalent demonstration garden that Community Services incorporates water-sensitive design and advanced irrigation Department control technology(if irrigation system is necessary) 4LL Pair expanded garden network with new naturalist and Recreation and G education programs and trainings to build community Community Services knowledge of gardening techniques and associated health, Department environmental,and financial benefits 4L Install informational placards or signs at new gardens that Recreation and H quantify emissions reductions from local food sources and Community Services water saving potential from native plants and refer public to Department additional informational resources 4LL Progress Indicators Year 2,500 net new trees planted in the city from 2015 onward 2020 2,800 net new trees planted in the city from 2015 onward 2035 City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 Target Achievement PROGRESS TOWARD 2020 TARGET The reduction measures described above combined with the statewide actions described in Chapter 2 and the municipal operations reduction measures included in Chapter 4 have the potential to reduce community-wide emissions by 95,661 MT CO2e/yr from projected 2020 levels. This progress exceeds the City's 2020 reduction target of 15% below 2010 levels, representing a 15.4% reduction in baseline emissions. Figure 3.5 shows the additive impact of statewide actions and local actions that will achieve the City's 2020 target. The dashed red line illustrates community-wide BAU emissions, with the gray line showing ABAU emissions (i.e., BAU emissions minus statewide reductions). The teal line shows a trajectory towards the 2020 target from the 2010 baseline level, and the pink link appearing just beneath the teal target line represents the level of emissions reductions that could be achieved following implementation of the CAP measures presented in this chapter. Figure 3.5—2020 Community-wide Target Achievement 370,000 350,000 ♦ ♦ ♦ 330,000 ♦ ♦ i ♦ N310,000 00 290,000 270,000 250,000 2010 2020 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 0 PROGRESS TOWARD 2035 TARGET As shown in Figures 3.6 and 3.7, the most important driver for long-term target achievement is statewide action. As described in Chapter 2, the future impact of statewide actions is currently difficult to predict because the Scoping Plan only quantifies emissions reductions through the 2020 horizon year. This CAP estimated the future impact of statewide actions in two different ways. The first method, illustrated in Figure 3.6, is more conservative in its scope and is based on continued implementation of the known statewide actions (as described in Chapter 1) as they are applied to future growth in Cupertino. For example, as more houses are built, these homes will be subject to the 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. As more employees move to Cupertino, these drivers will be using vehicles with higher fuel efficiency and cleaner fuels as a result of Pavley I and II and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Under this estimation method, there is no expansion of the scope of statewide actions to make them more stringent in the future, they are simply applied to a larger population group (i.e., community-wide population and employment growth). Based on these estimates, Cupertino would achieve community-wide emissions levels of 284,722 MT CO2e/yr by 2035, representing a 7.3% reduction below baseline levels; far short of the City's target of 49% below baseline levels. Figure 3.6—2035 Community-wide Target Progress 450,000 1 1 1 1 � 400,000 1 � 1 � 350,000 0 300,000 ' 250,000 1 200,000 150,000 2010 2020 2035 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target The second method for estimating future reductions (beyond 2020) from statewide actions assumes that the level of reductions from statewide actions in 2020 would remain constant through the future horizon years. In 2020, statewide actions provided 85% of the reductions needed to achieve the City's target. If statewide actions continued to provide this level of reductions in 2035, the City would achieve an emissions level of 164,480 MT CO2e/yr, or 46.5% below baseline levels. As shown in Figure 3.7, this is much closer to the City's target of 49% below 2010 levels. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 3.7—2035 Target Progress with Alternative Statewide Reduction Estimates 450,000 1 1 1 � 400,000 I _ 1 � 1 1 � 1 350,000 cm _ 1 1 0 300,000 ' 1 250,000 ' ; 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 200,000 1 1 1 150,000 ; 2010 2020 205 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target The following measure commits the City to regularly monitoring the actual reductions attributed to these statewide actions in the future to ensure that the reductions scenario shown in Figure 3.7 is realized and that the CAP's actions are modified in response to any potential shortcomings that are identified. MEASURE 2035-1 LONG-TERM TARGET MONITORING Regularly monitor progress made towards City's 2035 and 2050 targets through inventory updates and review of implementation success related to statewide actions. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified It is likely that the state will continue to develop actions and programs that will support achievement of its 2050 statewide reduction target, such as development and implementation of zero-net energy building requirements. However, at this time the potential future impact of those actions is unknown. Therefore, the City will continue to monitor the state's efforts designed to achieve its long-term 2050 reduction target. Should additional statewide actions be developed, or existing actions enhanced, that would have local application to Cupertino, then the City will analyze their local reduction potential and incorporate those reductions into future CAP updates. The uncertainty regarding the future impact of statewide actions is only one of several variables that could influence the City's ability to achieve its longer-term targets. New technologies that further reduce energy or transportation-related emissions (e.g., more efficient appliance standards, fuel-efficient vehicles) may be developed between now and 2035. Further, existing ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES technologies may also become more effective or financially viable, which could accelerate their purchase and use within the community. One example is the cost and ubiquity of solar photovoltaic panels, which have experienced exponential market growth during the last few decades. To that end, increased residential and commercial renewable energy deployment could be a large source of future emissions reductions when compared to current conventional grid-sourced energy resources. Additional local CAP measures may also be developed during future plan updates, or CAP measures may be implemented at higher rates than previously estimated. The 2035 reduction estimates are based on the best available data and assumptions, but the future is difficult to predict accurately. Regular emissions inventory updates will be the best predictor of future target achievement, and will help the City to identify emissions sectors that need additional attention. They will also help to maintain future CEQA streamlining benefits by demonstrating that the City remains on a trajectory towards the CAP's long-term emissions reduction targets. Similarly, future target achievement is based on numerous growth estimates, including future year population and employment levels envisioned in the General Plan Amendment, which may or may not be accurate. If the City grows faster than anticipated in the emissions inventories, it will become harder to achieve long-term targets without deeper implementation of CAP measures. However, if the City grows more slowly, so too will its emissions; potentially making future targets easier to achieve through implementation of this CAP. All of these uncertainties illustrate the need for regular monitoring and revisions to the CAP, the City's emissions inventories, and reduction strategies. See Chapter 7 for further discussion of how the City should ensure the CAP's relevance in the future. Measure 2035-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Prepare emissions inventory updates on 2-3 year cycle to ensure real progress is being made towards reduction targets; prepare updates in 2020,2035,and 2050 to correspond A directly with target years;during each inventory update year, Sustainability Division consider need for implementation of long-term reduction opportunities described in following section(future statewide actions may make some of these strategies redundant) Develop process for updating statewide reduction estimates as B part of future inventory updates to show actual BAU and ABAU Sustainability Division emissions levels achieved,which can be compared to estimates described in Chapter 2 of this CAP If discrepancy is discovered between actual reduction results and estimated levels due to fewer reductions from statewide C actions,identify which statewide actions are not performing Sustainability Division optimally and strengthen related local CAP measures or develop new local actions to close reductions gap Incorporate updated BAU and ABAU inventories into regular CAP implementation progress reports to ensure most current D information is considered during these status meetings when Sustainability Division developing future courses of action City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 LONG-TERM REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES As part of the CAP development process, several measure options were considered that would provide long-term reduction opportunities and would require regional collaboration for successful implementation. These additional measures could be applied to the estimated statewide and local actions included in this CAP to demonstrate a pathway towards future target achievement. However, these options were not developed with the same level of detail as the local CAP measures included in this chapter and are provided here for informational purposes only for future CAP update consideration. Rough estimates of future emissions reduction potential were calculated using readily-available data and studies. Additional analysis will be required to ensure their feasibility for local implementation, and should be developed during future CAP updates. These measures are included here so that conversations with regional partners and local residents can begin early, with the hope that some or all of the measures are ready to begin implementation by 2020. PG&E Green Option 2035 Reduction Potential (Municipal participation at 100%): 869 MT CO2e/yr 2035 Reduction Potential (10% community-wide participation): 4,750 MT CO2e/yr PG&E is in the process of finalizing its proposed Green Option Program, which will allow customers to voluntarily purchase up to 100% renewable electricity (learn more at: http://www.pge.com/greenoption/). The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) still needs to respond to PG&E's proposed program before implementation can occur. If approved, PG&E expects the program to be available for subscription within a few months following approval. The program is currently expected to be capped at 272 MW of demand and for a five-year pilot program. It is currently unknown how participation will be granted should the program become fully-subscribed. The City could consider participating in this program so that 100% of municipal electricity is generated from renewable sources. Though municipal emissions only represent a fraction of total community-wide emissions, this program provides an opportunity to demonstrate regional leadership in renewable energy procurement and emissions reductions. Residents and local businesses will be able to voluntarily participate in this program. A similar program offered by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District currently has an approximately 10% voluntary participation rate. City Actions to Consider ■ Conduct feasibility study of PG&E Green Option financial costs (per kilowatt hour (kWh) costs have not been finalized yet as part of program development) for City to purchase part or all of its electricity from renewable sources ■ Evaluate benefits to City participation ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ■ Develop resolution to opt into PG&E Green Option program for municipal electricity purchases (Note: program is currently capped at 272 MW and as 5 year pilot program; it is currently unknown how enrollment decisions will be made should program become fully subscribed ■ If pursued, advertise the City's voluntary participation to encourage local residents and businesses participation Community Choice Energy Option 2035 Reduction Potential (75% community-wide participation): 56,875 MT COze/yr This option is included above as a stand-alone measure to highlight its importance for long-term target achievement. As described in Measure C-E-7, community choice energy allows a city or cities to supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a CCE. CCE's are typically designed as an opt-out program, meaning that all residents and businesses within its boundaries are automatically enrolled in its service with the ability to opt out and remain with PG&E as their utility provider. This type of enrollment is one reason that CCE programs enjoy high participation rates. For example, Marin Clean Energy began serving customers in May 2010, and currently procures electricity for 75% of electric customers in Marin County. The City could consider participating in regional conversations regarding opportunities and challenges to establishing a regional CCE district. Strategies that decrease electricity-related emissions, such as a CCE or the PG&E Green Option program will have a direct impact on the reductions associated with energy-conservation measures described throughout this CAP. For example, if Cupertino were to purchase 100% clean electricity for municipal operations, then there would be no additional emissions reductions associated with high-efficiency lighting retrofits. The electricity used by the lighting would already be emissions-free, so using that electricity in a more efficient manner would have no additional impact on the City's emissions. The City could see reductions in operation and maintenance costs related to reduced electricity use though, which might substantiate additional energy-conservation projects under that type of scenario. Because these clean electricity- related strategies have such overlap with other CAP strategies, the reduction estimate presented for the CCE option cannot simply be added to the other 2035 reduction estimates presented in this chapter. Additional analysis would be required to determine the level of overlap among CAP strategies, and what continued role, if any, the state's RPS would play in achieving Cupertino's reduction targets. City Actions to Consider ■ Collaborate with regional partners to evaluate feasibility for CCE development (e.g., start-up costs, funding sources, legal considerations, participation estimates) ■ If deemed viable, create or join a CCE development program to expand grid-tied renewable energy options for municipal facilities, homes, schools, and businesses City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2035 Reduction Potential: 15,850 MT CO2e/yr (Note: this is in addition to reductions estimated from Measure C-T-7) Advancements in alternative fuel vehicle technologies make long-term market adoption seem likely. As described in Measure C-T-7 above, there are actions the City can take to facilitate this market transition, including pre-wiring requirements in new construction for electric vehicle charging stations, additional installation of public charging/refueling infrastructure, and dissemination of information on alternative fuel vehicles. The reduction potential shown above is dependent upon decreasing vehicle costs resulting from further technological advancement and increasing market adoption that brings to bear economies of scale in automotive manufacturing. This estimate includes a transition away from gasoline and diesel vehicles to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery-electric vehicles, and compressed natural gas vehicles throughout the range of vehicle class categories (e.g., passenger cars, light duty trucks, buses). As the use of electric vehicles increases, it will become more important to clean the electricity grid in order to maximize the emissions reductions associated with this type of alternative fuel vehicle. City Actions to Consider ■ Research best-practices in facilitating market shift towards alternative fuel vehicles through local policies ■ Participate in regional collaboration on alternative fueling infrastructure procurement and policy-setting ■ Explore opportunities to transition municipal fleet vehicles to alternative fuel vehicles Figure 3.8 shows that development and implementation of these measures (excluding the PG&E Green Option to avoid double-counting with the CCE program) would exceed the 2035 target. Combined with the reduction estimates in Table 3.1, these additional measures would achieve an emissions level of 91,755 MT CO2e/yr, or approximately 70% below baseline levels. As shown in Figure 3.8, this would put the City's emissions on a downward trajectory towards the 2050 target, though the overlapping impact of the reduction estimates was not forecasted through 2050 as part of this project, and would be highly speculative at this point. Figure 3.8 incorporates the more aggressive statewide reduction estimates described above. It is likely that there will be substantial overlap between the state's enhanced actions to achieve such reduction levels and the two additional reduction opportunities described in this section. When planning for deep emissions reductions, as would be required to achieve the 2050 reduction target, strategies need to focus on the energy and transportation sectors by necessity, as they represent 88% of the community's total emissions. It is likely that in pursuit of its long-term targets, the state will increase the requirements of the RPS or develop additional policies or programs that achieve the same result: zero emissions in the electricity grid. Similarly, no long- term target can be achieved without aggressively addressing vehicle-related emissions, either ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES through substantial efficiency improvements, broad shifts towards emissions-free technologies, or both. The state is likely to pursue these types of strategies in the future, which would have an overlapping effect on the reduction estimates presented here from implementing a CCE and supporting widespread community shifts towards alternative fuel vehicles. The City will need to monitor the status of future state-level efforts and their impact on the City's reduction strategies as part of the CAP's ongoing maintenance. As the direction of new state action becomes clear, the City can identify any remaining local reduction opportunities for consideration. Alternatively, the state may make significant strides toward its long-term target (i.e., through enhanced actions/programs or development of new ones) such that local emissions reduction planning becomes less important. At the very least, Figure 3.8 provides a framework to demonstrate what it will take to mirror the state's aggressive long-range targets at the local level. The largest reduction opportunities, known at this time, are likely to come from cleaner electricity sources and a large-scale shift towards alternative-fuel vehicles, which couples well with these long-term measures provided here for the City to track during future CAP updates. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 3.8— Long-Term Reduction Options 500,000 i 00 � 1 � i 1 450,00000 I ; i 00 00; 00 400,000 s i i i ; 350,000 ' 00 , 1 � , 1 � , 1 1 1 1 � 300,000 1 N , ' O 1 U 250,000 I 1 , 1 , 1 , I , 1 , 200,000 ' I , I , 1 , I , 150,000 I , I , 1 , I , I , 100,000 I , I , 1 , I , I , 50,000 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Clean Electricity Alternative Fuel Vehicles Target ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES • • • 19 s . WI Sk.. tri>' f i'• } S 1 1 t , b •1 '1 , 1 •. . j� ' i ��y� �� X11 "i` mo-' , t ',5� , f•� �'" 1 • j �/ IL NEW- This chapter describes the measures and actions that the City could implement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve its municipal operations targets. The chapter provides a description of the CAP measure development process, a summary of the emission reductions anticipated from implementation of each proposed measure, a discussion regarding estimated achievement of the City's 2020 emissions reduction target, and recommendations for putting the City on a pathway toward reaching its 2035 and 2050 targets. The remainder of the chapter provides detailed descriptions of the individual measures and implementation actions. Purpose of the Municipal Operations Strategy The City of Cupertino has a long tradition of leading by example. This section presents municipal operations strategies that define actions for City leaders, department managers, and staff to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from internal operations (i.e., government buildings, facilities, and vehicle fleet). In addition to the emission reduction benefits, implementation of the measures contained within this chapter will lower energy, water, and fuel costs; reduce exposure to future energy cost increases; and improve government service delivery. City staff assisted in development of the CAP to identify priority actions and implementation steps, key performance targets, and departmental responsibility for its implementation. Measure Development Process The purpose of the municipal operations measures is to define future actions and implementation steps that the City could take to reduce its own emissions. The City conducted the following steps to develop the measures and actions contained within this chapter: Developed .. . proposedCalculated existing and municipal best compatible preliminary greenhouse gas policies)past City efforts practices with Council actions and reduction strategies, (i.e.,programs, nationally,and and steps to carry potential actions,steps, As part of the Santa Clara County-led regional climate planning project, City staff were provided a list of GHG reduction best management practices (BMP) developed from a review of regional, national, and international cities (see Appendix D). Staff first identified which projects, policies, or practices from the BMP list were already in place and/or planned for near-term implementation in Cupertino. Measures were also reviewed with residential and business stakeholders as part of the City's community-wide CAP planning efforts, to gauge their priorities for future agency operations. Preliminary measures were then refined based on perceived political, technical, and financial feasibility (see Figure 4.1). Finally, each selected measure was evaluated to gauge its relative effectiveness by calculating GHG emissions reduction benefits, and developing implementation timelines, departmental responsibility, and additional benefits (i.e., "co-benefits") that will arise from implementing the measures. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 4.1 — Municipal Operations Measure Development Considerations MIT Projects Wipll Services Eqprr"W Political Financial IMPLEMENTATION GHG Reduction Timeline Responsible Agency Co-Benefits Performance Indicator During the development of the CAP, staff identified a wide range of efforts the City has already implemented to reduce energy and water use, improve vehicle efficiency, and reduce solid waste. These existing and past efforts provide a foundation for the development of additional future actions, and were reviewed to identify opportunities for expanded implementation and development of new actions. Some existing actions have the potential for expansion or increased adoption within the City's operational framework, and are included in the CAP's measure discussion below, such as shifting the municipal fleet towards alternative vehicles. Some past actions may not be candidates for expansion at this time, but are still briefly described in the CAP text and have been quantified to take credit for their ongoing emissions reduction contributions, such as the City's initiative to retrofit its streetlights to high-efficiency technologies. And finally, some past actions were taken prior to the CAP's 2010 baseline year and cannot be included as reductions for purposes of this plan, such as the retrofit of traffic signals. However, these pre-2010 actions led to lower 2010 baseline emissions than would otherwise have been possible without their implementation. Therefore, while this CAP and the City's emissions reduction targets are based on the most current municipal operations inventory for 2010, the City's past actions have already set it on a path towards mirroring California's statewide reduction targets. This CAP can capture the reduction potential of City actions taken since 2010 and those estimated for future implementation, but falls short of documenting the full impact of the City's efforts towards reducing emissions through improved operational services prior to 2010. Table 4.1 lists the City's past and existing actions that were considered during CAP development. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.1 Existing City Emissions Reduction Initiatives FACILITIES Existing Building Energy and Water Retrofits Green Building Standards Advanced Lighting Controls/Monitoring Systems Building Energy Benchmarking Building Systems Retrofits (e.g., HVAC) Building Energy Audits Building Envelope Retrofits Indoor Building Lighting Retrofits Low-Flow Fixtures/Low-Flow Toilets at Public Exterior Building Lighting Retrofits Facilities New Building Energy Performance Green Building Standards Building Energy Use Benchmarking Conservation/Energy Management through Behavior Energy Efficient Procurement Policy—ENERGY Energy Consumption Data Collected per Building/ STAR Appliances Facility Energy Management Systems—Office Equipment Employee Information/Education Public Realm Lighting Efficiency Traffic Signal Retrofits Parking Lot Lighting Retrofits Street Light Retrofits Park Facility Lighting Retrofits Landscape Water Conservation Water Conservation Plan for Public Parks Advanced Irrigation Training for Parks Staff Climate-Sensitive and Water Efficient Irrigation Green Grounds Policy(e.g.,Watering Schedules, Technology Plant Selection) Efficient and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Fuel Efficient Vehicle Procurement Policy Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Behavior/Fuel Conservation Anti-Idling Driver Policy �SOLID WASTE Waste Reduction Green Procurement Specifications Zero Waste Strategy Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals Waste Audits/Surveys and Diversion Tracking at Paperless Office Policy/Program Municipal Facilities Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion Municipal Collection and Composting Program Landscape Waste Diversion On-Site Landscape Waste Reduction Program Waste Management Training for Park Department Municipal Landscape Waste Composting Program Staff/Groundskeepers Construction and Demolition (C&D)Waste Diversion C&D Waste Diversion Ordinance—50% Diversion City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Reduction Strategies The municipal reduction strategy is designed to achieve the City's 2020 target for emissions reductions 15% below its 2010 baseline level, as described in Chapter 2. As with the community-wide strategy presented in Chapter 3, the municipal operations strategy is organized into strategy areas with goals, measures, and actions. In this chapter, the high-level goals correlate to three reduction sectors: Facilities, Vehicle Fleet, and Solid Waste. It should be noted that no separate Water goal is included due to the relatively low emissions reduction potential associated with water conservation and the fact that the primary purpose of a CAP is to identify emissions reduction opportunities. However, a measure that addresses water use in landscaping is included within the Facilities sector (see Measure M-F-7). Within the three strategy areas, reduction measures define a pathway for achieving the overarching goals. Actions then describe the specific steps the City will take to implement each measure. Cupertino's BOLD municipal operations reduction goals are: GOAL 1 —IMPROVE FACILITIES: Transform facilities into models of technology demonstration and conservation. S GOAL 2 —CONVERT VEHICLE FLEE' Pursue employee commute and fleet alternatives to encourage multi-modal mobility and support a community- " • i wide shift toward alternative fuel vehicles. GOAL 3 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Effectively manage materials to shift behavior, consumption, and lifecycle impacts. MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTION MEASURES This chapter presents 15 municipal operations reduction measures, which are grouped according to the three municipal operations goals. As with the community-wide strategy, the majority of the City's measures are focused on the energy and transportation via the Facility and Vehicle Fleet strategies because, as shown in Chapter 2, as these represent the greatest emissions sources in the City and therefore provide the best opportunities for deep emissions reductions. Figure 4.2 illustrates the interlocking municipal operations reduction goals and their corresponding measures. The "M" in the measure numbers indicates it is a municipal operations LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 measure (as opposed to "C" for community-wide as is used in Chapter 3), while the next letter(s) identifies with which goal the measure is associated. Figure 4.2— Hierarchy of Goals, Measure, and Actions GOALS MEASURES Goal 1- I m prove Facilities Goal 2- ==0001'01 M-VF-2 2111 Convert Vehicle Fleet Goal 3 - Reduce Solid Waste Summary of Reductions Figure 4.3 illustrates the relative magnitude of each goal in terms of its emissions reduction potential by 2020. As shown, Facilities measures contribute nearly 80% of the total reductions estimated to occur by 2020 as a result of CAP implementation. The Vehicle Fleet and Solid Waste measures each contribute approximately 10% of total reductions. This breakdown corresponds with the City's emissions inventory that shows energy-related emissions contributing nearly 70% of total municipal emissions, as well as with the technological and financial realities inherent in attempting to shift towards cleaner vehicle fleet options in the near term. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Figure 4.3— Municipal Reduction Measures Contribution by 2020 Goal 1 - Facilities Yo Goal 2 - Vehicle Fleet Goal 3 - Solid Waste 790/6 Table 4.2 presents an overview of the 14 proposed municipal CAP measures (including one statewide measure) that are presented in greater detail later in this chapter. Where possible, emissions reduction estimates have been provided. In some instances, it was not possible to calculate the specific impact of implementing certain measures, even though those measures are important to the overall success of the City's CAP. These measures have been identified as "Supporting Measures" in Table 4.2 and throughout this chapter (sometimes referred to as Supporting Actions depending on the context), and are treated with the same level of detail and importance as the quantifiable actions within this chapter. To illustrate the measures' relative contribution towards the City's target, the column titled Contribution to 2020 Target was calculated based on the City's BAU emissions forecasts and targets described in Chapter 2. At the bottom of the table, the identified reductions are compared to the amount needed to achieve the City's 2020 target. As shown, this CAP estimates that the City will achieve its 2020 municipal operations reduction target with a 34.9% reduction below 2010 levels. Further discussion of near-term target achievement and the pathway towards long-term target achievement are presented at the end of this chapter. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.2 No Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target IMPROVE FACILITIES 552 160% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 31% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 26% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 12% M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 36% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 0% Statewide Actions 1862 54% CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET 66 19% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 14% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 5% REDUCE SOLID WASTE 82 24% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 18% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 4% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 1% TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15% below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 IMPACT OF PAST CITY ACTIONS Some of the existing City initiatives shown in Table 4.1 appear in Table 4.2 as well. These include the actions implemented after the CAP's 2010 baseline year. Since future year emissions forecasts are based on the baseline inventory, the emissions-reducing impact of these past actions would not be represented in the baseline inventory or emissions forecasts, and can therefore be counted towards achievement of the 2020 reduction target. The City has monitored the results from several of these actions, and was able to quantify their associated reductions. Incorporation of these reductions helps to provide a comprehensive representation of what additional actions will be required of the City to achieve its 2020 target. Table 4.3 presents the reductions and contribution towards the 2020 target for those past City actions that have sufficient implementation data and a methodology for calculation. The most significant past action to achieve municipal emissions reductions was the City's upgrade of municipally-owned streetlights to higher efficiency technologies. This action provided one-third of all reductions needed to achieve the 2020 municipal operations target. Other actions included retrofitting parking lot and park path lighting, installing weather-based irrigation controllers, replacing older municipal vehicles with hybrid-electric models, and implementing the state's construction and demolition diversion requirements. The total impact of these past actions contributes nearly 50% of reductions needed to achieve the 2020 emissions target. Table 4. Impact of Past City Actions 2020 Reductions Contribution to Reduction Measure I Action (MT CO2elyear) 2020 Target IMPROVE FACILITIES 167 48% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit A. Building Retrofits 41 12% M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency A. Street Light Retrofits 115 33% B. Parking Lot and Park Facility Lighting Retrofits 10 3% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation A. Irrigation System Improvements 1 0% CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET 5 1% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles A. Strategic Vehicle Fleet Transition Plan 5 1% REDUCE SOLID WASTE 1 0% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion A. C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects 1 0% TOTAL REDUCTIONS from PAST CITY ACTIONS 173 49% Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' As previously mentioned, the City has long been a leader in resource efficiency and has taken many actions beyond the few that are shown in Table 4.3. Some of these actions were undertaken prior to the 2010 baseline year, and their results are reflected in the CAP's baseline inventory. Others lack data to be accurately quantified or their results cannot be separated from the broader municipal emissions trends in the inventory, such as the City's energy efficient procurement policy or advanced irrigation training for Park Department staff. In any case, the most efficient way to track the success of the City's actions is to regularly update its municipal inventory to verify that emissions are, in fact, trending lower in the future, and collect metrics on its program and project achievements to further inform this effort. IMPACT OF NEW MUNICIPAL REDUCTION ACTIONS Table 4.2 and Figure 4.3 both show that the Facilities measures have the largest emissions reduction potential for 2020, which corresponds to its share of the emissions inventory (e.g., 70% of total emissions in 2010). Figure 4.4 below shows the relative impact of the specific quantified actions presented later in this chapter. Facilities sector measures are anticipated to reduce emissions by approximately 550 MT CO2e/year. This estimate surpasses the 2020 target, and represents nearly one-third of reductions needed to achieve the City's 2050 target. Though not included in the 2020 total reduction estimate, the actions associated with Measure M-F-1 would result in cleaner electricity used in municipal operations, and provide the greatest opportunity for large-scale emissions reductions. The Solid Waste measures contribute approximately 90 MT CO2e/year, or one-quarter of the 2020 target. The Vehicle Fleet sector measures are anticipated to reduce emissions by approximately 50 MT CO2e/year, or 13.0% of total reductions needed by 2020. Figure 4.4— Comparative Emission Reduction Potential of CAP Actions (2020) M-F-1 A.Utility-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio M-F-1 B.Community Choice Aggregation M-F-2 A.Solar PV Installations on City Buildings/Property M-F-3 A.Advanced Energy Efficiency Analytics M-F-4 A. Bulding Retrofits M M-F-6 A.Street Light Retrofits M-F-6 B. Parking Lot/Park Facility Lighting Retrofits M-F-7 A. Benchmark&Track Water Use M-VF-1 A.Strategic Vehicle Fleet Transition Plan M-VF-3 A.Telematics M-SW-1 B. Paperless Office Policy/Program M-SW-2 A. Municipal Collection and Composting Program II M-SW-3 A.C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 MT COZe/yr City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 Emissions Reduction Measures The remainder of this chapter presents the municipal operations goals, measures, and actions organized by strategy area (i.e., Facilities, Vehicle Fleet, Solid Waste). Each strategy area section begins with an overview of the corresponding measures and actions. Then, each measure is presented individually, with a narrative describing the details of the measure and supporting action(s), including related past actions taken by the City. Each measure concludes with a detailed implementation table that: ■ lists the implementation steps and their current implementation status, ■ identifies the City department responsible for implementation, ■ provides the emissions reduction potential and performance indicator upon which the emissions reductions were calculated (where applicable), ■ highlights co-benefits related to the action's implementation, and ■ suggests an implementation timeframe for the action. Figure 4.5 illustrates the relationship of the goals, measures, actions, and implementation plans. Several of these implementation table features are described in more detail below to introduce the icons and terminology used throughout this chapter. Figure 4.5— Reduction Strategy Hierarchy MEASURE ACTION IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION STEPS, STATUS, AND DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBILITY Implementation steps identify how the City will advance each action. The implementation table also identifies responsible departments that would be best positioned to lead or provide essential input for implementation of certain tasks. Key implementing departments and divisions include the following (highlighted in green below): • 1 Division i r Economic Manager Sustainability Public Affairs City Clerk Development Community Housing Planning Building Development Services Capital Grounds& Trees& Public Works Improvement Facilities Fleet Streets Transportation Right of Program Way Recreation & Facility& Community Community Neighborhood Senior Sports& Youth &Teen Services Events Services Programs Fitness Programs Admin Services Human Finance Resources The status column indicates whether an implementation step is an existing City priority or a new item proposed by the CAP. Measure status is indicated with the icons shown below: Ir Existing City Actions Proposed New Actions GHG REDUCTION POTENTIAL The estimated annual emissions reduction potential of each quantifiable action is provided for 2020 in MT CO2e/yr. Measures or actions identified as "Supporting" contribute to GHG reductions and are an important component of this CAP, but currently lack a methodology to quantify their individual emissions reduction potential. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 PROGRESS INDICATORS Progress indicators describe the specific action that is being quantified to estimate the reduction potential. These indicators enable City staff, the City Council, and the public to track implementation and monitor overall CAP progress. Progress indicators are provided for 2020, and are specifically described when possible (e.g., 100% of municipal electricity comes from a portfolio of 75% renewable sources). Progress indicators are not provided for supporting measures, which do not have quantifiable emissions reductions. CO-BENEFITS As previously described in Chapter 3, the co-benefits identified in this CAP highlight the various additional outcomes that could occur as a result of measure implementation, beyond emissions reductions. The same co-benefit icons from Chapter 3 are used here to illustrate these overlapping outcomes. Figure 4.6 shows the co-benefits and their corresponding icons used throughout this chapter. Figure 4.6— Municipal Operations Measure Co-Benefits Improves air quality Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use Creates local jobs Reduces vehicle fuel Reduces waste; consumption Extends landfill lifespan Reduces water use; Improves local energy Extends community water independence supply Provides long-term savings Increases operational knowledge; from municipal operations Raises community awareness Conserves natural resources Reduces landfill methane Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE Timeline icons used in the implementation tables indicate when each implementation step should occur based on the following four timeframes: 'mp On-going items are actions the City already performs or programs the City already offers that should be continued in the future. Ar Near-term items are those that should be pursued immediately, within a 1-2 year timeframe following CAP adoption. Medium-term items will help to achieve the 2020 reduction target, and should be pursued within 3-5 years following CAP adoption. Long-term items will help provide broader measure implementation, but are not critical to immediate success; these items include actions that can be started now and will take 5+ years to complete, or can be actions that do not require implementation consideration for at least 5 years. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 �a GOAL 1 - IMPROVE FACILITIES : Transform facilities into models of technology demonstration and conservation. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Facility sector emissions represented approximately 70% of total municipal emissions in 2010. Energy emissions arise from the electricity and natural gas used to power the City's buildings and facilities. Electricity from the public utility grid is generated from a variety of sources, including natural gas and coal power plants, hydro-electric generators, wind farms, and large- scale solar facilities. The mix of energy sources used to supply the grid is one factor used to calculate the City's energy-related emissions. Electricity powers the City's building and facility lighting, air conditioning, computers, and other office equipment that support daily operations. Electricity is also used to power the City's public lighting, including streetlights, traffic lights, municipal parking lot lights, and park and recreational lighting. Energy-related emissions also include natural gas used for indoor space heating and hot water use, heating public pool water, and other operations. The City has already taken a number of steps to reduce energy emissions through energy- efficiency improvements. Existing buildings and facilities have been made more energy-efficient with indoor lighting retrofits, lighting occupancy sensors, office equipment energy management systems, and streetlight and traffic signal retrofits. The City has also reduced landscape irrigation water use with the installation of weather-based sprinkler systems, which help prevent the overwatering of parks, medians, and other public landscape areas if the soil is already wet or rain is expected. Ongoing planning for municipal solar photovoltaic systems could provide opportunities to meet a portion of the City's electricity demand from clean, renewable, and local sources. The City has also demonstrated a leadership role through policy and operational guidance, including adoption of its Green Building Ordinance, which requires new construction and significant retrofits in the City (including municipal buildings) to meet established green building standards. A municipal purchasing policy directs use of ENERGY STAR-rated appliances and equipment to increase operational efficiency. This sector includes seven measures that expand upon the City's previous successes in energy efficiency improvements to help achieve its 2020 target, and establish a framework for achieving its 2035 and 2050 targets. The following measures will provide emission reductions through cleaner grid electricity; renewable energy development; additional existing building retrofits; enhanced standards for new building energy performance; operational improvements; lighting retrofits; and enhanced landscape irrigation. Goal 1- Improve - Improve Facilities City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Implementation of several Facilities measures would have overlapping influence on the City's emissions reduction potential. Measure M-F-1 describes two approaches to achieve the same goal of reducing electricity-related emissions (i.e., low-carbon electricity options), and it is assumed that the City would not pursue both of these actions simultaneously (see Measure M- F-1 discussion next). Similarly, implementation of actions that would result in cleaner electricity sources would have the dual effect of lowering the emissions reduction potential of other actions that reduce municipal electricity use. The result of using cleaner electricity in City operations means that electricity-conserving measures, such as lighting efficiency improvements, contribute relatively less to emissions reductions because these measures would result in lower consumption of already low-emissions or zero-emissions electricity. For purposes of this CAP, it was assumed that the City would not pursue implementation of the low-carbon electricity option described in Measure M-F-1A prior to 2020 because the sum of past and anticipated future City actions, combined with the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard, will achieve the near-term 2020 reduction target. However, PG&E's Green Option Program is expected to be approved and implemented prior to 2020. If the City chooses to voluntarily participate in this program to purchase clean electricity for municipal use, the emissions reductions identified for M-F-1A could be realized and included in support of the City's 2020 target achievement. Conversely, it is unlikely that a local community choice energy district would be developed and fully implemented by the 2020 target year, preventing the City from achieving the reductions estimated for Measures M-F-1 B. Should this assumption prove incorrect, the City could achieve greater emissions reductions in 2020 than conservatively estimated here. If the City pursues Measure M-F-1 to purchase 100% of municipal electricity from clean sources, it would reduce emissions by approximately 875 MT CO2e/yr. If Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 are pursued instead, their total reduction potential would be approximately 550 MT CO2e per year (including reductions from the Renewable Portfolio Standard). MEASURE M-F-1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PORTFOLIO Procure low-carbon electricity through utility-based programs or participation in a Community Choice Energy District. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: Up to 869 MT CO2e/yr (Note: Not included in progress toward 2020 target calculations) The greenhouse gas emissions attributed to electricity use are a direct result of the energy- generating sources contained within the electricity grid's portfolio. Shifting the grid's portfolio to cleaner energy sources (e.g. wind, solar, geothermal) will reduce emissions related to building energy use, such as lighting, mechanical systems, and office equipment. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) currently provides electricity and natural gas to all City buildings and Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 facilities, and is responsible for determining the grid's energy portfolio (note: The City also participates in ABAG POWER to purchase natural gas). This measure presents the City's opportunities to influence the portfolio mix of energy sourced and consumed to meet municipal energy demands. There are two options to implement this measure, described as Actions A and B below, including purchasing cleaner electricity directly from PG&E through its forthcoming Green Option Program (i.e., Action A) or partnering with other area jurisdictions to develop a community power-purchasing energy district that can independently buy cleaner electricity (i.e., Action B). These actions are not necessarily mutually exclusive; though it is likely the City would not opt to pursue both. A potential third option would be for the City to develop its own grid-scale renewable energy projects (e.g., 5 megawatt (MW) solar PV system). However, this alternative was omitted during the CAP development process due to limited City-owned space for such a large installation, the feasibility of which was analyzed during Cupertino's recent involvement in two regional renewable energy procurement projects. Measure M-F-1 would be further supported by other CAP measures and existing City actions that reduce electricity demand, either through energy-efficiency improvements or educational programs that promote energy conservation. Total reductions in electricity demand would lower the cost to participate in Actions A or B since the City would be purchasing less electricity at a premium price (e.g., the additional cost to purchase cleaner electricity from PG&E). Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by as much as 869 MT CO2e/year in 2020, depending on which measure the City selects and what proportion of clean electricity it chooses to buy. However, since the City's past actions combined with the Renewable Portfolio Standard are estimated to provide reduction levels that achieve the 2020 target it is assumed the City will not pursue implementation of Measure M-F-1 prior to 2020. However, a phased approach could be taken in which the City pursues M-F-1 Action A (i.e., participation in PG&E's Green Option program) in the near-term, while working on the longer-term implementation of M- F-1 Action B (i.e., development of a local Community Choice Energy program). The emissions reduction potential of the two actions is provided for informational purposes, and illustrates how effective clean electricity sources are at achieving reduction targets. While emissions reduction associated with this measure are not needed to achieve the City's near-term reduction target, access to clean electricity will play a primary role in the City's ability to achieve its longer-term reduction targets. In addition, pursuit of Community Choice Energy (CCE) could be a lengthy process (i.e., approximately 8 years to study, form JPA, procure energy, offer service to customers in Marin County). If the City selects this approach to help achieve its longer-term reduction targets, there are early implementation steps that could be taken between now and 2020 to lay the foundation for this as a future option. It should also be noted that the CCE action has the potential to provide significant energy sector reductions at the community-wide level as well, which could help the City to achieve its long-term community- wide emissions reduction goals. The implications of pursuing this measure by 2050 are described at the end of this chapter in the section title Trajectory towards 2035 and 2050 Targets. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Action A. Support Utilitv-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio PG&E is in the process of finalizing its proposed Green Option Program (see: http://www.pge.com/greenol)tion/), which would allow customers to voluntarily purchase 100% renewable electricity. If approved, PG&E expects the program to be available for subscription in 2015, within a few months following approval. The program is currently expected to be capped at 272 MW of demand and for a five-year pilot program. It is currently unknown how participation will be granted should the program become fully subscribed. The City should begin to explore the potential feasibility of this program, including cost implications, as information becomes available from PG&E, so that a decision to participate can be made shortly following CPUC approval. SupportM-F-1 Action A. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Conduct feasibility study of PG&E Green Option financial costs (per kilowatt hour(kWh)costs have not been finalized yet as part of program development)for City to purchase part or all of its electricity from renewable sources Sustainability Develop resolution to opt into PG&E Green Option program for municipal Division electricity purchases(Note: program is currently capped at 272 MW and as 5 year pilot program; it is currently unknown how enrollment decisions will be V made should program become fully subscribed) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 100%of municipal electricity use in 2020 comes from 75% renewable 651 (or zero carbon)sources via PG&E Green Option Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action B. Create Communitv Choice Enerqv Option Assembly Bill 117, which was signed into law in 2002, enables California cities and counties to individually or collectively supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a Community Choice Energy District. Unlike a municipal utility, a CCE does not own the transmission and delivery systems, but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCE may own electric generating facilities, but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. A key benefit of a CCE is that the participating jurisdictions can determine the amount of renewable energy procured for its generation portfolio, allowing a CCE to exceed current state requirements directing California's utilities to provide 33% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The program would be most effective if the City partnered with other Santa Clara County cities and the county government to jointly pursue a regional CCE program. The Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain View are currently cooperating on an initial CCE feasibility study. The image below illustrates the Marin Clean Energy program. 411111110MMILL Now ■■■ RENEWABLE ENERGY SAME SERVICE AS ALWAYS YOUR COMMUNITY CHOICE Electric Generation Electric Delivery A Greener Electric Caption MCE adds clean PG&E provides transmission, You can choose MCE for cleaner electricity to the grid. repairs, billing and service. energy,stable prices,and local jobs. Source:httD://www.mcecleanenerav.ora/about-us/how-mce-works/ OptionM-F-1 Action B. Create Community Choice Energy Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to monitor CCE efforts within Santa Clara County, City of San O Francisco, and East San Francisco Bay cities; if local support exists to further ■ consider CCE options within Cupertino, pursue the following steps: o Identify potential jurisdictional partners for development of CCE (e.g., Sunnyvale, Mountain View) o Conduct feasibility study to assess viability of CCE program in Cupertino(can be conducted jointly with other jurisdictional partners) Sustainability Division o Based on results of feasibility study, pursue development of(or participation in)CCE per state requirements o Adopt resolution for City to participate in CCE o Determine feasibility of City to purchase electricity for municipal operations from CCE, based on approved CCE rate structure; CCE may provide options for level of participation (e.g., 50%clean electricity, 100%clean electricity) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 100%of municipal electricity use in 2020 comes from 100% renewable 869 (or zero carbon)sources via CCE program Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 MEASURE M-F-2 RENEWABLE / LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY GENERATION Develop renewable energy facilities at municipal buildings and facilities. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 108 MT COZe/yr The City has prepared several solar reports to study the viability of municipal buildings and facilities to host solar photovoltaic (PV) installations. These site-scale solar PV systems could help to offset building or facility-specific energy loads with locally-sourced renewable energy. Combined with energy-efficiency improvements (e.g., lighting retrofits, HVAC maintenance), appropriately-sized PV installations have the potential to offset the entire electricity load of certain buildings or facilities. Significant savings from solar installations have already been realized by varied members of Cupertino's community including De Anza College, the Cupertino Union School District, and the Fremont Union High School District. Through its most recent solar feasibility study, the City explored five installation locations: City Hall, Community Hall, Library, Service Yard, and the parking lots surrounding the Civic Center complex. The study considered the existing electricity demand of these buildings compared to the potential PV electricity generation that could be sited within each site. If all five sites are pursued, the City could install approximately 500 kilowatts (kW) of PV capacity with a generation potential of nearly 820,000 kWh/yr. This represents 17% of the City's 2010 electricity use. In pursuit of these renewable energy installations, the City has, and will need to continue to, considered the availability of financing options, including utility or government rebates, direct purchase with municipal funds, or use of power purchase agreements (PPA) through a solar service provider (PPA's allow a third-party developer to own, operate, and maintain the PV system, while the City would agree to host the system on its property and purchase the system's electric output from the solar service provider for a predetermined period). Cupertino's first solar installation, pursued through an Alameda County-led Regional Renewable Energy Procurement (R-REP) project, is advancing through direct purchase and is scheduled to offset all energy demands at its Service Yard beginning in the spring of 2015. This project represents a first step of the City "leading by example" to further encourage residential and commercial solar installations across our jurisdiction, which was ranked 18th in the Environment California Solar Cities 2012 Report for per capita installed solar capacity among cities with a population of 50,000 or more, over the cities of Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Davis, and Palo Alto. With 576 solar permits issued in Cupertino as of July 2014, the Service Center project will enable the City to join its community as a participant in achieving the more systemic sustainability and targeted renewable energy objectives defined in Council's Work Program, as a signatory to both the Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement and the Bay Area Climate Compact, and as a participant in the California Green Business Program and Network. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 The City also prepared a detailed energy audit as part of a Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant-funded energy service contract with Siemens. The audit considered the viability of solar thermal systems to offset the energy demand associated with hot water use at various municipal facilities, as well as other facility improvement measures (FIMs). The audit studied five locations for potential solar thermal system installations: City Hall Complex, Quinlan Community Center, Sports Center, Senior Center, and Blackberry Farm Pool. Of the five potential sites, the Sports Center and the Blackberry Farm Pool complex were identified as promising candidates. However, the audit did not recommend pursuit of solar thermal systems at that time, as other more promising, lower-cost improvement options were underway and will support the City's ultimate implementation. In the future, various factors could influence the cost-benefit analysis associated with pursuit of solar thermal systems at City sites, such as the cost of natural gas, the cost of solar thermal systems, or the City's volume of hot water use. To that end, the City should continue to monitor its expenditure on hot water heating at municipal facilities and the state of solar thermal rebates and financing to determine the future viability of this action. This CAP assumes that no solar thermal systems are pursued prior to 2020, but that this technology remains an option to support future target achievement. The following two actions help to outline a pathway towards increased use of building-scale renewable energy systems. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions nearly 110 MT CO2e/year by 2020. laic Photo Credit:httD://www.ratcliffarch.com/content/Droiects/DeAnzaMLC/DeAnza MLC 6JDQ 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Action A. Install Solar PV Installations on Citv Buildings / Property As noted in the measure introduction, the City has already identified five potential sites for near- term solar PV systems. The City will continue to evaluate the best funding and least-risk mechanism to pursue these projects, including through future regional procurement efforts (see: jointventure.org/regionalenergyprocurement). Additional installation sites may become viable in the future, particularly after implementation of the City's Civic Center Master Plan. Build-out of this plan could result in several new buildings at the Civic Center, including a Teen Center, Sherriff's Office, and a new City Hall. Construction of additional buildings will lead to increased energy use (as estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2). According to the City's Green Building Ordinance, Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, and new pre-wiring requirements these new buildings will be designed to achieve high levels of energy and water efficiency and support the installation of electric vehicle charging stations. These facilities should also be designed to support installation of renewable energy systems that can offset their electricity demand. PropertyM-F-2 Action A. Install Solar PV Installations on City Buildings/ Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Based on results of City's previous solar feasibility study, pursue PV installations at City Hall complex, Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Corporation Yard, and Civic Center carports through Santa Clara County Regional PPA or other financing option (e.g., City procurement, Capital Improvement lease-to-own) Program Division Review future potential for additional PV installations at sites associated with O implementation of Civic Center Master Plan (e.g.,Teen Center, new City Hall, Sheriffs Office) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes five solar sites are developed for total installed capacity of 508 kW 108 generating 818,000 kWh/yr Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action B. Install Solar Thermal Installations on Citv Facilities Solar water systems collect the heat generated from the sun to heat water, thereby replacing the more conventional use of natural gas or electric heaters. Solar thermal systems tend to be most cost-effective for large hot water consumers (e.g., shower facilities, public pools, laundry facilities) because the systems are currently expensive compared to the relatively inexpensive cost of natural gas. Through this high-level study and subsequent site visits by PG&E and PG&E direct installers, the City has considered all relevant sites, which identified several facilities that may be good candidates. However, as is common with most commercial and municipal property owners, it was determined that more cost-effective energy improvements should be pursued first. Future analysis of this opportunity may conclude that solar thermal projects are viable for installation at municipal facilities with high hot water heating loads, such as the Sports Center, Blackberry Farm Pool, or one of the new buildings envisioned in the Civic Center Master Plan. M-17-2 Action B. Install Solar Thermal Installations on City Facilities Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Following implementation of other energy audit improvement opportunities, conduct further feasibility analysis for primary solar thermal systems identified in audit(i.e., Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center) Identify funding/financing source to implement cost-effective solar thermal Facilities, Capital options at opportunity sites, either through ESCO contract or direct City install Improvement Program, and As part of the Capital Improvement Program (CIP), annually review hot water Sustainability usage at City buildings and facilities to identify additional cost-effective Divisions opportunities for solar thermal installations; City could additionally consider developing a Green CIP that aggregates findings and recommendations from this CAP into one document mirroring existing CIP process Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no solar thermal systems are pursued prior to 2020 0 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Dun 4q • City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 MEASURE M-F-3 ADVANCE ENERGY MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Reduce energy consumption in existing municipal buildings through data analysis, interactive management systems, employee education, and building operation and maintenance policies. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 91 MT CO2e/yr Improving energy efficiency and management in existing buildings can provide the immediate benefits of reduced emissions and operational savings through utility cost savings, and potentially provide longer-term maintenance cost savings. Additionally, advanced analytic energy management systems offer another tool to achieve deep cost-effective energy savings across municipal facilities. Building efficiency and conservation improvements also support the City's plans for additional renewable energy generation. Energy efficiency has been identified by the state as the first enabling strategy in the "loading order" of energy improvement approaches, first adopted by California's energy agencies in the 2003 Energy Action Plan and reaffirmed by the energy sector provisions of CARB's AB 32 Scoping Plan. The order allows for accuracy and optimal effectiveness in energy use, and the right-sizing of solar PV systems to offset remaining electricity use. See Figure 4.7 for an illustration of the loading order model. Figure 4.7— Energy Strategy Loading Order Energy Analysis Energy Conservation Energy Efficiency V ime of Use anagement R pwable y Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The City already uses building energy benchmarking and energy audits to track and compare energy use and identify operational or mechanical problems and opportunities for system improvements. The actions included within this measure are intended to reinforce the City's previous energy efficiency activities, identify the next candidates for retrofit programs (see Measure M-F-4), facilitate scheduled collection of energy use data at a building or facility level, provide policy guidance for regular building system commissioning, and elevate energy conservation awareness across all levels of City employees. As with the previous measures, project financing is a primary consideration. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 90 MT COZe/year by 2020. Action A. Develop Advanced Enerqv Efficiencv Analvtics Analyzing building-specific energy use data can help to identify operational improvement opportunities or faulty mechanical systems, allowing facilities managers to more closely control operating costs. The advanced energy efficiency analytics process uses daily and hourly building energy meter data, weather data, GIS mapping, and other inputs to determine how a building uses energy. This type of data analysis allows for remote building audits that can often identify low- or no-cost operational improvements leading to greater building efficiency. Numerous third-party service providers offer advanced analytics services through software subscriptions or direct monitoring. The City should consider using an advanced analytics service to monitor its building energy use more conveniently, to identify and correct operational issues more quickly, and to track and quantify post-installation, measure-specific impacts. The City could pursue such a service on its own, or consider aggregating its building portfolio with other neighboring jurisdictions to negotiate a group rate. Results from an advanced analytics program could also inform the types of additional building retrofits the City should pursue (see Measure F-4). This approach has worked particularly well for the Cupertino Union School District, who utilizes the Cenergistic energy management tool to reduce and control utility costs across its 20 elementary and 5 middle schools. This tool has served as a platform to enable the District to achieve EPA ENERGY STAR Leaders Top Performer recognition for achieving a portfolio-wide ENERGY STAR energy performance score of 95 and reducing energy use across its portfolio of buildings. This represents an ongoing savings of $600,000 per year in avoided electricity, natural gas, sewer, and water costs for the District. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-F-3 Action A.Advance Energy Management Activities Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Identify appropriate energy analytics firm with which to partner; this could be regional implementation opportunity to secure discounted large group rate - consult other area jurisdictions when pursuing this option Facilities& Create operating framework that allows facilities managers to implement Sustainability findings into building operations Q Divisions Use high-resolution data from analytics(e.g., appliance end-use )to inform �';1 development of targeted energy efficiency retrofit programs[see M-F-4] 0 Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 14.5% reduction in 2010 baseline building electricity use (i.e.,410,000 91 kWh/yr saved)and 14.3% reduction in 2010 baseline building natural gas use (i.e., 6,900 therms/yr saved) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 1$ 4L Action B. Benchmark &Track Consumption Data Collected per Facilitv The ability to monitor and analyze energy use in City buildings and facilities is largely a function of the number and location of utility meters. For example, without dedicated meters, electricity used for a park's lights is not measureable if the park lights are on the same meter as an adjacent City building. Cross-metering is common, and makes it difficult to isolate opportunities for improvement or monitor the results of any installed retrofit programs. The City should partner with PG&E to install additional utility meters, or sub-meters, at City buildings and facilities to the extent that Facilities staff would be able to effectively monitor and analyze energy use trends at the building- or facility-level. This ability to disaggregate utility consumption at a finer-grain of detail would support the City's existing benchmarking program and help to remotely identify efficiency improvement opportunities (as described in Action A), without the need to physically audit each individual building. As a preliminary step, it is recommended that the City pursue ENERGY STAR certification for its facilities (see: httr)://www.energvstar.gov/buildings/about-us/energv-star-certification) to determine the current energy performance of its spaces and achieve AB1103 compliance (Nonresidential Building Energy Use Disclosure Program, see: energy.ca.gov/ab1103). Staff have evaluated the agency's operational practices using the California Green Business Program criteria, through which the City certified the energy, water, and materials conservation efforts across its eight major facilities (see: greenbusinessca.org). Cupertino has also previously worked with the Silicon Valley Energy Watch to benchmark all of its large and small facilities, allowing the agency to measure meter-level energy use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions, but has not engaged a professional engineer or registered architect to verify its findings. This step would enable the City to capture metrics that assess the current performance of its buildings in advance of implementing future improvements and, perhaps, a next-step goal Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 of achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification through the US Green Building Council. M-17-3 Action B. Benchmark&Track Consumption Data Collected per Facility Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Work with PG&E to install additional electricity and gas meters (where applicable)to allow improved facility-level energy use analysis;when feasible, combine similar end uses into one meter(e.g., park unit's lighting combined into one meter, park unit's buildings provided on separate meters) to allow monitoring of specific energy efficiency improvements or comparison of annual energy benchmarking Facilities& After installation of additional meters, organize PG&E data by facility and Sustainability City department(e.g., Meters 1, 2 and 3 represent Memorial Park) Divisions Benchmark all eligible municipal facilities using ENERGY STAR Portfolio �';1 Manager Q Implement process to track and report municipal energy usage through quarterly or annual staff reports; explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline i /''� 4q Action C. Install Enerqv Management Svstems Energy management systems (EMS) can help conserve energy by automatically turning off building systems, equipment, or appliances after normal business hours or a period of inactivity. Automatic lighting controls are increasingly common, in which motion sensors detect activity within a room and automatically turn the lights off when a room is not in use. Installing an EMS in office environments can help reduce plug load electricity use associated with computers and monitors, personal space heaters, speakers, printers, fax machines, and other office equipment. The City has already worked with its Information Technology (IT) department to identify opportunities for workstation energy management systems, and has deployed a CASE application power setting on all desktops, and has deployed advanced plug-load controlling power strips across municipal offices. As these were early-stage technologies, implemented in 2011/2012, staff should revisit these systems' opportunities to increase employee comfort/use of the applications and further evaluate current technology effectiveness as compared to newer options. If the City pursues an advanced analytics service (see Action A), it could be used to help monitor the proper function of the City's existing advanced lighting control systems. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-F-3 Action C. Install Energy Management Systems Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Work with energy analytics firm and City IT department to identify additional opportunities for office system EMS to automate control and monitoring of office equipment(e.g., computers, monitors, printers), beyond those already installed, including strategy for advanced power strip purchases and use in Facilities& City buildings Sustainability Work with energy analytics firm to review existing advanced lighting controls/ Divisions monitoring systems (e.g., automatic dimmers), ensure proper operation, and identify opportunities for additional installations in other City buildings/facilities Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline J IBM Action D. Introduce Retro-Commissioninq Proqram Commissioning and retro-commissioning are the processes of verifying that building systems are operating at optimal efficiency as intended by building architects and engineers. The state's building code already requires commissioning in new construction, as do current LEED rating systems, through which the City would need to comply if building a new facility per its Green Building Ordinance. Development of a City policy that requires all major building systems (e.g., mechanical, electrical, ventilation) to be retro-commissioned at five-year intervals will help ensure optimal facility operations. This policy could also help extend the life of existing systems, defer expensive upgrades, and ensure timely identification of energy efficiency opportunities. This policy should be developed in a way to provide efficiencies and/or cost savings associated with the City's existing service agreements for regular maintenance of various City buildings. The policy and practice of retro-commissioning will be further informed if the City pursues Actions A, B, and C above, as a means of benchmarking the efficiencies achieved through this new practice over current efforts. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES • ' M-F-3 Action D. Introduce Retro-Commissioning Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Formalize program that requires all major systems(e.g., HVAC) in existing buildings/facilities to be retro-commissioned at 5-year intervals Facilities& Sync regular retro-commissioning efforts with services provided by existing Sustainability ODivisions building systems maintenance contracts Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ED 0 4L Action E. Desiqn / Implement Facilities & Equipment Energv Manaqement Policv Cupertino's facilities represent over 70% of the City's municipal greenhouse gas emissions, resulting from the ENERGY CONSUMPSI6N IN LOCAL GCSVERNMEHT burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Therefore, gtnDINGS This ttrenergy usebyl�lthis CAP must prioritize reducing energy use across the gonmenownel ammial buildings )arty building that is not residential,manu facturing or industrial or City's building portfolio to achieve the stated emissions agricultural) reduction targets. Measures to achieve this objective, As End Use thus far, focus on data collection and analysis and 'D"""nH°''" equipment installation and service schedules, which Space heating 333 42 serve as critical first steps to setting more ambitious Lighting 120 15 municipal facility-oriented energy conservation goals. As Cooling 88 11 stated in the 2011 Environmental Protection Agency's Ventilation 8.3 10 Energv Efficiencv in Local Government Operations Guide, Water heating 61 8 "saving energy through energy efficiency improvements Miscellaneous 56 a can cost less than generating, transmitting, and Rafrigeratiert 23 3 distributing energy from power plants, and provides Computers 21 3 immediate economic and environmental benefits". Office equipment 5 1 Recognizing this fact, Cupertino will formalize energy (Cooking 11 1 conservation goals, activities, and procedures for Total 800 100 maintenance staff and building occupants alike through .Data from the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy the implementation of this measure. The development of Consumption Information Survey ECBECS]eion JEIed by the p p Energy tnforma[ion Administration{EIW.The CBECS is such a policy is a growing practice among leading conducted every four years. "Flgures are rounded to the nearest trillion Btu. environmental cities locally and throughout the United Source ErA.2008. States (e.g., San Jose, Seattle, Durham), and is often paired with a municipal enerav efficiencv revolving loan fund to prioritize future efficiency investments, as is suggested in this plan. The City's Utility Conservation Policy and Procedure will define opportunities to reduce energy and water use and hedge against rising energy costs of existing buildings, lighting, and 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 equipment while maintaining service to the public and comfort for City employees. To ensure these aims are met, staff will define employee responsibilities, equipment, and building automation system operating procedures (including temperature set-points), and purchasing guidelines within the Procedure, which will systematize efforts to retrofit existing buildings and define future efficiency-focused capital improvement projects. It is anticipated that adopting this policy will kick start a pathway for the City to achieve energy and water conservation targets aligned with both this Climate Action Plan, as well as third-party certification programs (e.g., LEED Building Operations & Maintenance Rating System, GBI's Green Globes, EPA ENERGY STAR) to acknowledge the City's leadership in this space. M-F-3 Action E. D• Policy Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research and collect facility-related energy conservation policies and O procedures from cities locally and nationally Develop draft Policy and Procedure that outlines facility energy and water conservation goals, employee responsibilities, operating equipment O procedures, and purchasing guidelines,to ensure consistency with City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy Facilities& Implement Procedure and track progress to achieve utility cost and resource Sustainability savings on periodic basis Divisions Adjust Procedure as best practices evolve and new technologies are introduced to achieve larger financial and utility conservation gains over time Identify third-party certification programs and rating criteria to recognize Cupertino's utility conservation efforts Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 0 Action F. Bolster Emplovee Behavior Chanqe throuqh Information / Education Providing employees with information about energy efficient policies and practices, as well as energy use within their buildings, can promote a culture of conservation within various departments. The City could leverage energy analytics tools (Action A) to host employee- focused dashboards on its intranet and consider using gaming techniques (i.e., applying game- design thinking to non-game applications) to engage employees in utility savings competitions across facilities or departments, a practice that has worked well in Palo Alto and San Francisco. This could include setting departmental energy use reduction targets and hosting staff training on day-to-day energy conservation practices and use of existing equipment's energy-saving settings. Additionally facilities staff will receive training on how to optimize building energy components through use of the City's building management systems. Public-facing opportunities to share the City's energy information and savings include, installing energy use dashboards in public areas of the City's primary buildings (e.g., City Hall, Library) Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 and connect the dashboards to its website for more visible tracking of energy use in specific buildings. This data should also be shared on the City's open data platform and integrated into its Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping applications. Different City departments or buildings (depending on the distribution of utility meters) could also set energy use reduction targets and encourage staff to help achieve them. This could include training on day-to-day energy conservation practices and use of existing equipment's energy-saving settings. Additionally Facilities staff will receive training on how to optimize building energy components through use of the City's building management systems. EmployeeM-F-3 Action F. Bolster Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Install energy use dashboards in City Hall and primary municipal buildings (e.g., public-facing and high energy use);work with PG&E to install individual building meters, as necessary,to allow building-specific energy use reporting (see M-F-3 B) Provide facility managers with training on advanced building operations systems in order to maximize effectiveness of City's building systems Set specific department-level energy use targets and encourage employees Sustainability in the buildings to participate in energy efficiency achievement(may need Division additional PG&E meters installed, per M-F-3 B,to accurately track this) Continue to distribute and refer staff to City's handbook with instructional guides to help implement ENERGY STAR purchasing requirements;existing handbook also serves as user-friendly resource to guide City purchases of "green"products, such as furniture, carpeting/flooring, paints, packaging materials, etc.,which further supports Measure M-SW-1 C Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline MEASURE M-F-4 GROW EXISTING BUILDING ENERGY RETROFIT EFFORTS Reduce energy consumption in existing municipal buildings through energy efficiency improvements. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 41 MT CO2e/yr As stated in Measure M-F-3, improving energy efficiency in existing buildings can reduce emissions and provide operational savings through reduced utility cost and maintenance needs. Prioritizing funding is often a challenge when pursuing building retrofit programs, as resources 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 are often limited and agencies must prioritize essential services first. As a means of identifying capital resources for CAP-aligned utility conservation efforts, the City will consider establishing a revolving loan fund for municipal retrofits or efficiency improvements. The City will also continue to discuss municipal efficiency opportunities and funding strategies with their PG&E account representative to ensure the City is taking advantage of all available financial resources. Prior to the CAP's baseline year of 2010, the City performed numerous facility-related retrofits, including low-flow toilet, faucet, showerhead and spray-valve installations at public facilities, mechanical building system retrofits (e.g., HVAC), citywide traffic light retrofits, and interior building lighting retrofits paired with advanced lighting control systems. In 2010, the City received a $526,200 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that was used to initiate a competitively-bid energy savings performance contract with Siemens to identify additional energy efficiency improvement opportunities across seven City facilities, the citywide irrigation and street light system, and renewable energy generation opportunities. As a result of that contract, Siemens prepared a detailed energy audit that presented two packages of energy improvements. The packages analyzed energy savings from: ■ additional interior and exterior building lighting upgrades, ■ streetlight retrofits, ■ parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits at six City parks, ■ solar PV development, ■ irrigation efficiency improvements, ■ network power management, and ■ plug load controllers. The findings of the study were presented to City Council, who prioritized the upgrade of citywide irrigation controllers to evapotranspirative technology, which uses weather (e.g., precipitation, relative humidity) and plant data to determine watering needs and schedules. Council also prioritizes streetlight upgrades to induction technology in 2011. Findings from this project are being calculated and will be shared via future CAP reporting cycles. In addition, the City started to implement recommendations from the energy audit as funding allows, including interior building lighting upgrades and control systems, parking lot and pathway lighting upgrades at City parks, additional irrigation efficiency improvements, and plug load management within City buildings. Measure M-F-4 is closely associated with Measures M-F-1, M-F-2, and M-F-3, with each influencing implementation of the others. Building retrofits should be informed based on an analysis of existing building energy use to identify the most cost-effective opportunities, as described in Measure M-F-3. The successful implementation of retrofits will reduce building energy use, allowing for a greater share of that energy use to come from roof-mounted (or Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 carport mounted) solar PV systems or supporting the design of smaller PV systems, as in Measure M-F-2. And finally, the emissions from any remaining municipal electricity demand after building retrofits and solar PV systems are installed could be addressed through implementation of Measure M-F-1 to achieve zero net energy-related emissions from municipal operations. As previously stated, this CAP only quantifies the reductions associated with actions taken after the 2010 baseline year. The City's previous retrofit actions have certainly contributed to a lower baseline energy emissions inventory level than would have otherwise occurred, though their specific reductions are not identified in this plan. The City also implemented several policies that will result in lower building energy use in the future, such as the Green Building Ordinance, which went into effect July 1, 2013, that applies to new construction and building retrofits, as well as the City's Environmentally Preferred Purchasing Policy, adopted by Council in 2008. The impact of these actions is challenging to individually measure, but should continue to contribute additional reductions that will be reflected in future emissions inventory updates. The following four actions support implementation of this measure and build upon the City's past successes in building retrofits. This measure would contribute reductions of approximately 41 MT CO2e/yr by 2020. Action A. Complete Buildinq Retrofits Based on recommendations and analysis included in the City's Detailed Energy Audit, the City should continue to pursue implementation of the remaining retrofit opportunities. The City has already upgraded its irrigation system, retrofitted streetlights citywide, and retrofitted the majority of City park lights in parking lots and along walking paths. The City also installed PC power management software and plug load controller hardware in City buildings, as well made additional interior lighting retrofits combined with the installation of lighting control systems. These opportunities (along with the solar PV recommendations) represent the majority of emissions reductions identified in the energy audit. The remaining items will provide relatively lower emissions reductions, but nonetheless will help to support the City's goals for energy conservation and associated cost savings. The audit provided general recommendations based on observations made during the study phase that suggest potential savings from efficient motor upgrades or replacements and hot water boiler operation improvements. These opportunities were not quantified as part of the energy audit, but could become retrofit opportunities in the future. These two suggestions would likely also arise if the City were to pursue and advanced analytics program as described in Measure M-F-3. The City has made great progress in implementing recommendations included within the audit, and should plan to prepare another audit (or update the existing one) within the next five years to help identify additional efficiency opportunities. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-F-4 Action A.Complete Building Retrofits Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Use results from advanced analytics program (see M-F-3 A)to identify appliances and building systems that are underperforming from energy use perspective, and develop prioritization plan for equipment replacement/ building retrofits;work with PG&E to identify available rebates, incentives,or Facilities& on-bill financing opportunities for various improvements Sustainability Continue to make progress on implementing efficiency opportunity findings Divisions from City's Detailed Energy Audit; establish budget priority for Energy Audit update in next five years 43 Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 254,000 kWh/yr saved as result of interior lighting retrofits and 41 occupancy sensors, and 59,000 kWh/yr saved as a result of plug load controllers (assumed 200 controllers installed) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action B. Establish Enerqv Efficiencv Fund The establishment of an energy efficiency fund could provide a self-sustaining source of funding to support additional future retrofit programs. This type of revolving loan fund can often leverage matching funds from utilities or other sources to help offset total startup costs. The City of San Jose has such a fund that could be used as a model to establish a similar program in Cupertino. To ensure the fund's longevity, loan repayment parameters should be established that capture efficiency project utility cost savings and/or project rebates, depending on its goals, for a set number of years, after which additional costs savings accrue to the project's managing department. The Municipal Energv Efficiencv and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: Financina and lmplementina Enerav Efficiencv Retrofits in City-Owned Facilities Report, drafted for the Environmental Protection agency, offers guidance on how to start this process. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES M-F-4 Action B. Establish Energy Efficiency Fund Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Evaluate the potential for and requirements (e.g., size,terms, etc.)of a self- sustaining City energy efficiency revolving loan fund to implement findings of various City energy efficiency and renewable energy development opportunity studies; City of San Jose used this approach as one source of multiple project financing sources Develop fund parameters that support continual replenishment of funding pool (e.g., 80%of cost savings resulting from project implementation are returned to fund for 5 years after which additional savings accrue to project's Sustainability implementing department) O Division Allocate or secure funding for long-term energy efficiency fund (from EECBG program, municipal bond, etc.) Assign manager to support and coordinate fund and its projects Discuss opportunities and potential program structure for regional revolving loan fund with neighboring jurisdictions,which could provide access to additional seed funding sources �I Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 40 Action C. Set Standards and Tarqets The City Council approved a citywide Green Building Ordinance that applies to new construction and retrofits, including municipal projects (see: Cupertino.org/greenbuilding). The ordinance directs minor renovations to comply with the CalGreen Building Code's minimum thresholds. Major renovations need to achieve Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, LEED Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (EBOM) certification, or an alternative reference standard. While the LEED certification program identifies minimum thresholds for various aspects of building design (e.g., energy and water use, indoor air quality, solid waste generation), its minimum energy requirements, in some certification programs, may currently be less stringent than those found in the CalGreen Code. To ensure that building energy and water conservation remain a priority in new City construction, the City could voluntarily strive to focus their LEED design points within the energy and water strategy areas, possibly by identifying a minimum number of energy and water points that municipal projects need to achieve. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-F-4 Action C.Set Standards and Targets Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Green Building Ordinance as it relates to municipal building retrofits Consider developing additional guidance for municipal building retrofits that Facilities&Planning encourages pursuit of energy-or water conservation-related points towards Divisions achievement of required LEED certification to prioritize these building efficiency outcomes;alternatively, City could define explicit energy efficiency performance levels or design feature expectations for new projects Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Aq Action D. Adopt a Demonstration Policy Serving as the cornerstone of the world's innovation center, Cupertino is home to start-ups and Fortune 500 companies alike, each working to design next-generation technologies that outperform current equipment and achieve dramatic efficiency increases. Often, these companies seek partners to test, evaluate, and/or demonstrate pre-market innovative solutions and the City may consider enabling their temporary use of City-owned land, facilities, equipment, rights-of-way, and data as an alternative form of local business support. To achieve that end, the City of San Jose, adopted a Demonstration Partnership Policy to facilitate these goals, and also provide financial assistance and/or absorb some costs for local technology project implementation, require agreement to non-disclosure statements, and request City Council to exempt the project from certain City policies (see: sanjoseca.gov). Cupertino will consider adopting a similar policy, which will enable access to new technology resources and aligned funding opportunities, as is currently available through the California Public Utilities Commission Electric Program Investment Charge (EPIC)(see: energv.ca.gov/research/epic/). This may also be considered as part of a Local and Small Business Preference Policy, if prioritized by the City's Economic Development Department. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action Adopt Demonstration Policy Steps Status Responsibility Draft City Technology Demonstration Policy to assist local businesses with testing and demonstrating functionality of emerging technologies Implement the policy and revise based on industry best practices and trends as they arise Facilities& Pursue grant opportunities that expand technology demonstration Sustainability opportunities in municipal facilities and through local business partnerships, Divisions coordinated with the City's Economic Development Office (e.g., CEC Electric Power Investment Charge Grants (EPIC)- httD://www.eneray.ca.aov/research/epic/) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 4L, MEASURE M-F-5 EXPAND NEW BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE Establish energy efficiency targets for new municipal buildings. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified The City already adopted a Green Building Ordinance that requires all new medium and large municipal buildings to achieve LEED certification (LEED Silver for large buildings) or use of an alternative reference standard (e.g., ENERGY STAR, Living Building Challenge, Green Globes; see: httr)://www.wbda.ora/resources/cibs.i)hi)). However, there are multiple pathways to achieve this certification, some of which emphasize indoor air quality, construction material reuse, energy and water conservation, or a blend of strategies. As with Measure M-F-4, Action C above, the City could informally pursue greater energy and water efficiency in its new buildings by placing an emphasis on those criteria, or "points", within the LEED rating system that achieve those objectives. While implementation of this measure supports the City's long-term emissions reduction goals by ensuring new construction is highly efficient, the exact emissions reduction potential is currently unknown because the size and design of future buildings are not yet known. Action A. Update Green Buildinq Standard — Enerav Performance Guidance The City will continue to implement its Green Building Ordinance and the state's CalGreen Code across municipal projects. The City should also consider prioritizing solar access, roof load capacity, and solar pre-wiring in its future building designs to allow optimal solar PV 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 installations. As new buildings are constructed to be increasingly efficient, the size of solar PV systems needed to meet their energy demands will decrease. New City buildings that are primarily designed for public use, such as the Teen Center envisioned in the City's Civic Center Master Plan, should also include an educational component that highlights the building's green design features. Public comments made at the community-wide CAP workshops identified a role for better advertisement of the City's sustainability-related actions. Public buildings provide a real opportunity to showcase new technologies or design strategies that community members can incorporate in their own homes and businesses. BuildingM-F-5 Action A. Expand New . Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Green Building Ordinance as it relates to new municipal building construction Consider developing additional guidance for new municipal building projects that encourages pursuit of energy-or water conservation-related points towards achievement of required LEED certification to prioritize these building efficiency outcomes; alternatively, City could define explicit energy Facilities, Capital efficiency performance levels or design feature expectations for new Improvement projects Program& Build recommendations into City's Capital Improvement Program O Sustainability Divisions Identify opportunities for passive solar design and consider solar orientation for active solar installments in new construction Consider including solar-ready construction requirements for new municipal buildings with appropriate solar orientation, roof size, etc. Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT COze/yr) All new municipal construction complies with the City's Green Building Ordinance _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline I Cha • LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' MEASURE M-F-6 COMPLETE CITYWIDE PUBLIC REALM LIGHTING EFFICIENCY Upgrade public realm lighting to more efficient technology. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 125 MT CO2e/yr Lighting efficiency upgrades typically represent one of the most cost-effective solutions for energy conservation, providing lower utility costs and, often, lower maintenance costs due to less frequent lamp replacements. Public realm lighting in Cupertino includes traffic and streetlights, municipally-owned parking lot lights, and public park lights. The City has already upgraded its traffic signal lights from incandescent bulbs to LEDs and retrofitted its streetlights to high-efficiency induction technology. The City also initiated parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits in various City parks. The actions implementing this measure take credit for past successes in lighting upgrades, and address the remaining opportunities in City-owned parking lots and public parks. Implementation of this measure would reduce emissions by 125 MT CO2e/year by 2020. Action A. Complete Street Liaht Retrofits As part of its energy performance contract with Siemens, City-owned streetlights were upgraded to high-efficiency induction technology between December 2010 and March 2011. The project retrofitted more than 2,900 streetlights, representing 99% of all City-owned streetlights, for electricity savings of 872,000 kWh/yr. An additional 400 streetlights in the City's jurisdiction are owned and/or maintained by PG&E. The City has inquired with PG&E about their purchase and/or retrofit, and should continue to prioritize this opportunity with the utility, as the agency is paying a cost premium to retain and use these outdated fixtures. new, Induction light old,high-pressure sodium City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 CompleteM-F-6 Action A. . Efficiency Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Consider best practices in lighting technology at time of bulb and/or fixture replacement or repair Streets Division Ensure that new street light installations achieve comparable or better efficiency level as achieved through previous street light retrofit program Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieved!—872,000 kWh/yr saved through street light retrofit program 115 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ED I Action B. Retrofit Remaininq Parking Lot and Park Facilitv Lightinq The City's Detailed Energy Audit identified electricity savings opportunities from lighting retrofits at the City's parks, specifically from parking lot and pathway lighting. The audit analyzed the savings potential from lights at nine of the City's fourteen parks. Since 2012, the City has been implementing these lighting retrofits, coupled with dimmers and motion sensor controls. To date, the City has made improvements to outdoor lights at seven City parks, as well as City Hall, the Quinlan Community Center, and the Senior Center. These improvements will save approximately 75,000 kWh/yr. The City's remaining seven parks may present a future opportunity for additional parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits, similar to those identified in the energy audit. There may also be opportunities for retrofits to F athletic field and tennis court lighting; provided a high-efficiency option is available that still achieves the lighting requirements for sports play. Additionally, there may be retrofit opportunities at other City-owned Aw parking lots (beyond the park units and Photo credit: httD://miaoertz.zenfolio.com/ima/v2/D975314228-4.iDa City buildings described here). These additional lighting retrofit opportunities could also be pursued through an ESCO, as with the street light retrofits, or pursued independently as funding permits. To support future energy conservation in public lighting, the City could also update its Standard Provisions for new public lighting to specify that new lights should be LED, induction, or an equivalent technology. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 CompleteM-F-6 Action B. . Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Identify City-owned parking lot lighting that has not yet been converted to LED, magnetic induction, or similar highly-efficient technology Identify park lighting (e.g., pathways, restroom facilities, area lighting, sport field lighting)that has not yet been converted to LED, magnetic induction, or similar high-efficiency technology Identify appropriate energy-efficient lighting technologies for sports fields/ courts that still provide lighting levels required for applicable sporting use 0 Streets Division Develop implementation timeline and funding program; contact City's PG&E account representative regarding availability of rebate programs and/or on- bill financing options to cover retrofit program Consider updating City's Standard Provisions or other lighting guidance documents to specify efficiency levels to be achieved in new installations or lighting retrofit projects Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieved!—75,000 kWh/yr saved through park unit parking lot and pathway 10 light retrofit program Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 190 0 MEASURE M-F-7 CONSERVE WATER THROUGH EFFICIENT LANDSCAPING Implement best management practices in landscaping design and share City successes community-wide to lead by example in water conservation action. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 1 MT CO2e/yr Treating, pumping and distributing water , . throughout cities is often an energy intensive activity. However, the majority of Cupertino's water comes from the gravity-fed Hetch Hetchy Reservoir system, and therefore has lower embodied energy related to its transport + Af k. i than other water sources. Regardless of the energy savings related to water conservation, the City believes water as a precious and finite natural resource should be conserved, which is highlighted to be of particular importance in light of recent drought r, 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 conditions statewide. The City has already made advances in landscape water conservation, achieving a 27% water use reduction in 2014 in response to Governor Brown's declaration of a Drought State of Emergency. The City now uses climate-sensitive and water-efficient irrigation technology to continually adjust landscape watering schedules and quantities based on data collected from local weather stations. In support of this technology, Grounds and Median Divisions staff are trained to adjust irrigation according to weather conditions, as well as trained in other landscape water conservation best management practices. The following actions describe a framework to support the City's water conservation practices and help identify additional opportunities. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 1 MT CO2e/year, though as previously stated, the real benefit will arise through the conservation of this limited resource. Action A. Utilize Weather-Track Svstem to Reduce Park & Median Water Use As part of its ESCO contract with Siemens, the City installed 92 irrigation controllers from September 2010 to March 2011. The project replaced existing irrigation controllers in most City parks, landscaped areas, and landscaped medians with new state-of-the-art weather-based controllers. The replacement controllers use weather-based evapotranspiration and moisture sensor technology along with centralized web-based software to optimize for weather, moisture, planting type, sun exposure, soil type, slope, and other variables. The software is easy to use, and allows for remote monitoring and control, and saves staff time by reducing field visits. Grounds and Median Divisions staff was also trained on the proper use of the new irrigation controller system. This project is anticipated to conserve approximately 19 million gallons of water per year; savings data will be shared with the community through future CAP reports. M-F-7 Action A. Utilize Weather-Track System to Reduce Park&Median Water Use Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to use weather-based irrigation technology in City irrigation practices to prevent unnecessary or excessive water in public spaces Grounds& Fleet Continue to provide training on the City's irrigation technology to existing and Division new staff to ensure proper use of the system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's goal for 20%water savings by 2018 over 1 2008 baseline Assumes 27.5 million gallons of water saved per year over 2008 baseline of 138 million gallons Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ism Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action B. Benchmark & Track Water Use per Meter Much like the process pursued to develop this Climate Action Plan; the City must also benchmark its municipal water use, establish water conservation targets, and develop water conservation measures to achieve those reduction goals over time. In realizing the importance of monitoring water use and costs for municipal facilities, medians, parks, and sports fields, staff recently developed a database to store water utility information collected from historic billing statements beginning in July 2008. Historic water use and cost-per-meter data can be used as a benchmark to measure against current use to demonstrate measureable improvements, as well as identify deficiencies in the City's water management strategies. This will allow for targeted strategy adjustments in the near- and long-term. This database can also be used to determine strategies to not only save water, but also hedge against rising utility costs associated with the City's water consumption. With appropriate and accurate record keeping, the City will have pertinent information readily available to review the efficacy of current water conservation strategies and efficiently identify meters in need of improvement; a critical tool during times of drought and foreseeable utility-focused budget constraints. M-F-7 Action B. Benchmark&Track Water Use per Meter Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish operational framework for tracking and reviewing water use at the meter level to allow identification of improper irrigation system use, leaks, or Sustainability, other wasteful water activities Grounds& Fleet Incorporate water use reporting into overarching annual CAP reporting Divisions procedure described in Chapter 7 Q Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Z Action C. Adopt Water Budqet & Green Grounds Policv A Green Grounds Policy would enhance the previously adopted Parks & Recreation Green Policies, adopted in June 2009, and allow the City to formalize its existing water conservation practices to ensure broad and consistent application across all City-maintained and/or owned assets. If pursued, the policy will address items such as planting palettes, passive and active landscapes, irrigation system maintenance and training, water budgets, organic waste management, and community education and outreach. The City will also consider developing water budgets for each of its park units to ensure future landscaping practices consider water conservation in park design and operation. The City of Mountain View currently uses water budgets in many of its public parks, and could serve as a local example for program development. The Green Grounds Policy could incorporate the City's 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 existing strategies related to green waste collection in parks, medians, and other City-owned property to ensure this waste is either composted on-site for future City use or properly disposed of through the City's compostable collection program. Public education and outreach regarding the City's landscaping practices can help to disseminate these practices throughout the community. PolicyM-F-7 Action C.Adopt Water Budget&Green Grounds Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop landscaping policy that promotes efficient watering schedules, high- and low-priority water zones(for use during pre-drought conditions),water- efficient and climate-sensitive plant selection, and compost-friendly landscape maintenance Evaluate alternative or maintain existing water-efficient irrigation technology systems, particularly in areas of high irrigation use(e.g.,turf playing fields), Sustainability,Trees with ET sensors and integration with weather station data streams to & Right of Way, and automate watering schedules based on current and near-term Grounds& Fleet environmental conditions Divisions Train maintenance crews in use and maintenance of irrigation systems and implementation of Green Grounds policy Consider use of water budgets for irrigated landscape areas Create education stations or post information to City's website that describe City's green grounds practices Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ARM Action D. Use Bav-Friendly Landscaping Techniques across Parks & Medians; Install Demonstration Gardens Though only a small portion of the City's municipal greenhouse gas emissions arise from its water use, as California's drought continues to persist and as water utility rates continue to rise, efforts to foster a reliable water supply need to be prioritized by everyone, including our agency. Cupertino already has a rich history of operational and community-focused water conservation efforts, coordinated in partnership with its two water suppliers (San Jose Water and California Water Service Company). However, there is more that our City can do, starting with our point of highest use: irrigating our parks, medians, and fields. Measures in this Chapter focus on data collection and irrigation improvements to curb the City's consumption, but plant selection and placement can dramatically reduce site water use, maintenance, and pest-control demands, offering even greater environmental and financial gains. As such, the City will take advantage of Santa Clara Valley Water District rebates to convert water-intensive landscaping or turf with Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 native, drought-tolerant, Bay-Friendly landscaping to accelerate water conservation across our public spaces and serve as a model for residents and businesses to make similar conversions. M-F-7 Action D. Use Native, Drought-Tolerant, Bay-Friendly Landscaping Techniques Across Parks, Medians&Fields Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Adopt city-wide policy that requires specification of Bay-Friendly, drought- tolerant landscapes in any new City project or private project receiving City funds to include landscaped areas as project element Expand Parks&Recreation Green Policies,which focus on water-efficient landscaping, across all departments to prioritize Bay-friendly and efficient irrigation practices and technologies to maintain City's landscaped facilities, parks, medians, and streetscapes,and to become more resilient to water shortages; Couple implementation of these goals with projects that also minimize impervious surfaces and ensure adequate soil drainage Develop implementation and funding schedule to update public landscapes, including turf conversion and hydrozoning projects,to designs that more closely align with Bay-friendly landscaping techniques Provide maintenance specifications and procedures to support staff's Sustainability,Grounds pruning, pest-control, irrigation, and general oversight of these new plant &Fleet Divisions materials Pursue project third-party certification through Bav-Friendly Rated Landscapes, where applicable, or build landscaping water conservation initiatives into future site-wide comprehensive rating program applications (e.g., LEED, California Green Business Program) Install informational placards or signs at new landscaping installations that quantify water saving potential from new designs and refer public to additional informational resources Develop informational materials based upon City's practices and lessons learned to support effective implementation of Citv's Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action E. Install Gravwater and Rainwater Catchment Svstems in New Construction and Maior Retrofit Proiects In the absence of access to utility-supplied recycled water in our community, Cupertino will strive to lead by example by installing graywater and rainwater catchment systems in new municipal construction and major retrofit projects. Graywater or rainwater can replace tap water for non-potable indoor or outdoor water needs, such as irrigation, thereby reducing the City's water expenditures and dependency on imported water in the future. These projects can also 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 serve as models for community members and businesses seeking to achieve the same environmental and financial benefits, and should be showcased to reconnect Cupertino's suburban residents to their backyard gardens and the natural water cycle. M-F-7 Action E. Install Graywater and Rainwater Catchment Systems in New Construction and Major Retrofit Projects Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Incorporate graywater plumbing and/or rainwater catchment systems in newO Facilities, Capital municipal buildings,where appropriate Improvement Develop public-facing informational placards/signs that explain these systems Program & and quantify their potable water-savings potential . Sustainability Divisions Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • do Action F. Recoqnize Staff "Water Wise" Practices Every employee contributes to the City's overall water use, whether they serve on a maintenance crew responsible for irrigation schedules or simply use office restroom facilities during regular business hours. In order to effectively promote water conservation as a collective and collaborative effort across all job classifications, the City will focus conservation efforts beyond data analysis and infrastructure upgrades to engage all employees in goal-setting, behavior change opportunities, and water use tracking efforts. The City will develop an incentive-based "Water Wise" rewards program to celebrate the accomplishments of City staff to conserve water across municipal facilities and grounds, which closely mirrors an energy conservation measure described earlier in this chapter. To launch this initiative, staff will research programs offered in adjacent jurisdictions and evaluate the following suite of ideas to motivate employee water use reduction, including, but not limited to: ■ a rewards day on World Water Day (March 22) in which staff members are nominated for their outstanding dedication and novel ideas to save water, ■ a competition between departments or facilities to save the most water indoors, and ■ a unified water conservation challenge where employees work towards an overall water reduction goal at work or in their homes. Each of these initiatives will require careful design to ensure that staff have the knowledge (both of water conservation practices and baseline water consumption data) and tools (including water use reduction measures and consumption tracking checklists) to effectively engage and become champions of this water savings campaign in the office and within their personal lives. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES M-F-7 Action F. Recognize Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research municipal operations-oriented behavior change and utility conservation incentives programs to create model for Cupertino Develop outreach and engagement tools to notify employees of campaign O and support their program enrollment and continued involvement Educate and train staff by sharing strategies to save water indoors and out so they may effectively participate in program Launch "Water Wise" program and offer ongoing coaching and support Sustainability Accept"Water Wise"nominations for leading practices and employees; Division Collect user-generated data(e.g., checklists)and City water utility data to inform awardee selection Recognize leaders and efforts through civic media assets, intranet, and through Council Proclamation Survey staff following distribution of rewards to determine what worked best and where improvements can be made;This could also serve to assess what conservation measures were most frequently taken Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 r • a ,I `YYy,` y� S III+ LeIV()LlAr4t. %.Woor r• GOAL 2 — CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET: Pursue employee commute and fleet alternatives to encourage multi-modal mobility and support a broad shift toward alternative fuel vehicles. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The City vehicle fleet sector is responsible for nearly one quarter of the City's greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from this sector are generated through the combustion of diesel and gasoline used to fuel the City's vehicle fleet. The fleet is used to perform a wide range of City services, such as, facilities and park maintenance, streetlight and traffic signal services, and community building inspections and code enforcement. The City has begun converting a portion of its fleet to more efficient, lower emission vehicle models. The City currently has five plug-in and hybrid-electric models, representing approximately 7% of its fleet. The City has also begun installing and planning for alternative fuel infrastructure, including a dual-port electric vehicle (EV) charging station currently installed at City Hall, with four more dual-port stations planned for installation through a recent California Energy Commission grant. During the procurement process, the City also looks for the most fuel-efficient vehicle available for a specific task and down-sizes vehicles when feasible. While the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule allows flexibility in vehicle purchase options, older vehicles will prioritize electric or hybrid-electric models based on a lifecycle cost assessment as directed by the City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, adopted in 2008. In addition to City-owned vehicles and equipment, Cupertino can leverage its contracting power to encourage partner companies to improve their vehicle fleets as well. The City's current waste collection agreement involves a fleet of 22 trucks working in Cupertino, and requires the replacement of one truck per year with a CNG model beginning in January 2015. This sector includes three measures that build upon the City's preliminary efforts to develop a more efficient, cleaner vehicle fleet. Measures address vehicle fleet efficiency, fuel types and refueling infrastructure, and fleet operational behavior. As with the Facilities sector measures, implementation of Measure M-F-1 will influence the reduction potential of Vehicle Fleet sector measures that include shifting portions of the municipal fleet towards electric or hybrid-electric vehicle models. Providing cleaner electricity as a fuel source for electric vehicles will improve the emissions reduction potential of Vehicle Fleet sector measures. Measures in this sector have the ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 58 MT CO2e/year. Goal 2- Convert Vehicle Fleet ' City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 S MEASURE M-VF-1 LOW EMISSION AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES a. Transition City vehicle fleet to fuel-efficient and alternative-fuel vehicle models. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 48 MT CO2e/yr This measure aims to reduce vehicle fleet fuel consumption through replacement of older, less- efficient models with zero-emission or low-emission models, and to increase the proportion of alternative fuel vehicles in the fleet. As a signatory of the Bay Area Climate Compact (BACC), the City is aiming to achieve the BACC's Action Area Goal #10 to "increase the number of zero emission and other advanced ultra-low emission light duty vehicles to 10% of municipal fleets by the end of 2013, and to 25% by the end of 2018." The City is actively working to institutionalize the vehicle lifecycle cost of ownership through its vehicle replacement process, and could make that a standard consideration as part the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule and Policy. Santa Clara County adopted a similar policy (Santa Clara County Policy 352) that requires preference be given to the lowest emission vehicles available. Development of a strategic vehicle fleet transition plan could also assist the City to achieve the BACC goal in a more cost-effective manner. Though the City maintains a list of all fleet vehicles, including their model, adding the purchase date age, annual mileage, and fuel consumption will help to prioritize vehicles for replacement and identify opportunities to retire underutilized vehicles. There are currently models of battery electric, hybrid electric, compressed natural gas (CNG), and fuel cell vehicles that can perform many of the functions required of municipal fleet vehicles. While electric and hybrid models of heavy-duty trucks are not yet widely available, CNG options are available that could be used as a bridge technology in the meantime to provide emissions reductions. The City is already investing in electric vehicle charging infrastructure and has plans for additional installations. It is also exploring the possibility of a fuel cell charging station. The action associated with this measure develops a framework to transition the City's fleet towards higher efficiency and lower emissions vehicles in the future. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 48 MT CO2e/year. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Action A. Update Green Purchasinq Policy and Vehicle Replacement Schedule to Prioritize Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Infrastructure The City should establish a long-term target for its municipal fleet that promotes an overall reduction in petroleum fuel consumption. Fuel-based reduction goals can be achieved with investments in alternative fuel vehicles and refueling technology, depending upon technological advancements and City budget considerations. The target will focus future fleet procurement objectives and guide long-term public infrastructure investments. Like other measures in this CAP, this measure can also be used to support a broad based, community-wide market shift that supports the City's long-range community emissions reduction targets if alternative fueling infrastructure is publicly accessible. The City of San Jose has adopted a similar fleet target, which promotes a shift to a public fleet with 100% alternative fuel vehicles by 2022. This will require the City to more consistently evaluate the quantity of fuel procured and consumed across the agency and each unique vehicle, an opportunity currently available through its fleet management and fueling station software (i.e., AssetWorks). Following establishment of a fuel reduction target, the City should create a strategic plan to achieve the target through replacement of non-emergency passenger vehicles and light duty trucks with alternative fuel vehicles, assuming they meet the operational needs of the organization. This assessment and resulting replacement criteria must be based upon vehicle age, mileage, service, reliability, maintenance and repair costs, and fueling costs to institutionalize future fleet lifecycle cost analyses to inform vehicle selection, leverage industry technological advancements, and mitigate vehicle-related environmental impacts. Success in implementing a vehicle fleet plan will depend on the City's ability to implement other actions described in this section. Assuming that refueling infrastructure can be installed, the City should develop specific vehicle fleet targets for various types of alternative fueled vehicles. For example, the City could establish a long-term target to replace all passenger vehicles with EV or hybrid-electric models at the time of replacement. The City could also establish targets to transition light-duty trucks from gasoline to hybrid, electric, and/or CNG models, gradually increasing targets as achievements are made. As described above, CNG vehicles can be used as a bridge technology to help transition the City's diesel heavy-duty trucks, which currently account for nearly one quarter of vehicle fleet fuel consumption. Incorporating CNG vehicles typically requires the installation of a CNG refueling station at a municipal corporation yard. The City currently has no plans for CNG refueling infrastructure, though has initiated conversations with PG&E who maintains local CNG refueling infrastructure to see if an opportunity for a joint-use agreement may be feasible. For purposes of this CAP, a transition to CNG vehicles is considered a long-term opportunity. The strategic fleet plan should be reviewed and revised annually to account for progress made, operating budgets, and emerging and evolving technologies. In addition, to ensure staff amenability to this proposal, it is recommended that this effort include the revision of the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule to include vehicle features or design specifications (e.g., special storage for tools, body type). These specifications would be related 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 to each vehicle's necessary tasks by surveying all City drivers to identify the vehicles best suited to relevant job functions. This information will enable the right-sizing of vehicles for each task at hand. The absence of these specifications is predicted to serve as a barrier if not performed in unison. This should include criteria for permanent vehicle assignments among these positions to ensure pooling options are maximized, and evaluate if other transportation alternatives could be pursued (e.g., biking, walking). 1 Update AbobibinklWies and Infrastructure Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop municipal fleet low-carbon target; defined as A)Total vehicle fleet composed of X%zero-or lower-carbon vehicles; or, B)Total vehicle fleet emissions reduction target(can be achieved through combination of reduced VMT, vehicle technology, mode shift, etc.) Define vehicle fleet transition pathway to achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's Action Area Goal#10 to increase the number of zero emission and other advanced ultra-low emission light duty vehicles to 10%of municipal fleets by the end of 2013, and to 25%by the end of 2018;extend goal to 28% of municipal fleet by 2020 Review existing vehicle fleet lifespan to identify number and type of vehicles to be replaced by 2020, and which could be replaced with existing models of zero-or low-emissions vehicles At time of replacement, shift passenger vehicle purchases toward EV, hybrid- electric, hydrogen fuel cell, or CNG models; consider new vehicles'carbon emissions and fuel efficiency as regular procurement criterion Fully implement fleet management software to: o benchmark agency fleet size and composition; o track fleet vehicle fuel usage, mileage, location, maintenance schedule; �I o provide maintenance diagnostic data; and Grounds&Fleet o activate online reservation system to expand pool opportunities. Division Develop vocational specifications to pair with revised Vehicle Replacement Schedule and Policy Perform staff training needs assessment to support driver and mechanic transition to alternative fuel vehicles Prioritize funding for mechanic training in advanced fuel automotive technologies and offer trainings for drivers and first responders Confirm fleet-parking designations to mitigate staff concerns and maximize public parking opportunities in areas with high parking congestion; Designating locations for parking, as well as fleet vehicle charging,will create further staff-level efficiencies by enabling quick facility access upon returning from fieldwork Explore joint procurement options with other area jurisdictions to leverage regional shift towards cleaner municipal fleets into lower per vehicle costs;To facilitate this, reconnect with Public Fleet Supervisors Association as access �- point for piggybacking opportunities,competitive vendor pricing, and industry best management practices Note:Implementation of this action is budget-and technology-dependent,- emergency echnology-dependent;emergency vehicles could be excluded from fleet target calculations and progress monitoring Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's goal for 25%of vehicle fleet to 48 comprise zero-or low-emissions light duty vehicles by 2018. Assumes the following vehicle replacements: 5 passenger vehicles replaced with hybrid-electric models; 12 light-duty trucks replaced with hybrid-electric SUV models; 2 heavy-duty trucks replaced with more fuel-efficient heavy-duty truck models; In addition to existing 3 hybrid-electric passenger vehicles, and 2 hybrid- electric SUVs Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline u Action B. Expand Citv Bike Fleet, Training, and Promotion In addition to increasing use of alternative-fuel and/or fuel efficient vehicles, the City will also continue to promote its existing municipal bike share program, which could allow the City to downsize part of its municipal fleet in the future. Approximately 80% of all City staff has attended the required Bicycle Safety Training, hosted in partnership with the County Sheriff's Office, allowing them to check out one of the City's five fleet bicycles at any time. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to pursue implementation of municipal bike fleet in instances where vehicle trips can safely and easily be replaced with trips via bicycle; Sustainability comprehensive bike fleet could result in opportunities to downsize municipal Division vehicle fleet or reduce VMT to help achieve fleet emissions target Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • mm • n ' City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Action C. Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to Citv-Sponsored Events As part of the community-wide measures, the City will evaluate opportunities to expand VTA's Cupertino's bus service network by creating "last mile" bike and free or low-cost shuttle connectors. This study may also include the use of feeder busses, bicycle sharing programs and infrastructure, and car sharing programs from existing transit hubs (i.e. VTA Light Rail and Caltrain Commuter Train Stations in Mountain View and Sunnyvale) into the City to support daily commutes and mitigate traffic impacts during city-sponsored special events (i.e. 4th of JUly Fireworks, Black Berry Farm Opening Day). Further, the City will continue to actively promote walking and biking to these events through its marketing channels and by embedding these goals into its Green Indoor and Outdoor Events Policies, relevant both for city-organized events and those hosted in city property by outside organizations. City-SponsoredM-VF-1 Action C. Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to pursue implementation of municipal car share program,which like municipal bike fleet could allow City to downsize its municipal vehicle fleet Consider opportunities to expand municipal bike fleet and/or car share Sustainability, program as part of municipal fleet transition strategy and at time of regular Grounds&Fleet vehicle replacement(e.g., could tasks performed by retired vehicle be Divisions performed with shared vehicle?) Ensure that commmunity-wide shuttle,car share, bike share assessment includes considertion of City staff commutes and special-event opportunities Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • nmi • • LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' f rr MEASURE M-VF-2 INCREASE ALTERNATIVE FUEL INFRASTRUCTURE Increase availability of alternative refueling infrastructure to support municipal fleet transition. Supporting Measure - Not Quantified This measure supports Measure M-VF-1 by providing the alternative fueling infrastructure necessary to transition the municipal fleet towards zero- or low-emissions vehicles. To support the incorporation of alternative fuel vehicles in its fleet, the City will need to further develop its charging and alternative refueling infrastructure, including electric vehicle charging stations, and possibly a fuel cell and CNG refueling station. The City has already installed one dual-port electric vehicle charging station, with plans for four additional stations in the near-term. Cupertino could possibly host ten municipally-owned charging stations by 2020, if the Civic Center Master Plan is developed as currently envisioned. It is critical that the City consider this increased electricity load demand as part of this planning process, which is also reviewing solar energy installation opportunities that have the potential to offset this demand if accurately sized. The City is also exploring options for utilization of a fuel cell charging station proposed to be sited within the City boundaries. While fuel cell vehicles produce no emissions through their operations, life-cycle emissions for this technology depend on how the fuel is developed. There are currently limited selections in terms of fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) options, but as the technology is further developed and additional refueling infrastructure is developed FCVs could play a role in the City's fleet transition. Similarly, CNG vehicles can often perform the same tasks as diesel vehicles, with lower emissions. While CNG is still a carbon-based fuel, it can be used as a bridge technology to help cities transition from gasoline and diesel to alternative fuels. Low domestic CNG prices present an opportunity to reduce operating costs and fleet emissions simultaneously, provided access to a refueling station is available. To further enhance the emissions-reducing potential of electric and hybrid electric vehicle purchases, the City could implement Measure M-F-1 to provide cleaner electricity through refueling infrastructure. It should be noted that under the current scope, each of these measures will be achieved as part of the City's partnership with Santa Clara County to implement its proposed "Decarbonizing Transportation in Silicon Valley" grant through the Strategic Growth Council. Action A. Install Electric Vehicle Charainq Stations As previously noted, the City has one electric vehicle charging station, with four more stations planned for installation as part of a recent California Energy Commission-awarded grant through the Bay Area Climate Collaborative. However, these five unique locations do not include the Cupertino Service Center, where the majority of the city's fleet vehicles are housed overnight. As such, this location should be evaluated as part of the City's Capital Improvement Program and/or future grant opportunities, which could enable access to funding to locate the station 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 adjacent to the Service Center on Mary Avenue, as these grants most often prioritize publically accessible stations. While the City anticipates incorporating primarily hybrid electric vehicles in the near-term, certain City functions may allow for the purchase of 100% electric models, such as in Parks Department applications. Properly functioning and accessible recharging infrastructure will be required to support use of these vehicles and mitigate staff concerns about procuring fully electric vehicles, as current public charging station demands are extremely high. Publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations can also support the City's longer-term community- wide emissions reduction goals by allowing community members to transition their personal vehicles to electric or hybrid-electric options. Given this proposed infrastructure expansion, the City recently developed an electric vehicle charging station policy and procedure to guide future charging station installation, but will expand this narrow scope to also include siting criteria to be defined through the "Driving Net Zero" Strategic Growth Council grant awarded to Santa Clara County to support its cities as described in Chapter 3. i■�f�d��aar ta;t.�o�_wi�iyfr�r�t zei r.►��l�tk t........... Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop City-owned EV Charging Station Procedure to ensure proper finance,training, maintenance, and reporting functions are established for effective staff oversight Develop Alternative Vehicle Fueling Infrastructure (AVFI)standards and plan to define prospective locations and siting criteria (e.g., design guidelines, standard drawings,specifications)to facilitate on-street and off-street applications Transportation, Install additional electric vehicle charging stations for municipal fleet use; as Grounds&Fleet, share of electric vehicles in fleet increases, ensure adequate access to and Sustainability charging stations for municipal vehicles through additional installations or Divisions controlled access Install portion of electric vehicle charging stations in areas accessible to community members, such as Civic Center parking lots;consider new electricity load created from EV charging stations during building design phase of Civic Center Master Plan to provide opportunities to offset this increased load through additional installation of rooftop PV systems Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 10 dual-port electric vehicle charging stations installed Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • nnu • U 0 0 4L Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 Action B. Evaluate Fuel Cell Fuelinq Station The City has begun exploring options to both promote and utilize a proposed fuel cell station. There are currently limited options in the passenger or light-duty truck fuel cell vehicle market, though hybrid fuel cell models are more common to help overcome the challenges presented by limited fueling infrastructure. Fuel cell vehicles also tend to be relatively more expensive than gasoline or even hybrid-electric vehicles. However, they do provide a good long-term opportunity for vehicle emissions reductions, depending on how the hydrogen fuel is produced. The City should continue to investigate costs and benefits associated with installing fuel cell fueling stations, track private-developer efforts to locate a station in the community (see: California Fuel Cell Partnership), and, in tandem, consider what role fuel cell vehicles might play in its municipal fleet in the future. As with CNG vehicles discussed below, the transition to or incorporation of fuel cell vehicles is likely to occur outside of the CAP's 2020 planning timeline. However, fuel cells do present a potential action to help achieve the City's longer-term reduction targets. vf-W-2 &ctio-f R. Evaluate Fuel Call Fuel ggaawwl Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue exploring opportunities to develop local fuel cell fueling station for municipal and community use Share information with neighboring jurisdictions to determine interest and feasibility of joint procurement through local vendors Transportation & Due to current limited vehicle model availability, consider model types and Sustainability cost when estimating fuel cell vehicles'future role in municipal fleet transition Divisions strategy(see M-VF-1 A) Pending feasibility analysis, construct fuel cell fueling station for municipal and/or community-wide use Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no fuel cell fueling stations installed prior to 2020 _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline f , J Action C. Evaluate CNG Fuelina Station The City is not yet considering near-term opportunities to convert diesel vehicles to CNG models. While there are currently five CNG refueling stations in the county, and a sixth in the planning phase, the City could consider developing its own station for convenient, local access. As with the electric charging stations, a publicly accessible CNG station could also help support a communitywide shift towards CNG vehicles in the long-term. Opportunities may exist for funding partnerships with other local governments, regional agencies, or local businesses that operate their own vehicle fleets. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-VF-2 Action C. Evaluate CNG Fueling Station Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research opportunities for development of municipal CNG refueling station; look for partnerships with neighboring cities or local employers with large vehicle fleets for cost-share opportunities of joint-use facility Pending results of CNG feasibility study, identify funding and pursue Transportation& development of CNG refueling station for municipal and public use;transition Sustainability municipal fleet diesel vehicles to CNG, as appropriate, as bridge technology Divisions until cleaner heavy-duty vehicle models become widely available for integration into fleet; if better heavy-duty vehicle options become available before development of CNG station, reconsider if there is long-term role for CNG vehicles in municipal fleet Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no CNG fueling stations installed prior to 2020 _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 09 0 S MEASURE M-VF-3 PROMOTE BEHAVIOR/ FUEL OPTIMIZATION Encourage and promote fuel efficient driving. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 19 MT CO2e/yr Reducing vehicle fleet fuel use translates directly into emissions reductions. To accurately strategize and implement policies for promoting fleet efficiency, it is important to have accurate data about the fuel efficiency of vehicles and driver behaviors. Telematics systems installed on fleet vehicles can help optimize routes, enable managers to accurately track and monitor fuel efficiency, and positively influence driver behavior. Honoring department managers and operators who model fuel-efficient practices can raise awareness of positive behaviors and encourage more widespread fuel savings. Similarly, while the City performs regular maintenance on all vehicles, it will need to consider formalizing these practices. According to the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), a regularly maintained fleet can save 12-18% in long-term maintenance costs compared to reactive maintenance programs." Operational and maintenance behaviors, such as proper tire pressure inflation, regular vehicle inspections, timely repairs, and fuel-efficient driving techniques can extend the operating life of fleet vehicles and improve fuel efficiency by approximately 19% (FEMP). Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' ' The following actions would further support the City's goal to reduce vehicle fleet emissions by ensuring that the necessary use of municipal vehicles occurs in a safe and efficient manner. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by up to 19 MT CO2e/year. Action A. Implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Optimization Telematics systems can empower fleet managers and operators to quickly identify fuel- consumptive maintenance issues and inefficient driving patterns or excessive vehicle idling. Accurate telematics data provide documentation to enable confident decision-making when identifying potential vehicles for replacement and transitions to more fuel-efficient and alternative fuel vehicles. The system also enables staff to dispatch help more promptly to stranded vehicles. The City already employs telematics practices to optimize routes for Building Department inspections and reduce vehicle miles traveled, and could potentially further expand this program to other departments. Telematics program examples from other cities have shown to produce fuel savings of 10-20% per year. OptimizationIVINF-3 Action A. implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue use of route optimization practices by Building Department for inspections Evaluate opportunities for additional route optimization of municipal vehicles Grounds&Fleet, that have standard operating routes(e.g., Parks Department landscaping Sustainability crews); identify VMT reduction potential through new routes Division Develop telematics program (e.g.,vehicle tracking)for City fleet to optimize vehicle operations Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 10%fuel savings over 2010 baseline for all passenger and light- 19 duty trucks(i.e., 2,100 gallons of gasoline saved per year);assumes full implementation of Measure VF-1,Action A assumptions Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline S J Action B. Update Vehicle Use Policv to Prioritize Fuel-Efficient Operations and Maintenance The City currently adheres to an informal set of fuel-efficient driving and maintenance practices, including an anti-idling policy and regularly scheduled preventative maintenance. Formalizing these practices by embedding it within the City's Vehicle Use Policy could help prioritize these actions for the City's maintenance staff and vehicle operators. The policy could be developed to document existing maintenance activities and tune-up schedules, require fuel-efficient driver training, and raise awareness among all City employees about fuel-saving priorities. Training sessions should engage fleet staff, maintenance shop managers and staff, and City vehicle operators and drivers. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-VF-3 Action B. Update Vehicle Use Policy to Prioritize Fuel-Efficient Operati ons and Maintenance Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish vehicle fleet efficiency policy(i.e., operation and maintenance)that includes formal vehicle maintenance check-list targeting fuel efficiency tune- ups and fuel-efficient driving training (e.g., no speeding, idling, excessive tools/gear in vehicles);fuel-efficient driving could be monitored through vehicle fleet telematics program Grounds&Fleet, Continue implementation of City's anti-idling policy(with exemptions for Sustainability emergency vehicles) Division Provide anti-idling outreach city-wide through partnership with neighborhood and community groups,with specific campaigns targeting idling in School Zones; partner with Cupertino Chamber of Commerce on anti-idling campaign in commercial districts Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline am • mn� • Action C. Expand Commuter Benefits Program Typically, employee commute emissions are excluded from a municipal emissions inventory, as was the case in Cupertino. This is due to the fact that they are designated as a Scope 3 emissions source in the LGOP guidance used to develop the baseline inventory (see Chapter 2 for further description on the City's emissions sources). Scope 3 emissions can be optionally included, although the City does not have direct financial or operational control over these vehicles, so they are not included within the City's municipal fleet emissions calculations. Some jurisdictions voluntarily report these emissions, though it is understood that the accuracy of Scope 3 emissions is typically lower than that for Scope 1 or Scope 2 emissions because data availability and reliability are diminished (i.e., cities have greater access to emissions data for sources over which they have operational or financial control, like energy use or annual municipal fleet mileage). According to a 2012 survey, 83% of Cupertino employees drive alone to work. Additionally, nearly the same amount of emissions comes from the City's municipal fleet as are estimated to result from City employee commutes (i.e., 424 and 463 MT COZe/yr, respectively). This presents an opportunity for the City to demonstrate another leadership role in emissions reductions, even if those reductions are not counted towards the City's target achievement since employee commute emissions are not included in the municipal operations inventory. The City can influence this source of emissions by expanding existing commuter benefits in a way that encourages employees to commute using alternative modes other than single occupancy vehicles. In accordance with SB 1339 requirements, Cupertino already provides a suite of alternative commute benefits to its employees, marketed through a flyer and benefits trainings, Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 and has a designated Human Resources Department Commuter Benefits Coordinator. The most widely used City benefit is the Alternative Work Schedule, or the 9/80 schedule, that affords many full-time employees two Fridays off per month, avoiding commutes on those days. In 2013, Cupertino instituted a pre-tax transit benefit, up to the allowable IRS limit, to incentivize and financially reward employees that commute by transit. Cupertino also provides bikes for employee use during the work day as an alternative to fleet vehicles. This action proposes the City create additional benefits to further encourage employees to pursue alternative commuting, and unites these benefits under a formalized commuter benefits program. The following elements are recommended as additions to the existing program, and were selected from numerous options as the most cost-effective and applicable to Cupertino: 1. "Last mile Connector" or Carpool Van: This van would establish one of the City's underutilized pool vans as a bridge to transit services that are difficult for employees to reach without a vehicle. 2. Carpool Matching: Cupertino can promote matching services through 511.org and other no-cost avenues so that employees can easily find convenient carpool-to-work options. Cash incentives for carpooling could also be offered. 3. Walk/bike Matching: Cupertino can promote free walk/bike matching services through 511.org and other no-cost avenues so that employees can easily find walking or biking partners to join on commutes to work. Pre-tax incentives for walking and biking to work are also permitted by law. 4. Guaranteed Ride Home: This service provides employees that do not drive to work with a ride home in an emergency. Typically the employer will open an account with a rental car or taxi company, which is charged when employees use the service. 5. Flexible/Alternative Work Schedule: In addition to the 9/80 schedule that many Cupertino employees currently follow, other alternative schedules could be proposed where appropriate, as well as flexibility to accommodate carpooling and avoid traffic at peak times. 6. Telecommuting/Telework: New IT advancements can facilitate a formalized telecommuting policy, where employees forgo the commute on days agreed upon with their supervisors and according to the policies set forth by the City. The City may choose to expand the aforementioned short-term proposed commuter benefit offerings to include additional benefits in the future, such as shuttle services, parking cash-out, reduced cost transit passes, preferred parking for ride sharers, and achieving a bike-friendly workplace certification. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-VF-3 Action C. Expand Commuter Benefits Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Conduct employee commuter benefits survey to evaluate areas of priority and highest use Develop commuter benefits program expansion options, budget, and resource needs; Evaluate vendor proposals if applicable Sustainability& Create outreach plan and materials for communicating new unified program Human Resources and benefits to employees; Develop carpool/bike/walk matching activities; Division Design additional incentives (e.g., recognition program) Launch program, implement outreach plan, and track participation/employee feedback;Adjust as needed Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Actions A, B, and D Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline n • nail • i a M � 'rr LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action D. Introduce Fuel Savinq Recognition Proqram for Emplovees/Departments Establishing a program for recognizing employees and departments for reducing fuel usage and/or reducing vehicle miles traveled can raise awareness of exemplary behavior throughout departments. Identification of key performance indicators such as annual fuel use reduction compared to a historical baseline or a per employee efficiency average can promote engagement from all departments (Typically, emergency services are excluded from these types of programs). In addition, any opportunity to engage staff in fleet procurement efforts is strongly advised. Establishing vocational specifications, recommended above, will ensure vehicle designations match job functions moving ahead, but this is just a first step to ensure staff engagement in this new prioritization. The City should continue activities to involve departments in purchasing decisions and evaluations of vehicle replacement models, as was practiced during the FY13/14 Vehicle Replacement Schedule. The Sustainability Division hosted a ride-and-drive event for all employees to take electric and plug-in-electric hybrid vehicles for a test drive, since this fleet technology was new to the City. Staff was then surveyed to learn their preferences and concerns, which informed the Fleet Division's selection. This type of practice should be continued to increase driver comfort with transition from conventional to alternative vehicles. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish inter-departmental fuel savings recognition program (excluding emergency vehicles)that tracks annual fuel use by department and provides departmental employee rewards for annual improvement(either total reduction compared to a department historic average or per employeeSustainability efficiency) Division Implement process to track and report municipal vehicle fuel usage through quarterly or annual staff reports; explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 1, t Ar a �c e " �' M r' i lit AL- g- e•r..wo,. -c GOAL 3 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Effectively manage materials to shift behavior, consumption, and life-cycle impacts. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The Solid Waste sector emissions are relatively small compared to Facilities and Vehicle Fleet, contributing approximately 5% of total emissions. The City's solid waste emissions are based on the disposal of waste generated from municipal activities, such as facility operations, park landscaping and maintenance, and other City activities. Waste disposal creates emissions when organic waste (e.g., food scraps, yard clippings, paper and wood products) is buried in landfills and anaerobic digestion takes place, emitting methane. Additionally, the extraction and processing of raw materials for consumer products, distribution to consumers, and eventual disposal of the products, creates emissions as well. A number of actions have been either planned or implemented to reduce City generated waste. The City has developed a zero-waste strategy with diversion goals and descriptions of diversion programs. Zero-waste strategies typically strive for 90% or greater diversion of waste from the landfill waste stream through recycling, material reuse, or composting. The Bay Area Climate Compact includes a solid waste diversion goal, which instructs signatories to "increase solid waste diversion from landfills to 75% by the end of 2013, and achieve zero waste by the end of 2020." One diversion strategy to that end has been implementation of the City's green procurement policy that encourages the purchase of recycled, recyclable, or compostable materials whenever possible. The City also administers a citywide residential and commercial compostable collection program, paperless office practices, on-site landscape waste reduction, and construction and demolition diversion at municipal project sites. Finally, the City has adopted a green indoor and outdoor events policy that defines materials management requirements (e.g., banning use of polystyrene and distribution of single-use bags) and goals for events hosted on city property by the agency or external partners. The City will continue its efforts to reduce the amount of waste generated from municipal operations, while diverting waste from landfills through composting, recycling, and reuse. This sector includes three measures that expand upon the City's existing efforts, including establishment of policies, goals, and audits to reduce waste; continuing organic waste diversion activities; and increasing construction and demolition waste diversion. When implemented, the Solid Waste sector measures have the ability to reduce emissions by approximately 80 MT CO2e/year. Goal 3- Reduce Solid Waste City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 MEASURE M-SW-1 WASTE REDUCTION 11 Reduce municipal waste through procurement policies, waste diversion goals, and waste stream monitoring and analysis. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 64 MT CO2e/yr Cities can reduce their contribution of solid waste sent to landfills through careful consideration at the procurement phase of a product's recyclability, re-use opportunities, - useful life expectancy, and comparable substitutes. Green ;j procurement specifications can be enforced through incorporation of Citywide or departmental diversion goals that elevate these considerations during decision-making ,'' yA.- processes. Similarly, monitoring the implementation of these R, policies and goals is necessary to evaluate the success of a waste reduction program. This measure includes implementation of existing procurement guidance 1 `w documents and paperless office strategies, departmental waste diversion goals, and waste monitoring and tracking mechanisms to help the City achieve its zero-waste goal by 2020. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by 64 MT CO2e/year. Product Design and Source:West Coast Climate and Material Forum- httD://vosemite.eDa.aov/R10/ECOCOMM.NSF/climate+chanoe/wccmmf Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action A. Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals As a signatory to the BACC, the City has already established a zero-waste goal for itself, and has taken several implementation steps towards that goal including development of a Zero- Waste Strategy. The City (with input from its waste diversion staff) could also establish building or department-specific goals that would allow each department to determine the most efficient strategies for goal achievement. Implementation of this action would be enhanced with accurate municipal waste stream data as described in Action D, so building- or department-specific strategies can be developed based on the types of waste present in the dumpsters. To assist in emissions reductions, the Zero-Waste Strategy should include programs to address the remaining organic waste content of the municipal waste stream, including office paper and cardboard, food scraps and compostable paper (e.g., pizza boxed, soiled napkins), yard waste clippings, and lumber from construction projects. In particular, this effort should continue to develop employee training and outreach programs to increase participation in the City's existing organics collection service. F FIT CUPERTINO GREEN GoalsM-SW-1 Action A. Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish specific zero-waste goal for municipal operations (target to be included in Zero Waste Strategy update)that achieves Bay Area Climate Compact's Action Area Goal#9 to increase solid waste diversion from landfills to 75% by end of 2013 and achieve zero waste by end of 2020; City's goal is to achieve 75%diversion by 2016 In conjunction with municipal waste audits (see M-SW-1 D), establish waste Environmental reduction/diversion goals by building or department(whichever is easier to Division track)as means to achieving overarching zero-waste goal; re-evaluate building or department goals as part of regular waste audits Implement process to track and report municipal solid waste generation through quarterly or annual staff reports;explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 80% reduction in organic waste(e.g.,food scraps and compostable paper, landscape debris/trimmings, scrap lumber, paper/cardboard)from 2010 baseline;emissions reductions are shown next to actions that address specific organic waste sources(i.e., M-SW-1 B, M- SW-2 A, M-SW-3 A) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline CH40 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Action B. Create Paperless Office Policv/Program Office environments typically generate substantial waste from white paper, mixed office paper, newspaper, and corrugated cardboard. Approximately 90% of all office waste is paper. Enhanced office paper recycling can help reduce emissions associated with organic landfill waste, and help to conserve raw materials. In addition to fully implemented recycling programs, "paperless office" policies can further reduce office waste and lower operating costs by reducing unnecessary printing, minimizing space needed for paper file storage, and improving file management efficiency. As a city in the heart of Silicon Valley, Cupertino should maximize its application of computer technology and digital systems in areas where it can lead to operational cost savings and resource efficiency. The City currently uses paperless practices in the Building Department for building permits and other forms and paperless agendas for its Council and Commissions, an effort led by the City Clerk. Expansion of paperless office practices will require Sustainability Division and IT staff to: investigate print-tracking software compliance problems, establish paper use reduction goals, and develop employee education programs about file management processes and paper use tracking. Paper reduction goals can be tracked through reduced procurement costs for paper, ink, and other printer-related costs, or through municipal waste audits. To ensure that recycled paper and cardboard can be re-used for their highest and best purpose, the City should maintain a "dry" recycling stream to avoid paper-product contamination from liquids and food scraps. M-SW-1 Action B.Create Paperless • Policy/Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement and monitor success of office paper reduction strategies Work with IT Department to install printer-tracking software that allows printer analytics Conduct analysis of paper use per department to establish data trends(e.g., reams used per year, pages printed per month) Sustainability& Establish City-wide paper use reduction goals based on printing analysis Environmental Meet with individual departments to discuss results of analysis and identify Division additional opportunities for printing reduction and/or conversion of some file types from hard copy forms to electronic Establish "dry"recycling collection for paper and cardboard products, as opposed to co-mingled collection for these items, to ensure highest value during recycling Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 80%diversion of municipal office paper over 2010 baseline levels 64 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 0 13 IM 0 Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Action C. Revise Green Procurement & Event Specifications, Pair with Implementation Handbook Green procurement specifications are often developed to prioritize City purchases that generate lower waste across a product's lifecycle, allow local recycling or composting, incorporate recycled or re-used content, and support healthy working environments (e.g., low VOC paints and carpets). The City already has an Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, adopted in 2008 and currently being revised to mirror industry advancements, and has developed a draft user-friendly handbook to support staff procurement decisions. The handbook incorporates previous research efforts on preferred products for use in daily operations or at City-sponsored events, with an emphasis on preference for recycled/recyclable products, compostable products, minimal packaging, and other low-waste options. Given that the agency does not have a single office or individual overseeing purchasing, this handbook can serve as a clearinghouse document for all City procurement policies related to resource conservation. As the City approaches its zero-waste goal, municipal waste audits (see Action D below) may provide insight into the types of materials that are most difficult to eliminate from the waste stream. Specific green procurement alternatives could be added to the handbook to target these specific types of waste. HandbookM-SW-1 Action C. Revise Green Procurement&Event Specifications, Pair with Implementation Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy and refinement of staff handbook to serve as user-friendly resource to guide City purchases of"green"products, such as furniture, carpeting/flooring, paints, packaging materials, energy-efficient appliances, etc. Design purchasing specifications that give preference to recycled products, Sustainability and recyclable and compostable products, products derived from renewable Environmental materials, and other products that produce lower waste across the product's Division lifecycle Include reference to City's ENERGY STAR appliance procurement policy, or include as part of new Green Purchasing Guide to provide one comprehensive guidance document Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT COze/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action D. Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion Analysis of municipal waste volume and composition can provide important data about diversion target feasibility and waste reduction opportunities, as well as provide measurement and verification to track progress of waste reduction/diversion goals described in Action A above. Waste audits and surveys at municipal facilities also provide opportunities to engage 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 department managers and employees regarding recycling and diversion efforts, potentially leading to higher participation rates and development of new strategies. The City already performs waste audits at municipal buildings and facilities as part of its Green Business Certification, but should increase the regularity and tracking of these efforts moving forward. Audit results could be used to develop a tracking/reporting mechanism to measure diversion target achievements per building or department, as described in Action A, or to help identify problematic waste materials as described in Action C. In order to monitor, track and evaluate effectiveness within each department, a central purchasing coordinator or analyst may be needed in the future. M-SW-1 Action D.Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to perform waste audits at various City facilities to: o determine type/quantity of waste being produced, o measure effectiveness of existing waste diversion practices, o identify opportunities for new waste diversion practices, Environmental o establish baseline data for measuring progress towards waste Division reduction and diversion goals using CalRecycle data or EPA ReTrac Tool Establish regular waste audit cycle to track implementation of various waste reduction practices Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline MEASURE M-SW-2 FOOD SCRAP AND COMPOSTABLE PAPER DIVERSION Continue to divert food scraps and compostable paper from municipal waste stream. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 16 MT CO2e/yr Food scraps account for approximately 16% of the overall solid waste stream, according to the state's most recent waste characterization survey.XX' The City already provides food scrap and compostable paper collection at all municipal facilities as part of its citywide organics collection program. Diverting these waste materials from landfills helps to reduce methane emissions LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 created when organic material decomposes in landfill environments. Expansion of this measure could contribute reductions of approximately 16 MT COZe/yr by 2020. Action A. Expand Municipal Collection and Compostinq Proqram The City currently collects organic waste at all municipal facilities, with the most effectively implemented models at City Hall and Blackberry Farm. Expanding this collection service and staff engagement program to other municipal facilities, particularly public buildings with high visitation rates, would help to capture more of the organic waste stream, and support the City's zero-waste goal (see M-SW-1). The City could review its facility waste audits to identify the best candidates to further prioritize organics collection. If audits reveal that significant portions of organic waste are still being discarded at facilities with organics collection, the City could focus its efforts on educating City staff and the public on how the diversion program works. Publicly- oriented education campaigns could also serve to increase participation in community-wide organics collection at homes and businesses. M-SW-2 Action A. Expand Municipal Collection . Composting Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue implementation of food scrap/compostable paper collection program at municipal buildings As part of municipal waste audits(see M-SW-1 D), identify City buildings or facilities(e.g., parks)where substantial amount of compostable waste is still disposed of in general waste bins; develop additional employee educational ■ materials (or community materials in case of public facilities)explaining how Environmental composting program works,what items can be collected, and benefits of City Division action in this area If participation within City buildings indicates room for improvement, consider holding annual competitions(by building or department)to achieve lowest ■ amount of compostable waste in landfill waste bins;competition could be timed with waste audits Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 90%diversion of municipal food waste and plant waste over 2010 16 baseline levels Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 130 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 MEASURE M-SW-3 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE DIVERSION Enhance construction and demolition waste diversion rates for municipal projects. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 2 MT CO2e/yr The California Green Building Code currently requires 50% diversion of construction and demolition (C&D) materials for all new projects, with few exceptions. Many construction materials can be diverted from the waste stream for reuse or recycling, including scrap lumber, concrete and asphalt, bricks, scrap metal, and drywall. As green building practices become more common in the region, landfill operators and contractors will improve their abilities to divert higher percentages of C&D waste in support of project documentation requirements for various green building certification programs (e.g., LEED, Green Point Rated). This measure quantifies the City's existing requirements to exceed the state's C&D diversion requirements. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by 2 MT CO2e/year. Action A. Set C&D Diversion Policv for Municipal Proiects The City already exceeds the state's C&D diversion requirements for applicable municipal construction projections through Municipal Code 16.72, which requires 60% diversion. As a longer-term strategy (e.g., by 2035), the City could consider increasing its C&D diversion target even further for municipal projects from 60% to 75%. Cupertino's Green Building Ordinance also requires achievement of LEED certification in most new municipal construction projects and major remodels. Similar to Measure M-F-4, which suggests specific energy-efficiency goals be established for new construction or substantial retrofits, this action could be implemented as part of the Green Building Ordinance as well, through voluntary pursuit of waste diversion- related design points. Both measures expand upon existing City actions with a focus on emissions reduction opportunities in construction projects. Prior to revising the City's existing 60% C&D diversion target, City staff should research opportunities and constraints to more stringent requirements, such as the ability of landfill operators to achieve higher diversion rates. The City currently has an agreement with Newby Island Landfill for the sorting and diversion of construction and demolition debris boxes. As of 2010, the facility was reporting diversion rates between 70-80% for C&D debris boxes from Cupertino. The City of San Francisco has required 65% diversion from C&D projects since 2006, also indicating feasibility in the Bay Area to further exceed current statewide requirements. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action • Policy forMunicipal Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Consider amending Green Building Ordinance to require 75%diversion of C&D waste in all municipal construction projects and major retrofits (this would exceed state requirements of 50%diversion, and Cupertino's existing Environmental requirements for 60%diversion); discuss implementation feasibility with Division landfill operator Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes City continues to achieve 60%diversion of construction and 2 demolition waste from municipal projects Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline CHQ 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Reduction Target Achievement 2020 TARGET ACHIEVEMENT The purpose of the CAP is to identify measures and actions that the City could take to reduce municipal operation greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter has presented various measures the City could pursue (including continuation and expansion of existing City actions) to reduce its emissions through 2020. As shown in Table 4.4, the City could exceed its 2020 target through implementation of these CAP measures, and achieve reductions of approximately 700 MT CO2e/yr compared to its target of 346 MT CO2e/yr. This would represent an emissions level 35% below the 2010 baseline year. This achievement would put Cupertino on a trajectory towards its long-term emissions reduction targets for 2035 and 2050, though additional reductions would still be needed in the future. Figure 4.8 illustrates the City's 2020 business-as- usual (BAU) emissions forecast, reduction target, and estimated reduction level assuming implementation of these CAP measures. Table 4.4 MEN:,= unicipal Operatio am Reduction Strategies 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target Facilities Strategy 552 160% Vehicle Fleet Strategy 66 19% Solid Waste Strategy 82 24% TOTAL 2020 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15% below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Figure 4.8— CAP Measure Emission Reduction Potential 2010 to 2020 1,900 1,800 — — — — — —� — — — — — — — —1,700 1,600 m 1,500 N v 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 2010 2020 — — BAU Emissions Reduction Target CAP Measures TRAJECTORY TOWARDS 2035 AND 2050 TARGETS This CAP was primarily developed to identify strategies to help the City achieve its near-term 2020 reduction target. Numerous assumptions go into preparing emissions forecasts and plausible reduction measure participation rates, which make it difficult to accurately predict the City's ability to achieve longer-term reduction targets. For example, if building-related energy emissions grow faster than estimated, additional reductions will be needed to achieve the targets. Similarly, if the City is successful at converting its entire municipal fleet to low-emissions vehicles, other reduction measures may become less important. It is also difficult to predict new technologies and their impact on municipal operations. Despite these various assumptions and unknowns, it is possible to conservatively estimate progress towards the 2035 and 2050 targets, and identify the general measures that would be required to support target achievement in the future. As shown in Table 4.5, if only the measures described in this chapter are pursued (and are not expanded beyond the implementation levels assumed by 2020), the City would achieve 66% of its 2035 target and 39% of its 2050 target. However, it is likely that additional implementation of these measures would occur after 2020, leading to greater emissions reductions. For example, this CAP assumes the installation of approximately 500 kW of solar PV by 2020. After build out of the Civic Center Master Plan, there may be opportunity to install additional PV systems on new City buildings and parking lots. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 4.5 Impact of 2020 Municipal Operations Reductions on Future Target Achievement Reduction Strategies 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) Total Municipal Operations Reductions 700 700 700 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below baseline baseline baseline Reductions Needed 346 1,064 1,774 Portion of Target Achieved 202% 66% 39% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding The measures and reduction estimates presented in this chapter are based on reasonable assumptions for what is possible and likely to occur between plan adoption and 2020, and have been vetted by City staff to refine their feasibility. However, as mentioned above, the accuracy of emissions projections and reduction estimates becomes less certain the farther into the future they are projected. This section presents a scenario demonstrating what level of City effort would be required in order to achieve the 2050 reduction target (i.e., 83% below 2010 levels). As shown in Table 4.6, actions that result in cleaner electricity would play an important role in long-term target achievement. Energy-related emissions are estimated to account for nearly 70% of the City's emissions in 2050, the majority of which are related to electricity use. This means that long-term target achievement will not be possible without significant reductions from the Facilities sector. Similarly, water-related emissions and solid waste-related emissions contribute relatively fewer emissions to the City's inventory; forecasted to be less than 6% of total emissions in 2050. This indicates that actions that address water conservation and solid waste diversion, while important for other ecological or financial reasons, cannot be the primary strategy for long-term emissions target achievement. The City's path to future target achievement is estimated to focus on the use of clean energy sources for building, facility, and vehicle needs. Table 4.6 presents one possible scenario for emissions reductions by 2050 that would achieve the City's long-term target. The table is organized similarly to Table 4.2 presented earlier in this chapter, though the scope of actual measures may differ as technologies change. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.6 No Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions 2050 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) 2050 Target FACILITIES STRATEGY 552 1,203 68% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' 979 55% M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 173 10% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 51 3% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure Replaced by reductions estimated in M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 Measures M-F-1 through M-F-3 M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 Statewide Actions 1862 VEHICLE FLEET STRATEGY 66 459 26% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 459 26% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure Replaced by reductions estimated in Measure M-T-1 M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 SOLID WASTE STRATEGY 82 110 6% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 89 5% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 17 1% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 4 <1% TOTAL CAP REDUCTIONS 700 1,772 100% Reduction Target 15% below 83% below baseline baseline Reductions Needed 346 1,774 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% 82.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 This scenario presented in Table 4.6 assumes that 100% of the City's electricity use will come from emissions-free sources by 2050, and that existing solar PV installations on municipal buildings and facilities will be maintained for ongoing future use. If all electricity comes from clean sources, then building retrofits that conserve electricity no longer have emissions reductions associated with them (i.e., the electricity they save is already emissions free, so there is no net reduction in emissions). Therefore, Table 4.6 shows that emissions reductions associated with Measures M-F-4 through M-F-7 and the statewide reductions from the Renewable Portfolio Standard are supplanted by energy-related reductions in Measures M-F-1 through M-F-3. The 2050 reduction estimates are based on the same 2020 CAP measures described in this chapter, with increased implementation performance assumptions occurring between 2020 and 2050. Approximately 70% of the City's building-related energy use in 2010 was attributed to electricity use, while the remaining 30% was natural gas. Under the business-as-usual emissions forecast scenario described in Chapter 2, this ratio of energy use is assumed to continue in the future. That means that the 30% of future building energy use attributed to natural gas consumption will not be affected by clean electricity purchases or generation. Therefore, this scenario assumes the future installation of solar thermal systems at the Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center, as previously identified in the City's Detailed Energy Audit (see Measure M-F-2 Action B). In addition to significant emissions reductions from the Facilities sector, this scenario depends upon a widespread transformation of the City's municipal fleet towards alternative-fuel and low- emissions vehicles. This scenario expands upon the assumptions described in Measure M-VF-1 above, and demonstrates potential reductions resulting from a fleet that comprises 100% electric passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks, as well as a shift in heavy-duty trucks towards CNG and electric models. This scenario is dependent upon additional advancements in the vehicle market to provide alternative fuel vehicle models that can perform the tasks required of the municipal fleet. The remaining emissions reductions are based on an assumption that the City can achieve its zero-waste goal, such that no organic materials are sent to area landfills. This scenario assumes 100% diversion of office paper and paper materials, food scraps and green waste from landscaping activities, and organic components of construction and demolition debris. It is difficult to establish performance assumptions for horizon years far in the future given unknown budgetary conditions, emergence of new and evolving technologies, and potential state and federal actions. For this reason the CAP does not attempt to define specific municipal operations actions for 2035 or 2050. However, because the CAP is a living document that should be reviewed and revised on a regular basis, possibly in coordination with future General Plan revisions, performance indicators that align with the long-term emissions reduction strategies described here can developed gradually over time. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Given the pathway described above for achievement of the City's 2050 reduction target, emissions reduction progress by 2035 will require implementation of actions at a level somewhere between what is described for 2020 in the measure descriptions earlier in this chapter and this general scenario described for 2050. Due to the numerous variables and unknowns of the future state of the City's emissions, these 2050 reduction estimates are provided for demonstrative purposes only. As described further in Chapter 4, the City will need to regularly assess the effectiveness of CAP measures to ensure future emissions levels are on track to achieve the 2050 target, as well as monitor any new future guidance from the Office of Planning and Research, BAAQMD, or other agencies on the role of local government action in supporting the state's reduction targets. Grades K;4 `Grades 5-8 Grade 1.12 A CLEANER CUPERTINO sludent n.-,conles� F `rusrb d' City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 r . 1 P R CLIMATE ACTION : • ROLE? This chapter describes the myriad ways in which Cupertino's residents can take action to begin implementing the emissions-reducing concepts described throughout this CAP. It presents these opportunities within the framework of a Learn, Leverage, Lead approach to engagement, and provides examples of immediate action opportunities related to the City's Green@Home, Green@Work, and Green@School programs. Cupertino cannot achieve its ambitious emissions reduction targets without the support and enthusiasm of its residents and businesses. This chapter provides direction to the tools and resources available to take action today! Unmitigated climate change poses great risks to both Cupertino and our entire globe. It jeopardizes extensive, and often costly, efforts to enable food access and security, protect public health and safety, promote economic development and stability, and safeguard natural resources upon which our prosperity depends. Local changes in precipitation and temperatures will awaken new vulnerabilities for our residents and businesses. To abate these anticipated climate risks, predicted to intensify in the coming decades, requires initiative, imagination and ingenuity. It requires confident leadership and common-sense, crowd-sourced solutions. Most importantly, it requires collective action. This Plan focuses primarily on the emissions over which your City government has direct control and the greatest influence, whether through education and outreach channels, infrastructure projects, community programs, or codes and ordinances. At workshops held to collaboratively develop this CAP with the community, the City received feedback that many residents were not aware of City programs and services already available to assist them in growing greener; this chapter is included mitigation -• here to address that gap. Moreover, it seeks to emphasize rate as well as the magnitude of that everyday choices we make matter. Actions each of us warming, it also increases the takes at home, at work, at school, and in our community particulartime available for adaptation to a level will not only help reduce our community's total emissions, potentially , several decades. but - _,- but also make Cupertino a healthier, more resilient place Delaying mitigation actions to live, work, and play for current and future generations. reduce options f' This section shares a variety of ways you, as both a global resilientpathways and Cupertino citizen, can individually take climate action. Intergovernmental Panel The more we do as individuals, the greater our collective Climate Change Working emissions reductions will be, and the stronger our Group 2, 2014 Report community will be in the face of climate change. How Do I Contribute? Before introducing a sampling of direct climate actions each of us can take to support our shared environment, let's learn which of our daily activities have associated greenhouse gas emissions, and so, have a climate impact. Any time we use electricity or fuel for an activity, we are creating greenhouse gases. Driving to work or school, watching TV, charging a cell phone, powering a refrigerator or air conditioner, or taking a hot shower, are just a few of the countless things we do that support our lives, and all result in emissions. As you've learned in previous chapters, we even produce emissions indirectly as a result of waste disposal (through collection and landfill gas), water use (through pumping and treatment), and purchasing choices (through production, shipping, and disposal). We can reduce these emissions by thinking about how we get where we need to go, how well our homes and facilities function, and what kinds of goods and services we purchase. For example, take a look at the typical household energy expenditure in California (see Figure 5.1) — this can give us an idea of areas of opportunity to reduce energy consumption, 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 and thus greenhouse gas emissions. (Note: household energy use varies greatly by a number of factors, including geographic location, home size and age, and number and habits of family members). Figure 5.1 — Energy Consumption in California Homes ■Air conditioning 27% Space heating ■Water heating ■Appliances, electronics, lighting Source: EIA,2009 In California, we have a milder climate than in other parts of the country, so we expend less energy on heating and cooling than homes elsewhere in the US (lucky us!). So comparatively, the largest portion of our energy use goes toward electricity use for appliances, electronics, and lighting. This indicates that reducing plug load in our homes by installing efficient lighting, buying energy efficient appliances, turning off electronics and appliances when not in use, and other actions can especially reduce our home's emissions. This picture does not capture, however, energy use and emissions associated with personal transportation, waste we create, and items we buy. Figure 5.2 (on the following page) seeks to shift the conversation to also include the impacts of our daily choices, activities, and habits. To get a more complete estimate of your own personal emissions, and to see where the most important areas for action are, check out the CoolCalifornia Carbon Footprint Calculator. Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? Figure 5.2—Average California Household GHG Emissions (COze) Home construction. 3% Services, 16% ,- Autos, 26% l Other goods, 5% Clothing, 4°° _ Furniture, ;° Air travel, 9 appliances,6% i' , / 1. Public transit, 1% Other foods, 5% 1 '—Electricity, 5% Cereals. 2° Natural gas, 5% � Dairy, 3/o Fruits,v , 2% ° Water&sewage, 3% Meat. 5% Source:CoolCalifornia What Can I Do to Help? Given that each of our daily activities result in emissions (i.e., the average emissions of a Cupertino resident is 5.27 MT ' • rage . • ' ' . • CO2e/yr), the City needs your help to meet its climate action goals. There are innumerable actions small and large that you can take to help our community become more resilient and reduce emissions. This section provides resources to Learn more about climate change, shares a few recommended actions to Leveraqe in your own life to help, and connects you to tools to help you Lead by example to inspire others to act. Take a look below and decide which actions are feasible for you or your family to take. Remember this is just a sampling of the many things you can do. It is okay to start small: pick one action to take today, two to prioritize next year, and/or a suite of actions to make happen five years from now, and create your own personal climate action plan! 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The following list of resources can help you to become a climate change guru! Arm yourself with background knowledge on the causes of changes to our climate, the potential risks to our planet and people, and additional tips you can share with family and neighbors. ❑ ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainabilitv ❑ Get Involved ❑ Interaovernmental Panel on Climate Chanae OPCCI United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chanae ❑ NASA United States Environmental Protection Aaencv L_j California Climate Chanae Portal 11-1 Union of Concerned Scientists Li Actions to Adapt ❑ Solutions E) What You Can Do ❑ Sustainable Steps ❑ Action Center Oil IN • Climate Action: What's My Role? Leverage Take advantage of the City's existing programs designed to ensure our community is a sustainable place to live, learn, work, and play by providing tools to encourage action among all of our residents! This section presents information on the City's Green@Home, Green@Work, and Green@School programs. Learn more about our environmental work, or source additional ideas for small changes that make a big difference, by visiting www.cupertino.orq/preen."Treat the Earth well. It is 1.3 not inherited from your •. it is borrowed from your • Kenyan proverb Green@Home ; , Source:Cupertino Patch,2013 Save Energy! ❑ Go Greene-Home— check out a Do-It-Yourself home energy efficiency and water conservation Toolkit at the Cupertino Library or build your own (see Appendix E). ❑ Grow Greener Blocks — schedule a neighborhood energy sweep and/or a presentation by the City's Sustainability Office at your next block party. Energv UDgrade! Source experts to help expand your home's efficiency, cost savings, and comfort. Get started with PG&E's income-qualified Enerav Savinq Assistance Proqram or the Rebate/Incentive Finder. Check your Thermo...STAT! Install a programmable thermostat. Set it no lower than 76°F for cooling. No higher than 68°F for heating (sweaters work wonders in the winter!). Ward off Vampires— Control phantom Ouq loads (appliances/electronics that use energy when "off"but still plugged in) by unplugging chargers, microwaves, computers and other electronics that are not in use. Use a smart power strip to help control plug loads. Low Lights—Turn off lights when not needed. Consider task lights vs. overhead lights. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Freezer Burn — Unplug or get rid of an extra refrigerator or freezer if you don't really need the extra storage space. Plug it in only when you need the overflow space. ❑ Turn down the heat— Set hot water heater no higher than 120°F and insulate the hot water tank and pipes (be mindful of insulating gas water heaters). Out with the Old...Replace incandescent light bulbs CFLs or LEDs. Lucky Stars — Purchase ENERGY STAR® rated appliances and save loads of energy on washer, dryer, TV and other appliance use. If your refrigerator is more than 10 years old, it's time to replace it with an ENERGY STAR model. Remodeling? Make sure you're up to speed with the City's Green Buildinq Ordinance. Use blinds and shades to let the sun's heat in or to keep it out to help heat or cool your home without changing your thermostat. Access PG&E Rebates to offset your cost! ❑ Cool Suds —Avoid hot water use by purchasing cold water detergent. Wash only full loads, and wear clothes more than once. Replace furnace filter regularly. Seal it Up—Air seal gaps, cracks, ducts in unconditioned spaces. Soak Up the Rays — Heat your water using a solar water heater instead of gas. Air it Out—Air dry your laundry on a clothes line instead of using a dryer (how eco-retro!). Sun Power! Assess the potential for solar energy at your home & pursue PVs (after ensuring your home is as energy efficient as possible, so you can "right size" your system!). Learn more about Cupertino's solar efforts by visiting our Solar Roadmap. Tr,qngfnrm Trnncnnrfnfinn1 Bike Cupertino— Use Cupertino's Bikeways Map to safely bike around town via dedicated bike lanes vs. driving. Travel Light—Walk, take public transit, or ride a bike instead of driving a car whenever �= feasible. Trip Link—Consolidate errands to make fewer car trips, saving time AND gas! Car-free Challenge! Challenge yourself to one car-free day each week, or to take an alternative form of transportation for any destination one mile or less away. d- Together is Better— Carpool to work or school to save money on gas and reduce your driving. Purchase a more fuel-efficient or electric vehicle. Travel Light— Hotels use a lot of water, energy, and resources. Consider traveling lighter with Air B&B or other homestay networks or share your own home. What's Our WalkScore — Cupertino has a vast network of bike lanes, bike racks, csidewalks, and alternative transportation options to encourage car-free trips (read more here). Where can we expand these tools? Check out our walkscore or conduct your own neighborhood walkability assessment. Share your findings: sustainability cDcuiDertino.orq. Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? 0 Get Water Wise! ❑ Get Water-Wise! Receive a free WaterWise House Call from the Santa Clara Valley Water District to help identify new ways to save water in your home with great rebates. Slow Your Flow— Install low-flow water fixtures (faucets, toilets, shower heads, etc.). ® Five-Minute Limit—Take shorter showers. Use a shower timer (your teen will thank you). Smart Water— Install a weather-based irrigation controller if you have irrigation. Set it to water at night or pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible. Desert Beauty— Replace your lawn with drouaht tolerant landscapina. Natural Sponge —Apply backyard or purchased compost to help soil hold more water. Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! Share! Offer to share items like tools, large appliances like lawn mowers or leaf blowers, and other items you use infrequently among neighbors. Use services like Yerdle or Craiaslist to facilitate the sharing or exchange of items of all shapes and sizes. oStop Junk Mail from reaching your home by registering with the Direct Marketing_ Association's Mail Preference Service or by utilizing this funk mail kit. Waste Not— Prevent food waste by composting,food scraps in your yard waste bin. Single Stream — Recvcle ALL plastics, clean paper and cardboard, glass, and metal in your single stream recycling cart. Compost Right at Home! Take a free class on backyard composting and get a free soil saver bin from the City. You'll make your own rich compost for a healthy garden and soil. oGet Creative — Reuse leftover materials for new projects and support upcycling by shopping at used goods stores and at CuiDertino's Citvwide Garage Sale in September. E] Don't Give Up, Give Away! Donate clothes and unwanted items to your local thrift store. Participate in the City's Garage Sale instead of sending usable items to the landfill. Reduce @ the Source — Purchase products with less nackagina or send it back. Buy Recycled — Choose paper, plastic, and other products produced with recycled content to reduce demand for and your use of new materials. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Build Community! Support local! Shop at markets, restaurants, and food trucks that serve local food, or participate in community supported agriculture for fresh, healthy food that supports local businesses and doesn't have to travel far to reach your plate. Volunteer with organizations performing sustainability work. A few local places to start include Acterra, Sierra Club, Cool Cities. Find your neighborhood leader or become one and discover which of your neighbors is working to build safer, greener, more harmonious neighborhoods! Coordinate a garage sale and inform vour neighbors about Cupertino's own event. Organize! Find an issue of importance to your neighborhood and develop a roadmap for C] change! Apply for a Communitv Improvement Grant, start a petition, conduct a neiqhborhood needs assessment, visit City Council or a relevant Commission meeting, get in touch with City Staff—find an action and start a movement! doubtgroup of thoughtful, . -. Green@Work citizens can change the world. Margaret Mead Save Energy! Performance Review! Encourage your workplace to get an energy audit to understand owhich cost-effective opportunities are feasible for your facility. May utilities offer this service for free, or seek an auditor with access to rebates and financinq information to fast-track major upgrades. People First—Work on operational or behavioral changes first, since they are often no cost or low cost options: institute a shut-off policy for workstations and lights, close off unused rooms, unplug workstation electronics, etc. Bright Lights, Green City— Upgrade lighting for energy and cost savings, and better working light levels. Check for available rebates. Use task lighting instead of lighting an entire area with overhead lighting. Prioritize PACE —Asses facilities & access this new financing tool to make upgrades. Head Count— Use occupancy sensors for lighting and for heating/cooling. Work Flow — Regularly maintain HVAC system: look for leaks/efficiency improvements. Head in the Cloud — Consider switching some IT systems to cloud-based systems and applications to reduce need for energy-hogging servers (access EPA resources here). ® Rising Stars — Purchase ENERGY STAR® rated or EPEAT-certified office equipment to save big on plug loads. Assess solar feasibility at your workplace and install cost- • Climate Action: What's My Role? effective PV. Better yet, benchmark your facility or office using ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager to compare your energy use to others with similar operational and infrastructure characteristics, receive an energy rating, and learn new ways to save. Common-Area Conservation! — If you own a building, don't forget to prioritize energy ❑ conservation projects in common spaces. Parking lot and pathway lighting expenses can really add up! Contact Right Lights for a lighting assessment and cut costs today! Build Beyond Compliance — New construction and retrofit projects follow the City's Green Building Ordinance (based on Leadership in Enerqv & Environmental Desiqn ❑ (LEED) criteria) and the California Energv Code, among other requirements. As of January 2014, buildings over 5,000 square feet also follow the state's AB1103 Building Benchmarking Requirements. Shoot for the stars for your space by setting zero net energv goals and/or consider joining the Living Building Challenge. Trancf— Transportation! [ Cool your Commute! Offer your employees alternative commuting benefits like VTA's EcoPass, or pre-tax dollars for transit expenses to cut travel-related emissions. Turnover Time— Use EDF's Guide to replace fleet vehicles with fuel efficient/electric vehicles. i= Telework— Use teleconferencing and adopt a telecommuting policv to save miles. Bike to Work— Provide and maintain a bike fleet, and offer bicycle safety and maintenance trainings. Provide safe onsite bike storage. Employees: follow this bike commuting checklist! [ Charge it Up— Install an electric vehicle charging station for employees. F Play Favorites —Offer preferential parking for carpools to facilitate employee carpooling. Get Water Wise! ❑ Be an H2O Pro! Install low-flow water devices (faucets, toilets, urinals, shower heads, etc.) to minimize your water usage. ❑ Dry Spell — Replace landscaping with drought tolerant landscaping for great-looking facilities that don't use a lot of water to maintain. Check for rebates. Water it Down — Install a weather-based irrigation controller and set it to water at night or ❑ pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible to reduce water use and cut your utility bill. ❑ Writing on the Wall — Post signs asking employees to conserve water near bathroom and kitchen sinks and report leaks if encountered here too. ❑ Common-Area Conservation! — If you own a building, don't forget to prioritize water conservation indoors and outdoors. Be mindful of watering in common landscaped areas. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! ® Two-time it— Print double-sided and make it the default printer setting. Keep a stack of draft paper near the printer for reuse. Job Duties — Make recycling and composting mandatory for your workplace. Make sure ® each space has adequate bins for proper disposal and provide employee training to ensure everyone's onboard. Go Zero — Provide reusable dishware in the break room for employees and for events. Make zero waste events policv for company meetings and events and say no to foam! ® Buy Green —Adopt an environmentally preferable purchasinq policy that prioritizes recycled content products, reduced packaging, and recyclable/compostable products. 'It's not a choice between our environment and our economy; it's a choice between prosperity and decline. President ••, 11• Build Community! Get Certified! Join GreenBiz Cupertino to get certified as a green business: receive free r energy, water, and waste assessments, free equipment to help your business save water, free guidance to help you with the certification process, and recognition for your leadership. Checkout Appendix F to get started. Go Local! Prioritize restaurants and caterers that offer locally-sourced food. M�N Prioritize Green — Choose certified areen businesses when purchasing products and services. Promote Health — Expand health and wellness to employees, such as gym passes, weight loss workshops, etc. Host a Communitv Supported Aqriculture pickup site. Green Dream Team — Start a green team in your organization to assess your workplace's operations and engage coworkers in ways they can take action @ work and @ home. Take Stock— Complete a greenhouse gas inventory or carbon footprint calculator for your business or organization and identify ways to reduce identified emissions. Ready...Set...Green! Create a areen competition and award program that rewards environmental champions, energy or carbon savers in your organization. • Climate Action: What's My Role? Green@School Save Energy! EiTest Time! Encourage your school to get an enerciv audit to understand which opportunities to save energy are feasible for your school. EiClass Rules — Institute behavioral change focused school policies first: shut-off policy for computers and lights, close off unused rooms, unplug electronics, etc. ® Bright Lights — Upgrade lighting for energy and cost savings, and better light levels for more productive (zombie-free!) students. Fresh Air— Regularly maintain HVAC system for good air quality. Have your HVAC equipment check for leaks and opportunities to increase efficiency. Sunny Days —Assess feasibility for solar at your school. Transform Transportation' WOW! Expand walking and biking programs for kids @ your school by joining the growing number of Cupertino schools participating in Walk One Week (WOW!) and the Boltacie rewards programs. Safe Routes to School — Grow existing walk/bike to school programs: Start with a walkabilitv assessment, encourage your school to adopt a Safe Routes Policv, etc. Safety in Numbers — Establish a "walking school bus" that can travel together to and from school for increased safety. Bike Party— Encourage your school to hold bike safety training and/or a maintenance workshop. Ensure your school provides safe and adequate bike storage onsite. r Co-Commute — Make transit and carpool information available to students and families to encouraging alternative (and perhaps more convenient!) ways of getting to school. SafeRoutes National Center for Safe Routes to School - - I City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Get Water Wise! Every Drop Counts — Identify opportunities at your school to conserve water. Campaign ❑ to eliminate plastic water bottles or to install a water-bottle refill station! Access free water conservation tools such as low-flow aerators to install in school bathrooms! ❑ Grow Greener— Replace landscaping with drought tolerant landscaping. Check for cost- saving rebates. Smart Water— Install a weather-based irrigation controller and set it to water at night or pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible. Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! ❑ Double Duty— Change your printer's settings to always print double-sided. Have a bin of draft paper on-hand to use for notes, printing or doodles! Become a Zero Waste School! Organize a recycling and composting program for your ❑ school if you don't already have both. Engage students in learning how to properly separate material, reduce waste, and make sure each area of the school has adequate bins for proper disposal. Shop Sustainable —Adopt an environmentally preferable purchasing policv for the ❑ school that prioritizes environmentally responsible products to encourage a healthy, vibrant environment at school. Build Community! Go green@school! Join the City's green@school program to help educate peers about ❑ sustainability and become a certified green school. Contact sustainabilitv(a�cupertino.orq. to enroll your school! Check out our program's checklist, to get started (Appendix G). ❑ Lunch Green —Start a school garden to provide healthy foods for school cafeteria and teach students about growing food and eating healthily. ❑ Eco Heroes— Create a green competition and award program that rewards environmental champions at your school. ❑ Enhance Your Performance — Learn how to become a California Hiah Performinq School (CHPS) to improve the learning and natural environment! Tag-Team It— Form a school green team to assess your school's operations and ❑ educate peers about projects proposed for your school. Learn how these projects can turn into grant opportunities! ❑ LEED the Way! Go above and beyond and strive for your school to pursue LEED certification to showcase the school's commitment to energy and environmental design. • Climate Action: What's My Role? 0 Always keep in mind that the City is your partner in climate action, as represented by the vast measures in this Plan that we'll be pursuing to protect our shared environment! Learn more about on actions to take, visit www.cupertino.ora/preen. � y PACT �. .. CUPERTINO GREEN y z 7 Source: Nature.com • Even without the threat of climate change, many, if not all, of the personal actions presented here have additional (co)benefits for our health and our economy. It is often the case that when we implement a practice that reduces our environmental impact, we might also save money, improve efficiency, get more exercise, eat healthier, and so on. A truly sustainable community is one that preserves our environment, supports public health, addresses issues of equity, and supports economic development. The City of Cupertino embeds these values in all programs and services it designs and offers to our residents and businesses as a means of expanding these benefits to each group. For example, bringing farmers markets to the community provides better access to fresh, local, healthy foods for residents, and allows residents to choose foods produced with fewer emissions than other food choices. Pedestrian and 'T bikeways planning at the city level, in addition to maintaining open space and recreation facilities, supports an active lifestyle and carbon-free transportation. 6"WConsider how your personal climate actions can benefit your home, your n4 family, your pocketbook, and your broader community as you plan your roadmap for change. Source:http://runkle-consulting.com 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 With all these programs, services, and ideas for action at your disposal, you are well-equipped to be a climate leader in our community. Stretch your climate actions to your family, neighborhood and community-at-large by using the tools below to make sure your voice is heard, connect with others on issues of shared importance, and access useful City information. Remember that these are just a few of the resources available to help you bring environmental change forward (checkout Collaborative Consumption to learn more about the growing shared economy and Code for America to find new civic engagement and technology tools). Access Cupertino— Need to contact City Hall but don't know where to start? This web and Application-based tool allows 24/7 access to City staff, services, and information. Why shop, when you can swap! Use Yerdle to trade goods online, from kids toys, to clothing, to home goods, and pickup locally. Consider craiaslist and freecvcle as well! Skillshare! Help your community not just by swapping ideas and goods, but also sharing skills with neighbors, friends and strangers alike. See. click. fix! — Find a pot hole, cracked sidewalk, broken fire hydrant? Report these issues for quick repairs and to create safer neighborhoods. Community Power—What's your community vision? Neiahborland is a collaboration tool to help residents voice concerns and prioritize actions to address local issues. Connect to your Neighbors — Nextdoor is a private social network for neighbors to L communicate online. It could be a forum for neighbors to connect on community issues, events, and more. Have efforts already underway, share your story with neighbors and become an ambassador of change (learn more at www.cuiDertino.ora/areenerblocks). Ei Power in the Palm of your Hand. Find local restaurants and street tree care guides using these two City Apps. Whether you use these tools, or advance your personal, family or neighborhood's efforts the old fashioned way, three cheers for you for committing to change for the betterment of our community, environment and climate! Now, let's get started! PROW Source:www.imgarcade.com Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? • • • J9 s 1i IN - f F ILi v r r } 1 Y _ • This chapter describes the role of climate change adaptation and resiliency planning in the context of Cupertino and other Bay Areas communities. Adaptation and resiliency describe the ways in which humans can survive and continue to thrive in spite of climate change-related impacts, such as increasing average annual temperatures, rising sea levels, riverine flooding, and reduced snowpack, among others. This is in contrast to the aims of the CAP to mitigate, or reduce, these potential impacts by reducing the GHG emissions that cause them. Mitigation and adaptation approaches each have a role to play in providing for a safe and healthy future. The City's Climate Action Plan thus far has focused exclusively upon steps our agency and community can take to reduce the sources of greenhouse gasses, termed mitigation (see graphic right).x" Acknowledging that climate change is happening, and will continue to happen for the foreseeable future despite efforts to mitigate emissions,"" our community needs to adapt to a warming planet. We must anticipate and minimize the risks associated with increasing temperatures and extreme weather events, shared in detail below, rather than focusing solely on curbing global warming in the first place." As noted in a 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, "adaptation is a necessary strategy at all scales to complement mitigation efforts." Climate change Gloms warming dhange mitigation Cities erWt GHGs inn the local clirnate Climate change seeks to red",the sine atmosphere.These (temperature and adaptation amourvt of GHG Vap additional heat and precipitaUQxl)and drives seeks to ad ss the emissions from cities Cause jubal Warmingsea-level rise,which may impacm of climate to slow global — impact cares, changt on tit @& warming. r . r = �1 Source:CA Office of Planning&Research 0 City of Cupertino CAP Public Review Draft December 2014 Extreme weather events are not unfamiliar to Californians, who have ' costs ' ' program they are far less than the long-range . costs historically combated wildfires, comfortableof floods, droughts, mudslides, crop failures and other disasters that — John F. Kennedy threatened our communities. Still today, these events take lives, destroy land and property, and cost residents and businesses billions of dollars. Informed by strong scientific research and consensus, communities are working to safeguard our collective future, economy, and civil society threatened by climate change-driven extreme weather events. Recognizing that the increasing impacts of climate change are coming requires our community to answer this critical question: "how can we strengthen our planning and preparedness efforts to ensure our City is safe and resilient to these � � _ emerging climate-driven vulnerabilities?"XXL - This chapter initiates Cupertino's answer to that question by following the 3L's framework of the subsequent chapter, detailing approaches the City can take to Learn, Leveraqe and Lead its efforts to _ define an inclusive, impactful, and innovative resiliency agenda that safeguards the health of all " members of its community and all natural resources upon which they rely. To achieve that objective, the text builds upon the vast work already underway in Source: Nickolay Lamm this space led by regional (i.e., Santa Clara County's Silicon Valley 2.0 Project, Joint Policy Committee's Climate and Energy Resilience Project) and state (i.e., California Energy Commission's Cal-Adapt) agencies. The collective works produced by Cupertino's network of partner agencies will assist our advancement as a globally replicable model of the way a small, yet smart and agile, city builds a blueprint for its long-term vitality. Read on to learn our approaches and proposed strategies to galvanize personal and citywide involvement in this critical issue. Leverage - . • ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY ' As noted above, a multitude of research has already been conducted by scientists seeking to understand the climate-relative impacts currently experienced by our state and region, and those forecasted in the future. Extreme heat days, temperatures and drought are on the rise, placing our community's water supply and residents' health at risk. Fire season has increased by 78 days per year and a 99.7% chance of a 6.7 or greater earthquake within the next 30 years is predicted by the . . .- each Southern California Earthquake Center - reminding us that me - • I remember. Involve the atmosphere, our oceans and geosphere are inexorably e and intertwined and so equally susceptible to these new climate Benjamin Franklin - induced stresses and strains." Like many other communities, our backdrop is threatened by the geological and climate instability that has become the new normal. Impacts from climate change currently experienced and forecasted to surge in California are abundant and informed largely by the following recent works: ■ United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014 Report: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ■ California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's 2013 Report: Indicators of Climate Change ■ California Energy Commission's Climate Change Center's 2012 Report: Our Changing Climate: Vulnerability & Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California (note: 2014 update underway) ■ California Emergency Management Agency and California Natural Resources Agency's 2012 Adaptation Planning Guide: Planning for Adaptive Communities. ■ California Energy Commission's 2012 Report: Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in the Bay Area Note that these resources shared here are not comprehensive, as a large body of California- focused adaptation research exists and can be accessed via the state's Cal-adapt portal, but focus on those that most effectively inform Cupertino's understanding of adaptation impacts to our specific community. Generally, these vulnerability assessments and surveys predict the following direct impacts anticipated for California by 2050:XXv" City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ■ Temperature — In California, temperature increases are expected to be more pronounced in the summer and in inland areas, like Cupertino. Heat waves, defined as five consecutive days where temperatures exceed 90° Fahrenheit (F) are projected to increase not only in frequency (i.e. six to 10 additional heat waves per year) but in spatial extent. The degree of change experienced partially depends on global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and atmospheric concentrations; by 2050, however, average temperature increases between 1.8°F to 5.4 OF are projected. Figure 1. California Historical & Projected July Temperature Increase 1961-2099 42' _.. 1961-90 2035-6440 2070-99 r� 3636 VI � 16 ;x { �` ,, ► 236' 240 244' 236' 240' 244' 236' 240 244' 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 , F Source:Dan Gayan et al.2009. ■ Precipitation - Northern California is projected to have a 12 to 35 percent decrease in precipitation. Mountainous regions are expected to see precipitation fall more frequently as rain instead of snow. These changes, coupled with the increased likelihood of drought have implications for the state's water supply. Changes in precipitation and temperature interact. Higher temperatures increase evaporation, which can result in a drier climate, and can result in earlier and faster snowmelt, as depicted in the graphic by the UN's Food & Agriculture Organization below. ChapterADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY ■ Sea Level Rise — Due to global w,, s .,rr,.�. w:,t�..w 16-INCH SEA LEVEL RISE melting of land ice and thermal BY MIL)-CEN'rup.Y expansion, the sea level has risen SOUTH BAY seven inches over the last century and is predicted to rise between 43 and 69 inches by 2100 along the California coastline, posing considerable threats to coastal areas and particularly to low-lying areas adjacent to San Francisco Bay. The number of acres vulnerable to flooding is expected to increase 20 to 30 percent in most parts of the Bay Area, with some areas projected for increases over 40 percent. Coastal areas are estimated to experience an increase of approximatelye 15 percent in the acreage vulnerable to flooding. ■ Ocean Acidification — As atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to increase, so does its oceanic concentration, lowering its pH and changing overall ocean chemistry causing detrimental effects on marine life. ■ Wind — Wind impact predictions for California are still forthcoming, but are being carefully studied to determine how circulation patterns, surface energy, and topography will influence the frequency of extreme events (i.e. wind in combination with hot, dry conditions can worsen fire risk). City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The California Adaptation Planninq Guide notes that these aforementioned "direct climate impacts affect a wide range of community structures, populations and basic functions" and recommends that agencies orient community climate adaptation assessments around the secondary impacts among the following sectors: Public Health,Socioeconomic,and Equity Impacts:This sector consists of the public health and socioeconomic impacts of heat events,average temperature change,intense rainstorms„reduced air quality,and wildfires on people,focusing on groups who are most sensitive to these impacts because of both intrinsic factors (e.g„age,race{ethnicity.gender) and extrinsic factors (e.g.,financial resources,knowledge,language,occupation). Ocean and Coastal Resources:Changes such as sea level rise,intensification of coastal storms,and ocean acidification may affect ocean and coastal resources. Potential environmental impacts of these changes include coastal flooding/ inundation,loss of coastal ecosystems,coastal erosion,shifts in ocean conditions (pH,salinity,etc.),and saltwater intrusion. Water 6"lanagement:This sector includes climate changes such as altered timing and amount of precipitation and increased temperatures that influence the availability of water supply. In addition,the sector includes an evaluation of the role that intense storms and rapid snowmelt can play in flooding. Forest and Rangeland.Climate can have an influence on forest health and wildfire. In forest ecosystems,climate change can alter the species mix,moisture and fuel load.,and number of wildfire ignitions.These changes in wildfire character are related to a range of forest health indicators such as growth rate,invasive species, erosion,and nutrient loss. Mill , Biodiversity and Habitat:Climate change may affect terrestrial and freshwater fff 1 aquatic habitats and the species that depend on them.Changes in the seasonal patterns of temperature,precipitation,and fire due to climate change can dramatically alter ecosystems that provide habitats for California's native species. These impacts can result in species lass,increased invasive species° ranges,loss of ecosystem functions,and changes in growing ranges for vegetation. Agriculture-.The threats posed by climate change have the potential to influence both crop and livestock operations.Climate change can affect agriculture through extreme events (e.g.,flooding,fire) that result in large losses over shorter durations,or through more subtle impacts such as changes in annual temperature and precipitation patterns that influence growing seasons or livestock health. Infrastructure:Infrastructure provides the resources and services critical to community function. Roads,rail,water(.pipes,canals,and dams),waste (sewer, storm,and solid waste),electricity,gas,and communication systems are all needed for community function. Climate change increases the likelihood of both delays and failures of infrastructure. ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY It is important to note that nearly all adaptation resources cited in this Chapter focus on the benefits of adaptation and resiliency planning at the city scale, as our communities will serve as the keystone of these predicted impacts. The California Adaptation Planning Guide describes the four primary reasons for this city-level focus: 1. The 2009 California Climate Adaptation • Strategy (CAS) recommends that 11communities with r General Plans and Local r Coastal Plans should begin, when possible, to d' .�/NgTE CHANGE amend their plans to RISKS TO C'Tr«5 PHYSICAL RISKS 70 CITIES ARE SERIOUS assess climate change AND IMMEDIATE: impacts, identify areas most vulnerable to these ..•I*- • -- • ! HDTTEW ,I +HCR£ASED JrJr , i-; TEMPERATURES I PRE-1-- impacts, and develop HEVES /FLOODS reasonable and rational % ��I SEA LEVEL RISE URBAN HEAT risk reduction strategies SLAND 'MPR CITIES using the CAS as RTERSEi RUI - DECREASED •"' ••••••••••••"• •' • SFORMS PRECIPITATION/ guidance." DRDDD HT 2. Many of the impacts of w�ar�ARECITIfS D0_NG? 92%OF CITIES REPORT 63 :ACTION 1E5I VE S8% OFCITIES climate change will be THEINVOLVEMENT OF DEVECLlMATE SENIOR LEAQERSNIP IN - CHANPLAN HAVE GHG REDUCTION localized and will vary TARGETS FORCITY-LVIDF TACKLING ClIMATf CHANWE EMISSIONS based on a community's physical, social, and economic characteristics. Communities are best positioned to assess and address the implications of climate change at the local level. 3. Communities that begin planning now will have the best options for adapting to climate change. Although the impacts of climate change are already being felt in many communities, they are relatively small at this time. The onset of more significant impacts is likely many years away, but this is not a justification for inaction. Instead it calls for effective planning now while good options still exist. The longer communities wait, the greater the costs of the impacts and the costs to react to those impacts. 4. Many of the actions needed to reduce the impacts of climate change will provide additional benefits to the community, including increased public safety, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and greater economic stability. Cupertino offers a unique living laboratory to apply these assumptions about the city's role in fostering community resilience. Our city's renown far surpasses its moderate size of approximately 61,000 residents and 2,000 businesses. Around the world, Cupertino is famous as the home of high-tech giants, such as Apple Inc., and can serve as a beacon for best 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 practices with the proper foundation and implementation. Glass and steel corporate headquarters rise above and yet blend with tree shrouded residential • neighborhoods, most of which sit atop an active fault line and were d .Y constructed prior to the adoption of more aggressive seismic codes. In -� addition to seismic vulnerability, neighborhoods are increasingly susceptible to fire and flooding as they climb into the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountain range, a point of wildland-urban interface and home to Cupertino's uphill dam. Like many other communities, our backdrop is threatened by the geological and climate instability that has become the new normal. Extreme heat days, temperatures, and drought are on the rise, placing our community's water supply and health at risk. Ground-truthing this rationale and the aforementioned forecasted impacts anticipated among and across these broad sectors, as defined by the California Adaptation Planning Guide, will be just one step in the City's future adaptation work. Understanding Cupertino's climate exposures, sensitivities, risks, and will inform its adaptation, and ultimately resilience goals, as will a suite of efforts currently underway by the City's county, regional, and nonprofit partners, detailed below. Leverage Detailed below are a sampling of the bodies of knowledge compiled and initiatives focused on climate adaptation and resiliency that Cupertino is tracking and/or is already involved. This list is by no means "Alone we can •• so little;7,19 exhaustive, it's meant to surface those resources •gether we can •• • anticipated to be most relevant to Cupertino's efforts to Helen Keller define its adaptation approach. ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY Non-Governmental Organization Resources &Activities Lead Resource Description Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities Challenge Connects cities with resources and one another to support their Foundation independent and collaborative efforts to become more resilient to the physical, social and economic challenges of the 21 st century and beyond. ICLEI Climate Resilient Communities Shares information on how to build resilient communities and Program and Climate Impacts distinguishes California-specific impacts arising from global by Region warming. Georgetown State Adaptation Tracker Benchmarks all state's, including California, progress in preparing for the impacts of climate change. Intergovernmental & Federal Agency & Activities DescriptionLead Resource White House Executive Order--Preparing Directive to the nation to undertake actions that enhance the United States for the climate preparedness and resilience. Impacts of Climate Chanae Federal Emergency Climate Adaptation at FEMA Describes how FEMA will integrate adaptation into its disaster Management planning and management; serves as a guide for considering Agency adaptation related to emergency preparedness at the local level. U.S. Environmental Tools for Public Officials Suite of federal agency tools for public officials in specific Protection Agency sectors to begin adaptation planning including EPA's own Climate Resilience Evaluation&Awareness Tool (CREAT). State Agency Resources &Activities Lead Resource Description CA Office of Climate Change Assessment Offers 3 Climate Change Assessments for California that Planning & for California (4t") prioritize actions and investments to safeguard people, Research economy, natural resources. CA Natural Adaptation Planning Guide Support tools for regional and local climate impact planning. Resources Agency CA Energy Climate Change Impacts. Research synthesis detailing potential regional climate risks to Commission Vulnerabilities, and Adaptation assist adaptation planning. in the San Francisco Bav Area • City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Regional Agency Resources &Activities Lead Resource Description Bay Conservation Resources for Adaptation Collection of regionally-specific background information, & Development Planning adaptation planning templates, and guidance documents. Commission Joint Policy Santa Clara Countv Snapshot Provides a snapshot of Santa Clara County's adaptation efforts Committee and activities to date and recommends future resiliency approaches. Joint Venture JVSV Climate Task Force Serves as the City's conduit to regional climate adaptation and Silicon Valley resiliency planning initiatives. Association of Bay Bav Area Climate Change Survey of county-level work to provide examples of projects Area Governments Adaptation and Resilience and identify needs best met through partnerships with other agencies. County Resources & Activities Lead Resource Description Santa Clara Silicon Vallev 2.0 Proiect County-specific outcomes expected from Silicon Valley 2.0 will County instruct Cupertino's work to define its communitywide resilience agenda. San Mateo County Reaionallv Integrated Climate Offers a city CAP template and access point for the City to Action Planninq Suite participate in a regional dialog on adaptation and resilience (RICAPS) planning. Marin Countv Climate&Adaptation Surveys the landscape of North Bay-relevant climate and Resources adaptation resources. Santa Clara Valley Climate Change Portal Summarizes Water District climate and adaptation initiatives. Water District Of these inventoried projects, most relevant to Cupertino's own efforts is the ongoing Strategic Growth Council-funded Silicon Valley 2.0 Project, led by Santa Clara County and noted above. Cupertino is currently serving on the effort's Technical Advisory Committee, which is applying a risk management framework to: A. Evaluate the exposure of community assets (i.e., infrastructure, populations, and landscapes) to likely climate impacts, B. Examine the potential consequences to the economy, society, and environment of this exposure, and C. Develop preemptive adaptation strategies that improve community resiliency. ChapterADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY The outcomes proposed for Silicon Valley 2.0 include: ■ Prepare a strategic climate change adaptation plan that aims to facilitate and coordinate regional planning and implementation efforts for Silicon Valley ■ Identify assets within the region that are threatened by the anticipated climate change conditions and the magnitude of ,�� the potential economic, social, and ,� r ✓ �` environmental impacts that could result if no action is taken. ~ ■ Identify potential strategies to minimize these impacts. ■ Develop a decision-support tool that will allow jurisdictions and other SILICON VALLEY 2.0 organizations to evaluate potential Source:Santa Clara Countv climate change impacts and strategies within their communities ■ Ultimately, the plan will identify the region's top priorities, and the near—term actions needed to implement an effective regional scale adaptation response. Beyond involvement in Silicon Valley 2.0, the City will continue to track all listed agencies' progress to support local adaptation planning, and carefully consider tools developed by other civil service organizations to ensure ongoing community-scale progress. In addition, many of these agency's efforts that are listed above are now further supported by private and nonprofit sector allies, in many cases giving rise to additional funding opportunities to pursue this work. Pursuing these funding opportunities will also be prioritized. • It is our hope that this network of agencies can inform the City's decision making"" and increase our application of _ only person • is educated systemic strategies to expand our capacity to plan for and is the one who has learned how rebound from the social and physical uncertainties our to team - • change. future holds. —Carl Rogers The information collected here will inform the City's forthcoming design of a long-term adaptation and resilience program that integrates these 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 innovative federal, state, regional and county-level efforts to benefit and effectively serve our community...'. In addition, City will follow the following California Adaptation Planninq Guide steps, paired with others... newly developed, to conduct its first community-specific vulnerability assessment and populate its first Adaptation Plan: Steps in Climate adaptation Strategy Development The process of developing climate change adaptation strategies can vary from a short, initial qualitative process to a much more detailed,lengthy,comprehensive approach. Regardless of where a community falls in this spectrum,the basic steps are the same1. (Figure -A�tf�° I y s5171yf � a0 WerAEtTruq v �E cqp { 1 d.W 0.i d+ ^dC � W", Vulnerability Assessment -dV�L.1F-d . Exposure:Identify the climate change effects a community will experience. 2. Sensitivity:Identify the key community ik*�•p» :h+ngr eRecu w1l -F—-d hT„ u c¢mm�RY drl wi structures,functions,and populations that are potentially susceptible to eachclimate change exposure. ( Mp Aa 3. Potential Impacts;Analyze how the climate � �� ,.eke ri � A'rTKn.n�WvLa �i change exposure will.affect the community y,9 e,a,.hw°�� p, waddiess ann„• ,�; structu res,functi o n s.an d populations (impacts). 4�s ARfG 5rR.,1,r 4. Adaptive Capacity:Evaluate the mac= community's current ability to address the w '""` projected impacts. 5. Risk and Onset.Adjust the impact Figure ES-I.The nine steps in adaptation planning development. assessment to account for uncertainty. The gray steps are part of vulnerability assessment(steps 1-5)and timing,and adaptive capacity. the blue steps are adaptation strategy development(steps 6-9). Adaptation Strategy Development fs. Prioritize Adaptive Needs:Based on the vulnerability assessment,prioritize the adaptive needs. 7. Identify Strategies:Identify strategies to address the highest priority adaptation needs. 8. Evaluate and Prioritize:Prioritize strategies based on the projected onset of the impact,projected cost,co-benefits,and other feasibility factors. 9. Phase and Implement:Develop an implementation plan that includes phasing of strategies and a monitoring system to assess effectiveness. ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY ' In conducting a vulnerability assessment, the City, like other communities, anticipates to find risks to our citizenry, infrastructure, local economy, and local natural resources. To address these risks, the adaptation strategies put forth for our specific community will serve three overarching goals, described below. The City believes that by developing an adaptation plan with these Cupertino-specific goals in mind, our community can best prepare for and adapt to a future of changing weather patterns and rise of extreme weather events. ConnectAdaptation Preparedness • Public Safety Ensure Economic Vitality Advancing Foster Neighborhood-Scale Health & Resilience Adaptive Cupertino Goal 1: Connect Adaptation Plan with Emergency Preparedness and Public Safety Programs The Rockefeller Foundation's "100 Resilient Cities" defines resilience as "the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience. Simply put, resilience enables people to bounce back stronger after tough times, and live better in good times," thereby creating a critical connector to our emergency preparedness and public safety leaders and volunteers, who already have this risk management and mitigation approach engrained in their operational DNA."" The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) estimates that $1 in pre-disaster preparedness could save society $4 on post-disaster recovery. The City has institutionalized the goal of building intentional intersections between emergency preparedness and disaster planning and climate change in its current General Plan: Strategy 5- Climate Adaptation and Resiliency, which defines the following steps to achieve these objectives: "Implement the General Plan Health & Safety Policy HS-35, Strategy 3 to conduct a climate vulnerability assessment and set preparedness goals and City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 strategies to safeguard human health and community assets. Build these climate preparedness and resiliency findings and efforts into relevant plans including the future General Plan, Disaster Plan, Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, Dam Plan, Climate Action Plan, and Energy Assuredness Plan." To implement this policy, staff will connect with the City's Emergency Preparedness Program, Police and Fire staff, as well as Public Safety Commissioners to identify relevant policy and programmatic nodes for prospective adaptation work. One mutually beneficial project already identified is interdepartmental collaboration to develop a Local Energy Assuredness Plan, leveraging existing California Energy Commission tools to identify and "ensure key assets within the community are able to function, protecting the public and minimizing Taming economic loss, after all types of events."XXX" Natural Disasters Following a Joint Policy Committee Bay Area Climate 41-ff qpprr Energy Resilience Project (BACERP) recommendation, Multi-Jurisdictional Local " dco Bay Area tion Plan for - staff will also consider holding climate change-focused y �— the San Ran simulations or emergency drills to raise awareness about 4 a f these imminent risks across participating agencies, * volunteers and the community more broadly. Cupertino's 2010 Undaw f+_ team will also revisit regional emergency and disaster planning tools to find the connections with Cupertino's • . plan, including, but not limited to ABAG's Disaster Resilience Initiative, including the Local Government Recovery Toolkit, and its Bav Area Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Goal 2: Ensure Economic Vitality Just as ensuring community health is a core component of an adaptation plan, in order for Cupertino to stay resilient to the impacts of climate change, business health and resiliency is vital. Cupertino's portfolio includes 2,000 businesses from corporate giants to small independent restaurants, shops, and other businesses. About half of our businesses are home-based. These businesses both contribute to and will be impacted by future climate-related challenges, and Cupertino is working toward ensuring their ability to continue to provide goods, services, and employment in our community. • ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY Because many larger corporations are undergoing their own risk assessment and planning activities, Cupertino will give special attention to our business community. The primary way Cupertino is looking at building Building Business resiliency among this to Climate Change population of businesses is to embed adaptation strategies into existing programs and services for businesses. One WEATHERING way we can do this is to integrate adaptation measures THE STORM into our green business certification program (GreenBiz In 2012, more Than f Cupertino), so that businesses Sandy and the Midwest drought)occurring in ih,-United States. currently working toward Cl imaite sc icni ists tel I us to ex pec I rnore frequen I and i n tense heal waves,highersea levels,and more!;evere droughts, meeting a suite of voluntary downpours.These extreme weather events can wwrely disrupt sustainability measures will supply also be introduced to new resiliency objectives. Because our existing green business program already acts as a way for the City to educate businesses on �� environmentally preferable ; I ■■NEM practices, it can double as an %i ■� adaptation education tool in the future. The City can also EXTREME WEATHER IS COSTLY infuse adaptation planning into its forthcoming Economic 45 ■ Development Plan. Because is that plan seeks to guide new business development, 5 0 1 $15_'20 enhance services for billion billion billion billion businesses, and foster Eslinlateddanlagres Dvefall U.S.c(op Losse;assoc latNI Lrxsc-ikomextensive foam Hurricane lw!;r s.in drought- with fvrlrlf m-�s till ikKKIin i in Yhailand in Business to Business (B2B) as Sandy in the U.S. lava 1112012,rnfxe Texas,New 20t�that hastily N[Kthvasl in Can mice an Mexim and damaged gkAjal �tober 2012. avera )ears Among duriog awonl olive and well as public/private InS 2011, etrrtrfsnirssnrplier�, partnerships, including a Source: Center for Climate and Enerov Solutions conversation about adaptation will steer our local economy toward practices and partnerships that promote long term resiliency. The City plans to connect with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce and Economic Development Committee to engage businesses in shaping our shared adaptation- focused priorities. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 As for community-facing adaptation planning, Cupertino will also seek to bring in resources from regional business-oriented partners already promoting sustainable economic development locally. For example, the Silicon Valley Leadership Group's Bav Area Climate Compact, of which Cupertino is a signatory, is driving efforts to convene joint procurement of energy efficient technologies and renewable energy sources as a means of fostering stronger Business to Government (132G) climate-tied partnerships. It also calls for all signatories to develop and adopt municipal adaptation plans. Goal 3: Foster Neighborhood Health $ Resilience Beyond being home to the globally influential RESILIENCEcompanies, Cupertino is also home to a diverse populous, absent an ethnic majority with nearly three- quarters of its residents identifying as non-white. Our cultural diversity is part of our community's identity, ` and Cupertino has programmed robust community engagement networks including Neighborhood Block and Watch Leaders, Community Emergency Response Teams, Medical Reserve Corps and more to connect to find strength in our varied backgrounds and source commonalities among our perceived differences. Record community service and program BUILD TH RI VING,RESILIEN T COMMUN IT I IS participation rates and high-scored communitywide Source:resilience.ora surveys attest, our City is not culturally complacent and our members feel connected to one another, their community, and their government. To continue Cupertino's history of success in bringing its residents, businesses and schools together to develop solutions to issues challenging the future vitality of our community, the City will aspire to construct its adaptation plan through an inclusive and culturally-literate approach, which will continue to be refined through this effort. According to the Joint Policy Committee, adaptive capacity is the RESUENTCOMMUNITIES "degree to which a country, region, community or individual is able to adapt There are strong relationships between to changing conditions. The ability to understand the risks, the faculty to organization5are ready and prepared to respond and recover develop an effective plan, and access to financial and technical resources to There are ienough volunteers to help in ad i saster implement that plan all help to define an entity's adaptive capacity." Through this People can rely on each otherto working definition, the City realizes the need to expand previously described Individuals/famili;e5 have the knowledge organizational adaptive capacity to the Source:rand.org ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY 0 individual. This goal extends beyond the essential need to engage citizens in participatory adaptation-focused decision making to target ways our agency can support local residents to achieve their own vision for healthy neighborhoods. The best place to start is our existing network of civic leaders as a means of expanding our block-by—block-reach, which will serve as an access point to fully engage all community members, including our most vulnerable. A community cannot remain resilient to environmental change if its individual members are not. As pursued for crime prevention (i.e. Neighborhood Watch) and emergency preparedness, Cupertino's adaptation planning will promote human health and wellbeing, as well as foster connections among community members, to build social cohesion and strong support networks into and across our neighborhoods. To that end, Cupertino will strive to embed the following Resilient Cities characteristics to build personal, neighborhood and agency capacity to enhance our ability to weather all types of storms — natural, economic, political, or social: ■ Pillar 1: Constant Learning — The ability to internalize past experience linked with robust feedback loops that sense, provide foresight and allow new solutions ■ Pillar 2: Rapid Rebound — The capacity to re-establish function, re-organize and avoid long-term disruptions. ■ Pillar 3: Limited or"Safe" Failure — Prevents failures from rippling across systems. ■ Pillar 4: Flexibility — The ability to change, evolve, and adapt to alternative strategies in the face of disaster. ■ Pillar 5: Spare Capacity— Ensures that there is a back-up or alternative available when a vital component of a system fails. In seeking individual and neighborhood-level enrichment from our climate work, the City will also identify the nexus of education, food and nutrition, public health, and the effects of climate change upon our most vulnerable communities, using the Bav Localize Resilience Toolkit pathway below. The health effects of climate change disproportionately impact low-income communities and people of color, acting as a stress multiplier in communities with already high burdens of disease and food insecurity. Our most vulnerable populations, including lower income, recent immigrant, and older residents, are at greater risk from the impacts of climate change and they often have the fewest resources to respond to changing conditions. Fostering resilience of these more vulnerable residents and supporting their recovery after extreme events is especially critical. To enhance equity in both climate mitigation and adaptation, our strategies should: ■ Prioritize actions that help vulnerable populations to moderate potential impacts and to cope with the consequences of climate change. ■ Incorporate input and perspectives from members of vulnerable populations. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Bay Localize Resilience T m1kit Equity Quality Sustainability Ownership Food Residents have enough to Healthy,organic food is Local&regional food is Our community has a eat convenient&affordable grown sustainably strategy to ensure food supply Water Residents have enough Our water is clean&safe Our water comes from a Our community owns our water to meet basic needs local watershed&we water rights&can guarantee conserve it access Energy Residents have enough Our energy supply is Our community Our community controls energy to meet basic stable&consistent&can conserves energy&gets where our energy comes needs withstand disasters the rest from local from&how it is distributed renewable sources Transportation& Those who wish to live in Neighborhoods have Our transportation is Our community has Housing our community can find access to jobs,schools, powered by renewable adequate political control quality affordable open space,fresh energy sources over our transportation& housing near jabs& produce,&key services housing systems to keep schools. via walking,biking,and them affordable public transit Local jobs& Residents of our Our schools and training Our community's Our community has Economy community have access programs prepare economy is based on effective public strategies to sufficient income to students to secure or sustainable use and re- to secure local employment sustain a household create work locally. use of aur region's opportunities. resources. Social Services& Neighbors in our Our local government is Our local government Our local government Civic Preparedness community are well adequately prepared for services are funded from responds effectively to organized to help each climate change,rising sources that are community needs other in times of need. costs,and natural sustainable(as energy disasters. prices rise) By focusing on quality-of-life improvements for all members of our community, Cupertino will demonstrate that all have a powerful role to play in a common vision for change in good times and in times of stress. To achieve these aims, staff should tap into the work led by the Bav Area Resilient Communities Initiative to assess resilience vulnerability and assets and conduct effective multilingual community engagement. Members of this coalition include the Asian Pacific Environmental Network (APEN), Bay Localize, Communities for a Better Environment, Youth United for Community Action and more. City adaptation team members will also need to engage with Teen Commissioners, Senior Center staff, Cupertino Chamber Asian American Business Council, Sister City leaders, and organizers of the City's Leveraging Ethnic Diversity (LED) Workshop to build cultural competency and engagement into forward-thinking climate conversations. This aligns with the Joint Policy Committee's guidance to develop a common, powerful advocacy message and vision to represent our region's adaptation goals. According to a social equity study conducted by the JPC, Bay area residents are concerned with the following climate change impacts: flooding, local wild plant and animal species dying off or loss of biodiversity, poor air quality just to name a few. The study also indicates that "evaluating existing community resilience" was rated in the top two choices of how Bay Area residents would like to get involved in climate adaptation planning. To ensure that our community members have a voice in forthcoming climate mitigation and adaptation work, Cupertino will follow JPC's recommendation to access and learn from our most powerful assets- our people, community groups and ChapterADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY 0 institutions -when reviewing the vulnerabilities of our shared natural resources (e.g., creeks, trees) and infrastructure to map a true resilience agenda to address local climate impacts. In closing, as Robert Jordan noted, "The oak fought the wind and was broken, the willow bent when it must and survived." Our agency realizes that it cannot simply build a fortress to safeguard our community from these stresses and shocks; strategic action is required before the next impending disaster reveals the cracks, as we saw recently in Napa, just 70 miles to our north. To protect our shared future, the City must fully assess our vulnerabilities to ensure that our current stresses do not become catastrophes. This Chapter outlines the City's goals and strategies to team up with regional agencies and partner cities that will enable our agency to function as the willow does by germinating the seeds of our resiliency agenda. Cupertino has decades of experience in building civic capacity and empowering civic leaders as policy knowledge experts, media gurus and technologists, public safety volunteers, disaster service workers, and more. Our participatory approach to community design and planning efforts have gained our agency awards and more importantly a community where voices are heard, priorities are pursued, issues addressed, and visions realized. Let's work together to build an adaptation plan that will help all members of our community live resiliently despite our changing climate. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 a r }e y} . ��d ° � } .. .. "r-aF. k• it '�JrT �wl.m� -y F w,4;,. a i�7 , ' •?ry' w� a � - ?. � yy,Jl k *`� •:°r� S i � ,�_sy . • * t , 1 rl- ' -Cr F ] IL , 1 FY" P dent ' Jy ' .i h• by i +* +,},� ;. Wil; - •+ y- _ This chapter describes how the City will implement the CAP emissions reduction measures and actions. It reviews strategies for staff to implement the CAP measures and related actions, and then recommends approaches for the City to track its progress in achieving the outcomes identified for each measure in Chapters 3 and 4. Finally, the chapter presents a proposed process for evaluating, updating and amending the document over time to ensure it remains effective, actionable, and current. Implementation and Monitoring Ensuring that the CAP measures translate from this document into on-the-ground results is critical to the success of the plan and the City reaching its 2020, 2035, and 2050 emission reduction targets. To facilitate this, each recommended measure and action described in Chapters 3 and 4 contains an associated table that identifies the estimated greenhouse gas reduction potential in 2020, implementation actions that help to achieve those reduction levels, current implementation status of those steps, department responsible for implementing those actions, performance indicators used to quantify emissions reductions (where applicable), implementation timeline, and additional co-benefits (see graphic example below for review). Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Implementation Step Implementation Step a Public Works Department Implementation Step Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Update x, y, and z by 2020 100 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 0 These tables enable City staff, the City Council, and the public to track measure implementation and monitor overall CAP implementation progress. The 2020 performance indicators are especially important, as they provide a checkpoint to evaluate if a measure is on target to achieving its anticipated longer-term emission reductions. Each measure's estimated GHG emissions reductions are based on that measure's quantified performance indicator, which will help City staff track progress toward the GHG reduction targets. For example, Measure M-F-2 (shown in Table 7.1) focuses on the installation of renewable energy systems. The measure's estimated GHG emissions reductions are based on various assumptions, including the generation capacity of new solar photovoltaic systems installed on City buildings and parking lots by the 2020 target year. The 2020 performance goals are based on installation of approximately 500 kW of photovoltaic (PV) capacity at five City facilities, including rooftops and parking lot carport structures. If the City is able to install more renewable energy capacity than estimated in this measure, additional emissions reductions will occur. Likewise, if the amount of renewable energy installed is less than the amount indicated in the performance indicator, then this measure will achieve less than its stated GHG reductions. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 7.1 Measure Implementation Tracking Template Develop renewable energy facilities at municipal buildings and facilities. Actions and Implementation Steps Department and Phasing Division Responsible A. Solar PV Installations on City Buildings/Property ■ Based on results of City's previous solar feasibility study, pursue PV installations at City Hall complex, Establish a target date or Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Department, timeframe for Implementing each Corporation Yard, and Civic Center carports through Division action, (e.g., September 2015, Santa Clara County Regional PPA or other financing Fall 2015, or FY 2015-16.) option (e.g., City procurement, lease-to-own) ■ Review future potential for additional PV installations Establish a target date or at sites associated with implementation of Civic Department, timeframe for Implementing each Center Master Plan (e.g., Teen Center, new City Division action, (e.g., September 2015, Hall, Sheriffs Office) Fall 2015, or FY 2015-16.) B. Solar Thermal Installations on City Facilities ■ Following implementation of other energy audit Department, Establish a target date or improvement opportunities, conduct further Division timeframe for Implementing each feasibility analysis for primary solar thermal systems action, (e.g., September 2015, identified in audit (i.e., Blackberry Farm Pool and Fall 2015, or FY 2015-16.) Sports Center) ■ Identify funding/financing source to implement cost- Department, Establish a target date or effective solar thermal options at opportunity sites, Division timeframe for Implementing each either through ESCO contract or direct City install action, (e.g., September 2015, Fall 2015, or FY 2015-16.) ■ Annually review hot water usage at City buildings Department, Establish a target date or and facilities to identify additional cost-effective Division timeframe for Implementing each opportunities for solar thermal installations action, (e.g., September 2015, Fall 2015, or FY 2015-16.) Performance Indicator Year Tracking Mechanisms ■ Assumes five solar sites are developed for total Collect installation data from installed capacity of 508 kW generating 818,000 renewable energy project kWh/yr contracts(or meters)and analyze to gauge progress ■ Assumes no solar thermal systems are pursued toward goals: prior to 2020 Examples: What was the total installed 2020 generation capacity(in kW)for the photovoltaic systems? How many kWh/yr of electricity are generated from the photovoltaic systems? How many therms of natural gas will be reduced by the solar hot water systems? ChapterBENCHMARKS AND NEXT STEPS Upon adoption of the CAP, the City departments identified in the implementation tables shown in Chapters 3 and 4 will have responsibility for investigating or implementing their assigned actions. Sustainability staff will .: work with key staff in each ` department to facilitate the '„?\ measures and actions. To assess the status of City efforts, � CAP implementation meetings should take place on a regular basis. Some actions will require A inter-departmental cooperation, and appropriate partnerships will need to be established. IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE — NEAR-TERM ACTIONS Table 7.2 provides a summary of all community-wide and municipal operations actions that are identified for near-term implementation. While community and agency priorities will likely shift in the future, this table provides a quick reference for where implementation can begin today. Table 7.2 Summary of Near-Term Reduction Actions Reduction Measures/Actions 2020 Reductions (MT CO2e/year) COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION STRATEGIES Facilities Strategy C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis A. Work with PG&E to facilitate aggressive implementation of PG&E's Home and Business Area Network(HAN)program within Cupertino C-E-2 Retrofit Financing B. Continue to participate in effort with other Santa Clara County local governments to establish countywide PACE financing district available for residential property owners (could also provide another source of commercial financing to compliment California FIRST program) C-E-3 Building Retrofit Outreach A. Partner with local realtor community to develop and implement a building owner outreach campaign that targets new building owners to provide information on available building energy efficiency audit and retrofit programs, as well as locally- available financing options(including PACE financing) ® e City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Table 7.2 Summary of Near-Term Reduction Actions Reduction Measures/Actions 2020 Reductions (MT CO2e/year) C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development F. Work with PG&E to share information about PG&E's Community Solar program L. Instruct building and plan check officials to provide information to customers on the benefits of pre-wiring/pre-plumbing for solar applications at the time of new 0 construction or substantial retrofits, including lower up-front costs as compared to retrofitting buildings in the future C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option A. Work with other Santa Clara County partners to conduct feasibility study of developing multi-jurisdiction CCA program 0 C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management A. Support regional efforts to implement SB 1339 commute benefit requirements for employers with more than 50 employees 0 C-T-7 Community-wide Alternative Fuel Vehicles B. Work with MTC and Bay Area local governments to develop informational brochures and technical support for developers/contractors interested in providing public electric vehicle(EV)charging ports in new projects An C. Identify regional partners for collaboration on multi-family EV charging station retrofit program to develop strategies for installing EV chargers in existing multi-family qW buildings/apartment developments E. Provide links on City's website to sources of cash rebates or other financial incentives for purchase and/or lease of alternative fuel vehicles Water Strategies C-W-1 SB-X7-7 B. Implement process to track and report community-wide water usage through quarterly staff reports; explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system C. Partner with community/neighborhood groups to promote existing water conservation programs and participation in voluntary turf-removal programs C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program C. Identify City-owned site to install educational demonstration project that showcases water-efficient landscaping strategies, alternative irrigation options, and/or low-impact landscape design techniques Solid . C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal A. Continue to implement City's goal to divert 75%of community-wide solid waste through franchise waste hauling contract BENCHMARKS AND NEXT STEPS Table 7.2 Summary of Near-Term Reduction Actions Reduction Measures I Actions 2020 Reductions (MT CO2elyear) MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES Facilities trategies; M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio A. Support utility enhanced clean generation portfolio 0 B. Create a community choice energy option M-F-6 Complete Citywide Public Realm Lighting Efficiency B. Retrofit remaining parking lot and park facility lighting 0 M-F-7 Conserve Water through Efficient Landscaping C. Adopt water budget and green grounds policy Solid . M-SW-1 Waste Reduction D. Conduct waste characterization audits and track materials/diversion Plan Evaluation and Evolution The CAP represents the City's first comprehensive plan to reduce municipal operations GHG emissions in alignment with short- and long-term reduction targets. Staff will need to evaluate the CAP's performance over time and be ready to alter it if the City is not achieving its reduction targets, as directed by the City's General Plan, and to ensure future project CEQA streamlining benefits described in previous chapters. PLAN EVALUATION: ONGOING MONITORING FOR CONTINUED SUCCESS Two types of performance evaluation are important: (a) evaluation of the City's overall ability to reduce GHG emissions, and (b) evaluation of the performance of individual CAP measures. Future emissions inventory updates will provide the best indication of CAP effectiveness. Conducting these inventories periodically will enable direct comparison to the 2010 baseline inventories and measurement of progress toward meeting the City's adopted reduction targets. While GHG inventories provide information about overall emission reductions, it will also be important to understand the effectiveness of each measure. Evaluation of the emissions reduction progress of individual measures will improve staff and decision makers' ability to manage and implement the CAP. The City can reinforce successful measures and reevaluate or replace under-performing ones. City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 To track measure performance, City staff will need to collect important data that are related to the performance indicators shown in the measure tables. While much of the data is czar already available from existing reports or processes, some improvements in data collection will be needed. It is therefore important that Sustainability staff and key staff from relevant departments establish <" methods of data collection in a consistent, simplified, and ideally, centralized way. The implementation tables from Chapters 3 and 4 have been expanded and collected in Appendix C as the basis for a CAP Implementation Tracking Framework. Table 7.1 (included above) presents a sample from this appendix to show the types of information that will need to be collected in order for the City to monitor and track measure implementation progress. Similar to the implementation tables, Table 7.1 presents the Measure, Actions, and Implementation Steps. It also provides a space to designate responsibiltiy for individual implementation steps, establish phasing timelines, and track important data related to the Performance Indicator. The Phasing column allows each responsible department to identify internal timelines for implementing specific action steps, which could be expressed as specific target years or more generally as short-, medium-, and long-term actions. The Tracking Mechanisms specify how implementation of the Performance Indicators will be monitored. The Performance Indicators should be evaluated regularly to ensure each measure is on track to achieve its stated emissions reductions. If during the implementation review process a measure is found to be falling short of its performance goals, then additional attention can be given to modifying the implementation actions. Further, if implementation review indicates that a measure will be unable to achieve its stated reduction level, then new CAP measures would need to be developed to make up the difference, or other existing measures could be enhanced to increase their emissions reduction potential. CAP implementation should be an iterative process to reflect future changes in technology, available budget, and staff resources. City staff will use the Implementation Tracking Framework from Appendix C to develop a performance tracking system that covers each CAP measure and action and fits within existing City procedures. Sustainability staff will collaborate with staff from responsible departments to evaluate measure performance on a regular, defined basis. Sustainability staff will also prepare a periodic summary report that outlines progress toward CAP measures and actions. The report could cover areas such as estimated GHG emissions reductions to date, progress toward the next reduction target, progress toward implementation of the actions, achievement of measure performance indicators, implementation challenges, and recommended next steps. Staff may want to deliver this report in conjunction with the state-required annual report to the City Council regarding implementation of the City's General Plan. ChapterBENCHMARKS AND NEXT STEPS C) PLAN EVOLUTION: ADAPTING FOR CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT For it to remain relevant, the CAP also needs to be adapted over time. It is likely that new GHG reduction technologies and strategies will be developed, new financing mechanisms will be available, and state and federal legislation will change. It is also possible that future GHG emission inventories will indicate that the City is not on track toward achieving its adopted GHG reduction targets. If this is the case, the City can assess the implications of new scientific findings, explore new emission reduction technologies, respond to changes in state and federal climate change policy, and modify the CAP accordingly to help the City get back on track toward meeting its GHG reduction targets. Following the 2020 CAP target year, the City should also begin to define the priority measures and implementation action steps that it will pursue to help achieve the 2035 reduction target. This process should begin with preparation of a 2020 emissions inventory that can be used to compare progress made since the baseline 2010 inventory. The updated inventory will also be helpful in identifying priorities for new City actions. The City can refer to the 2035 and 2050 target achievements sections in Chapters 3 and 4 for guidance on the types of strategies that should be included in future CAP revisions. However, it will be important to consider the City's current emissions inventory, ongoing City actions, new state legislation, and emerging technologies to define the specific pathway towards achieving the next emissions reduction target. Inventory Updates As mentioned throughout this document, the City's ability to track implementation success is best achieved through regular emissions inventory updates (e.g., every 3-5 years). These updates will allow the City to compare its actual future emissions levels to those forecasted in Chapter 2, and track the long-term trajectory of the City's emissions. As part of the future inventorying process, the City should also develop a procedure to share this new information with the public and City Council, report on progress made towards the next target, and compare the updated inventories to previous estimates presented in this CAP. There are various challenges inherent when inventorying emissions, which can make it difficult to allow for direct comparisons from one inventory year to the next. For example, the state of the climate science industry is perpetually advancing and shifting, leading to revisions in inventory methodologies. Similarly, the emissions factors upon which inventories are developed are constantly being refined by various agencies and entities (e.g., California Air Resources Board, International Panel on Climate Change). There are also instances in the inventory process where judgment calls must be made in order to interpret and apply the best available data at the time. While the Local Government Operations Protocol and ICLEI have developed guidance on how local governments should prepare their inventories, inconsistencies can arise and practitioners do have nuanced approaches to applying this guidance. In order to best position itself to produce future inventories that can be compared to past inventories with relative consistency, the City should continue to develop its institutional City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 knowledge in the area of emissions generation sources, reduction opportunities, and emissions inventory variables. Whether through a strong leadership role in preparing its own updates (possibly using ICLEI's online resources) or through a partnership with other area jurisdictions, the City should remain engaged in the inventorying process so that City staff can provide a level of consistency from one update period to the next. Additionally, Appendix B provides the inventory methodology used to prepare the community-wide and municipal operations inventories and forecasts presented in this CAP. This appendix should serve as a reference for future inventory updates to provide as much consistency as possible. Reporting Progress and Celebrating Successes Monitoring and updating the plan are only beneficial exercises if shared with the broader community to ensure ongoing effort transparency and staff accountability in achieving the objectives of this CAP. As mentioned throughout this document, the CAP is a living document that will be most successful when provided consistent attention and care. City staff already provides annual updates to the City Council regarding implementation of the General Plan. A similar reporting schedule should be developed for the CAP to celebrate the numerous successes that will occur following implementation, and as a way to formally recognize the hard work of staff and community members in cultivating that success. One consideration to prioritize this timeline is to partner with a third-party to elevate agency accountability and expand acknowledgement of the City's emissions reduction efforts (e.g, the Institute for Local Government's Beacon Award (httD://californiaseec.ora/beacon-award) or a broader community sustainability initiative called the STAR Community Rating System (httr)://www.starcommunities.orci)). This plan was developed through collaboration with residents, businesses, City staff, and elected officials, and represents a shared vision for Cupertino's sustainable future. Together, we can bring life to this bold vision and share in its rewards. (s v� ..... . ..... .. FINIsm ChapterBENCHMARKS AND NEXT STEPS Endnotes California Environmental Protection Agency,Air Resources Board. Local Government Operations Protocol for Greenhouse Gas Assessments.Available: www.arb.ca.qov/cc/r)rotocols/localaov/localaov.htm. Accessed February 27, 2014. 11 US Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Basics.Accessed December 4, 2012.Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/> US Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change Basics.Accessed December 4, 2012.Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basics/> 'v US Environmental Protection Agency. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010. April 15, 2012.Accessed December 4, 2012.Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html> California Climate Change Center. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability&Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. July 2012.Accessed December 4, 2012.Available at: <httr)://www.eneray.ca.aov/2012 pu bl ications/CEC-500-2012-007/C EC-500-2012-007.pdf> V' California Climate Change Portal. Accessed October 12, 2012.Available at: <httD://www.climatechange.ca.aov/> V" International Panel on Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller(eds.). Cambridqe Universitv Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Available at: <httD://www.ii)cc.ch/publications and data/ar4/wal/en/ch2s2-10-2.html.> "' California Air Resources Board. Climate Change Scoping Plan:a Framework for Change. December 2008. Available at: <http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scoiDingplan/document/adoiDted scoping plan.pdf.> 'x US Census, 2012.American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Year Structure Built. Data represents housing units constructed prior to 1980. x PG&E, 2014.Available at: <httD://www.pgecorD.com/sustainability/bu05 renewable.isp> A US Census, 2012.American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Selected Housing Characteristics. Data represents Housing Tenure data for Owner-occupied units. x" PG&E, pers. comm.with Sapna Dixit. Email received July 31, 2014. x" PG&E. PG&E Generation Interconnection Services Progress Report for Cupertino. October 1998-May 2014. Apple Campus 2 Draft Environmental Impact Report, pgs. 506-508.Available at: <http://www.cur)ertino.ora/index.asr)x?page=l 107> x"US Department of Energy.A Guide to Community Solar: Utility, Private, and Non-profit Project Development, November 2010. xv'Accessed November 10`", 2014 through the Santa Clara Valley Water District website: http://www.vallevwater.org/EkContent.asiDx?id=11491 xv"Accessed November 11, 2014 through the Environmental Protection Agency's Waste Reduction Model webpage at http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/warm/pdfs/life-cycle-ghg-accounting-versus-ghg-emission-inventoriesl0- 28-10.pdf %viii Accessed on November 11 through the Natural Resources Defense Council website at: httD://www.nrdc.ora/water/pollution/files/Green RoofsReDort.r)df • City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 X" Accessed on November 11, 2014 through the Global Cool Cities Alliance website: httD://www.coolrooftoolkit.ora/ Federal Energy Management Program, 2012 (accessed May 2012 http://wwwl.eere.enerciv.aov/femr)/program/om preventive.html) httr)://www.calrecvcle.ca.aov/wastechar/PubExtracts/2009023/Summarv.r)df x""Accessed November 3'2014 through the CA Natural Resources Agency website at http://resources.ca.gov/docs/climate/01APG Planninq for Adaptive Communities.pdf XX"'Accessed November 6, 2-014 through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change website at htti)://www.iiDcc.ch/rer)ort/ar5/wq2/ XX'v Accessed October 31, 2014 through The Atlantic website: httr)://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/04/the-u ns-new-focus-surviving-not-stopping-climate- change/359929/ xxv Accessed October 31, 2014 through the California Governor's Office of Planning and Research website: httq://www.or)r.ca.aov/s extremeevents.php XXv'Accessed November 6, 2014 through The Guardian website: httD://www.theauardian.com/environment/2012/feb/26/whv-climate-chanae-shake-earth XXv"Accessed November 3, 2014 through the CA Natural Resources Agency website at: httD://resources.ca.aov/docs/climate/APG Defining Local and Regional Impacts.pdf ""v"'Accessed November 5, 2014 through the Santa Clara County Silicon Valley 2.0 Project Website at: http://www.sccaov.ora/sites/osr)/SV2/Documents/SiliconVallev2-0 ProiectDescription.pdf """`Accessed November 3`d, 2014 through the Joint Policy Committee's Website at: htto://www.abaa.ca.qov/iointr)olicv/r)dfs/Summary%20of%20Findinas.r)df xxx Recommend reviewing the AECOM"Adapting to a Changing Climate Self Assessment Tool"accessed November 3`d, 2014 through httD://www.tradeandindustrvdev.com/files/trade and industry development/nodes/2014/9601/FeatureUtilitiesGraphC IimateAdaptation Matrix.ipa. """'Accessed November 6, 2014 through the 100 Resilient Cities Website at: httr)://www.100resilientcities.orci/resilience """"Accessed November 2, 2014 through the California Local Energy Assurance Planning website: httr)://www.calear).orci/ ChapterBENCHMARKS AND NEXT STEPS CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN Community Outreach Responses .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ The City of Cupertino provided several public engagement opportunities in their efforts to develop a communitywide Climate Action Plan (CAP). Two public workshops were at held De Anza College, along with supporting online surveys developed to mimic the workshop activities for residents who were unable to attend. The City additionally held two focus group meetings: the first with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce, and the second with representatives of the local real estate industry. This memorandum summarizes public comments received from each of these outreach activities. Workshop #1 City of Cupertino staff and the CAP consultant team facilitated the first public workshop at De Anza College on May 14, 2014. The workshop began with a presentation that provided an introduction to climate action planning efforts in the state, the City's role in the Santa Clara County regional CAP project, and the common components of a CAP. The presentation also briefly introduced the reduction measure categories that would be explored and discussed in greater detail during the open house portion of the workshop. A brief question and answer session was held following the presentation, after which attendees were invited to informally explore three workshop stations: Energy, Transportation, and Natural Resources. Each station included two presentation boards with CAP-related information to help focus the open discussions. One board presented an overview of existing City actions, policies, and programs that result in emissions reductions within the specific topic areas (e.g., Energy). The second board presented high-level opportunities within the topic areas where the City could expand its existing offerings or develop new programs. City staff and consultant team members were on hand at each station to facilitate dialogue and record participants' comments and ideas. Broad questions were asked to initiate conversations, including: ► How can the City better implement its existing actions/programs on Board#1? ► What do you think of the proposed strategies on Board#2? ► What ideas do you have for additional strategies? The following notes summarize public comments collected during Workshop #1 and are organized according to the presentation board topics. GENERAL THEMES ► Provide financial incentives to encourage participation ► Design/develop all-inclusive programs (regardless of income, social conditions) • Environmental justice is important consideration in measure selection/development ► Draft reduction target is not aggressive enough—should be straight line between baseline year and 2050 Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-1 TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE THEMES ► Bike/Pedestrian • Improve bike safety—infrastructure enhancements,enforcement • Slow down traffic throughout city—improve safety for pedestrians/cyclists • Plant native shade trees to increase walking comfort ► Transit • Bring light rail to 1-85 instead of bus • Bring back VTA busses through neighborhoods • Develop transit spur to Caltrans/BART o Community shuttle bus ► Vehicle-Miles-Traveled (VMT)Reduction • Require Transportation Demand Management programs for employers and enforce them —link to reduced VMT(e.g., per employee VMT targets) • Build parking structures in dense commercial areas to prevent circling to find parking ENERGY THEMES ► Retrofits • Develop outreach/education campaign to demonstrate how existing homes can be retrofitted to be net-zero/highly-efficient o Provide local project examples;arrange tours • Do no develop Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance(RECO)—not enough turnover in residential market to make a difference • Do not include point-of-sale requirements ► New Construction • Develop pre-wiring requirement for electric vehicle(EV)charging units in garages —Palo Alto has ordinance, as example • Choose lowest level of development for General Plan Amendment alternative=fewer emissions ► Renewable Energy Development • Provide outreach/education on cost-comparison of solar to grid electricity/natural gas A-2 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 • Make photovoltaics (PVs)more affordable—property assessed clean energy (PACE),power purchase agreements (PPAs),better information on existing financing options • Install more PVs on City buildings/land • Require PVs on new carports NATURAL RESOURCES THEMES ► Water Conservation • Increase water-use regulations/strict enforcement of xeriscaping requirements • Clearly demonstrate existing City water-conserving activities (e.g., where can xeriscaping examples be seen?) • Increase conversion/removal of turf lawns—to native vegetation, vegetable gardens, etc. ► Native Species • Develop support services to help residents plant native species in their gardens o Seed-sharing workshops (native species) • Increase native street tree planting o Promote community tree-planting drive o Incentivize tree-planting in residential parking strips • Support services to help residents plant native species in their gardens ► Education/Outreach • Increase public education on sustainability issues and what City is already doing ► Waste Reduction • Develop plastic bottle ban ► Overarching Comments • Implement large-scale demonstration project from conception to installation • Provide additional community outreach on climate change/sustainability issues-community member offered to give presentation on climate change basics to fill information/knowledge gap of some residents • Highlight City's past actions/success more visibly within community Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-3 Workshop #2 City of Cupertino staff and the CAP consultant team facilitated the second public workshop at De Anza College on June 4, 2014. This workshop began with a brief introduction to the CAP project, a summary of comments provided at the previous workshop, and an introduction to t he specific measures to be discussed during the breakout exercise portion of the workshop. Following the presentation, participants were separated into five facilitated discussion groups. Each group discussed the same topics, and included 6-8 participants with one facilitator and one note taker from the City staff or consultant team. The groups reviewed a poster that presented a list of the existing City actions to be continued and/or expanded, as well as potential new actions organized into High Impact and Low Impact categories. The facilitators presented the existing actions as a reminder from the first workshop, and then focused the discussion on the potential new actions to solicit community input on these items. The facilitator's each asked similar questions at their breakout tables to focus the dialogue: ► Do you support these measures, programs and policies?Why or why not? Pros/cons? ► What are the barriers and opportunities for local implementation? ► What kind of timeline is reasonable(short—medium—long)? ► Who should lead this effort? ► What can you do(in your role as business person, resident,etc.)to support it? Following the breakout table exercise, workshop participants reconvened as a large group to share conclusions from their small group discussions. One community representative from each table presented their primary conclusions to the whole group. The following notes summarize public comments collected during Workshop#2 and are organized according to the presentation board topics. BUILDING REGULATIONS STRATEGIES ► If these are pursued, should be through regional effort so that Cupertino is not disadvantaging itself from an economic development perspective ► Need strong public outreach programs as related to building regulation strategies to link building and home owners with available rebate programs and financing options ► Mandatory energy audits slow down home sales process ► Point-of-sale regulations are ineffective in Cupertino because there is very low turnover rate in residential building stock ► Building energy rating disclosure does not compel action (e.g., energy efficiency retrofits) ► Need to incentive commercial retrofits; stream-lined permitting process could be good option A-4 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 CLEAN ELECTRICITY OPTIONS ► Explore partnership with Sunnyvale's community choice aggregation (CCA)plan TRANSPORTATION ► Promote greater bicycle use through: • Regional bike maps, beyond Cupertino • Safer street design • Bike-share program ► Community shuttle option, with Maguerite example from Stanford/Palo Alto ► Bring amenities closer to residential areas COM MUNITY EDUCATION/OUTREACH ► Additional outreach is necessary to encourage participation in many of programs considered • Use De Anza College as resource for information dissemination; involve local schools as well • Use community block leaders to spread information ► Need more/better access to information on PG&E rebates ► Connect residents/businesses with free energy audit/evaluation programs to start energy efficiency improvement process ► How do you convince people to pay more for energy they use? Re: CCA or Green Option programs Workshop "Lessons Learned" Following the two workshops, the CAP consultant team prepared a brief summary of lessons learned as it relates to public engagement around the CAP. City staff and the consultant team also held conferences between the two workshops to incorporate relevant lessons from the first workshop into design of the second. The following notes summarize the lessons learned from both workshops. PROMOTION ► Overall turnout was good, particularly considering aggressive time frame for planning and promoting these events and comparable turnout for General Plan Update workshops • Success may be linked to overall community engagement through General Plan Amendment (GPA)process since many CAP participants also attended GPA workshops Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-5 ► Participants specifically learned of workshops through Mercury News coverage/ press release and postcard mailing ► Turnout from De Anza College students was not high considering that workshops occurred on their campus • One professor gave bonus points for students who attended; would be good to reach out to other professors and suggest similar approach—environmental classes, political science, sociology, etc. PRESENTATIONS ► Content and delivery were very good; helpful to have City representative and technical consultant share presentation and be available to answer specific questions • Presentation slides could have included less technical information for first workshop • Less policy and regulatory information would have been appropriate for general public audience LOGISTICS ► More lead time for preparation and materials production would have been desirable, though tight project schedule dictated timing of workshops • One full day to review draft posters/presentations,and another full day to incorporate revisions would be ideal for future workshops ► Additional City staff attendees were exceptionally organized, supportive, and engaging with attendees • Formal team coordination and preparation call (or in-person meeting immediately prior to workshop)with supporting City staff would have helped ensure everyone felt prepared and understood workshop's desired outcome o This type of preparation meeting was held immediately prior to second workshop, but was interrupted by early workshop participant arrivals; should be held not less than one- hour before advertised workshop start time ► More directional signs would have helped public attendees find meetings, particularly if workshop is held off-site of City Hall campus at locations that are less known to general public ► Schedule conflict with Chamber of Commerce was unfortunate for Workshop#1, but unavoidable due to tight project deadline • Special focus group meeting with Chamber to recap Workshop#1 was appreciated by Chamber members, and good use of project team time (though meeting time was limited and began late; more time would have been useful) A-6 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Focus Group #1 - Chamber of Commerce City of Cupertino staff and the CAP consultant team met with members of the City of Cupertino Chamber of Commerce on May 22nd, 2014 to present information to Chamber members who were unable to attend the first community workshop on May 14th due to a conflict. Staff presented an overview of the CAP, including the regulatory framework, draft emissions reduction targets, and current city and regional efforts to address climate change. Chamber members had the chance to review proposed efforts in the energy, land use / transportation, and natural resources sectors, and provide feedback and suggestions to project staff. Eleven Chamber members, including several Board members, were present. A brief summary of written and verbal comments received at this meeting follows. Chamber members were invited to the second community workshop scheduled for June 4th (see Workshop #2 notes above), and encouraged to review materials online and share these opportunities to comment with their colleagues. ENERGY ► What is trigger for building retrofits? Realtors are typically opposed to mandates associated with point of sale ► An alternative that real estate industry supports is to communicatewith homebuyers about opportunities for efficiency improvements • City of Los Altos has alternative approach that Cupertino could review ► Education and outreach about home efficiency upgrades are broadly supported ► Cost and timing associated with commercial lighting retrofits are concern, particularly for small businesses • Typically need to pay extra fee/higher rates for work performed outside of contractors' normal business hours to avoid disruption of local business(e.g., restaurant serving hours, store hours) ► Providing lists of preferred vendors or other tools to business owners is beneficial ► There is often significant lag time between adoption of state building codes and local customization; it is not easy to modify local building code ► City of Los Altos Hills offers streamlined permitting for energy-efficient construction, which is supported by development community TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE ► Consider requiring or providing incentives for 2-3 electric vehicle(EV)parking and charging spots in new multi-family residential buildings Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-7 ► Improving safety and awareness of walking and bicycling around schools will help relieve these congestion areas ► Impact of corporate buses on Cupertino's emissions is mostly positive; there may be additional opportunities associated with alternative fuel or electric vehicles for these corporate shuttles ► Tesla is considering electric charging stations on Peninsula, but it is unknown what sites are being considered NATURAL RESOURCES ► There is concern that development allocations that may be allowed under General Plan Amendment may push sewage treatment plant over capacity and trigger development moratorium OTHER COMMENTS ► It would be advisable to build in study session with City Council prior to CAP adoption to allow adequate review and revision time ► Realtors are opposed to point-of-sale regulations, but amenable to working with City on proactive programs ► More specificity in CAP presentation would be appreciated, particularly with regard to impacts on residents and businesses Focus Group #2 - Real Estate Groups A second focus group meeting was held on June 12th, 2014 in response to a request for additional discussion from a participant at the second workshop. City of Cupertino staff hosted representatives of the real estate industry at City offices, while the CAP consultant team attended via conference call. The discussion focused on the proposed CAP actions from the second workshop that included newmandatory regulations for the building industry. A summary of comments from that meeting follow. ► Point-of-sale(POS)regulations would slow down real estate transaction process in Cupertino,which can sometimes close in as few as two days ► Similar POS home energy rating requirements in Austin were deemed unsuccessful by area Realtors due to lack of enforcement, format that was not user friendly, and getting lost in paper shuffle ► Residential turnover in Cupertino is very low(3% of housing stock per year), which means uptake of mandatory regulations would be enacted slowly as well • Voluntary, outreach-or incentive-based alternatives could drive greater success in Cupertino than mandatory programs would achieve A-8 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ► POS energy and water efficiency upgrades,either through RECO/CECO or other mechanisms, can be problematic if seller installs low-quality fixes and new buyer replaces those same items upon closing • Anecdotal data from the Berkeley RECO/CECO program indicates this may be happening there ► Buyers already do appliance, lighting, and landscaping upgrades within three months of home purchase, particularly on homes built prior to the 1990s ► Incentives are better than mandates Online Survey #1 Online surveys were developed to mirror the workshop activities as best as possible for residents who were unable to attend one or both in person. The first survey was posted May 14, 2014, and asked participants to read through existing and proposed community actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide their comments and feedback. PDFs of the boards presented at Workshop #1 were included as well. Eleven participants completed this survey. Their comments are summarized below and organized by topic area. NEW COM MUNITY ACTIONS TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUM PTION AND USE M ORE RENEWABLE ENERGY: ► Respondents wanted actions that are supported by science,data, and analysis of financing and savings for renewable energy, lighting retrofits,and new construction energy efficiency installments; they also wanted easy-to-follow instructions/policies ► Several people expressed concern about how much proposed policies and programs would cost home owners, car owners, and business owners OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY CONSERVATION AND CLEAN ENERGY USE: ► Provide free and frequent mid-day shuttle service for seniors, students, and workers to transport people on route that goes to neighborhoods, transit stations, and health services ► Create tour of energy-efficient buildings that have been retrofitted in Cupertino ► Encourage all new construction to incorporate solar energy at earliest phase of design NEW COM MUNITY ACTIONS TO REDUCE NATURAL RESOURCE CONSUM PTION AND ENHANCE THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: ► Respondents showed some enthusiasm for organic waste diversion but want it to be easy, and are curious about its cost/benefit Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-9 ► One responded suggested developing curriculum to teach students about composting, recycling, etc. ► People wanted examples of local buildings with water conservation technology,and they want discounts and assistance with gray water installation in homes ► Respondents' comments on urban forestry included: • Drought with trees too close to structures can create major problems in high fire danger situations • List local examples and service providers for forestry/tree services • Work with Master Gardeners and other experts on public education campaigns ► Respondents' comments on water conservation included: • Share water conservation tips with public • Provide incentives for facility staff to implement water conservation NEW COM MUNITY ACTIONS TO ENCOURAGE MORE WALKING, BICYCLING, PUBLIC TRANSIT, AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLE USE: ► Respondents generally resisted alternative fuel vehicle programs; there were various concerns, including coal-fired electricity used to power cars, vehicle cost, and notion that it is misplaced priority and that City should focus on reducing use of all cars; resistance and similar concerns carried through to survey questions about state regulations to encourage cleaner vehicle fuels ► Respondents had mixed responses to programs and partnerships to help employers reduce single- occupancy vehicle trips; one person suggested there should be rewards for employees ► Transit and Bike/Pedestrian strategies: • City should have separated/protected lanes(not on-street bike lanes) • Need to get families involved in walking and biking efforts • Bike lane on Stevens Creek Blvd. • Senior transportation options to reduce senior isolation; sponsor STAR Program OTHER COMMENTS, SUGGESTIONS, AND IDEAS: ► Some respondents were skeptical of government action and preferred market-based actions ► Create interactive program that can be used to get information on individual buildings and model efficiencies as well as offer information on local sustainable building resources and companies that supply them ► Need to make smarter use of City-owned facilities so residents can minimize driving (Comment referenced the need for exercise classes at Monta Vista Recreation Center) A-10 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ► Need for more healthy and affordable restaurants that are walkable/bikable ► Additional ideas related to residential energy efficiency programs: • Every time commercial unit gets new tenant,they should be given checklist of energy efficiency items to review(e.g., weather stripping) • Provide demonstration products for retrofits • New residential home requirement for turn-key solar panel installation • Community solar program could work with cutting-edge marketing Survey #2: Posted June 5, 2014 The second online survey was posted on June 5, 2014, following the second workshop. The survey provided information about the City's current efforts and potential new measures to reduce greenhouse gases. The survey asked for respondents' comments and feedback as related to information shown in the PDF of the second workshop's poster. One person completed this survey. ► Respondent was supportive of need for plans and policy actions to reduce greenhouse gases;they felt that City should lead effort and that actions should be voluntary and made as affordable as possible; they did not support point-of-sale energy rating requirements because it places burden on sellers Planning Commission Study Session ► Alternative 3(Mandatory Building Regulations)is not supported, unless pursued through a regional implementation partnership ► Traffic congestion, pedestrian,and bicycling should all be considered since transportation emissions account for nearly half of the total inventory ► Voluntary, outreach-based programs are preferred, but City should consider their bang-for-buck in terms of staff resource time on measure implementation ► Some additional information regarding the CCA start-up costs, program development timeline,and likely efficacy would be needed before Planning Commission would be comfortable recommending this option for inclusion ► City should participate in PG&E Green Option program to purchase clean municipal electricity City Council Study Session ► A representative from the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce, Silicon Valley Association of Realtors, and the Commercial Real Estate Development Organization/Building Industry Association (B IA) expressed support for the first two alternatives, of three, presented by staff. Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-11 ► A representative from the Silicon Valley Association of Realtors offered support to reach out to homeowners and homebuyers to help educate them in energy conservation. ► A community member noted that there should be a voluntary program that includes incentives for new homeowners to help upgrade more energy efficiently. ► Members of the Council asked for additional information on the Marin and Sonoma Community Choice Aggregation Programs and the Berkeley Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance(RECO) and Commercial Energy Conservation Ordinance(CECO), if the mandatory alternative advanced. ► Council members recommended staff advance analysis and environmental review of the measures included in Alternative 1 (Community Choice Aggregation)and Alternative 2(Enhanced Voluntary Outreach). Additional Public Comments Received ► Do not over-specify green requirements • White roofs/cool roofs are cheaper to install than green roofs and out-perform green roofs in reducing emissions because they are more efficient to produce, install, and maintain • CALGreen code already specifies green requirements, there is no need to expand upon this ► AB 32 will increase state's electricity costs; CAP does not need to encourage energy conservation because the state will already achieve that end through higher energy prices ► Grants that could be used to establish a CCE program are not free, they come from tax payers dollars ► Report does not mention that renewable energy is being subsidized by state and federal governments, making the actual cost to generate clean electricity much higher than reported ► Commenter is opposed to the following types of measures: • Building Retrofit and Public Realm Lighting Regulations—opposed to additional building regulations, there is already a building code, local LEED requirements, and state regulations addressing these issues • Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development Programs • Community Choice Energy Option—does not consider actual cost to generate clean electricity, need further financial analysis first • Parking Cash-Out Programs—attempt to penalize commuters,and can lead to long-term parking shortages • Transit Priority Strategies—intersection queue jumpers could lead to increased congestion and higher emissions levels ► Government regulations result in loss of American jobs, including health and safety standards A-12 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 ► State's solar power mandates increase price of electricity ► State's clean fuel mandates reduce vehicle efficiency and pollute water ► CAP can represent an un-necessary and unwarranted administrative cost burden unless thoroughly studied ► Do not make building retrofits mandatory at point-of-sale • Unless it is a major renovation over$120,000 ► Encourage major employers to shift starting work ties or stagger work days to reduce freeway and street congestion ► Public transit needs to review their operating conditions • Promote use of mass transit,but do not operate buses with only 1-2 passengers ► Include discussion and promotion of nuclearfuel use • High potential for large-scale nuclear use in US if political barriers can be overcome • Safer than mining industries (e.g., coal, petroleum) • Standard power plant designs would reduce cost and environmental litigation fees • Hydrogen produced at nuclear plants could be used in vehicles to reduce dependence on oil and produce clean electricity; greatly reducing emissions and pollution • Nuclear is more economical than wind and solar, and power plants constantly generate electricity (even at night) Environmental Review Committee Meeting Comments ► How many EV charging stations will be installed and where? • Did you consider installing EV charging stations at Quinlan Center and the Senior Center? ► How will you implement building retrofit measure?A work program to direct implementation of that measure and other high-impact reduction measures should be prepared; the measures with lower reduction potential should not be prioritized at this time • Would like to see a concrete proposal for how the high-impact items will be implemented • CAP implementation priority should focus on the energy and transportation measures with highest reduction potential ► Concern about leakage that can occur during natural gas transmission, based on CAP's reference to CNG refueling station studies;commenter recommends not using CNG as a bridge technology at all Appendix A— Community Outreach Responses A-13 • Issue could be worth an inquiry to PG&E regarding the quality of Cupertino's gas lines. • There are no transmission pipelines going through Cupertino,but City could still request any reports PG&E has prepared regarding the area's CNG distribution infrastructure A-14 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN APPENDIX 13— GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology -. f� .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ This appendix describes the emissions sectors, data sources, and methodology used to prepare the CAP's 2010 baseline emissions inventories and the 2020, 2035, and 2050 emissions forecasts. The community-wide and municipal operations inventory and forecast methodologies are presented separately in the sections below. The remainder of the appendix describes the assumptions and methodology used to estimate emissions reductions associated with implementation of the local CAP measures described in Chapters 3 and 4. It should be noted that the 2010 inventories were prepared separately from the remainder of the CAP (i.e., emissions forecasts, CAP document, supporting appendices), and were not prepared by the same project team that developed the CAP. Per the Santa Clara County regional CAP project scope under which this CAP was prepared, the 2010 inventories were used as the baseline from which the 2020, 2035, and 2050 emissions forecasts were calculated. The 2010 baseline inventories were previously prepared under a separate project contract, and provided to the CAP project team for incorporation and use in preparing the emissions forecasts. However, during the course of preparing the emissions forecasts, several methodological errors were identified in the original 2010 baseline inventory work, and the CAP project team made revisions to the original work to prepare baseline inventories that reflected the best available data and methodologies at their time of completion. In addition, preparation of a baseline inventory methodology appendix was not included in the original scope of work for the baseline inventories, so this technical component was prepared as part of the CAP development process. This appendix describes, to the extent feasible, the methodologies used by the original baseline inventory project team based on the supporting data and inventory worksheets that were provided to the CAP project team. In the future, inventory updates should follow the methodologies presented below to provide consistency between inventory versions and allow direct comparisons from one year to another. It is likely that inventory methodologies will continue to evolve though, and the City may find it more beneficial to follow prevailing industry standards, even if those changes make direct comparisons to prior year inventories more difficult. ":ommunity-wide Inventory and Methodology This section describes revisions that the CAP project team made to the original baseline inventory. It then presents the emission sources, data sources, and methods used to develop the baseline GHG emissions inventories for the City according to each emissions sector. BASELINE EMISSIONS INVENTORY REVISIONS The CAP project team reviewed the original Cupertino community-wide inventory that was previously prepared by the baseline inventory project team. During this review, several methodological revisions were made to the original community-wide inventory to provide a more accurate and useful inventory for the purposes of climate action planning. These adjustments included methodological revisions to the transportation and solid waste sectors. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-1 In the transportation sector, the original inventory used the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) to identify vehicle miles traveled (VMT) to be allocated to the City. However, HPMS VMT data only accounts for VMT physically occurring on City roadways, which includes pass-through trips and does not consider the origin or destination of those VMT. Because the City's CAP cannot affect pass- through trips, and understanding the origin and destination of vehicle trips is important to allocating transportation emissions to the correct jurisdiction, the original transportation sector was revised using the origin-destination methodology. The Regional Targets Advisory Committee (RTAC) and Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) have recommended that emissions inventories use the origin-destination method to quantify transportation-related emissions. Therefore, the General Plan Amendment transportation consultant provided the CAP project team with VMT data using the RTAC-prescribed methods, which were used to revise transportation sector emissions in the original inventory. The RTAC methodology is described in the Transportation Sector section below. The original inventory's solid waste sector included lifecycle emissions of annual solid waste disposed by City land uses. These lifecycle emissions would occur gradually over the lifetime of the solid waste's decomposition, but not necessarily during the year of the inventory. Because the remainder of the inventory is based on annual activities and emissions, this original solid waste methodology would not be consistent with the rest of the emissions inventory. The solid waste sector was revised to use the California Air Resources Board's first-order decay model to quantify annual GHG emissions associated with past and present solid waste disposed by the community. EMISSIONS UNITS AND CLASSIFICATION Emissions inventories are commonly expressed in metric tons (or tonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year (MT CO2e/yr) to provide a standard measurement that incorporates the varying global warming potentials (GWP) of different greenhouse gases. GWP describes how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide, which has a GWP of 1. For example, methane has a GWP of 25, which means that 1 metric ton of methane will trap 25 times more heat than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide, making it a more potent greenhouse gas. Some gases used in industrial applications can have a GWP thousands of times larger than that of CO2. In order to maintain consistency within each inventory and between the baseline and projected emissions inventories, all GHG emissions have been quantified in units of MT CO2e/yr. Emissions can be described as direct or indirect, depending upon where the emissions generation occurs. Direct emissions are those where the consumption activity directly generates the emissions, such as natural gas combustion for heating or cooling. In this instance, natural gas can be consumed on-site and the resulting emissions are a direct result of that consumption. Indirect emissions are those where the consumption activity takes place within the jurisdiction, but the actual emissions generation occurs outside of that boundary. For example, a B-2 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Cupertino resident can consume electricity within their home, but that electricity may be generated in an area outside of the City's jurisdiction (e.g., power plants throughout the state). ENERGY SECTOR Emission Sources Energy emissions are generated through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity or directly provide power (e.g., natural gas combustion for water heating). The energy sector includes the use of electricity and natural gas in residential, commercial, and industrial land uses within the legal boundaries of the City. Although emissions associated with electricity production are likely to occur in a different jurisdiction, the emissions are allocated to the point of consumption and not the point of generation. In other words, consumers are considered accountable for the generation of those emissions. Therefore, electricity-related GHG emissions are considered indirect emissions because they are a result of activities occurring within the jurisdiction, even though emissions associated with electricity generation occur in different geographic areas, and natural gas-related GHG emissions are typically considered direct emissions because the consumption occurs on-site and within the jurisdiction. Inventory Data Sources PG&E provides electricity and natural gas to the community, and provided annual year 2010 electricity and natural gas consumption data for the City of Cupertino to develop the baseline inventory. PG&E provided all community-wide electricity and natural gas consumption data in the form of kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr) and therms per year (therms/yr), respectively. PG&E also provided an electricity emissions factor specific to their generation portfolio in the baseline year of 2010. Inventory Methodology Electricity-related GHG emissions were quantified using the PG&E-specific emission factor that accounts for PG&E's 2010 electricity production portfolio (e.g., the mix of coal, oil, wind, solar and other sources of electricity production). Natural gas GHG emissions were also quantified using a PG&E-specific natural gas emissions factor. The energy use activity data provided by PG&E was multiplied by the appropriate emissions factors to calculate total MT CO2e/yr. The following emissions factors were used to calculate 2010 baseline emissions: Table B-1 Baseline Energy Emissions Factors Energy Type Metric Tons CO2e/kWh Metric Tons CO2e/therm Electricity 0.000204 - Natural Gas - 0.005321 Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-3 TRANSPORTATION SECTOR Emission Sources Transportation emissions come from vehicle trips that begin and/or end within Cupertino's boundaries. Pass through trips (for example, non-local drivers on Highway 85 and Interstate 280) are not included within Cupertino's emissions inventory because the CAP measures would not affect those emissions. This sector includes GHG exhaust emissions from both private and City-owned vehicles. Inventory Data Sources Unlike most of the other emissions sectors where empirical activity data is available to more precisely calculate actual resource consumption (e.g., electricity used, wastewater generated, solid waste disposed), the transportation sector relies upon travel models to estimate vehicle use within a community. Travel models estimate the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) within a community, which can then be combined with vehicle fuel emissions factors to estimate transportation-related emissions. Daily VMT estimates were acquired from the City's General Plan Amendment transportation consultant to develop the transportation emissions for the CAP's 2010 baseline year. Estimates were provided for a General Plan baseline year of 2013 and the General Plan buildout year of 2040 under the highest growth land use alternative (to ensure the maximum amount of growth would be addressed by the CAP's measures). Daily VMT values were converted to annual VMT values using an annualization factor. The VMT estimates for 2013 and 2040 were then used to interpolate for years 2020 and 2035, and used to extrapolate the CAP's baseline year of 2010 and long-term target year of 2050. These calculations assumed a linear growth in vehicle miles traveled from 2010 through 2050 using the projected growth rate from 2013 to 2040. This ensured that transportation-related emissions are internally consistent (i.e., based on the same traffic model) between the General Plan Amendment and CAP, as opposed to using the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's VMT estimates, which were developed using different traffic models and demographic assumptions than those used in the City's General Plan Amendment. Inventory Methodology Emission factors for the transportation sector were obtained from the California Air Resources Board's (ARB) vehicle emissions model, EMFAC2011, which was the most recent version of EMFAC available at the time of the analysis. EMFAC2011 is a mobile source emission model for California that provides vehicle emission factors by both county and vehicle class. Santa Clara County-specific emission factors were used in this emissions inventory. As described above, the adjusted transportation sector used origin-destination VMT data provided by the General Plan Amendment transportation consultant. This methodology is designed to omit pass-through highway trips from the emissions inventory and allocate a fair- B-4 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 share of VMT and emissions to each vehicle trip's origin and destination. The VMT data provided for this method separates VMT by four different trip types: internal-internal, internal- external, external-internal, and external-external. The internal refers to an origin or destination that is within the City's jurisdiction, and the external refers to an origin or destination outside of the City's jurisdiction. All internal-internal VMT are included in the emissions inventory, while all external-external VMT, which are pass-through trips, are excluded from the inventory. For the internal-external and external-internal trips, half the trip distance is included in the City's inventory. The intent is to allocate half of the VMT for a trip to each jurisdiction that causes a trip (i.e., is a trip's origin or destination). As stated above, this method is consistent with guidance provided by RTAC and BAAQMD. It also provides a consistent methodology to allocate VMT to each jurisdiction responsible for a vehicle trip. WASTEWATER SECTOR Emission Sources The wastewater sector includes emissions resulting from wastewater treatment processes and from energy used to power wastewater treatment plants. Treatment of wastewater influent could generate methane (CH4) emissions, while discharged effluent could generate nitrous oxide (NZO) emissions. Both of these emissions sources are considered direct process emissions, while electricity consumption to power the wastewater treatment plant would generate indirect GHG emissions (see previous discussion of indirect GHG emissions). Inventory Data Sources The City's wastewater is treated by the San Jose and Santa Clara County Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), which also treats wastewater from the City of Saratoga and unincorporated Santa Clara County. A GHG emissions inventory for the San Jose and Santa Clara County Wastewater Treatment Plant was developed as part of the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant Master Plan. The emission inventory included GHG emission sources from the WWTP such as energy consumption (i.e., electricity and natural gas), stationary sources, nitrification and denitrification processes, effluent discharge, biosolids treatment, and production and transport of chemicals used for wastewater treatment. Cupertino's wastewater-related GHG emissions would be a portion of the total GHG emissions calculated for the WWTP's GHG inventory. Inventory Methodology Using a top-down approach, Cupertino's portion of the total WWTP's GHG emissions were allocated using the ratio of the City's population to the total population served by the WWTP. Cupertino's population and thus GHG emissions represent approximately 30% of the total WWTP's emissions. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-5 WATER SECTOR Emission Sources The potable water sector includes energy emissions associated with water treatment, distribution, and conveyance. Water-related GHG emissions are considered indirect emissions similar to electricity-related emissions because the actual emissions generation occurs at a different geographical location than that of the consumption activity (i.e., treatment, distribution, and conveyance occur in a different location than final water consumption). Inventory Data Sources The amount of total annual potable water provided to the City was obtained from the San Jose Water Company 2010 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) and the CalWater Los Altos- Suburban District 2010 UWMP. Potable water consumed by the City was provided in units of million gallons per year. Inventory Methodology The original baseline emissions inventory information provided to the CAP project team included the community's total water consumption in 2010 (as millions of gallons) and the resulting emissions associated with that water consumption (as MT CO2e/yr). However, the supporting emissions factors were not provided, suggesting that the calculations were prepared using a separate emissions-calculating software package. To establish consistency in future water sector emissions calculations, the City should incorporate the following methodology. The CEC's Refining Estimates of Water-Related Energy Use in California report provides water- energy intensities for California, and was used to calculate the electricity required to provide potable water for the community. GHG emissions associated with potable water supply were then calculated using California's statewide electricity intensity factors from the California Climate Action Registry's General Reporting Protocol Version 3.1 (CCAR 2009). Statewide electricity intensity factors were used rather than local PG&E factors because electricity used to provide Cupertino's potable water could be provided by a mix of various utilities, particularly for water supply that is sourced outside of the City. SOLID WASTE SECTOR Emission Sources The solid waste sector includes emissions associated with solid waste disposal. During the solid waste decomposition process, only organic materials release GHGs. Carbon dioxide emissions are generated under aerobic conditions (i.e., in the presence of oxygen), while CH4 emissions are generated under anaerobic conditions (i.e., in the absence of oxygen), as in many landfill environments. Solid waste-related CO2 emissions are considered biogenic emissions that are part of the natural carbon cycle. However, CH4 emissions have a higher GWP and are B-6 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 generated as a result of controllable landfill waste management techniques, and are therefore counted as GHG emissions within an emissions inventory. In addition, waste collection and hauling activities (i.e., heavy-duty haul trucks) also generate GHG exhaust emissions. However, hauling-related emissions are assumed to be included within the City's General Plan Amendment transportation consultant's traffic model, and therefore, represented within the Transportation Sector. Inventory Data Sources Solid waste generated within the City is primarily sent to the Newby Island Landfill. Annual tons of solid waste generated by land uses (e.g., residential, commercial) and waste characterization data (e.g., percentage of paper, plastic, green waste) were collected from CalRecycle. Historic population data was collected from the US Census. Inventory Methodology The California Air Resources Board's first-order-decay methodology was used to estimate landfill methane emissions in order to incorporate the time factor of the solid waste degradation process, which can take decades to occur. These calculations assumed that Cupertino's solid waste is disposed of in landfill facilities with methane capture systems in place that operate with 75% efficiency rates (per the US EPA's guidance on estimating landfill emissions). Decennial historic population estimates were used to interpolate solid waste disposal (on a per capita basis) from the 2010 baseline year to 1960, with the assumption that nearly 100% of the methane generated from landfill waste is released within 50 years; therefore, solid waste disposed more than 50 years ago would not still generate methane emissions. Annual solid waste emissions represent a snap shot of a community's solid waste, which is decomposing at various rates due to the different times of disposal into the landfill. This approach attempts to quantify the annual emissions that occurred in 2010 as a result of solid waste that was disposed of beginning in 1960 (i.e., what percentage of methane from waste disposed of in 1960 to 2010 is released in 2010?). OFF-ROAD VEHICLES SECTOR Emission Sources Off-road equipment emissions are generated by fuel combustion for local construction equipment, lawn and garden equipment (e.g., lawn mowers, leaf blowers), industrial equipment, and light commercial equipment. Inventory Data Sources Data for construction, lawn and garden, industrial, and light commercial equipment were obtained from ARB's OFFROAD2007 model, which provides county-level emissions for off-road Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-7 equipment. Similar to the transportation sector, these emissions are modeled with OFFROAD2007 and not based on empirical activity data. Inventory Methodology As described above, OFFROAD2007 provides county-level GHG emissions for each off-road equipment category. Cupertino's share of the County's total households and population were calculated using 2009 ABAG estimates for 2010. These factors were then multiplied by the total county-wide emissions per off-road source to determine Cupertino's share of the emissions. Lawn and Garden Equipment emissions were calculated using Cupertino's share of total county households, while the remaining off-road emissions sources were allocated using Cupertino's share of the total county population. Community-wide Emissions Forecast Assumptions and Methodology BUSINESS-AS-USUAL The baseline inventory was used to project the future community-wide GHG emissions under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Cupertino's GHG emissions were forecast for the years 2020, 2035, and 2050 assuming that historic trends describing energy and water consumption, vehicle miles travelled, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future, on a per unit basis (i.e., per resident, per employee, per service population). Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no additional statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth. Although most other cities participating in this collaborative CAP development process (i.e., Gilroy, Morgan Hill, San Jose, Saratoga, Santa Clara County) used Plan Bay Area growth projections to provide regional consistency, Cupertino's General Plan was in the process of being updated at the time of CAP development. Therefore, to ensure that the CAP covered the same growth projections being planned for in the General Plan Amendment, the CAP used population and employment projections that align with the General Plan's Preferred Land Use Alternative (which was also the highest-growth alternative analyzed). These same growth assumptions were used by the City's General Plan Amendment transportation consultant to develop the VMT estimates used to prepare the baseline emissions inventory (as described above). Table B-2 below presents the population and employment baseline and projection estimates used to develop the CAP's emissions forecasts. The service population line is the sum of population and employment. The forecasts applied different growth rates (i.e., population, employment, service population) to different emissions sectors, depending upon how these factors would influence future emissions. Population growth rates were used to forecast residential electricity and natural gas use. Employment growth rates were used to forecast commercial/industrial electricity and natural gas B-8 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 use, and off-road emissions sources. Service population growth rates were used to forecast water consumption, wastewater generation, and solid waste generation. As described in the transportation sector above, transportation emissions were based on estimated VMT growth as related to the City's General Plan Amendment highest growth scenario. EmploymentTable B-2 Population and 20101 2020 2035 20502 Population 58,739 62,926 69,207 75,488 Employment 26,220 32,227 41,238 50,249 Service Population 84,959 95,153 110,445 125,736 2010 population and employment values from Cupertino GPA Draft EIR Volume 1,Pg 4.11-7,Table 4.11-1 Population, Household,and Employment Projections 3 2040 population and employment values from Cupertino GPA Draft EIR Volume 1, Pg 3-12 were used to estimate 2050 values Note:Linear interpolation used to calculate 2020 and 2035 values(i.e.,straight line growth from 2010 to 2040) FORECAST METHODOLOGY The projected population and employment growth described above was used to project all non- transportation emission sectors (i.e., energy, solid waste, water, wastewater, off-road equipment). The following formula provides an example of how GHG emissions were projected using average annual growth rates: EmissionsPHY = EmissionsBASE+ (EmissionsBASE x AAGR x Years) Where: EmissionsPHY = GHG emissions during the planning horizon year EmissionsBASE = GHG emissions during the baseline year AAGR = average annual growth rate (either population, employment, or service population, as previously described) Years = years of growth between the baseline and planning horizon year For example, the planning horizon year 2020 emissions were projected from the baseline year 2010, which involves 10 years of growth (i.e., Years factor above). The planning horizon year 2035 involves 30 years of growth. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-9 Transportation Sector The preceding methodology was used to forecast emissions in all sectors except for transportation emissions. For the transportation sector, the City's General Plan Amendment transportation consultant provided buildout year 2040 VMT activity levels using the same activity-based travel model used to develop baseline year 2013 VMT. The 2040 VMT values are based on population and employment estimates that correlate to build out of the land uses identified in the General Plan Amendment. Daily VMT values were converted to annual VMT values using an annualization factor determined for each planning horizon year by the General Plan Amendment transportation consultant. The 2020 and 2035 horizon years VMT estimates were interpolated using the traffic consultant's 2013 and 2040 values, and 2050 horizon year was extrapolated from these values. municipal Operaflow; Inventory and Mpthndology The California Air Resources Board, ICLEI — Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), and the Climate Registry (TCR) have co-developed standardized methods for quantifying and reporting GHG emissions from local government sources. These methods are contained within the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP). As with the community-wide baseline inventory described in the preceding section, the Cupertino municipal operations 2010 baseline inventory was developed by a different team than that which prepared the CAP document and emissions forecasts (see the introduction to this Appendix for further description). EMISSIONS QUANTIFICATION METHODOLOGY Emissions Inventory Boundaries Establishing the boundaries of an emissions analysis is an important first step in the greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory process. A city exerts varying levels of control or influence over the activities occurring within its borders. A municipal GHG inventory should be defined broadly enough to include all emissions sources that fall within the local government's direct and indirect control. In general, the inventory should encompass sources that are within the purview of the City's discretionary actions and regulatory authority, and can additionally include sources of indirect emissions that can be influenced by City policies or programs, such as solid waste reduction. Cupertino's Organizational Boundary Setting an organizational boundary for a GHG inventory involves identifying the facilities and operations that are to be included. National and international GHG accounting standards define the organizational boundary as the boundary that determines the operations owned or controlled by the reporting entity. The City of Cupertino's municipal operations inventory B-10 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 encompasses the GHG emissions resulting from actions governed directly by the local government, such as municipal buildings, fleet, and streetlights. It should be noted that emissions from City employee commute trips were excluded from the inventory due to the lack of ownership of or control over the employee vehicles and employees commuting choices. This exclusion is compatible with the guidance provided within the LGOP, in which this emissions source can be voluntarily reported but is not required. Scope of Emissions Sources in Cupertino The GHG Protocol defines the operational boundary as the sum of all sources of direct and indirect emissions that are included in the inventory. The GHG Protocol divides the operational boundary into three different Scopes, defined as follows: Scope 1 emissions are those that come from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting entity, in this case, the City of Cupertino. From the municipal perspective, Scope 1 emissions are direct GHG emissions from sources owned or controlled by the City within Cupertino's boundaries. Such sources include stationary emitters like furnaces and boilers, and mobile emitters like vehicles and construction equipment. Scope 2 emissions are indirect GHG emissions related to the consumption of purchased energy (i.e., electricity) that is produced by third-party entities, such as power utilities. From the municipal perspective, the emissions associated with all electricity purchased by the City are considered Scope 2. Scope 3 emissions are other indirect GHG emissions not covered by Scope 2 that are associated with municipal activities. In a municipal inventory this generally includes emissions occurring upstream or downstream of a municipal activity, such as the methane emissions resulting from degradation of the City's solid waste deposited at a landfill outside of city limits, or the electricity used to pump water to the City from upstream reservoirs. Quantification and reporting of Scope 3 emissions is generally considered optional, but including them in a municipal inventory is appropriate where there is local control over an activity that has an indirect emissions reduction impact, such as diverting waste from landfills. The 2010 municipal operations inventory includes emissions from the following sectors: Facilities: This sector comprises direct stationary emissions from natural gas combustion (Scope 1) and indirect emissions from purchased electricity for City buildings and facilities, and City streetlights and traffic signals (Scope 2); Vehicle Fleet: This sector includes direct emissions from fuel combustion in fleet vehicles (Scope 1); Solid Waste: This sector consists of the total solid waste sent to or contained within government-operated landfills (Scope 3), and solid waste sent to a landfill that is generated by government-owned and/or operated facilities (Scope 3); and Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-11 Water: This sector includes indirect emissions from electricity used to convey and treat water consumed by municipal operations (Scope 2). MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS INVENTORY METHODOLOGY BY SECTOR Facilities The Facilities sector comprises the Building Energy and Public Lighting subsectors. Building Energy emissions were calculated using metered electricity and natural gas activity data from the buildings and facilities operated by the City of Cupertino and 2010 emission factors. The activity data and emission factors were provided by PG&E. The Public Lighting subsector includes electricity consumption from City-operated streetlights, traffic lights, and other outdoor lighting operated by the City. Emissions were calculated using activity data from the streetlight, traffic light, and other outdoor lighting meters and 2010 emission factors. The activity data and emission factors were provided by PG&E, which were entered into ICLEI's CACP software. Vehicle Fleet This sector includes emissions from on-road and off-road fuel consumption from vehicles operated by the City of Cupertino, including the City vehicle fleet. Fleet data and fuel usage data was provided by the City. Relevant emission factors contained in ICLEI's CACP software were applied to both gasoline and diesel fuel quantities to obtain emissions estimates. Solid Waste The Solid Waste sector comprises the Municipal Operations and Landfill subsectors. The Municipal Operations subsector includes landfill methane emissions produced by solid waste generated by City government facilities. Municipal solid waste and recycling volume data was provided for each City facility. Emission factors for various waste categorization types contained in ICLEI's CACP software were used to quantify GHG emissions associated with municipal solid waste. Water This sector comprises electricity consumed by the City's water delivery subsector. The activity data were provided by each City facility. Emission factors contained in ICLEI's CACP software were used to estimate GHG emissions associated with municipal water consumption. B-12 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Municipal Operations Emissions Forecast Assumptions and Methodology FORECAST METHODOLOGY While standardized methods for quantifying baseline local government operations emissions are provided within the LGOP, the LGOP does not provide guidance on developing future-year emissions forecasts. For this reason, the CAP project team utilized a growth estimation methodology based on methods used frequently within city fiscal impact analyses. Rather than assuming that each emissions sector will increase at a one-to-one ratio with new population and employment growth, the analysis assumes that a portion of each sector's activity is independent and not influenced by growth. To reflect this assumption, the analysis estimates the degree of independence or dependence (expressed as a variable percentage) for each sector. The higher the percentage the more closely correlated the growth in emissions is to the growth in population and employment (referred to as service population). The factors used within the CAP are presented below in Table B-3. Table B-3 Sector Activity Growth Variable Factors Sector/Subsector Variable Variable Factor Facilities Building Energy 40% Public Lighting 40% Vehicle Fleet 60% Solid Waste 40% Water Services 100% Municipally-generated waste, building energy, and public lighting factors are 40% based on the understanding that future city growth will not create much additional need for City administrative operations, and since the growth is of an infill nature it is unlikely that public lighting needs will greatly increase (i.e., extensive new roads constructed that require net new street light installations). The vehicle fleet factor is 60% based on the assumption that the infill growth will generate only a small increase in the need for additional City vehicle use (e.g., code enforcement, parks department). The solid waste sector applies a 40% factor based on the assumption that growth in the community's service population would not directly result in proportional increases in municipal solid waste generation. Rather it assumes marginal growth in new City employees who would generate additional waste. The water sector conservatively used a 100% factor based on the assumption that treating and pumping demand will likely grow in close parallel to service population growth. However, given the relatively small contribution of water emissions to the City's baseline inventory, even a 40% factor as applied to other sectors would result in nearly identical emissions as when using a 100% factor. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-13 Additionally, the analysis applied service population factors to identify the amount of emissions likely generated by an additional resident and employee. A residential factor of 100% and an employment factor of 50% were utilized. The lower employment factor serves to reduce the overall service population growth factor, and reflects the reality that the average resident demands considerably more services than the average non-resident employee. Table B-4 demonstrates how these factors dampen the service population growth rate to create the weighted service population values that from the basis for the forecast's growth rate estimates. The application of the sector variable factors and the residential and employment factors provide a more nuanced method for estimating municipal operations growth. Using this method, emissions forecasts were developed for 2020, 2035, and 2050. EmploymentTable B-4 Residential and 2010 2020 2035 2050 Service Service Service Service Value Factor Value Factor Value Factor Value Factor Population 58,739 1.0 62,926 1.0 69,207 1.0 75,488 1.0 Employment 26,220 0.5 32,227 0.5 41,238 0.5 50,249 0.5 Service Population 84,959 95,153 110,445 125,737 Weighted Service 71,849 79,040 89,826 100,612 Population Weighted Service Population Annual Growth - - 2010-2020 1.00% 2020-2035 0.91% 2035-2050 0.80% Rate Note:See Table B-2 for sources of population and employment values Similar to the community-wide emissions forecast methodology described in the previous section, the municipal operations emissions were forecasted using the following formula: EmissionSPHY = EmissionSBASE+ (EmissionSBASE x SPWEIGHTED X VF x Years) Where: EmissionSPHY = GHG emissions during the planning horizon year EmissionsBASE = GHG emissions during the baseline year SPwEIGHTEo = weighted service population annual growth rate from Table B-4 VF= variable factor from Table B-3 Years = years of growth between the baseline and planning horizon year B-14 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Emissions Reduction Estimates Methodology This section of the appendix summarizes the methodology for quantifying the greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions estimates resulting from implementation of the local CAP measures. Calculations and/or background information are shown for horizon year 2020 (unless otherwise stated). Supporting tables may show reduction totals that vary slightly from those presented in the CAP due to rounding. BASELINE AND MITIGATED SCENARIOS Many of the emissions reduction calculations described throughout this section are based on a baseline scenario (e.g., how much energy would be consumed if the measure is not implemented) and a mitigated scenario (e.g., how much energy would be consumed if the measure is implemented). The difference between the baseline and mitigated scenarios represents the measure's reduction potential (i.e., baseline scenario - mitigated scenario = reduction potential). The baseline energy use scenarios were calculated by multiplying the total housing units or square footage (shown in Tables B-7 and B-8 below) by climate zone-specific energy consumption factors (shown in Tables B-9 and B-10 below). Mitigated energy savings estimates were based on outputs from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Home Energy SaverTm building energy modeling software, unless otherwise stated. As with the baseline calculations, total energy savings were calculated by multiplying the total units or square footage by participation rates assumed for each measure (shown as Progress Indicators in the CAP) by mitigated energy consumption factors. Mitigated energy savings were then subtracted from baseline energy use levels to derive the total energy savings associated with the measure. These energy savings (expressed as kWh and therms) were multiplied by energy emissions factors expressed as MT CO2e/kWh and MT CO2e/therm. The electricity emissions factor used in these calculations was PG&E's 2020 estimated emissions factor (unless otherwise stated), which takes into account compliance with the Renewable Portfolio Standard and PG&E's own de-carbonizing activities (e.g., shifting energy purchases from coal-fired power plants to cleaner, natural gas plants). The natural gas emissions factor comes from the US Energy Information Administration. These mitigated scenario energy emissions factors are shown in Table B-5. Emissions reduction estimates were calculated by multiplying the total energy savings by their associated emissions factors, and then adding the electricity and natural gas emissions reductions together for total emissions reductions expressed as MT CO2e/yr. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-15 Table B-5 Mitigated Energy Type Metric Tons CO2e/kWh Metric Tons CO2e/therm —7— Electricity' 0.000132 - Natural Gas - 0.005303 ' httD://www.Dae.com/includes/docs/Ddfs/shared/environment/calculator/Doe oho emission factor info sheet.pdf;see Table B-6 below for emissions factor inputs Table B-6 Electricity Emissions Factor Inputs Value Unit GWP3 CO2 0.131' MT CO2/MWh 1 N20 0.0000032 MT N20/MWh 298 CH4 0.0000132 MT CH4/MWh 25 Total 0.132 MT CO2e/MWh 1 Source(CO2 EF): http://www.poe.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/environment/calculator/poe oho emission factor info sheet.pdf 2 Source(N20 and CH4 EF): httD://www.eDa.aov/cleanenerav/documents/earidZiDs/eGRID 9th edition V1- 0 year 2010 Summary Tables.pdf 'Source(GWP-100-yr):httD://www.iDcc.ch/Dublications and data/ar4/wo1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html BASELINE BUILDING INVENTORIES For purposes of establishing the baseline energy use scenarios (from which the future mitigated scenario was developed), the City's electricity and natural gas consumption were modeled per land use type. This allowed application of local CAP measures to specific portions of the community (e.g., single-family homes, warehouses). The selected land use types correspond to those used in the California Energy Commission's Residential Appliance Saturation Survey and Commercial End Use Surveys, which describe energy consumption levels by building type across the state's various climate zones. Use of this type of granular data helped to make the emissions reduction estimates as closely applicable to Cupertino's local climate, as opposed to using more generalized assumptions, such as average California household electricity use or national-level data. Residential land use types included single family-detached and —attached, 2-4 unit multi-family properties, 5+ unit multi-family properties, and mobile homes. Data from the Department of Finance's Table E-5 was used to estimate the future proportion of total residential units within these land use types based on the city's 2010 ratios as shown in Table B-7. These ratios were B-16 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 then held constant through 2020 and 2035 reduction estimates, by multiplying the estimated total housing units in those years by these housing type ratios. This approach is consistent with the business-as-usual methodology used when developing the emissions inventory forecasts. Table B-7 Cupertino 2010 Housing Units by Building .- Total Detached Attached 2—4 Unit 5+ Unit Mobile Home Units 21,027 12,060 2,557 1,988 4,422 0 %of Total 100% 57.4% 12.2% 9.5% 21.0% 0.0% Source: California Department of Finance,Table 2: E-5 City/County Population and Housing Estimates,4/1/2010 Finding accurate data on the square footage of existing non-residential buildings in a community is typically more challenging than finding existing housing unit data, since there is no state database or annual report on this metric (at the city-specific level). Therefore, non-residential square footage estimates were collected from the City's General Plan Amendment Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and used as a proxy for the CAP's 2010 baseline year. The General Plan's buildout year estimates for 2040 were also used. Estimates for 2020 and 2035 were calculated using an average annual growth factor between the 2010 and 2040 values. Table B-8 shows the non-residential square footage estimates used to calculate the emissions reduction baseline and mitigated scenarios. Table B-8 Cupertino Non-Residential Area Land Use Type Built/Approved New from GPA Total in 2040 Average Annual (square feet) (square feet) (square feet) Growth/yr Office 8,929,774 4,040,231 12,970,005 1.7% Commercial 3,729,569 1,343,679 5,073,248 1.3% Source: City of Cupertino General Plan Amendment, Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning Draft EIR, Volume I, Pg 3-13, Table 3-2 Summary—All Project Components Development Allocations Data from the real estate analysis company Co-Star was also collected as part of the regional climate action planning project in which Cupertino was a participant. This data identified a 2010 baseline in non-residential area of approximately 14.4 million square feet, or 14% greater than the estimate provided in the City's General Plan Draft EIR. In order to make the most conservative CAP reduction estimates, the values found in the Draft EIR were used. This means that measures estimating commercial energy savings were applied to a smaller population group (i.e., square footage of commercial space) than might actually exist, resulting in lower, or more conservative, reduction estimates. CAPs are inherently based on numerous assumptions, Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-17 and it is industry practice to make more conservative assumptions when possible to avoid over- estimating the reduction potential of measure implementation. BASELINE ENERGY USE BY BUILDING TYPE As mentioned above, the baseline energy consumption scenarios were modeled using data from the CEC's reports. Baseline residential energy consumption levels (i.e., kWh/unit, therms/unit) were modeled by land use type using the CEC's Residential Appliance Saturation Study (RASS) data for Forecast Climate Zone 5 (see Table B-9). The housing types nomenclature used in the RASS does not exactly align with the terminology used in the DOF's housing estimate data shown in Table B-1, so "Single Family" in Table B-3 includes "Detached" units from Table B-1, while "Townhome" includes "Attached" units. Table B-9 Baseline Residential Energy Consumption by Housing Type in Forecast Climate Zone 5 Housing Type kWh/unit/year therms/unit/year Single-Family 6,138 691 Townhome 3,815 402 2-4 Unit Apartment 3,418 376 5+ Unit Apartment 3,466 245 Source: 2009 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study, Prepared for California Energy Commission, Prepared by KEMA, Inc., October 2010 Baseline commercial energy consumption levels (i.e., kWh/sqft, kBTU/sqft) were identified by land use type using the CEC's Commercial End Use Survey (see Table B-10). Table B-10 Baseline Commercial Energy Consumption by Land Use Type Housing Type kWh/square foot/year kBTU/square foot/year Large Office 15.25 23.28 Retail 12.65 5.51 Source: California Commercial End-Use Survey, Prepared for California Energy Commission, Prepared by Itron, Inc., March 2006 DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Population, employment, and housing unit estimates were also prepared to support calculations for certain reduction measures. Table B-11 presents these values and their sources. B-18 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 CupertinoTable B-11 Population, . . 2010 2020 2035 2040 Population 58,739' 62,926 69,207 71,3002 Employment 26,220' 32,227 41,238 44,2422 Housing Units 21,027' 22,625 25,021 25,8202 2010 population and employment values from Cupertino GPA Draft EIR Volume 1,Pg 4.11-7,Table 4.11-1 Population, Household,and Employment Projections 22010 housing unit value from California Department of Finance,Table 2:E-5 City/County Population and Housing Estimates, 4/1/2010 3 2040 population,employment,and housing unit values from Cupertino GPA Draft EIR Volume 1,Pg 3-12 Note:Linear interpolation used to calculate 2020 and 2035 values(i.e.,straight line growth from 2010 to 2040) Community-wide Measures C-E-1 ENERGY USE DATA ANALYSIS This measure estimates the emissions reductions resulting from implementation of an advanced building energy management program to identify building optimization opportunities in system maintenance and operational controls. The calculations were based on electricity and natural gas use forecasts by land use type. Each land use type's total energy use was then multiplied by the end-use appliance and equipment ratios per the CEC's Commercial End Use Survey and Residential Appliance Saturation Study. This established the baseline scenario for energy use by land use type and end use. The mitigated scenario was developed by applying varying energy savings to end use equipment in the baseline scenario. The assumed energy savings potential was based on a presentation from First Fuel, a building-energy analytics company that specializes in identifying low- or no-cost building energy optimization improvements. The following end uses were assumed to realize 20% electricity savings in non-residential land uses through implementation of this measure: ■ Cooling ■ Exterior Lighting ■ Heating ■ Interior Lighting ■ Office Equipment ■ Ventilation Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-19 The following end uses were assumed to realize 20% electricity savings in single-family residential land uses through implementation of this measure: • Convention Heaters ■ Auxiliary Heaters ■ Central Air Conditioning ■ Room Air Conditioners ■ Outdoor Lighting C-E-2 RETROFIT FINANCING This measure estimates the reduction in energy-related emissions (i.e., electricity and natural gas) resulting from retrofitting existing residential units and commercial properties. The measure includes retrofitting both residential and commercial properties based on pre-defined packages of energy efficiency retrofits. The basic retrofit package includes installation of high-efficiency light bulbs, ductwork sealing, and installation of programmable thermostats. The comprehensive retrofit package additionally includes gas water heater upgrades, gas furnace upgrades, attic insulation, and building envelope sealing/weatherization. Reduction estimate calculations for this measure included energy savings associated with past installation of utility-sponsored retrofit programs and estimates for similar types of retrofits. PG&E provided energy savings related to residential and commercial efficiency programs that were installed in Cupertino homes and businesses between 2010 (the CAP's baseline year) and the second quarter of 2014 (the most current data available at the time of plan preparation). This data identified the following utility program-related energy savings within the Cupertino community, which were multiplied by the mitigated scenario emissions factors shown in Table B-5 to calculate associated emissions reductions: Residential Commercial Total Reductions (MT CO2e/yr) kWh/yr 3,799,126 19,401,506 23,200,632 3,062 therms/yr 12,596 621,618 634,214 3,363 Total - - - 6,425 Source: PG&E, 2014 In addition to these past reductions that have already been realized since the CAP's 2010 baseline year, this measure estimates additional future building retrofits that could be implemented by 2020. As described in Measure C-E-2 and C-E-3, there are several retrofit- oriented programs available to Cupertino residents, which could drive this future participation. It is likely that utility-sponsored programs will continue into the near future, through Energy B-20 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Upgrade California or similar programs. The City plans to continue its Green@Home and GreenBiz programs, which offer additional incentives to make energy- and water-saving retrofits. The City is also a participating member of the CaliforniaFIRST PACE program, which provides funding for commercial, industrial, and multi-family retrofit and renewable energy projects, with plans to roll out financing opportunities to single-family residents in the near future. Finally, Measure C-E-3 directs the City to partner with the local Realtor community to develop and implement an aggressive home and commercial building retrofit outreach campaign to advertise available financing/funding opportunities and provide local examples of retrofit energy and water savings for various property types. Based on comments from Realtor representatives who participated in a CAP focus group meeting, residential turnover is approximately 3% per year in Cupertino. The homeowner outreach program was devised as a point-of-sale strategy, so approximately 15% of Cupertino housing units could be introduced to the program by 2020. The CAP estimates that participation in all of these various retrofit-related programs could result in an additional 8% of housing units pursuing some type of energy-retrofit installation, with 5% of residential units pursuing a comprehensive package, as described above, and 3% pursuing a basic retrofit package. It also assumes that 7% of non-residential properties pursue comprehensive retrofit packages. This additional level of participation in retrofit programs is estimated to provide reductions of an additional 1,727 MT CO2e/yr, as shown in the table below, for total measure reductions of approximately 8,150 MT CO2e/yr. Total Reductions (MT COZe/yr) kWh/yr 4,183,460 552 therms/yr 221,618 1,175 Total - 1,727 Source:AECOM SSIMeTm Building Energy Analysis,2014 C-E-5 COMMUNITYWIDE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVELOPMENT This measure estimates the reduction in electricity-related emissions resulting from installation of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems in residential and commercial uses. The measure uses National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) solar insolation data specific to the City's geographic location and climate to estimate future PV-related reductions, or conversion of kilowatt hours to MT CO2e/yr in instances when a solar analysis has calculated potential electricity generation rates. This measure considers reductions resulting from solar PV systems installed community-wide from 2010-2014, the planned solar generation potential related to the Apple 2 Campus project, Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-21 the anticipated municipal solar installations (described in Measure M-F-2), and potential additional community-wide installations to occur by 2020. Similar to the retrofit-related energy savings described in Measure C-E-2 above, PG&E also provided data on the amount of solar PV generation capacity installed community-wide from 2010-2014. Based on this data, approximately 5.5 MW of solar capacity were installed during that timeframe. Based on the Draft EIR prepared for the Apple 2 Campus project, the new facility will incorporate approximately 650,000 square feet of solar panels capable of generating 15,000,000 kilowatt hours per year (kWh/yr). The City has prepared solar reports to study the potential of municipal solar PV systems on City buildings/property, and has selected five viable sites for future installations. These systems combined would generate approximately 820,000 kWh/yr. In addition, currently available tax credits, utility rebates, and financing programs make solar PV installations increasingly economically viable, which will likely lead to additional residential and non-residential installations in the future. PG&E is also beginning to implement its community shared solar program to further encourage development of local solar PV systems and participation in their development through purchase programs that sell the generated electricity locally. Therefore, the CAP conservatively assumed installation of another 1.5 MW of solar PV capacity by 2020 (i.e., in addition to the capacity installed since 2010, the planned Apple 2 Campus system, and the City's five planned municipal systems). This conservative estimate takes into account the gradual phase-out of California utility-funded solar incentive programs. Where only generation capacity (e.g., kW, MW) was known or estimated, total installed capacities were multiplied by NREL solar insolation data to calculate total kWh of electricity generation potential. This total was then multiplied by the mitigated scenario emissions factor shown in Table B-5 to calculate the GHG emissions that would be offset by installation of the assumed PV systems. Where total generation potential was known, that amount of electricity was simply multiplied by the mitigated scenario emissions factor to calculate associated reductions. The table on the following page demonstrates the inputs and calculations. B-22 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Generation Capacity Generation Potential Reductions (MW) (kWh/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) Past Installations— 5.5' 9,470,0002 1,250 2010-2014 Future Installations— 1.5 2,580,0002 341 2015-200 Apple 2 Campus - 15,000,0003 1,980 Municipal Solar Projects - 820,0004 108 Total 3,679 PG&E,2014 2 Calculated using NREL factors shown in table below 3 Apple 2 Campus Project EIR, Pg 506 Renewable Energy Generation 4 Solar Feasibility Study for the City of Cupertino, Prepared by Optony, Inc, December 2012 The table below demonstrates the assumptions used to convert solar PV system installed capacity to electricity generation potential, based on solar insolation data specific to Cupertino provided by NREL. While the table shows efficiency and area assumptions, these specific assumptions are not important to the calculation since they are directly related. That is, if the installed system's efficiency is greater than 15%, then the required system area can be reduced to generate the same amount of electricity. Conversely, if the system is less efficient, then a greater installation area would be required to generate the same amount of desired electricity. Generation Electricity Potential Watts/square Efficiency Area kWh/sgft/dayl Generated (MW) foot (square feet) (kWh/yr) 1.5 15 15% 100,000 0.47 2,583,912 5.5 15 15% 366,667 0.47 14,527,329 Solar Insolation data: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Renewable Resource Data Center,2011 C-E-6 COMMUNITY-WIDE SOLAR HOT WATER DEVELOPMENT This measure quantifies natural gas-related emissions reductions resulting from the installation of solar hot water heaters in residential units. Baseline water heating-related natural gas consumption levels per residential unit type were identified using CEC's Residential Appliance Saturation Survey data for Forecast Climate Zone 5. In addition, CEC data identifies the energy savings potential of solar hot water heaters for specific climates in California. The measure assumes that 47-63% of water-heating natural gas can be reduced through the use of solar hot water heaters, depending on the performance of the system and the building type in which it is installed. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-23 Current utility-rebate programs have had little impact at broadly attracting solar hot water system users (e.g., California Solar Initiative — Thermal Program). This is possibly due to a combination of system expense and relatively cheap natural gas prices applicable to traditional hot water heater systems. However, the state's utilities have begun implementing more aggressive solar hot water pilot programs to identify the incentive levels at which participation begins to improve, and these programs may be expanded beyond pilot studies in the future. Therefore, the CAP assumed zero solar hot water installations would occur community-wide prior to 2020, but that participation would begin to occur by the 2035 target year. The CAP assumes that 5% of residential units and 5% of non-residential square footage will install (or have access to) a solar hot water heater by 2035. The table below demonstrates the assumptions used to convert estimated solar hot water system installations to total therms or kBTU savings. Therms saved are then multiplied by the mitigated scenario emissions factor shown in Table B-6 (kBTU were first converted to therms and then multiplied by the emissions factor). Residential Land Uses Hot water Energy Participation Total Property Units heater energy Solar Fraction Savings Rate Savings Type (2035) per unit per unit (therms/yr)' (therms/yr) (o��of units) (therms/yr) Single- 15,110 169 70% 118.04 5% 89,180 Family Townhome 2,653 146 70% 102.44 5% 13,591 2-4 Unit 2,093 116 64% 74.22 5% 7,766 Apartment 5+ Unit 5,154 72 64% 45.93 5% 11,837 Apartment Commercial Land Uses Hot water Energy Participation Square Solar Water Total Property Footage heater energy Heater Savings o Rate Savings Type (2035) per SF I EffectivenessZ per SF (/o of square (kBTU/yr) (kBTU/yr) (kBTU/yr) footage) Large 12,670,729 1.781 30% 0.53 5% 338,461 Office Retail 4,973,716 1.040 30% 0.31 5% 77,602 Baseline Hot Water Natural Gas Consumption: Residential Appliance Saturation Survey, CEC, 2010; California Commercial End-Use Survey, CEC, 2006 2 Solar Fraction: Solar Water Heating CEC 2013 Title 24 Pre-rulemaking Workshop, California Energy Commission, June 9, 2011; Solar Insolation: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Renewable Resource Data Center, 2011 B-24 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 C-E-7 COMMUNITY CHOICE ENERGY OPTION The CAP explored several long-term reduction opportunities that were analyzed for the potential impact on the 2035 target, but were assumed to be infeasible for full implementation by the 2020 target year. One option explores community-wide participation in a community choice energy (CCE) district. The measure assumes that by 2035, 75% of the community would voluntarily participate in a CCE district in which they purchase 100% emissions-free electricity. The Marin Clean Energy District currently provides electricity to 75% of its service population, so this participation rate was used as a best estimate for what might be possible in Cupertino at full program implementation. Total electricity consumption projected for the 2035 horizon year was multiplied by the participation factor of 75% and then multiplied by PG&E's estimated 2020 electricity emissions factor (see Table B-6) to calculate the total GHG emissions that would be avoided by CCA participation. Calculation inputs are shown in the table below. End User kWh/yr Participation Rate Emissions Reductions (MT CO2e/yr) Residential 147,189,027 75% 14,571 Commercial/Industrial 431,644,101 75% 42,732 C-T-3 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT This measure estimates the impact of transportation demand management programs designed to reduce single occupancy vehicles trips through commuter benefit programs as directed through SB 1339 and planned for at the new Apple 2 Campus project (per the project's EIR analysis). The estimated vehicle trip reductions were developed based on research available regarding the efficacy of various transportation demand management program options. The calculations assume implementation of rideshare/vanpool programs, telecommuting/alternative work schedules, and subsidized transit fares. This measure assumes the following level of performance from each transportation demand management components. It is estimated that the enhanced rideshare program would yield a 3% reduction in auto commute trips. The telecommuting program would reduce auto commute trips by 2%. Subsidized transit passes at $40 per month program would reduce auto commute trips by 5%. Cumulatively the TDM program would achieve a 10% reduction in auto commute trips. These reductions were estimated by reviewing relevant TDM literature and case studies from existing TDM programs. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-25 Rideshare promotion — A study conducted by Reid Ewing concluded that ridesharing programs can reduce daily vehicle commute trips to specific worksites by 5-15%, and up to 20% or more if implemented with parking pricing. This measure assumes 3% of commute trips shifted from single-occupancy vehicle (SOV) to other modes. Telecommuting/alternative work schedule — A Center for Urban Transportation Research survey found vehicle trips reduced by up to 8% if 50% of employees are participating in alternative work programs, making it among the most effective commute trip reduction strategies considered in that study. A National Association of Regional Councils analysis estimates that compressed work weeks can reduce up to 0.6% of VMT and up to 0.5% of vehicle trips in a region. This measure assumes telecommuting/compressed work will result in an additional 2% of commute trips shifted from SOV to other modes (when combined with the other identified TDM programs). Subsidized transit fares — Various studies of the impact of subsidized transit passes indicate reductions in drive-alone mode share of 4% to 42%, with an average reduction of 19%. This measure estimates an additional reduction in vehicle trips from transit pass subsidies of 5% (when combined with the other identified TDM programs). The measure calculated a baseline scenario in which travel patterns remained constant from 2010 to 2020, and a mitigated scenario in which employees voluntarily participated in the TDM program offerings available at their jobs. The VMT difference in these two scenarios was used to calculate the estimated GHG emissions reduction attributed to implementation of this measure. The baseline scenario assumes that 80% of vehicle trips in Cupertino are made in single- occupancy vehicles (per 2010 Census data). It also assumes that the average commute length is 15 miles (one way). It also assumes 255 commute days per year (five days per week, minus 5 holidays). Finally, it assumes that 3,200 employees community-wide will participate in ridesharing, telecommuting/alternative work schedule, or subsidized transit fares by 2020, representing approximately 10% of the 2020 estimated workforce. Apple already offers a comprehensive TDM program to its current employees in Cupertino. Per the Apple 2 Campus Project Draft EIR, these TDM programs would be offered to the 9,356 net new employees at the project site, along with expanded TDM offerings. The TDM program expansion would include increased Apple Transit service to additional geographic areas and with increased frequency, as well as mass transit shuttle links to expand current shuttle service to future high-capacity corridors, such as VTA BRT lines, electrified Caltrain lines, and Santa Clara BART extensions (Apple 2 Campus Project Draft EIR, pg 515). The CAP conservatively estimates that 10% of its employed population will have access to TDM programs, though it is likely that a higher proportion will ultimately have access to such programs following completion of the Apple 2 Campus project. All of these factors were multiplied to establish a baseline annual VMT associated with SOV commuting. The VMT reduction rates described above were applied to this SOV VMT value to B-26 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 determine the annual VMT reduction associated with implementation of this measure. The reduction was expressed as a percentage of total community-wide VMT, and then applied to fuel consumption estimates from the 2020 emissions projections. The result was total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption that would be reduced as a result of this measure, which were then multiplied by emissions factors provided by the California Air Resources Board EMFAC model to estimate total GHG emissions reductions. The following table shows the values and inputs used to calculate emissions associated with implementation of this measure. Percent Reduction in VMT from Implementation of TDM Measures VMT Split by Vehicle Fuel Type Reduction in Total VMT by Vehicle Fuel Type Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Reduction in 90.5% 9.5% 0.54% 0.06% Total VMT 2020 Mitigated Scenario—Vehicle Miles Traveled and Emissions Weighted Emissions Factors Average Community Fuel Fuel Total Travel Efficiency Consumption CO2 N20 CH4 Emissions (miles) (mi/gal) (gallons) (g/gal) (g/mi) (g/mi) (MT CO2e/yr) Gasoline 21.8 13,302,005 8,565 0.0700 0.0620 120,352 VMT(miles) 289,983,711 Diesel VMT(miles) 30,440,279 9.3 3,273,148 10,007 0.0500 0.0420 33,234 Total 320,423,990 16,575,153 153,586 Calculation of VMT, Fuel Consumption, and GHG Emission Reduction from TDM Measures Community Travel Fuel Consumption Total Emissions (miles) (gallons) (MT CO2e/yr) Gasoline 1,734,575 79,568 720 VMT(miles) Diesel VMT(miles) 182,082 19,579 199 Total 1,916,657 99,146 919 Reference sources for VMT reduction assumptions related to implementation of TDM programs included: ■ Bryon York and David Fabricatore, 2001, Puget Sound Vanpool Market Assessment, www.wsdot.wa.gov ■ Philip Winters and Daniel Rudge 1995 , Commute Alternatives Educational Outreach, www.cutr.ena.usf.edu ■ Reid Ewing, 1993, TDM, Growth Management, and the Other Four Out of Five Trips. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-27 ■ Alyssa Freas and Stuart Anderson, 1994, Effects of Variable Work Hour Programs on Ridesharing and Organizational Effectiveness, Transportation Research Record 1321 ■ Center for Urban Transportation Research, 1998, A Market-Based Approach to Cost- Effective Trip Reduction Program Design, httr)://ntl.bts.qov/I i b/3000/3600/3633/cas h doc.r)df ■ Apogee, 1994, Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures; A Review and Analysis of the Literature, National Association of Regional Councils, www.na rc.o ra. ■ Amy Ho and Jakki Stewart , 1992, "Case Study on Impact of 4/40 Compressed Workweek Program on Trip Reduction," Transportation Research Record 1346, pp. 25-32 • Genevieve Giuliano, 1995, "The Weakening Transportation-Land Use Connection, ACCESS, Vol. 6, University of California Transportation Center, Spring 1995, pp. 3- 11 ■ Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority , 1997, Eco Pass Pilot Program Survey Summary ■ King County Metro, 2000, FlexPass: Excellence in Commute Reduction, Eight Years and Counting, www.commuterchallencie.org/cc/newsmar01 flexpass.html ■ Christopher White, Jonathan Levine, and Moira Zellner ,2002, Impacts of an Employer-Based Transit Pass Program: The Go Pass in Ann Arbor, Michigan, www.ar)ta.com/research/info/briefinqs/documents/white.r)df ■ Jeffrey Brown, Daniel Baldwin Hess, and Donald Shoup, 2003, Fare-Free Public Transit at Universities, htti)://shoui).bol.ucla.edu/FareFreePublicTransitAtUniversities.r)df ■ University of Washington Facilities Services, The U-PASS Online and Telephone Survey Report , 2006, www.washington.edu/commuterservices/programs/ur)ass/rei)orts.r)hl) ■ Comsis Corporation , 1993, Implementing Effective Travel Demand Management Measures: Inventory of Measures and Synthesis of Experience, USDOT and Institute of Transportation Engineers (www.ite.orq), www.bts.qov/ntl/DOCS/474.html ■ Victoria Transport Policy Institute 2009, Trip Reduction Tables, httr)://www.vti)i.ora/tdm/tdm4l.htm ■ Victoria Transport Policy Institute 2008, Transportation Elasticities, httr)://www.vti)i.ora/eIasticities.i)df B-28 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 C-T-7 COMMUNITY-WIDE ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES This measure estimates the reduction in vehicle emissions resulting from a community-wide shift towards alternative-fueled vehicles. Based on automobile industry projections and other market absorption studies, assumptions for the potential vehicle fleet transition towards alternative-fuels by 2020 were developed. These assumptions estimate a shift from gasoline and diesel passenger and light duty vehicles to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. The calculations used the community's 2020 vehicle miles travelled (VMT) estimates to develop a baseline scenario for community-wide transportation emissions (based on the same assumptions used to develop the transportation sector emissions inventory). This scenario includes assumptions for VMT by fuel type (e.g., gasoline, diesel, CNG) and by vehicle class (i.e., passenger cars, light duty trucks, medium duty trucks, heavy duty trucks, buses, motorcycles). Emission factors for the transportation sector were obtained from the California Air Resources Board's (ARB) EMFAC model, which is a mobile source emission model for California that provides vehicle emission factors by both county and vehicle class. Santa Clara County-specific emission factors were used in this calculation. The mitigated scenario includes assumptions for how VMT by fuel type and by vehicle class would begin to shift from one type to another. For example, it assumes that 5% of gasoline passenger cars switch to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by 2020. Emissions factors for alternative-fueled vehicles were collected from academic studies, industry sources, the US Energy Information Administration, and other agencies. The mitigated scenario vehicle emissions were subtracted from the baseline scenario to estimate the GHG emissions reduction potential of the community-wide shift toward alternative-fueled vehicles described in the measure. The following table identifies the fuel switch-by-vehicle type assumptions used to calculate reductions from this measure. Fuel Switch Assumptions Baseline Fuel and Switch Percent VMT Switch From Gasoline To: Gasoline Passenger Cars 5% Diesel 0% CNG 0% BEV 0% PHEV 5% Gasoline Light Duty Trucks 5% Diesel 0% CNG 0% BEV 0% PHEV 5% Gasoline Medium Duty Trucks 0% Diesel 0% CNG 0% Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-29 BEV 0% PHEV 0% Gasoline Heavy Duty Trucks 3% Diesel 0% CNG 3% BEV 0% PHEV 0% From Diesel To: Diesel Passenger Cars 5% Gasoline 0% CNG 0% BEV 0% PHEV 5% Diesel Light Duty Trucks 0% Gasoline 0% CNG 0% BEV 0% PHEV 0% Diesel Medium Duty Trucks 0% Gasoline 0% CNG 0% BEV 0% PHEV 0% Diesel Heavy Duty Trucks 3% Gasoline 0% CNG 3% BEV 0% PHEV 0% Diesel Buses 60% Gasoline 0% CNG 40% BEV 0% PHEV 20% C-W-1 SB-X7-7 Senate Bill X7-7 established a goal to reduce per capita water consumption by 20% by December 31, 2020. In order to calculate the water savings and emission reductions associated with implementation of SB X7-7, the baseline year's total water consumption was divided by the City's baseline population to determine the baseline per capita water consumption rate in units of million gallons per capita per year (MG/capita/yr). B-30 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Assuming business-as-usual (BAU) growth, the projected 2020 population was multiplied by the baseline per capita water consumption rate (MG/capita/yr) to estimate the total BAU water consumption in year 2020. Then, assuming implementation of SB X7-7, the baseline per capita water consumption rate was multiplied by (1 — 0.2) to calculate the SB X7-7 target per capita water consumption rate in year 2020. The target per capita water consumption rate was then multiplied by the projected 2020 population to estimate the total water consumption for the City assuming implementation of SB X7-7. Total water savings were calculated by subtracting the SB X7-7 total water consumption from the BAU total water consumption. The total water savings associated with SB X7-7 were then multiplied by a water intensity factor in units of kilowatt-hours per million gallons to estimate the associated electricity saved from the water savings. Water use was assumed to be 85% indoor water use and 15% outdoor. Indoor water use was calculated using the total water intensity factor, to include wastewater treatment energy use as well. Outdoor water use only used energy intensity factors for supply/conveyance, treatment, and distribution. Water intensity factors were provided by the California Energy Commission's report Refining Estimates of Water-Related Energy Use in California, prepared by Navigant Consulting in 2006. Finally, the electricity saved was multiplied by the mitigated 2020 PG&E electricity emissions factor shown in Table B-6 to estimate the GHG savings associated with implementation of SB X7-7 in the community. The table below identifies the inputs used to calculate emissions reductions associated with this measure. Value Units Baseline Year Operational Year 2010 year Total Water Consumption 3,248 million gallons (MG) Population (residents) 58,739 capita Baseline Water Efficiency 0.055 MG/capita/yr Planning Horizon Year Operational Year 2020 year Planning Horizon Population 62,926 capita (residents) Total BAU Water Consumption 3,480 million gallons (MG) SB X7-7 Water Efficiency Level 0.044 MG/capita/yr Total Water Consumption (under 2,784 million gallons (MG) SB X7-7 ) Water Savings 696 MG/yr Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-31 Outdoor Savings 104 MG/yr Indoor Savings 592 MG/yr Water Use Energy Intensity Factors' Northern CA Southern CA Water Process (kWh/MG) (kWh/MG) Water Supply/Conveyance 150 8,900 Water Treatment 100 100 Water Distribution 1,200 1,200 Wastewater Treatment 2,500 2,500 Total 3,950 12,700 ' Source: http://www.en erg y.ca.gov/2006pubIications/CEC-500-2006-118/CEC-500-2006-118.PDF C-SW-2 FOOD SCRAP AND COMPOSTABLE PAPER DIVERSION An inventory of the community's organic waste was created using Cal Recycle waste volume and characterization data. Using the first-order decay methodology from the 2006 IPCC guidelines, fugitive methane emissions from the organic landfill waste were calculated for base- case and mitigated scenarios. This measure assumes that 40% of residential households will divert 80% of food scrap and compostable paper waste from landfills by 2020, and that 10% of commercial businesses with divert 20% through participation in the City's existing food scrap and compostables collection service. The measure further assumes that 85% of residential and commercial landscape waste is diverted from the solid waste stream, either through on-site composting/mulching or disposal in green waste bins. This measure would apply to GHG emissions associated with new waste generated and would not apply to waste in place disposed prior to CAP implementation. Further, these calculations are based on the assumption that the landfill(s) accepting the City's waste have a methane capture system in place with a 75% efficiency rate. The City's waste inventory was developed using community-wide waste disposal data collected from CalRecycle for the years 1995-2011. These historical disposal rates (i.e., waste tons disposed per population) were projected to 2020 and 2035 using estimated population growth rates, and backcast to 1950 using historic census data. The 2008 State Waste Characterization Study was used to estimate the volume of community-wide waste by various waste categories (e.g., lumber, food scraps, grass). It was assumed that the City's waste composition is comparable to that of the statewide average (as represented in the State Waste Characterization Study). This created the community-wide baseline solid waste emissions profile, against which solid waste diversion measures were calculated. B-32 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The community-wide total 2020 estimated tonnage was then multiplied by the proportional share of each appropriate waste category in the State's waste characterization study, and multiplied by the measure's participation rates to determine the total solid waste to be diverted from implementation of this measure. The IPCC's first-order decay methodology was then applied to calculate the total GHG emissions associated with that volume of waste to determine the measure's GHG reduction. C-SW-3 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE DIVERSION PROGRAM This measure assumes community-wide compliance with the City's Green Building Ordinance requirement for 60% of construction and demolition (C&D) waste to be diverted from landfills. An inventory of the community's organic waste was created using Cal Recycle waste volume and characterization data. Using the first-order decay methodology from the 2006 IPCC guidelines, fugitive methane emissions from the organic landfill waste were calculated for base- case and mitigated scenarios. This measure assumes that all new construction and applicable retrofit projects will divert 60% of their generated C&D waste from landfills by 2020. This measure would apply to GHG emissions associated with new waste generated and would not apply to waste in place disposed prior to CAP implementation. The community's waste inventory was developed using community-wide waste disposal data collected from CalRecycle for the years 1995-2011. These historical disposal rates (i.e., waste tons disposed per population) were projected to 2020 and 2035 using estimated population growth rates. The 2008 State Waste Characterization Study was used to estimate the volume of community-wide waste by various waste categories (e.g., lumber, food scraps, grass). It was assumed that the community's waste composition is comparable to that of the statewide average (as represented in the State Waste Characterization Study). The community-wide total 2020 estimated tonnage was then multiplied by the proportional share of each appropriate waste category in the state's waste characterization study, and multiplied by the measure's participation rates to determine the total solid waste to be diverted from implementation of this measure. The IPCC's first-order decay methodology was then applied to calculate the total GHG emissions associated with that volume of waste to determine the measure's GHG reduction. C-G-1 URBAN FOREST PROGRAM This measure estimates reductions associated with the carbon sequestration potential of new trees planted as part of City landscaping requirements and development agreements. The calculations are based on extrapolating the carbon potential of a typical tree planting palette. The measure assumes that the nearly 2,400 net new trees described in the Apple 2 Campus project EIR will be planted by 2020, in addition to 100 net new trees planted community-wide. Trees planted to achieve implementation of this Urban Forest Program measure might be found in decorative landscaping, new City street planting strips, or parks and recreation areas. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-33 A sample plant palette was created, including Camphor, Modesto Ash, Sweetgum, Roble Negro, Turkish Pine, Bolander Beach Pine, London Planetree, and Common Crape Myrtle. There are myriad tree palette options, and the tree types included in this measure's calculations may not correlate exactly with those selected for planting in the community. Carbon sequestration rates specific to the species and age of the sample plant palette were collected from the Center for Urban Forest Research (CUFR) Tree Carbon Calculator and used to calculate the annual sequestration potential of the trees from 2015 — 2020. For purposes of the calculation it was assumed that an equal number of trees will be planted each year, though the exact number of trees planted per year may vary. M-F-1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PORTFOLIO This measure estimates the emissions reductions associated with the City purchasing its electricity from lower-emissions sources than currently provided through PG&E's portfolio. The measure assumes future development of a Community Choice Energy program, in which the City could participate, or municipal participation in PG&E's proposed Green Option program. The measure further assumes that the City would participate in the Green Option program level that provides 75% clean electricity. Alternatively, calculations for participation in the CCE assumed that electricity purchases would be 100% clean. Both scenario calculations used the City's estimated total kWh/yr based on the 2020 emissions forecast and subtracted the estimated electricity generation of solar PV systems described in M- F-2 to calculate the total remaining electricity the City would need to purchase. The Green Option scenario assumed that 75% of the remaining electricity need would be emissions-free, and used the baseline electricity emissions factor to calculate emissions avoided from implementation of this measure. The CCE scenario assumed that 100% of the remaining electricity need would be emissions-free. In the CAP, this measure is not included in the 2020 target achievement estimates. It is included in the 2050 target achievement scenario, and in that instance, reductions from the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) are omitted to avoid double counting emissions from these overlapping strategies. The table below shows the inputs used to calculate the 2020 reduction estimates for these two scenarios, which are described in the CAP for illustrative purposes only (as presented in the Measure M-F-1 text). Inputs Values 2020 Electricity-kWh/yr 5,086,069 2020 Solar PV Production-kWh/yr 818,390 Electricity Available for Measure-kWh/yr 4,267,679 B-34 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Green Option Scenario %Clean Electricity Purchased of City Total 75% Electricity Affected by Measure-kWh/yr 3,200,759 2020 BAU Emissions Factor—MT CO2e/kWh 0.000204 Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 651 CCE Scenario %Clean Electricity Purchased of City Total 100% Electricity Affected by Measure-kWh/yr 4,267,679 2020 BAU Emissions Factor—MT CO2e/kWh 0.000204 Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 870 M-F-2 RENEWABLE OR LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY GENERATION This measure assumes the installation of five solar PV systems by 2020 that the City has previously studied. The calculations use the findings from a City-commissioned solar feasibility analysis report. The report estimated the electricity generation potential of the five systems based on solar access, system size, and other applicable factors. The report concluded that approximately 820,000 kWhr/yr of emissions-free electricity could be generated following installation of the five systems. Reductions were calculated by multiplying the electricity generation potential by the mitigated 2020 electricity emissions factor show in Table B-6. Emissions reductions from this measure are presented in combination with reductions associated with the state's RPS, which is why the mitigated electricity emissions factor was used, instead of the baseline emissions factor. This allows reductions from both actions to be calculated and presented separately. Inputs Values 2020 Solar Electricity Generation -kWh/yr 818,390 2020 Mitigated Emissions Factor—MT 0.000132 CO2e/kW h Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 108 Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-35 M-F-3 ADVANCED ENERGY MANAGEMENT This measure estimates the emissions reductions resulting from implementation of an advanced building energy management program to identify building optimization opportunities in system maintenance and operational controls. The calculations were based on electricity and natural gas use per facility as identified in the supporting documents to the original baseline inventory. Each facility's total energy use was then multiplied by the end-use appliance and equipment ratios per the CEC's Commercial End Use Survey. The Survey provides information based on different land use types, so proxy land uses were selected to align with the different municipal facilities being analyzed, as follows: City Hall was analyzed as a Large Office, the Monta Vista Recreational Center and Quinlan Community Center were analyzed as Schools, the Corporation Yard was analyzed as an Unrefrigerated Warehouse, and the Engineering Department was analyzed as a Small Office. This established the baseline scenario for energy use by facility and end use. The following table shows the percentage of energy use attributed to each end use within each land use category. LargeEnergy End Use Office SchoolOffice Warehouse Electricity Air Compressors 0.36% 0.00% 0.28% 1.45% Cooking 0.36% 2.44% 0.26% 0.49% Cooling 19.54% 10.37% 17.71% 3.03% Exterior Lighting 2.43% 7.89% 4.41% 12.49% Heating 2.59% 2.50% 1.80% 1.25% Interior Lighting 18.76% 40.39% 24.61% 51.68% Miscellaneous 3.85% 4.25% 4.77% 6.68% Motors 1.87% 0.92% 0.22% 4.26% Office Equipment 27.16% 5.77% 31.47% 5.07% Process 0.00% 0.00% 0.06% 0.00% Refrigeration 2.15% 6.00% 2.17% 7.28% Ventilation 20.22% 19.07% 10.86% 5.14% Water Heating 0.70% 0.42% 1.38% 1.18% Natural Gas Air Compressors 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Cooking 0.33% 4.05% 0.22% 0.00% Cooling 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Exterior Lighting 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Heating 85.11% 79.63% 95.06% 91.54% Interior Lighting 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Miscellaneous 0.00% 0.05% 0.00% 1.61% Motors 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Office Equipment 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Process 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Refrigeration 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Ventilation 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Water Heating 14.56% 16.27% 4.72% 6.84% B-36 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 The mitigated scenario was developed by applying energy savings to the baseline scenario. Energy savings potential was based on information from First Fuel, a building-energy analytics company that specializes in identifying low- or no-cost building energy optimization improvements. The following end use savings were used to calculate total reductions from implementation of this measure. Air Compressors— 10% savings (kWh) Cooling —20% savings (kWh) Exterior Lighting —25% savings (kWh) Heating — 20% savings (therms) Interior Lighting — 25% savings (kWh) Equipment Motors— 20% savings (kWh) Office Equipment—20% savings (kWh) Process Electricity— 10% savings (kWh) Refrigeration — 10% savings (kWh) Ventilation — 20% savings (kWh) Water Heating — 10% savings (kWh) M-F-4 EXISTING BUILDING ENERGY RETROFIT This measure estimates the emissions reductions resulting from implementation of building lighting retrofits and plug load efficiency programs identified in the City's detailed energy audit. This audit provided estimates for electricity use reductions totaling approximately 313,000 kWh/yr following implementation of these opportunities. These savings were multiplied by the mitigated electricity emissions factor presented in Table B-6. Inputs Values Building Lighting Retrofits Electricity Savings per year-kWh/yr 254,272 2020 Mitigated Emissions Factor—MT 0.000132 CO2e/kW h Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 34 Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-37 Plug Load Efficiency Electricity Savings per year-kWh/yr 59,130 2020 Mitigated Emissions Factor—MT 0.000132 CO2e/kW h Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 8 M-F-6 PUBLIC REALM LIGHTING EFFICIENCY This measure estimates the reduction in electricity-related emissions resulting from installation of high-efficiency street light bulbs. As part of an energy performance contract, the City upgraded 99% of the City-owned streetlights, resulting in savings of approximately 872,000 kWh/yr. In addition to street lights, the City-commissioned detailed energy audit identified opportunities to retrofit lighting at City parks, particularly in parking lots and along pathways. The energy audit estimated an electricity savings potential of approximately 75,000 kWh/yr following implementation of these upgrades. The table below shows the inputs used to calculate emissions reductions associated with this measure. As with most of the other energy measures, these calculations use the mitigated 2020 electricity emissions factor shown in Table B-6. Inputs Values Street Light Retrofits Electricity Savings per year-kWh/yr 871,860 2020 Mitigated Emissions Factor—MT 0.000132 CO2e/kW h Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 115 Parking Lot/Park Facility Light Retrofits Electricity Savings per year-kWh/yr 74,898 2020 Mitigated Emissions Factor—MT 0.000132 CO2e/kW h Measure Reductions—MT CO2e/yr 10 B-38 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 M-F-7 LANDSCAPE WATER CONSERVATION This measure estimates the reductions associated with water conservation resulting from the City's implementation of climate-sensitive irrigation controllers in 2011 through its energy performance contract. Based on the City's detailed energy audit, this program saves approximately 19 million gallons of water each year. The detailed energy audit also cites a 2008 baseline water use of 137 million gallons per year, so the irrigation efficiency savings provided a savings of approximately 14% over baseline levels. Due to the complexities inherent in modeling emissions associated with potable water use and water conservation, this CAP used a top-down reduction estimate to determine 2020 emissions reductions from this measure. The CAP forecasts estimate water-related emissions in 2020 of 7 MT CO2e/yr. Since this measure has resulted in water savings of 14% over baseline levels, the CAP calculated 14% of the 2020 emissions value to determine the emissions reductions associated with this measure. The table below shows the inputs used to calculate reductions from this measure. Inputs Values Water Savings from Irrigation Retrofit Program 19 —million gallons/year 2008 Baseline Municipal Water Use—million 138 gallons/year Water Savings Achievement 14% 2020 Water Sector Emissions- MT COZe/yr 7 Measure Reductions—MT COZe/yr 1 M-VF-1 LOW EMISSION AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES This measure estimates reductions associated with transitioning the municipal fleet towards alternative fuel vehicles. The measure is based on the City's desire to comply with the Bay Area Climate Compact's goal to achieve vehicle fleets in which zero- or low-emissions vehicles make up 25% of the total fleet by 2018. Since the CAP's near-term target year is 2020, this measure extended the goal to transition 28% of the municipal fleet by 2020. Approximately 90 vehicles comprise the City's baseline vehicle fleet, including 5 hybrid electric vehicles. To achieve the 28% target, the City would need 25 vehicles in its fleet to be zero- or low-emissions vehicles, which means 21 additional vehicles would need to be transitioned by 2020. The City's fleet inventory tracks vehicles by age, make and model, fuel type and annual consumption, and annual mileage. This information was used to identify which vehicles could potentially be replaced by 2020 with a hybrid or low-emissions option. As with the energy measure calculations, a baseline and mitigated scenario were developed, with the difference Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-39 between the two representing the emissions reductions that would result following implementation of this measure. The baseline scenario assumed that annual fuel use and mileage per vehicle would remain constant through 2020. The mitigated scenario assumed certain vehicles would be replaced with hybrid or other low-emissions options, and those new vehicles would have the same annual mileage as their baseline scenario counterparts. This mileage was then converted into annual fuel use assuming greater mileage efficiency in the mitigated scenario vehicles. The measure assumed conversions of passenger vehicles, light- duty trucks, and heavy-duty trucks to low-emissions options. The mitigated scenario assumes passenger vehicles are replaced with a Ford Escape hybrid or comparable vehicle, light-duty trucks are replaced with a Ford plug-in hybrid electric CMAX or comparable vehicles, and that heavy-duty vehicles are replaced with a GMC Sierra 3500 or comparable efficiency vehicle. The following table identifies the 21 additional fleet vehicles estimated for conversion in this measure. The vehicles are presented as pairs with the baseline vehicle on top in gray and the corresponding mitigated vehicle option below. The table identifies the fuel use per year for each vehicle and scenario, along with miles per gallon (MGP) and mileage per year. Vehicles GallonsNear MPG MileageNear Chevy C20 384 11 4,219 Pickup Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 66 32 4,219 1990 Chevy 2500 774 11 8,513 Pickup Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 133 32 8,513 1997 Ford RGRXLS 637 15 9,552 Ford Escape Hybrid 149 32 9,552 1998 GMC 3500 483 5 2,415 Pickup Truck GMC Sierra 3500 134 18 2,415 1998 GMC 3500 760 5 3,800 Pickup Truck GMC Sierra 3500 211 18 3,800 2000 Ford Ranger Mini 251 21 5,270 Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 82 32 5,270 1995 Ford Ranger Mini 303 20 6,054 Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 95 32 6,054 1997 Ford Aerostar 72 17 1,232 Minivan Ford Escape Hybrid 19 32 1,232 B-40 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 1999 Ford Taurus 141 21 2,959 PHEV CMAX 34 43 2,959 1996 Ford Aerostar 162 18 2,923 Mini Cargo Ford Escape Hybrid 46 32 2,923 1996 GMC 3500 556 12 6,675 Pickup Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 104 32 6,675 1998 Ford E250 Cargo 488 15 7,326 Van Ford Escape Hybrid 114 32 7,326 1995 Ford Ranger 224 21 4,706 Ford Escape Hybrid 74 32 4,706 2003 Ford Crown 373 18 6,707 Victoria PHEV CMAX 78 43 6,707 1999 Ford Crown 263 18 4,726 Victoria PHEV CMAX 55 43 4,726 2005 Ford Crown 392 19 7,457 Victoria PHEV CMAX 87 43 7,457 2008 Ford Crown 230 19 4,361 Victoria PHEV CMAX 51 43 4,361 1995 Ford Aerostar 282 18 5,073 Mini Van PHEV CMAX 59 43 5,073 1998 Ford Ranger Mini 441 21 9,259 Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 145 32 9,259 1998 Ford Ranger Mini 262 21 5,512 Truck Ford Escape Hybrid 86 32 5,512 1998 Dodge Dakota 521 16 8,336 Mini Truck PHEV CMAX 97 43 8,336 Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-41 Summation Gallons/Year Mileage/Year Baseline Scenario Total 7,999 117,074 Mitigated Scenario 1,919 117,074 Total Difference 6,080 - The fuel savings were converted to emissions reductions using the vehicle fuel emissions factors in the following table. CO2 N20 CH4 Gasoline emissions 8,565 0.07 0.06 Diesel emissions 10,007 0.05 0.04 Source:CCAR's General Reporting Protocol version 3.1 In addition to these fuel emissions factors, the hybrid vehicle replacements were conservatively assumed to achieve 50% of their mileage needs from their electric battery systems, with the remaining 50% to be powered by gasoline internal combustion engines. Emissions related to re- charging the hybrid vehicles were included in the calculations and assumed to use the mitigated scenario electricity emissions factor shown in Table B-6. M-VF-3 BEHAVIOR/ FUEL CONSERVATION This measure estimates the reductions associated with implementation of a vehicle fleet telematics program that would support fuel-efficient driving practices, regular vehicle maintenance, and reduced vehicle miles traveled through GPS-based vehicle route optimization. The calculations assume implementation of M-VF-1 described above in calculating the total amount of remaining gasoline fuel use that could be affected by this measure. If Measure M-VF-1 were not implemented, then reductions associated with this measure would be greater due to the larger amount of gasoline fuel use. As in Measure M-VF-1 described above, this measure calculated a baseline scenario for 2020 vehicle fuel use, incorporating the vehicle replacements presented above. This resulted in a total baseline use of approximately 20,700 gallons of gasoline. The calculations for this measure assume a 10% reduction in fleet gasoline-vehicle fuel use following measure implementation. This would result in a fuel use reduction of approximately 2,070 gallons of gasoline in 2020. The table below shows the fuel emissions factors (based on those shown in Measure M-VF-1 above) applied to the estimated fuel reduction to calculate the total emissions reductions resulting from this measure. B-42 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 CO2 N20 CH4 Gasoline 17,734,079 2,813 2,492 Metric Tons' 17.73 0.0028 0.0025 GWP 2 1 298 25 MT CO2e 18 0.8 0.1 See previous table for fuel emissions factors 2 Source(GWP-100-yr):httD://www.iDcc.ch/Dublications and data/ar4/wa1/en/ch2s2-10-2.html SOLID WASTE MEASURES Based on the original baseline municipal operations inventory, the City disposed of 376 tons of municipal solid waste in 2010. Per the methodology used to prepare the municipal baseline inventory, the total tonnage of disposed waste was split into waste types, with the waste characterization data provided by the CIWMB 1999 Waste Characterization Study. Waste categories from the report were then bundled to fit the waste categories of the CACP software used to develop the solid waste baseline emissions inventory. The following waste characterization rates were used in this calculation. Paper Products Food Waste Plant Debris Wood/Textile All Other Waste 39.4% 9.8% 17.0% 6.7% 27.1% Source:CIWMB 1999 Waste Characterization Study--Public Administration Group: httD://www.ciwmb.ca.aov/WasteChar/BizGrDCD.asD The total disposed solid waste was then organized into these waste categories. It was assumed that the All Other Waste category included non-organic waste materials that would not decompose within the landfill to produce methane emissions. The other four categories were then totaled and used to calculate new ratios of the emissions contribution from each category. These new ratios were multiplied by the 2020 solid waste emissions forecast value (i.e., 99 MT CO2e/yr) to estimate the future emissions contribution by waste type so that reduction measures could be applied to individual waste types, as shown in the table below. Paper Food Plant All Other Total Products Waste Debris Wood/Textile Waste Tons 148 37 64 25 102 376 Tons—Organic Waste 148 37 64 25 - 274 Organics Ratio 54% 13% 23% 9% - 100% Share of 2020 Emissions 54 13 23 9 - 99 (MT CO2e/yr) Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-43 It should be noted that this calculation assumes that the methane-generating potential of these four waste categories are the same. Specific emissions factors by material type from the EPA's WARM model were considered for use in this calculation. However, as specified on the WARM website, those factors are for use in lifecycle emissions analysis, and are not appropriate for emissions inventory analysis. While these four waste types may produce methane at varying rates, no one emissions factor can be applied to easily calculate the reductions from the CAP's measures with a high-level of accuracy. Therefore, these calculations were prepared to ensure that total emissions reductions from the solid waste measures were not greater than the total emissions forecast for the sector, in order keep reduction estimates within the realm of feasibility. The measure could have alternatively been quantified to assume that 80% of organic waste materials are diverted from landfills by 2020 (as described in Measure M-SW-1 Action 1), to achieve the same total amount of reductions as shown in these individual measures, without the specificity of where the reductions would come from. While solid waste emissions reductions are highly complicated to estimate (as opposed to energy reductions, which rely upon on simple emissions factors), reductions from this sector also represent a relatively small proportion of total municipal reductions estimated from this CAP (i.e., 12% in 2020). Even if no solid waste management strategies were pursued, the City could still achieve its 2020 reduction target through energy- and transportation-sector measures. Additionally, solid waste emissions are counted as a Scope 3 emissions source in the LGOP emissions inventory guidance, acknowledging that the City has limited ability to influence reductions from this source since the City lacks financial or operational control over the landfills in which municipal solid waste is disposed. Scope 3 emissions can be voluntarily reported, but are understood to be based upon less accurate or specific data as Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions sources, which also contributes to the lower level of accuracy in their associated emissions reduction calculations. The following three solid waste measures are each based on the same methodology and input table presented above. M-SW-1 Waste Reduction This measure estimates the reductions associated with removing paper and paper-products from the municipal waste stream through a paperless office policy and other waste reducing and diverting programs. The calculations assume that implementation of this measure could result in an 80% reduction in paper waste from the solid waste stream. Per the solid waste emissions table presented in the introduction to the municipal solid waste measures, it was assumed that 80% of the emissions attributed to the Paper Products category could be offset by 2020, as shown below. As described in the CAP's municipal solid waste discussion section, future municipal waste characterization surveys will be the best method to monitor successful implementation of this measure. B-44 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft I December 2014 Paper Food Plant All Other Total Products Waste Debris Wood/Textile Waste Share of 2020 Emissions 54 13 23 9 - 99 (MT CO2e/yr) Diversion Rate 80% - - - - - Reductions(MT CO2e/yr) 43 - - - - 43 M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion This measure estimates reductions associated with continued implementation of the City's organics collection program, including expansion to municipal facilities that currently lack food scrap collection bins. It also assumes continued implementation of green waste management practices in City parks, medians, and other landscapes, such that the majority of green waste is composted on-site, mulched by lawnmowers, or otherwise diverted from the solid waste stream. Per the solid waste emissions table presented in the introduction to the municipal solid waste measures, it was assumed that 90% of the emissions attributed to the Food Waste and Plant Debris categories could be offset by 2020, as shown below. As described in the CAP's municipal solid waste discussion section, future municipal waste characterization surveys will be the best method to monitor successful implementation of this measure. Paper Food Plant All Other Total Products Waste Debris Wood/Textile Waste Share of 2020 Emissions 54 13 23 9 - 99 (MT CO2e/yr) Diversion Rate - 90% 90% - - - Reductions(MT CO2e/yr) - 12 21 - - 33 M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion This measure estimates reductions associated with implementation of the City's Green Building Ordinance, which requires diversion of 60% of construction and demolition waste from applicable new construction and renovation projects, including municipal projects. Per the solid waste emissions table presented in the introduction to the municipal solid waste measures, it was assumed that 60% of the emissions attributed to the Wood/Textile category could be offset by 2020, as shown below. As described in the CAP's municipal solid waste discussion section, future municipal waste characterization surveys will be the best method to monitor successful implementation of this measure. Appendix B—GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology B-45 Paper Food Plant All Other Total Products Waste Debris Wood/Textile Waste Share of 2020 Emissions 54 13 23 9 - 99 (MT CO2e/yr) Diversion Rate - - - 60% - - Reductions(MT CO2e/yr) - - - 5 - 5 B-46 City of Cupertino CAP I Public Review Draft December 2014 CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN ' ' ENDIXC— Implementation Trackin • Framework .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ This document will be made available at the January 20th, 2015 Cupertino City Council Meeting . City of Cupertino CAP I Appendix I January 2015 CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN APPENDIX D— Climate Action • Best Management .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ As described in the CAP, reduction strategies were developed as part of a regional effort among other Santa Clara County participating jurisdictions. The strategy development process began with a review of best management practices (BMP) in emissions reductions from other jurisdictions within California and around the world. These BMPs were then compared against existing or planned City actions, policies, and programs to identify opportunities for expansion of existing City actions as well as opportunities for new action. The following table shows the BMP list used to initiate the strategy development process. The table is organized into community-wide and municipal operations strategy areas (e.g., Energy, Transportation), and then further into sub-strategy areas. The BMPs are presented in the left hand column as "Measures". The next four columns indicate if a particular BMP was determined to be "Existing" within the City, "Planned" for future implementation, or an opportunity to "Expand" existing City actions or develop "New" actions. The right hand column then presents notes describing the City's existing and planned BMPs. Those BMPs for which none of the four columns are marked indicate strategies that have not yet been implemented within the City and were not considered priority opportunities at this time. Some of the BMP strategies or sub-strategies do not apply to the Cupertino context (e.g., Airport Ground Operations), but are included in the table because this work was prepared as part of the previously-mentioned regional framework and was designed to be broadly applicable to a variety of jurisdictions within Santa Clara County. This table provides a snapshot of the initial strategy development process, and represents the first filter of potential opportunities for the City's CAP. Additional meetings with City staff and community engagement sessions resulted in the refined list of final opportunities presented in Chapters 3 and 4 of the CAP. Appendix D—Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-1 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INCITES 1 RATIONALE COMMUNITY-WIDE BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ENERGY E-1 Consumer Behavioral Economics Program A Comparative Use Billing X I (Existing:Through PG&E online billing statements. B Sub-Metering Requirements for MFR and Commercial Units X E-2 Retrofit Financing A Property Assessed Clean Energy(PACE) Planned:Council in support of City joining SCC program development. B On-Bill Financing(PG&E) X Existing:Through PG&E;significant marketing/outreach through PG&E and Green Biz. C Revolving Loan Fund for Energy Efficiency Improvements D Retrofit Rebate Programs X I Existing:Through PG&E;significant marketing/outreach through PG&E and Green Biz. E Weatherization Assistance Programs X I Existing:Through Energy Upgrade SV,Green@Home,and Rebuilding Together Silicon Valley. F Energy Service Company(ESCO) Promotion I Energy Performance Contracting E-3 Retrofit Promotion A Energy Efficiency Audit Programs Existing:Through Energy Upgrade SV,Green@Home, X Rebuilding Together SV,and GreenBiz. B Retrofit Outreach Campaign Existing:Through Energy Upgrade SV,Green@Home, X Rebuilding Together SV,and GreenBiz. E-4 Retrofit Related Regulations A Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance(RECO)(Point of Sale) B Commercial Energy Conservation Ordinance(CECO)(Point of Sale or Point of Lease) C Point-of-Sale Home Energy Rating I Energy Performance Certificates(SFR) D Point-of-Sale Benchmarking and Reporting I Energy Performance Certificates(COM and MFR) E Annual Benchmarking and Disclosure X F Mandatory Retro-Commissioning(Annual or Biannual) D-2 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES 1 RATIONALE E-5 Lighting Efficiency A Building Owner/Tenant Lighting EfficiencyI Existing:Green Biz strong focus on lighting efficiency. Outreach Campaign B Mandatory Non-Residential Lighting Upgrades(Point-of-Sale or Tenant Improvement) C Parking Lot Light Retrofit Ordinance X E-6 Energy Efficient Appliances A Appliance Efficiency Outreach CampaignExisting:Through Energy Upgrade SV,Green@Home, X Rebuilding Together SV,and GreenBiz. B Mandatory ENERGY STAR(Major Appliances) E-7 Energy Efficient New Construction A Energy Efficiency Performance Standard X I Existing:City adopted a Green Building Ordinance. Above Code B Energy Efficiency Rating System for New �I Existing:City has Green Building Ordinance. Buildings ■ x� C Reduced Permitting Fees for Energy Planned:General Plan policy to offer reduced permit fees for Efficient Construction projects that exceed Title 24 as an energy efficiency incentive. D Individual Unit Temperature Controls in MFR Buildings E Mandatory Commissioning in New Buildings EX: E-8 Smart Grid Integration A Building Owner/Tenant Smart Grid Outreach Campaign(Energy X Management Systems) E-9 Building Shade Trees A Building Shade Tree Outreach Campaign Existing:City has deep urban street trees program that includes shade trees-goal to plant 1600 trees in 3 years. X Also certified as a Tree City USA. City offers free shade trees to residents that complete an energy audit or businesses that complete GreenBiz. B Shade Tree Requirement for New Construction Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-3 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW (NOTES/RATIONALE E-10 Communitywide Solar Photovoltaic Development A Streamlined(or Eliminated)Distributed Existing:City's permit process is simple and very efficient; Solar Permitting X fees are listed online and permit will be online in June. B Renewable Energy Outreach Campaigns Existing:Through Energy Upgrade SV,Green@Home, (PV,Solar Hot Water,Ground-Source X Rebuilding Together SV,and GreenBiz. Heat Pumps) C Solar Service Provider PPA Promotion X D Community Shared Solar Promotion X E Solar Empowerment Zones X E-11 Other Communitywide Renewable Energy Development A Heat Pump Assistance/Coordination X I Existing:Through Energy Upgrade,Rebuilding Together SV Pand GreenBiz. B Public Right-of-Way Ground Source Heat Pump Fields(Urban Density Areas) X E-12 Communitv Choice Aggregation A Community Choice Aggregation Feasibility Study LA TRANSPORTATION T-1 Pedestrian Environment Enhancements A Traffic Calming X Existing:City has installed traffic calming projects. B Pedestrian Master Plan Existing:City adopted a Pedestrian Transportation Plan in 2002. Expand:Existing Pedestrian Transportation Plan is over 10 X X years old;should be updated to reflect existing conditions, community priorities,and new improvement opportunity areas. C Complete Streets Existing:City has requirements for sidewalk construction with X redevelopments;some areas include aesthetic pavers and landscape strips. T-2 Bicycle Infrastructure Expansion(Paths,Lanes,Routes) A Planned Bicycle Infrastructure Existing:Designated Bicycle Friendly Community(Silver); Expansions X Bicycle Master Plan defines routes,paths,bike lanes to be implemented over time. B Bicycle Master Plan X I Existing:City adopted a Bicycle Transportation Plan in 2011. D-4 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW NOTES/RATIONALE T-3 Bicyclist Accommodations A Bike Parking Existing:Require commercial offices to designate certain X percentage of parking for bicycles. B Bike Commute Facility Requirements for X I Existing:Part of Green Building Ordinance. New Construction C Bike Access to Transit X I Existing:Bicycle connectivity to transit through streets,which all have bike lanes. D Bikes on Transit X Existing:VTA Program T-44 Bicycle Outreach Program A Bike Safety Education Program X I Existing:Through Public Safety Commission Boltage Agreement. B Local Bike Routes Map/Signage X I Existing:City prepared Cupertino Bikeways Map. C Bicycle Advisory Committee and/or Bike Existing:City has a Bicycle Pedestrian Commission and Program Manager City's bike fleet.Traffic Engineer manages all other bike/ped X projects. Designated Bicycle Friendly Community. T-5 Bikeshare A Bikeshare Program Existing:City bike fleet for employees;encourage large employers in offering bikes to employees(fairly successful). X X Planned:Would expand to Community-wide if funding was available. T-6 Transportation Demand Management A Transportation Demand Management Program X B Transit Fare Subsidies C Parking Cash Out X D Carpool/Rideshare Program Existing:State law with implementation supported by X BAAQMD.City is developing for municipal employees. E Telecommuting/Flexible Hours X I Existing:Offers 9/80 schedule. F Guaranteed Ride Home I X G Park and Ride Facilities X Existing:VTA facilities. H Safe Routes to School/SchoolExisting/Planned:Cupertino School District has received Rideshare Programs X X funds in past and continues to apply. T-7 Transit Route Expansion A Community Bus I Shuttle X Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-5 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW (NOTES/RATIONALE T-8 Transit Priority A Transit Signal Priority Planned:Currently in development along Stevens Creek Blvd Expand:Increases speed and convenience of bus transit on X X congested corridors.Expand to all buses on such corridors. B Transit Intersection Queue JumpersExpand:Increases speed and convenience of bus transit on X congested corridors.Expand to such corridors. T-9 Transit Ridership Facilitation A Transit Stop AmenitiesExisting/Planned:Considering requirement for developers to X X install bus shelters and walking/transit amenities. T-10 ITS Strategies A Traffic Signal Coordination Existing:StreetWise used city-wide;will be expanded in the future. X X Planned:Member of the SV ITS Group for future shared traffic data and cross-jurisdictional traffic signal coordination. T-11 Transit-Oriented Development A Transit-Oriented Development Land Use and Zoning Designations X B Transit-Oriented Development Design Guidelines X C High Speed Rail Station Planning T-12 Mixed-Use DevelQpment A Mixed-Use Land Use and ZoningX X I Existing/Planned:General Plan and Zoning supports mixed- Designations use. T-13 Alternative Fuel Vehicles A Public Electric Charging InfrastructureExisting:Stations at City Hall. X X Expand:Reduces participation barrier to electric vehicle ownership/use by reducing range anxiety. B Charging Infrastructure Permit Existing:Easy to get an EV permit;fees listed online, Streamlining(Residential and X application will be available online by June. Commercial) C Charging Pre-wiring Requirements for New Residential Construction(SFR and X MFR) D CNG Fueling Station Promotion/Pilot Program X D-6 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES/RATIONALE WATER W-1 Consumer/Behavior Pricing Programs A Water Metering X I Existing:Water meters required for all residential and commercial customers. B Tiered-Rate Pricing X I Existing:Tiered-rate water pricing for residential and commercial customers. C Consumer Education Billing ProgramExpand:Done through GreenBiz,but with little support from (e.g.,comparative use indicators on X water companies to access this data. water bills) W-2 New Construction Water Efficiency Performance Program A Mandatory Water Efficiency Performance�I I I (Existing:Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance;Green Standard Above Code X Building Ordinance. W-3 Existing Building Water Efficiency Program A Indoor Water Efficiency Outreach Existing/Planned:Ongoing to support UWMP 2010 Campaigns X X conservation programs;also through GreenBiz,Green@Home and Growing Greener Blocks. B Water Efficiency/Leakage Audit Existing/Planned:Ongoing to support UWMP 2010 Programs X X conservation programs;also through GreenBiz,Green@Home and Growing Greener Blocks. C Water Conservation Ordinance(point-of- I X sale or tenant improvement) D Rebate Programs X X I Existing/Planned:Promotes rebates offered through SCVWD E Efficiency Fixture Fitting Direct Install I Existing:Through GreenBiz,Green@Home,and Rebuilding (Commercial and Residential) X Together SV. W-4 New Landscapes Water Efficiency Performance Program A Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance X X I Existing/Planned:Ordinance effective as of 2010. B Mandatory Irrigation System Efficiency X X I Existing/Planned:Through ordinance effective as of 2010. Requirements C Landscape Watering Limits I X Existing:City enforces limits during drought periods(3 days/week);interested in expanding. W-5 Existing Landscapes Water Efficiency Program A Landscape Retrofit Outreach Campaigns X I Existing:Through GreenBiz,Green@Home and Growing Greener Blocks programs. B Irrigation Efficiency Direct Install Program X I Existing:Through GreenBiz,Green@Home and Growing Greener Blocks programs. C Lawn Conversion Cash Incentive X I Existing:Through SCVWD. Program D Irrigation Efficiency Incentives X I Existing:Through SCVWD. E Landscape Watering Limits(time of day, X I Existing:Through ordinance effective as of 2010. days per week) F Water Efficient Landscape and Irrigation X I Existing:Through ordinance effective as of 2010. System Ordinance for Large Retrofits G Rainwater Collection Barrel Subsidy X I Existing/Planned:Through Green@Home and Growing Greener Blocks programs. H Graywater Development Guidelines and I X Technical Support Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-7 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES 1 RATIONALE W-6 Recycled Water Irrigation Program A Recycled Water Infrastructure Development Program X B Recycled Water Infrastructure Requirements for New Construction X C Recycled Water Use Ordinance X SOLID WASTE SW-1 Zero Waste Goal A Zero Waste Plan I I I X I I Expand:Part of Franchise agreement with Recology. SW-2 Consumer 1 Behavior Pricing Programs A Tiered-Rate Waste Collection Fee Program SW-3 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion A Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Existing/Planned:accepted in Yard Waste Bins through Collection Program Recology. Expand:Participation in existing food scrap diversion program should be maximized (Morgan Hill has a successful model); X X X perform residential waste audits to determine current participation rates and develop outreach program to improve upon audit findings. B Residential Food Scrap and Compostable Existing:City has ordinance. Paper Diversion Ordinance X C Commercial Food Scrap and Existing:City has ordinance. Compostable Paper Diversion Ordinance X D Outreach Campaign to Encourage Food Existing/Planned:Promoted through Cupertino Scene, Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion X X Recology Newsletter and Event Tabling. E Outreach Campaign to Encourage Home X X Exist!nglPlanned:Promoted through GreenBiz program. I Business On-Site Composting SW-4 Yard Waste Diversion A Yard Waste Diversion OutreachExistinglPlanned:Promoted through Cupertino Scene, Campaign X X Recology Newsletter and Event Tabling. B Residential Yard Waste Diversion Ordinance C Commercial Yard Waste Diversion Ordinance SW-5 Construction&Demolition Waste Diversion Program A Outreach Campaign to Building Industry X X ExistinglPlanned:Promoted through Recology. B Construction&Demolition Waste Existing:C&D policy in place;City would like to expand on Diversion Ordinance(with specific lumber X lumber diversion requirements. diversion requirements) D-8 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE EXISTING PLANNED EXPAND NEW (NOTES/RATIONALE SW-6 Recycling Program A Curbside Recycling Collection Program X X Existing/Planned:Included in cost of garbage removal. B Local Recycling Collection Centers Existing/Planned:Quarterly Environmental Recycling Day; Apple Computer Electronics Recycling Centers,Bottle X X Collection/Redemption Centers,Donation Agencies,Reuse-A- Shoe Drop Off Locations,Cartridge World,etc. A Comingled Waste Collection Program X X Existing/Planned:Recyclables are comingled. ("one bin"concept) B Recycling Outreach CampaignsExistinglPlanned:Promoted through Cupertino Scene, X X Recology Newsletter and Event Tabling. C Residential Recycling Ordinance X I Expand:Service offered but not mandated. D Commercial Recycling Ordinance X Expand:Service offered but not mandated. E Multi-family Recycling Ordinance X I Expand:Service offered but not mandated. F Free-Cycle and Re-Use Networks SW-7 Source Reduction Program A Voluntary Waste Reduction Audits for X X Existing/Planned:Through GreenBiz program. Large Waste Generators B Reusable Shopping Bag Ordinance X I Existing:Adopted with implemented scheduled for October. C Compostable Carry-Out Container andX Planned:Moving forward with EIR. Disposable Utensil Ordinance SW-8 Waste Hauling Emissions Reduction Program A Low-Emission Waste and Recycling Existing:Much of Recology's fleet runs on biodiesel,liquefied Trucks X natural gas,and compressed natural gas. B Waste Hauling Route Optimization X X Existing:Recology uses fully-automated trucks to increase route efficiency. SW-9 Landfill Methane Capture A Methane Capture System Existing:ClimateSmartTM Program Recology captures and destroys methane at its California landfills;Some captured gas is sold to PG&E. Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-9 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES I RATIONALE GREENINFRASTRUCTURE G-1 Urban Forest Proqram A Urban Forest Master Plan Existing/Planned:tree specifications included in Heart of the X X City Master Plan;conceptual plans have streetscape design concepts. B Tree Planting Campaign X X Existing/Planned:City is designated Tree City USA. C Tree Planting Incentives X X Existing/Planned:City Tree4Free Program. D Mandatory Tree Planting Requirements Existing/Planned:Street Tree Ordinance(14.12)requires for New Development tree in front yard for all new 2-story homes. Expand:Shade tree benefits are maximized through proper X X X tree selection,siting,and planting/maintenance;include additional detail in Street Tree Ordinance to help developers/landscapers choose and site shade trees. G-2 Habitat Restoration Program A Landowner Outreach Campaign X X I Existing/Planned:Promoted through various programs. D-10 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES 1 RATIONALE MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FACILITIES F-1 Low-Carbon Grid Electricity A Utility-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio B Community Choice Aggregation C Utility-Scale Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation X F-2 Site-Scale Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation A Energy Bonds(CREBS and QECBS) B Solar PV Installations on City I County Planned:Part of the Alameda County PPA Buildings,Parking Lots,Land Expand: City should continue to seek opportunities for solar X X installations.Site scale PV systems can be installed by a City or solar service provider and assist emissions reduction goals. C Solar Thermal Installations on City I Planned:Being considered at Blackberry Farm Pool via County Facilities X SVEW partnership. D Ground Source Heat Pump E Fuel-Cell Installations F Biogas Capture/Combustion Managed by Recology(waste)and San Jose(WWTP). F-3 Existing Building Energy Retrofit A Energy Efficiency Fund X B Building Retrofit Standard(e.g.,LEED Planned:Per city's Green Building Standards Code Silver) amendments(Ordinance No.12-2099):LEED or LEED EBOM certification required for nonresidential additions or renovations over 35,000 sf X X Expand:City could consider defining desired outcome from LEED certification to help guide building design projects(e.g., focus on energy conservation or water conservation credits) C Building Energy Benchmarking D Municipal Building Energy Retrofit Targets/Policy(e.g.,Reduce Energy Use by XX%) Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-11 MEASURE EXISTING PLANNED EXPAND NEW NOTES 1 RATIONALE E Building Energy Audits X Existing:Major facilities have been evaluated through an ESCO energy audit. F Building Energy Audit Targets I Policy Existing 1 Planned I Expand:Program underway as part of (e.g.,#of Audits/yr,Audits Required X X X Silicon Valley Energy Watch and Right Lights Plus Every 5 yrs.) G Energy Service Companies(ESCO) X Existing:Major facilities have been evaluated through an ESCO energy audit. H Indoor Lighting Retrofits(e.g.,Ballast Existing:City completed indoor lighting retrofits for all Lighting,Exit Signs) X buildings. I Exterior Building Lighting Retrofits(e.g., X Existing:City completed exterior lighting retrofits for all Security Lighting) buildings. J Parking Garage Lighting Retrofits Not applicable K Advanced Lighting Controls I Monitoring Systems(e.g.,Automatic Dimmers) L Building Envelope Retrofits X M Building Systems Retrofits(e.g.,HVAC, Existing 1 Planned 1 Expand:Ongoing following ESCO audit; MEP) X X X also part of investment-grade audits. N Cool Roof Retrofits X 0 Green Roofs P Low-Flow Fixtures at Public Facilities Existing:City completed low-flow fixture retrofits for all public (e.g.,Pool Showers) X facilities. Q Low-Flow Toilets X Existing:City completed low-flow toilet retrofits for all buildings/facilities. F-4 New Building Energy Performance A Green Building Standard(with Specific Planned:Per city's Green Building Standards Code Energy Performance Requirement) amendments(Ordinance No.12-2099):LEED certification required for new nonresidential construction of 25,000-50,000 sf;LEED Silver required for new nonresidential construction greater than 50,000 sf; Expand:City interested in possibly expanding scope of Green X X Building Standards Code;could consider defining desired outcome from LEED certification to help guide building design projects(e.g.,focus on energy conservation or water conservation credits). B Passive Energy Design(e.g.,Solar Orientation) C Solar-Ready Construction D-12 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW (NOTES I RATIONALE F-5 Behavior 1 Conservation I Energy Management A Energy Efficient Procurement Policy Existing:Part of the Environmental Preferable Purchasing (e.g.,Requires Energy Star Appliances) X X Policy,2007. Expand:Policy update scheduled for 2013. B Energy Management Systems-Office Existing:Part of the Environmental Preferable Purchasing Equipment(e.g.,Monitors,Printers) X X Policy,2007. Expand:Policy update scheduled for 2013. C Consumption Data Collected per Facility Existing:City uses the ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager (e.g.,per park unit,not per meter in each X X 2012. park) Expand:City will switch to using HARA in 2013. D Commissioning and Retro- Commissioning Program X E Interdepartmental Conservation Competitions X F Employee Information/Education Existing:On-going email distribution,social media marketing, and written articles. X X Expand:Based on new measures/actions,identify ways to expand information distribution. F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency A Traffic Signal Efficiency Retrofits X Existing:Completed in 2005. B Street Light Efficiency Retrofits X Existing:Completed in 2011. C Solar Street Light Retrofits D Parking Lot Lighting Retrofits X X Existing 1 Planned:On-going as of 2009. E Park Facility Lighting Retrofits X X Existing I Planned:On-going as of 2009. F Public Realm Lighting Efficiency Standards X F-7 District Heating A District Energy System B District Energy Feasibility Study Program C District Energy Infrastructure Development Program F-8 Water System Energy Efficiency A Variable Frequency Drives at Pumping Stations B Water Treatment Plant Process Energy Optimization Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-13 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES I RATIONALE F-9 Landscape Water Conservation A Water Conservation Plan for Public Parks Planned:The City does not have a formal plan,but staff is trained to use watering schedules and water efficient irrigation equipment. X X Expand:City interested in best practices examples on this. Mountain View has an adopted Water Conservation Plan for City Properties and landscape water budgets for park units. B Climate Sensitive and Water Efficient Existing:Installed 111 hydro point evapotranspirative Irrigation Technology controllers in 2011. X X Expand:City will follow State's Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance. C Advanced Irrigation Training for Parks X I Existing:Training related to hydro point installation. Staff D Recycled Water UsePlanned:Recycled water from San Jose scheduled to reach X large commercial customers beginning 2013,and expand thereafter. E Green Grounds Policy(e.g.,Watering Schedules,Plant Selection) LA F-10 Airport Energy Efficiency Retrofits A Green Building Construction/Retrofit Standard B Lighting Fixture Retrofit VEHICLE FLEET V-1 Efficient Vehicles A Vehicle Fleet Plan(e.g.,Transition to Fuel Efficient Vehicles) B Fuel-Efficient Vehicle Procurement Policy C Fuel-Efficient Operational and Existing:City has maintenance policies in place. Maintenance Policies D Anti-Idling Policy Existing:City has anti-idling policy in place. X Expand:City would like to identify ways to strengthen existing policy. D-14 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW INOTES 1 RATIONALE V-2 Alternative Fuel Vehicles A Zero Emissions Municipal Fleet Target X B Vehicle Fleet Plan(e.g.,Transition to Alternative Fuel Vehicles) X C Alternative Fuel Vehicle Procurement Policy X D Bio-Fuel Production E CNG Fueling Stations X F Electric Vehicle Charging Stations X X I Existing 1 Planned:No nates provided G Fuel Cell Fueling Station V-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation A Fuel-Efficient Driver Training X B Route Optimization Existing:Used for Building Department inspections via neighborhood-based planning(using GIS mapping,or X X employee knowledge of locations). Expand:Could be expanded to other city departments. C Telematics D Municipal Bike Fleet E Car Share Program F Fuel Saving Recognition Program for Employees/Departments G Fleet Reduction Program(e.g.,Vehicle Sharing,Bicycle Police Patrols) V-4 Airport Ground Operations A Airport Ground Operations Vehicle Fuel Conversion V-5 Airplane Taxi Efficiency Improvements A Surface Airplane Congestion Reduction Program B Assisted Airplane Towing C Equipment Fuel Conversion Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-15 MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW NOTES/RATIONALE POWER GENERATION FACILITIE P-1 Generation Efficiency Improvements A Turbine Efficiency Improvements P-2 Combined Heat&Power A Co-Generation System P-3 Alternative Fuels A Biomass SOLID WASTE FACILITIES S-1 Waste Reduction A Green Procurement Specifications Existing:City has an Environmental Preferable Purchasing X X Policy. Expand:EPP Policy is being updated in 2013. B Zero-Waste Strategy Planned:City Council's 2008/2009 Work Plan prioritized creation of Zero Waste Policy. C Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals (e.g.,All City Operations or per Department) D Diversion Rate Tracking at Municipal Facilities E Hand-Sorted Waste Containers F Waste Audits and Surveys S-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion A Municipal Collection and CompostingExisting:City has a food waste composting program. Program X X Expand:May be opportunities for expanded collection(e.g., locations,items collected). B Composting at Airport Terminals S-3 Recyclable Paper Diversion A Paperless Office Policy/Program Existing:City has paperless office policy/program. X X Expand:City interested in opportunities to expand policy/ program. S-4 Landscape Waste Diversion A On-Site Landscape Waste Reduction X I Existing:No notes provided Program B Municipal Landscape Waste Composting X I Existing:No notes provided Program C Waste Management Training for ParkX Existing:No notes provided Department Staff/Groundskeepers D-16 City of Cupertino Climate Action Plan MEASURE I EXISTING I PLANNED I EXPAND I NEW (NOTES I RATIONALE S-5 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion A C+D Diversion Policy for Municipal Existing:No notes provided Projects(e.g.,75%Lumber Diversion) Expand:Could expand diversion requirements for municipal X X projects to specifically increase lumber diversion requirements. S-6 Methane Capture and Combustion A Landfill Biogas Capture and Flare System S-7 Waste-To-Energy A Landfill Biogas-to-Energy Facility B Food Waste-Bio digester Energy Facility C Waste-to-Energy Gasification Facility D Anaerobic Digestion at Wastewater Treatment Plant WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES(NON ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS) W-1 Methane Capture and Combustion A Methane Capture and Generation System) W-2 Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduction A Improved Plant Design B Improved Operations Appendix D-Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices D-17 CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN APPENDIX • • • Energy Efficiency Toolkit r � w .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ The energy- and water-saving toolkit is designed for library patrons and will help you save money on your utility bills while conserving vital resources. IRTTMlip Participating Libraries OF suMh z "�Jose ubh santa tiara county Librar I i bra ryclistrlct Brought to you b\,, SILICON VALLEY =0F Ll1e �� Pacific Gas and SAN JOSE & Electric Company �PoFS,,coN� EY �� Environmental Services As a part of the State's energy efficiency portfolio funded by California utility customers, Silicon Valley Energy Watch(SVEW)exists to help residents, businesses,and public agencies throughout Santa Clara County save energy easily and cheaply.SVEW is implemented by the City of San Jose Environmental Services Department in partnership with Ecology Action.This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission."PG&E"refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company,a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation. 2014 Pacific Gas and Electric Company.All rights reserved. 0�Printed on recycled paper. • Page The DIY Toolkit Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 • DIY Toolkit • - • Equipment & Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction to Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Understanding Your PG&E Bill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Reducing Energy Use PlugLoads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Appliances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Home Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Introduction to Water Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Reducing Water Use Atthe Tap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Bathroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Water Heater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Outdoors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - . - Green Lifestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 M Final Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Ln (D U L J � I 0 Silicon Valley Energy Watch (SVEW) SVEW serves residents, businesses, and public entities throughout SILICON VALLEY • Santa Clara County with energy efficiency resources and ener V • education. SVEW initiatives include the Silicon Valley Energy •••••••••••••••• Map, the Community Energy Champions Grant, and HomeBiz. WatC To learn more, visit svenergywatch.org. • Kill-A-Watt Library Lending Program In 2010, SVEW made the Kill-A-Watt® electricity meters available at all libraries in Santa Clara County for library patrons to borrow at no cost, so that residents, educators, and others could learn more about their energy use and make smarter choices at home and at work. The meters were an instant hit, with wait-lists at most libraries and nearly 400 checkouts in 2012. Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Home Energy Saving Toolkit Program In partnership with the City of Cupertino, Santa Clara County Library District, Santa Clara Valley Water District, and Acterra (a local environmental nonprofit), SVEW is implementing another library lending program: SVEW Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Home Energy Saving Toolkit to help you take charge of your home's energy and water use and reduce your utility bills. N SanEa ❑aro Volley �r santa clary WaEef DiskricE county ACTION FOR A librarydistric[ Acterra. HEALTHY PLANET CUPERTINOG12 REEN The City of Cupertino approached SVEW in 2012 with the idea to create a DIY Home Energy Efficiency Toolkit that would mirror the Acterra Green@Home Program running in their community. Green@Home provides free HouseCalls, where trained volunteers install energy- and water-savings devices in homes throughout the Bay Area. Nearly 250 HouseCalls were conducted in Cupertino, and the City of Cupertino decided to expand the program with a DIY Toolkit that could be checked out from the local library. In partnership with the Santa Clara County Library District, Santa Clara Valley Water District, and Acterra, a Cupertino pilot DIY Toolkit was born. The program is now available countywide as the SVEW DIY Home Energy Saving Toolkit. To learn more about Acterra, or to become a Green@Home volunteer, visit acterra.org/green@home. To explore other City of Cupertino environmental programs, visit cupertino.org/green. Now, the Toolkit and User Guide are ready for you! The Guide walks you through each step; enables you to calculate your estimated savings; and provides additional tips for "going green" in your daily life. Whether your goal is to save money, protect the environment, or !' embark on a fun home project, we invite you to turn the pages and learn all you can. Let's get started! SILICON VALLEY �rryoF Pacific bas and SAN OSE Electric Company �n�' J �ITa.of SoNV� watch Environmental Services (n 0 As a part of the State's energy efficiency portfolio funded by California utility customers,Silicon Valley Energy Watch(SVEW)exists to help residents, C businesses,and public agencies throughout Santa Clara County save energy easily and cheaply.SVEW is implemented by the City of San Jose Environmental Services Department in partnership with Ecology Action.This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the C7 auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission."PG&E"refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company,a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation. (D 2014 Pacific Gas and Electric Company.All rights reserved. Qp Printed on recycled paper. Equipment-For you to keep and install in your home 4 Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs 3 Low-Flow Faucet Aerators - (CFLs) - Use to replace incandescent The Toolkit provides two 0.5 gpm bulbs in high-use fixtures. aerators for your bathroom sinks Weatherstripping - Helps seal air and one 1.5 gpm aerator for your kitchen sink. These aerators are gaps in windows and doors. a standard size (15/16") and will fit most faucets, but may not fit Outlet Gaskets - Use to seal the specialty ones. void around your outlets and prevent heat loss. Water Leak Detection Dye Tablets (not for consumption) - 4 Low-Flow Showerhead - Replace Identify leaks in your toilet tanks. your current showerhead with this VW • 2.0 gallons per minute (gpm) showerhead to save water. • Tools-To be returned to the library once you are finished with the kit • Kill-A-Watt® Meter- Measures • Thermometer- Checks the the energy use of appliances temperature of your hot water and equipment, and helps you supply. understand your home's "plug load" Pliers - Replaces old faucet as a share of overall energy use. aerators and showerheads with Infrared Laser Thermometer- new ones. Checks for heat loss in trouble spots Pipe Thread Seal Tape such as windows, vents, and door (plumber's tape) - Prevents leaks in jams. $mv your faucets and showerheads. Refrigerator Thermometer- Enables _ you to monitor the temperature in �=F Water Flow Rate Bag - Measures your refrigerator. the true rate of flow in gallons per minute of your faucets and 0 Painter's Tape - Wraps around the showers. Pliers to help prevent scratching the -- a� aerators or showerhead during M installation. Also included in the Toolkit is a Data Tracking Sheet. Using the monitoring tools above, you can record your energy use data and actions on this sheet to help you track the energy and water use of your various appliances and equipment. Return one copy to the library so that SVEW can record how much electricity and water the toolkits are helping our community to save. Z Ln U kl L o This symbol indicates steps r� where you will use the Toolkit tools and equipment. Introduction toEnergy Average Household Use of Energy in California Knowing how energy is used in your home will help you take steps to reduce your use. These pie charts show how the average household in California uses electricity and natural gas. Statewide Average Natural Gas Use Per Household Statewide Average Electricity Use Per Household (354 therms per Household) (6,296 kWh per Household) Dryer Pools,Spas,Misc. Cooking 3% 4% Water Heating 7% Space Heating 3� z% �� "' Miscellaneo� Laundry 11% Lighting(Estimate) ace Heating 4% 22% 37% Dishwashing_ and Cooking 4% Refrigerators Freezers Water Heating Pools and 20% 49% Spas N,PC,and Office 7% Equipment Air Condit ionin zo% 7% Source:2009 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study How Much Energy Will This Toolkit Help Me Save? We all use our homes and appliances differently, so predicting the precise amount of energy savings that you can achieve by using this Toolkit is difficult. For example, EnergyStar® estimates that replacing one incandescent bulb with an EnergyStar®Certified CFL or LED bulb can save you anywhere from $40 to $135 in electricity costs over the bulb's life*—the actual amount depends on how often you use the light, your electricity rate, and more. To get a basic estimate of how much you can save, use the Data Tracking Sheet included in this Toolkit to calculate your expected savings. Of *Based on national averages Energy Literacy: Understanding Units That Measure Energy Watt (W) -A watt is the basic unit of Kilowatt hour (kWh, - A kilowatt hour is power used to measure electricity capacity 1,000 watts used for one hour (power x and is equivalent to one joule per second. time). It is the unit of energy most commonly Incandescent light bulbs are rated on their used on household electricity meters. For capacity to produce light—the higher the example, a 10OW incandescent bulb left71 a' rating (e.g., 40, 60, 100W), the brighter on for 10 hours is equal to 1 kWh (100W ` the light. CFL bulbs use far less watts (e.g., x 10 hrs = 1,000 Wh = 1 kWh). In 2011, 23 to 30W) to produce the same amount the typical PG&E residential customer used of light. 540 kWh per month per household. Kilowatt (kW) - A kilowatt is 1,000 watts. Therm -A therm is the energy equivalent of burning 100 cubic feet of natural gas. The typical PG&E residential customer uses an average of 34 therms per month per household. U) 0 n (D U) Understanding • i Bill PG&E Bill Features ENERGY STATEMENT OA.=u tt4o: 142345678g-6 1. Key Account Data: 10-digit number ,Y g iMyEl, rgy Statemerrt Date: 69112J2413 unique to each household and due Dlae oaea: 10103f2413 date. trvlce For; 01.Account Summary dd enhelc.�tauee. 1234 IAStreet .a Aa C--Pr--.S $144.20 2. Service Address: The address where 1234 Extra Add—Lues PaS'—MslRxarree 5i—hss[.9— .1da.70 AnAD CAOOXO Preraslhga aaarlm Iom your charges were incurred. aarr� es rl I0 coma G.Ch3933 Cr.gjs. !:95.91 3. Account Summary: A snapshot of ee gleeseam eeau rcur Sae 'natal Amount Due by 10!4312413 $146.111 your bill, includes an overview of 2an pecdW 7dors per reef Ph^.e I-N&74mwfi ��a.g-�� charges incurred, payments received, „r.gge.�.'1MyEnra9r 0@ LueanGagasm Wratlechw:alEho.iJ4w''rmr Saings. L�[OWeMd a �+�a and your total amount due. ND ST ANT.M U915 4. PG&E Contact Information 0 u6mbly�°n@'�°°� drv4� 5. Total Amount Due: Your charges and .� payment due date, all on one line. IAAfl a o 6. Savings Alert: Notes about your !CL-t a, �. account and any special programs �rpa ^Iwt >ag s you participate in that may affect C0.RE P.epram T'a may q-1...... Ne Celranu 0.lmrnnare.ra Yu iw enrgrt—fl P.apran.ro.see e,reed. your total charges. arc appy aa:,a,,9W rwype_remhs ra 033.00 weene laerlrla.owr:rld:md,er mr�avy ddr,rcammee Frlr mE rgy P-Q.—iM 7. Monthly Billing History: A chart of moo-Iriermara7e y nary cw sdkHid en„13^55'--`--ppe.wwru.ene„rara your monthly energy charges over the __.. _........__.. _ .._......... .... ........ past s year. l�.�e..�,+nr�wno�ee+�or�c�:terble7l.rw� 0 99901234567B90IG0000%X XXXX0000000XXXXXXX 8. Important Messages: Timely information from PG&E. Annnlrmhv: U.e6ar: Tdr.amaee Ouc Aanolra EnGm2 1423458789-0 10116912019 $146.11 = 9. Remittance Stub: Return form with your payment to the address indicated. PGBE Wce„wruucanrvrt�I PmxgMw Yvnry t'w�miod 'SO.0 PAk7EHi0,CA 95!9479015 Fxih.wCaYeE 55 uxE Pape 1 d4 ENERGY STATEMENT Acaoleet Nu= 11123451117139-0 Due Date: wnue„_pge.camlMyEoergy Siete Ddate- 14103i2B13 091121"2413 10. Important Phone Numbers: Due Customer service phone numbers. rOrlt RmaNurnbam-24 houra per day,7days per week CusUmmServloa(All Languagas;Re lay Calls Arrcapwo 1-696-7434M 11. Rules and Rates: Rules for disputing 1DDrr7Y(SWchhlearing Impaired)1-800-65247t2 charges. aherlvs YClreYeen rspNdiavnahl t� M Oknvallr[ "WVW(jWbra9 5•MWW6M ��y��ts�4161 +4 ibSand-i Ek h—QWare.BVlydra. MO4404M �i.r,r. ewu..aery�rz.eharphrprghyerMrwo+p 12. Important Definitions: Define key rd h.Wel.brerrrrrhrnrnrnwehee s„r rdr.a..a wrr5rww Barr dlrea:newre ar eap.wNNrnaweawl.rppmndrdoim6agaom ��y�� -�'„�p1��wgeeir'01arMM1+�rtl�M terms. ryrr„rrrr r.�rrruSNrr?r rp�.*nama� y+arr ty .weephrrlu s5sewrr wn.e.Ihar r � erV -5ernxr �'rlr%r� pd+rrrMrltialy' 13. Your Electric Charges Breakdown: 4WNrM'y SdF+NdeWG9i19$MmBI&Te9au4r-5b2aa2 xer ehnrM rrJu e+rn'w�hh 001!.0'__pwe3r drat her Wl Line items on your electric bill. rd rudM1rrlry wlee..nM 0113053,rh b.rlk&h+LW4 rivilr• „rvrfi'eraYrrrr 6iuvl e..Ge.�.M do dprrtl�d Wa/W Fr!?IlC16 tl.r dl,w�W renrrNrara�Ynr pyrh.rrMrli`1�e'.V^1 WPrr.MFil Mel d4,.1h.Ceucmr myy.eq,.dMed.M10-nrreeam,rne. rl^e'.+*wweWYraw..y.sn„Me'eai epenr.unrr r++r.w b rhlenmperrY6r�epgyrralPre>rm,r.e�i: „«.,r. 14. Update My Information: Fill this out if fh1C4kirrr,.y..r�jiy�gN.6r> %e1.WrtYr'M1`d.Yrq W��t��WM 6LtlrWIrMNY! .s wdrr,Irerhe dd. ;„ , ,, rWS° 1h'drar�'We. your information changes. rrr�rrr e..rnawira+W cr�ar hrrten h.h rda wc.�m.mrelw,wreH menerrlrr 15. Ways to Pay: Options to pay your rew reeadnele rryhhwrhrewep�.vd..eawHra Y.erCarN.YpSueerae/WInrS i+sltl rrYbnYyr lenWl yar w'�q MYI+Y Gfi�IdN11h5„CIII.� / $9 PG&E bill. rw.ey.n.r.w�We.mwpe level. xaerww n.lnm, s.n5 .edarhar�mtra e.rrpe„nY rarrlylR rW „dh p,��y � Terapl.Irll r.�rrle.la.rll a vh-537!1 u.er„- - ..-hq o-m peedlrra wgAne'Irr.i'�n.rfllli 7 re.rl,e.rve.r.rrl�rr.,r eahY-Mex Crrp—dWd Ia ve -107I rEErarrqaWMdchv,r Erq ai.a1li rah.t err:.,.rrdw. a rm7x erprea.5laryared. an p+rrd..m.yr.mr..Ne.lwrYrrY. r.aerawer a<w 44rer.re h..raw.ew.wr�w r. or+rw xnwrw �6� rover�ie.reek}ar�„h.erc.I r va-1PA1 I "�” ver aow �Pr„w„ernes i rWA I .me..dce.rrs�—--------- -------....' Nell bip.lr{M„Rfy.rn17ye„ureey- �Id.tlFr Yitunrp4(Enpi60ay} WWW-'*ft _ elrr Yr�r-9h„perrlybtlw9r e.Yf.EWs ,��rr � areoeNnv�r.tiZ:tShaea^ ,�errlr�le, ��'�� •hnyplyirEedleGYrnr(h nw�r ipeerelr ewerf pry.w rA �' �.". �i� •l1Ye�aade rfa�vlyrdl.bgYh VY pgne.re„1leesaAp Prwala e4'r+Y Mxey •eYalWr�rie,nrdsrrrYrear.CY rp!-SraQarRl „e.e mwi eeap7u heeree..rru rrarlr MeperWbrdNmr.arl u.r�ceprw.rr..rrr.rerdba.pgn're ae'err brl dU.drV Sd5 d.��ih��IFYd tl W I MV-r nrrhMhp �;qy Ny�d WI.„sd OL understanding • i Bill ENERGY STATEMENT Acmmt - 111234507BM 16. Details of Electric Charges: Information wwur.pge.cam7MyEmergy St t—rfDal - 09 112 201 3 regarding your rate plan. Due Date- 10f031Z073 0 � 17. Electricity Usage: Notes your electricity °' "0fc"°`9'a usage during a given timeframe. aarisADis-Deri�aols(si e+�+i�dayay Ciervrrlraraq n,.em $vN¢R"s,3M W.�� RW IYI�IYby 0.1,Op8 18. Tier Indicator: Shows the highest tier in �� ■ n °°E a which you are being charged. uvWW'"-rva■m ymmu"NW1 1 1 2 1 1 1 a 1 ,�romwra� m 19. Taxes and Fees: State and local T"',u a +xa°moo ran Q'✓lo-,� I�C�s n=�,. � •Q1°,m,. governments taxes. TM%uv nw,mo°wn Qg,s„u ,ze.a p0.arQ,rd.p Tp ° 0.,p roOdMaw rcChwe"� 20. Total electric charges:Total electricity charges, including taxes and fees. 21. Daily Usage Chart: Your electricity usage this month. 22. Service Information: Details about the electric meter at your home. I�Illll�llll 23. Additional Messages: Timely information from PG&E. ENERGYSTATEMENT A—urtM: 19239507B" 24. Details of Gas Charges: Information Siatemerd Dal= 0 0 112 201 3 www.pge.cemFMyEnergy D—Dat.- 1=30M regarding your rate plan. 25. Gas Usage: Notes your usage by tier 06!18201&-0 !OM1$si as da . ,° .. t ray „e.,,r,,R-N 4,,, during a given timeframe. 26. Tier Indicator: Shows the highest tier in which you are being charged. –�Wi71tl-1/1ii14fp '.7Mr 4�Fp� 1 E 4 27. Taxes and Fees: State and local h2Uq. x. rrr gs,ssx, ,y,y7 °CA:Nom• dYN,4 I.ID�,T ®-�•* •°.a—m..� +� �°'$ 1-7 governments taxes. ""M"-waam "°"1"`9'"" 1 ' 28. Total Gas Charges:Total gas charges, TIr,Alpvu, sa--loaa.,n.e ThrsN�p 1 0613.w includingtaxes and fees. hzuw. 0. TYr re{,$�{ ,Z§Y rauuc,>lacnsr�a =s�ao 29. Daily Usage Chart:Your gas usage this month. Q 30. Service Information: Details about the electric meter at your home. - ----------- 31. Gas Procurement Cost:The utility's cost to buy natural gas and transport it to its local IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII II pipeline system. 32. Additional Messages:Timely information """'".""""■„'"° ""'"'""e..r.` �°"`"° from PG&E. t Accessing Your PG&E Bill .aw: ,rr pYf61i55 iuSu.FSff.a,_..-, a. 1 Your energy bill and information about Manage your account quickly and easily energy use can be found at pge.com. rrdt�rl� At the website, you can opt for online bill payment. You'll save (D ® time and paper, too! u) 0 In U) OF ReducingEnergy • • . • Consumer electronic products account for up to 15 percent of electricity consumption in a typical California household. Many small appliances and electronics use energy even when they are turned off—as much as 75 percent may be consumed in standby or off mode! This is known as "vampire" or "phantom" loads, and eliminating them is a great way to save energy. STEP #1 : Use the KI II-A Watt® Meter The Kill-A-Watt® meter measures the energy drawn by appliances and electronics in both operating and standby modes. Follow these steps: 1. Plug the meter into an outlet and plug an appliance or electronic device you'd like to measure into the meter. You -may need to wait a couple seconds for the energy to register. 2. Push the "down" button until "Watt" appears as the unit. 3. Measure the wattage when the appliance is both on and off 4. Check your PG&E bill to verify your electricity rate. 5. Record your findings on your Data Tracking Sheet. 6. The meter can also helpyou estimate the cost of electricity Y used by the appliance or device over time. See the video Zhu.. -- below for instructions. Tool: Kill-A-WattOO ■� ■� EZ Meter Instructional Video: How to Use a Kill-A-Watt&EZ Meter. Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view the video or visit: http://goo.gl/3Mvl Ku s Average Energy Consumption of Tips: Standard Appliances* • Unplug small appliances (toasters, coffee pots, etc.) when not in use. Clothes Dryer 1,800-5,000 • Unplug phone and battery chargers once they Clothes Washer 350-500 are fully charged. Clothes Iron 1,000-1,800 • In your entertainment and computer Computer 270 awake areas, plug equipment into a Smart 60 asleep Strip, which will shut off equipment Dishwasher 1,200-2,400 when in standby mode. .>♦ Heater 750-1,500 NOTE: Unplugging your cable box Microwave 750-1,100 may reset the system, be sure to Refrigerator 725 consult the operation manual. Toaster 800-1,400 • Always look for the EnergyStar& V) logo when buying new U TV-flatscreen 120 appliances. L 7 Vacuum Cleaner 1,000-1,440 Smart Strip DVD Player 20-25 !Y *Actual energy usage depends on the age and model of the appliance. ReducingEnergy Appliances Major appliances may account for a quarter of your household energy costs, and your refrigerator is likely to be the single biggest plug load in your home. Using the Kill-A-Watt® meter, you can compare the energy use of your appliances to the average use as outlined in the table on page 6. Then follow the tips for your appliances outlined below. STEP #2: Measure the Refrigerator Temperature Use the Refrigerator Thermometer to help set optimum temperatures for your refrigerator and freezer: 1. Place thermometer in refrigerator between several food items. After 20 minutes, record the temperature on your Data Tracking Sheet. 2. Look and test for cracks in the door seal: Close the door on a as piece of paper and tug. If the paper moves easily, then you need to replace the seal. Tool: Refrigerator 3. Repeat these actions with the freezer. Thermometer 4. Adjust temperatures if they are outside the target range: 36-40°F for refrigerator, 0-5°F for freezer. DID YOU KNOW? Tips: You Can Save With ® REFRIGERATOR EnergyStar Appliances! • Regularly clean the coils on your refrigerator. EnergyStarO appliances • Keep contents organized so you can quickly get what you need; typically use up to 50 percent minimizing the amount of time the doors are open will save energy. less energy and water than • Turn off the condenser feature in the refrigerator. standard models. Look for the EnergyGuide label; it • If you have a second refrigerator, consider donating it or having it provides an estimated yearly properly disposed of by your waste hauler, and you may be operating cost and the range eligible for a PG&E rebate! of operating costs for similar models. WASHER & DRYER C in=11 • Wash full loads and use short wash cycles for mildly dirty laundry. • Use cold water whenever possible. �ama�rh�.yrr�a EI E - Use the washer's high spin cycle to reduce drying time, and try a $Az clothesline instead of the dryer, which is a big energy user. - • Clean the lint trap after every use to ensure safe, efficient drying. 5&O- --- HEATING & COOLING SYSTEMS Rebates! Rebates! • Clean and replace filters regularly. Check with PG&E for rebates • Set your winter heating temperature at 68°F; set your summer on your EnergyStarO cooling temperature at 78°F. Z3 appliance purchase. PG&E (D may also pay to pick up your ' Use window coverings to prevent heat gains. o old refrigerator or A/C unit. • Circulate air with ceiling or portable fans. Call 1-800-299-7573 or visit . Replace older A/C units (more than 10 to 15 years) with m http:eligibility and pickup. for EnergyStarO appliances—this could reduce your costs by 20 to 40 U) eligibility and pickup. percent! Reducing Energy Use: Lighting Lighting represents as much as 22 percent of your home's electrical use. You can reduce your energy bill significantly by switching to energy-efficient lighting. The compact fluorescent lightbulbs (CFLs) provided in this kit are roughly 75 percent more efficient than incandescent bulbs and last up to 10 times longer. STEP #3: Switch Lightbulbs to CFLs CFLs screw into lace the same as incandescent bulbs. p --- Follow these steps as you set out to switch over to CFLs: mr 1. First replace the incandescent bulbs in fixtures that have the highest use; this will result in the greatest savings for you. 2. Read the packaging to see where the bulb should be used; not all Energy Star qualified CFLs are designed to work in every socket. 3. Match the equivalent wattage of the old bulb (a 60W ' incandescent should be replaced with a 13W CFL). 4. Calculate your savings using the Data Tracking Sheet to see how much each of your CFLs will save you during the next year. Equipment: CFL Light Bulb Tips: • Dimmable fixtures require a dimmable CFL; these are available at hardware stores. A standard CFL will quickly burn out if used in a dimmable fixture. • Most photocells, motion sensors, and electronic timers are not designed to work with CFLs. Check the packaging for compatibility. • Don't frequently turn a CFL on and off (more than every 15 minutes); this may shorten its lifespan. • Make sure to dust your bulbs at least every six months; a dirty bulb is an inefficient bulb. Next Steps Go Further with LEDs • Replace the rest of the incandescent bulbs in Take the next step and look into installing LED your home with CFLs. You can find CFLs in light bulbs. LEDs, while more expensive up many sizes and shapes at any major hardware front, offer similar light quality, last up to 25 store. times longer than traditional incandescent light • Replace your outside lights as well. CFL flood bulbs, and use even less energy than CFLs. lights are available. i r b Lr) ^ W U L 0 U) 0 ry Reducing Energy Use: Lighting How to Handle a Broken Bulb d& Incandescent 1. Turn off and unplug the fixture. 1. Turn off and unplug the fixture. 2. Put on protective work gloves. 2. Open a window or door to the outside environment and leave the room, letting it 3. Grip metal lip of the bulb with pliers or air out for 10 minutes to let the hazardous wrench. chemicals from the bulb dissipate. 4. Turning counterclockwise, gently unscrew 3. While continuing to air out room, carefully the bulb base. scoop up glass pieces and powder using 5. Place bulb and broken glass in a paper stiff paper or cardboard; place into a thick bag and place in the trash. plastic bag. 4. Use sticky tape to pick up remaining fragments (DO NOT VACUUM). 5. Wipe area clean with a damp paper Fun Fact: towel; dispose of towel in the trash. Broken incandescent bulbs can be 6. Place each CFL in a separate, clear, and removed using a potato. Simply cut the sealed plastic bag; bring to a hardware or potato in half, push the flesh into the lighting store that recycles CFLs (typically broken section of the bulb, and twist this service is provided free of charge). counterclockwise. 7. For CFL recycling locations, visit earth911.com p VIDEO: Removing Broken TIPS: Cleaning Up Broken CFLs & Incandescent Bulbs Disposing of Spent CFLs M�ti 10 .❑ B 0� http://goo.gl/eOPnh http://goo.gl/tnFx9 10 Reducing Energy Use: Home Envelope Sealing cracks, gaps, and leaks and improving the insulation in your home can save up to 20 percent of your heating and cooling costs. The Infrared Laser Thermometer will help you detect where you may be losing or gaining heat through windows, lighting fixtures, outlets, vents, door jams, and heating and cooling systems. s STEP #4: Use the Infrared Laser Thermometer The Infrared Laser Thermometer detects heat gain and loss. Turn on and point the thermometer at potential trouble spots in your home. Note any temperature fluctuations that may be caused by air leaks. VIA 37 37 3 20 PM 28 27 u These k t images (taken from an infrared camera show examples Tool: Infrared user g ( ) p Thermometer of a home with a poor thermal envelope. The spots in yellow are places where little or no insulation are present. On a warm day, heat is being conducted through the ceiling and walls, making these areas hot. Instructional Video: How to Use an Infrared Laser Thermometer. Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view the video or visit: A ti i r �■1 http://goo.gl/bDJi2 L_-,��' I■�a � Tips: Heating and cooling can account for up to 50 percent of home energy use; a properly insulated home will reduce this cost and keep your home more comfortable—cooler in the summer and } warmer in the winter. Take these steps to reduce leakage in your home envelope: • Caulk windows (video below). r • Schedule a professional audit or contact a local contractor to ,a address insulation needs around your light fixtures, vents, or other ' spots. Energy Upgrade California is an excellent resource for this- visit energyupgradeca.org/home_upgrode for information. • Insulate ceilings, walls, attics, floors, crawl spaces, and basements to recommended standards for optimum savings. � - • Common types of insulation are fiberglass, cellulose, rigid foam i Lnboard, and spray foam. U L Instructional Video: How to Caulk Windows. ever y Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view Wgraaemthe video or visit: http://goo.gl/pdRsi ■ CALIFORNIA ReducingEnergy Home Envelope You pay for heating your home, so don't just let that heat leak out through gaps in your doors, windows, and outlets. Follow these steps to stop those leaks! r� STEP #5: Install Weatherstripping Use weatherstripping to seal gaps in your doors and window jams. 1. Check for drafts around external doors and window jams. Use the Infrared Laser Thermometer, or if you can see light or slide a piece of paper through an area, then it needs weatherstripping. The entire door or window usually doesn't need weatherstripping—focus on the sections where you feel air or can see light. 2. Clean the application area to ensure a good installation. 3. Cut a length of weatherstripping to match the length of Equipment: 9 pp� g g Weatherstripping door or window where the strip will be applied. Peel back adhesive strip and apply. 4. Record your action on your Data Tracking Sheet. 5. Please return whatever you do not use in the Toolkit. Instructional Video: How to Apply Weatherstripping. Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view the video or visit: http://goo.gl/XX5fH •` r 1 Tip: A door without weatherstripping may not look like a problem, but the amount of exposed • area from different locations can add up to a big hole! Consider installing a door sweep to help keep out drafts; you can pick one up at your local hardware store. STEP #6: Install Outlet Gaskets Outlet gaskets help prevent air leaks that can result from poor wall insulation. i 1. Identify exterior walls with the most exposure to ` draft. 2. Choose an outlet or switch plate to upgrade. 3. Carefully loosen the face plate screw with a screw driver (not provided) and remove faceplate. Equipment: Outlet Gaskets 4. Place gasket over internal area. If necessary, trim the gasket to fit around the outlet. 5. Replace faceplate cover and tighten screw. 6. Repeat for other outlets or switches throughout your house. ❑■ ❑■ Instructional Video: How to Install Outlet Gaskets. Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view the video or visit: http://900.gl/HQ4YW 12 Introduction to Water Use As a necessity for life itself, water is one of our most precious natural resources. In the Bay Area, we receive most of our water from the snowpacks of the Sierra Nevada. But with a changing climate and growing populations, our water resources have been shrinking year by year. While state and local leaders continue to work on long-term solutions to our water challenges, saving water on a daily basis helps stretch supplies and keeps water in reservoirs for the inevitable dry years to come. Decreasing California Snowpack Lower Warming Range Medium Warming Range Drier Climate D rier CI i in ' 100'0 ROoa 20o.p remaining nt remaining remaining _0 15 30 45 April 1 snow water equivalent(inches) Source:Dan Cayan et al.(2006),in the California Climate Adaptation Strategy(2009),p.80. How We Use Water? Indoor Water Use in a Typical Single Family Home Other Domestic Dishwasher Bath 2.2% 1.4% 1.7% - L 13.7% Faucet Shower 15.7% f) 16.8 Typical Household Water Use (Indoor) after"Residential End Uses ewatw by permission. CDpyrigM 1999.1—r—Water W°Ns Association and AWWA Research Foundation When you save water, you also save energy. That's because a good chunk of California's electricity (20 percent) and natural U gas (30 percent) consumption is used simply to pump, transport, Z) and treat water around the state. And up to 49 percent of a typical home's gas usage goes to heating water. T Reducing water use can therefore help lower your r energy bills. Reducing . . • 13 .�a STEP #7: Measure the Flow Rate of Faucets Using the water flow rate bag, you will measure the rate that water flows from your faucets and showerheads. 1. Determine if your existing aerator is already low-flow; this should be printed on the side of the aerator. Low-flow aerators are marked as follows: bathroom sink: 0.5 gpm kitchen sink: 1.5 gpm showerhead: 2.0 gpm. If the existing aerator is not marked as above, continue with the following steps. 2. Turn on faucet and fill water flow rate bag for 5 seconds. 3. Record water flow on your Data Tracking Sheet. 4. If your water is flowing at a rate greater than noted in the lst step, then install one of the Toolkit aerators. 5. Test the flow rate again after the installation and note your findings. Tool: Water Flow Rate Bag Think before you dump leftover water; make the most of it by giving it to your indoor or outdoor plants. Fun Fact: On average, U.S. residents use 69 gallons of water per day per person for indoor use. That's 25,000 gallons a year per person—enough to fill an average home swimming pool! STEP #8: Replace the Aerators Check the imprint on the aerator for flow rate, or use the flow rate bag to measure. If the faucet flows at more than 0.5 gpm (bathroom) and 1.5 (kitchen), then you should replace the current aerators with the aerators provided. Note: Some kitchen faucets are custom sizes and cannot be Equipment: replaced with the Toolkit's aerator. You can still measure the flow Faucet Aerator rate and seek alternatives at a local hardware store or online. 1. Close or plug your drain. 2. Unscrew old aerator counterclockwise; if needed, use the pliers to loosen the aerator. Wrap the teeth of the pliers with painter's Tool: Pipe Thread tape or a towel to avoid scratches to the existing equipment. Seal Tape 3. Clean and dry water pipe threads (grooves at end of faucet). Ln 0 4. Wrap provided pipe thread seal tape around pipe thread. 5. Screw on new aerator clockwise by hand. N Tool: Pliers 6. Turn on faucet to test for leaks, and tighten with pliers if necessary. Continued on P.14 14 Reducing Bathroom STEP #8 (Part 2): Replace the Showerhead ■ Check the imprint on the showerhead for flow rate, or use the flow rate bag to measure. If the showerhead flows at more than 1.5 gpm, then you should replace with the showerhead provided. Instructions: Identical to Step #8. Faucet Aerator Showerhead Equipment: Low-flow N1' �' Showerhead p 22M r Instructional Video: Use your smart phone to ❑ follow these QR codes for videos on how to change your faucet aerator and showerhead. http://goo.gl/ZHDeo http://goo.gl/gkcxB A y STEP #9: Use the Toilet Leak Detection Tablets rLea king toilets can contribute to high water bills if undetected. The Detect-A-Leak Toilet Tablets are a simple and inexpensive way to test for leaks on a regular basis. 1. Carefully remove tank lid. 2. Drop 1-2 tablets into exposed tank. 3. Wait 20-30 minutes. Do not flush the toilet during this time. teak 4. If blue color appears in the toilet bowl you have a toilet leak. Typically, a leaky flapper is the cause for toilet leaks and needs to be replaced. s= Good w � -� ` W"' Equipment: F Toilet Leak Detecting � Tablets Water Savings Tips • Avoid running water while brushing your teeth and shaving. • A constantly running toilet can waste up to 200 gallons of water per day. That can cost you $250 over the course of a year! Contact the Santa Clara Valley Water District for a free home Water-Wise House Call, covering both in-home and landscaping use. Call 1-800-548-1882 to schedule and appointment. I) • Upgrade your old, inefficient toilet(3.5 gallons per flush or more) to a 0 high-efficiency or dual flush toilet. • Make use of a shower timer, which helps you use less water and save energy at the same time. Try to set is for five minutes or less. u Reducing Water Use: Water Heater 15 Heating water typically accounts for up to 49 percent of the natural gas use in your home. rf STEP #10: Adjust the Water Heater 1. Locate your water heater. 2. Locate adjustment dial and mark current setting with a pencil or masking tape. 3. Locate the faucet closest to the water heater. 4. Run water until hot and capture a cupful in a mug. 5. Insert thermometer and wait for it to reach its highest point. 6. Record highest point temperature on your Data Tracking " Sheet. 7. Adjust setting so that your hot water runs at 120°F. If your water heater does not have specific temperature settings, this step might take a few tries. Instructional Video: How to Adjust Your Water Heater Temperature. Scan the QR code with a smart phone to view the video, Tool: Thermometer or visit this link: http://goo.gl/DJDKk Tips: EhERGGUIQE • Insulate the pipes leading from the water heater. This helps conserve energy. Compare 1h®Ew9Y Use d ft RstrWMor w11hahemYWaWY' • Set your water heater to "Vacation Mode" when you are away for long m. w periods of time to conserve energy. • Check the EnergyGuide sticker when purchasing a new hot water heater. It provides the estimated cost to run the equipment. • Do you have a recirculation pump? These pumps can save water, but only if the timer is set correctly. Ln Rebates! Rebates! O Rebates are available for water-efficient fixtures through the Santa Clara Valley Water District. n Visit valleywater.org or call 1-877874-8479. Additional information may be found at the N website of the rebate Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Agency; visit bawsca.org. 16 Reducing Water Use: Outdoors Water Savings Tips , • Regularly check for and fix leaks in your irrigation system; leaks can waste thousands of gallons of water annually. • Consider switching to a drip irrigation system to save water. • Water between sunset and sunrise when temperatures and wind are the lowest; this reduces evapotranspiration and allows water to soak deeper into your landscaping. • Pool filters are energy intensive. Consider reducing your filter times in the fall and winter and set timers to avoid peak utility rates. Using a pool cover will save even more energy and water. • To view water-saving tips and rebates, visit save20gallons.org. • The Santa Clara Valley Water District offers free Water-Wise House Calls for both the home and landscape. Call 1-800-548-1882 to schedule an appointment. If you are a San Jose Water Company customer, please call (408) 279-7900 to schedule a free Water Watcher Audit. • The Santa Clara Valley Water District also offers rebates for replacing turf areas with qualifying plants that require less water. Visit http://goo.gl/Zeitce for more information. • Change your irrigation schedule with the season and with local weather conditions. Better yet, consider upgrading to a weather based irrigation controller. Fun Fact: Which is more water efficient—a commercial car wash or home car wash? Compared to a home car wash, a commercial car wash saves water. A home car wash uses 80-140 gallons of water whereas most commercial car washes use 30-45 gallons. Washing your car on your driveway or in the street sends dirty water, soap, heavy metals, oil, and grease into the gutter which flows to local creeks and the Bay. If you wash your car at home, park it over the lawn or a gravel area. Santa Clara Valley San Jose Water District riji water Company Green Lifestyle Cooking & Eating Kitchen activities often require large amounts of energy. Use these tips to reduce energy use: I t Efficient Cooking Habits Efficient Dishwasher Habits • Thaw frozen food to reduce cook times. • Scrape, don't rinse, dishes. • Double your recipe, freezing half for later. • Use the short cycle. • Heat only as much water as needed. • Avoid the "Rinse Hold" setting. • Cover pans to reduce cook time and • Air dry dishes by turning off the heat energy. setting and opening the door. • Use fewer pots to reduce dish washing • Upgrade to an EnergyStar® model, needs. saving up to $40 per year. PG&E offers • Use your toaster oven or microwave for rebates for upgrading to a more efficient small items; appliances unplug when not model: http://goo.gl/slviF in use. • Avoid opening the oven door. Eating Habits that Help the Planet and Your Health • Rethink your drink. Avoid sweetened beverages—one 20-ounce soda contains 17 teaspoons of sugar. To learn rethink more, visit sccgov.org and click the Health & Safety tab. • Shop your refrigerator first. In the U.S., 40 percent of our YOWR DRINK food goes uneaten. Eat what you have before shopping for more by taking EPA's Food Recovery Challenge. Visit http://goo.gl/XWkOZf • Eat locally. Reduce the miles your food travels and support local farmers. • Opt for organic. Avoiding pesticides is better for the environment and your health. • Try the veggie option. Meat production uses an enormous amount of water and energy. On average, it takes 28 calories of fossil fuel energy to produce one calorie of meat, versus 3.3 calories of fossil fuel energy to produce one calorie of protein from grain. Similarly, it takes 4,200 gallons of water daily to support a meat-based diet, versus 300 gallons to support a vegan diet. Going meatless once a week will make a difference. ►. • Prepare balanced meals. The obesity rate in Santa Clara • County is 21 percent. Provide meals loaded with fruits and veggies to promote healthy eating habits for you and your kids. 18 Green Lifestyle Transportation Get better gas mileage: Or, ditch the car! • Regularly maintain your vehicle—a happy • Consider using alternative transportation at car is a more efficient car. least a couple times a week. • Under-inflated tires will decrease your • Walk or bike whenever possible, visit VTA miles per gallon, so check the tire pressure website for bikeways maps when filling your tank. Proper tire pressure _ levels can be found on the inside of the • Try public transportation. Visit vta.org for driver's side door. local routes and schedules. • Drive smoothly and at the speed limit; • Safe Routes to School—"cool" your kids avoid unnecessary acceleration. commute by walking, biking, scootering, or taking the school bus to school. Visit http://goo.gl/GggMa to learn the ways to create a fun, healthy, and safer way to get to school. WAIK 0 ROLL ro •: safe routes to school in Santa clary county Recycling & Composting Composting not only provides healthier soil and plants but can save you money by not having to buy soil conditioners, mulch, and fertilizer. Home composting also reduces yard trimming collection and - processing; keeps kitchen waste out of the landfill- and turns organic material into a valuable product for gardens and house plants. Visit http://goo.gl/Olw2nl for the latest Composting Workshops in Santa Clara County. For information about recycling programs for each city in Santa Clara County, visit http://goo.gl/kg22eV. This site includes information about :-, landfills, transfer stations, curbside recycling programs, and key contacts for each city. Type in material or select from choose a Material below Need Help? The Recycling & Search Fcramatouili Press Enter Key when done entering material l\ Waste Reduction � ali Ela Cf�p`iJ1 choose o material: Materials to search for: ®Reuse 1-80€}-533- Commission at the Animals oead,e— RI Recyde 6414 Ant ❑ d,H County of Santa AW i M.— h — online rely r ApPI An cn d commercial onlirce help Clara has a Recycle A"' raj h h H seh Id ❑Q Resitlential ✓ Appil eFD, I S duan App ianca.Dryer(Electric) search to find places A�i._Z°rEGF iisi� °P'cUp Vic.orr �p APP iaare,rreezer,F mi!,i ®Drop Off video n+ to recycle and reuse Appliance.Pomace tutorials AllJiance,Garbage disposal Appli. ,Heat (Electric] stuff, visit http://goo. APPl e,Hea tcol, Al Email us Your question � gl/6rKMDq Trying to recycleamatelialthat isnot listed?Please let usknow® so we can add the material to aur database. Find near zJp code or city,state: Final Steps Return the DIY Toolkit to the Library Now that you've used the Toolkit and accomplished the steps to a more energy-efficient home, you have just a few things left to do: 1. The full-page Data Tracking Sheet is for you to keep but the half-sheet Data Tracking Info Card should be returned to the library—make sure to fill it out, this helps us track how the Toolkit is being used. 2. Make sure all tools (see list on page 2) are in your kit before returning it to the library. Please return the Toolkit as soon as you can so other library patrons can make use of it. 3. Got the energy efficiency bug? Think you missed a few things, or need further assistance? The SVEW team is here to help—contact us at svenergywatch.org or call (408) 535-8550. 4. Consider amplifying your savings through the whole home performance approach of Energy Upgrade California—visit ener �r energyupgradeca.org to learn more and get started. �J 5. Thinkingabout going solar? Ener efficient steps should graa TM g g Energy y p CALIFORNIA be done first, enabling you to drive down your total energy demand so that you don't buy a bigger solar system than you need. Visit gosolarcalifornia.org to learn more about solar options for your home. 6. Spread the word about SVEW and share your experience using the DIY Toolkit 7. Enjoy the savings from all of your DIY actions! Congratulations on • these steps • to save vital resources! i V CONTACT Silicon Valley Energy Watch City of San Jose - Environmental Service Department 200 East Santa Clara, San Jose, CA 95113 Phone: (408)535-8550 energy@sanioseca.gov ` Participating Libraries Qp SUN �FDpYr Snubsanto Clara county�jbr ibrar distrlct SILICON VALLEY CRY OF ener V Pacific Gas and SAN JOSE ..................••••••••• / Electric Company CAPITAL OF SILICON VALLEY watchEnvironmental Services As a part of the State's energy efficiency portfolio funded by California utility customers,Silicon Valley Energy Watch(SVEW)exists to help residents, businesses,and public agencies throughout Santa Clara County save energy easily and cheaply.SVEW is implemented by the City of San Josh Environmental Services Department in partnership with Ecology Action.This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission."PG&E"refers to Pacific Gas and Electric Company,a subsidiary of PG&E Corporation. ©2014 Pacific Gas and Electric Company.All rights reserved. Cr Printed on recycled paper. Silicon Valley Energy Watch DIY Home Energy Saving Toolkit Data Tracking Worksheet Page 1 Use this sheet to keep track of the retrofits you've installed and calculate the assumed annual savings from your actions. This form is yours to keep. Please complete the card inside the toolkit using the savings amounts you calculate on this sheet and return it to the library when you are done. Date: Flow Rate (gpm) Daily Use Savings Showerhead Before After Saved (mins) Conversion (gal/year) Bathroom - 2.0 = x x 365 = Water Savings /748 = Ccf x $ /Ccf* _ $ Gas Savings x 0.005 = therms x $1.4 /therm = $ Annual Cost Savings Flow Rate (gpm) Daily Use Savings Faucet Aerator Before After Saved (mins) Conversion (gal/year) Bathroom 0.5 = x x 365 = ' Bathroom 0.5 = x x 365 = 2 Kitchen 1.5 = x x 365 = 3 TOTAL 1+2+3 i Water Savings //48 = Ccf x $ /Ccf* _ $ Annual Cost Savings Usage (Watt) Daily Use Savings Location Old Bulb New Bulb Saved (hours) Conversion (kWh/y) X x365 = ' X x365 = 2 X x365 = 3 X x365 = 4 TOTAL 1+2+3+4 i Electricity Savings kWh x 0.14** _ $ Annual Cost Savings *The average rate for water is currently$2.74/Ccf, not including meter service charges,taxes,or fees.This rate is calculated using an estimated average of residential water rates in the San Jose area. Check your water bill for a more accurate figure. **Usage rate is based on the PG&E baseline rate of$0.14/kWh. Your rates might be higher. —Over— Data Tracking Worksheet Page 2 Plug Loads Electronic Device Usage Daily Use Electricity Usage Electricity Devices State (Watts) (hours) Conversion (kWh/y) Electric Rate Costs Television Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Cable Box Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = DVD/Blu Ray Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Stereo Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Computer Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Printer/Fax Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Coffee Maker Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Microwave Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Other Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = Other Standby x x 365 = x 0.14* = On x x 365 = x 0.14* = *Usage rote is based on the PG&E baseline rate of$0.14/kWh. Your rates might be higher. Add all your calculation from the "Electricity Usage" column: Total Usage = kWh/y Add all your calculation from the "Electricity Costs" column: Total Costs = $ 1 pledge to commit at least one of the following action: ❑ Unplug inactive appliances ❑ Set hot water heater no higher than 120F ❑ Turn off lights when leaving a room ❑ Use sunlight for light ❑ Wash clothes in cold water ❑ Do full loads in dishwasters and clothers washers Silicon Valley Energy Watch D1Y Home Energy Saving Toolkit 1 • • Tracking Info Card Please fill in the information below by using your worksheet and return it along with your toolkit to the library. Checkout Date Showerhead Water Savings $ Library Gas Savings $ Faucet Aerator # of people living in your household Water Savings $ CITY OF SILICON VALLEY Lighting SAN JOSE .................ct ,y Electricity Savings $ CMCAPITAL OF SILICON VALLEY WQt Plug Loads Pacific Gas and Electricity Cost $ & Electric Company .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• - Cupertino.org/ 4It', greenbiz • reenbiz C,ublir i•r;. I Required Actions � C U P ER-�-I',,�O CUPE I r,K,,,,u:;M Additional Measures Office/Retail Program Standards © This document serves to provide business owners with a hard copy of the check and balances required in order to become a certified green business in the City of Cupertino. This checklist is Education for review purposes only. Please contact erinc@cupertino.org when you are ready to apply. Education Solid Wast_ General Standards for All Businesses Required Inform your customers about your business environmental efforts and what you are do- ing to meet the green business standards. For example: Post the Green Business logo, ® certification and pledge in a visible location; Post reminders listing steps you are taking M `A g to be a Green Business; Offer tours that highlight your Green Business successes; Offer customers green service or amenities options; Highlight your Green Business efforts and/or certification on your website, and link it to the GBP home page. Adopt a written environmentally preferable (or green)purchasing policy.Ask your Water0 Green Business Coordinator for templates. Conservation oEstablish a`green team' that can help guide efforts to green your business. &wilid Waste Pollution 11 IF J111111IM11111. ® PreventionPurchase with Recycled Content Required Y q QPaper towels with 35%post-consumer waste ® Wastewater Q Purchase copier/printer paper with at least 30%post consumer waste Purchase with Recycled Content Complete at least 3 0 Purchase office/copier paper with 100%post consumer waste Health& Wellness Purchase copy, computer and fax paper with minimum 50%post consumer waste Purchase letterhead with the highest recycled content available Working Partners: Purchase envelopes with the highest recycled content available. 0 Purchase toilet seat covers and toilet paper with recycled content. j Remodel/build with materials containing recycled content 0 Purchase tissues with the highest recycled content available x, Purchase business cards with recycled content Recology Santa Clara Volley Purchase carpet, carpet undercushion, or flooring with recycled content. Water District /r 0 Purchase folders or other paper products with the highest recycled content available. Purchase garbage bags with the highest recycled content available. This program is funded by California utility customers and 0 For retail use or shipping,purchase boxes or bags with recycled content. administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Cuper Use refilled or remanufactured laser and copier toner cartridges. greennbiz Retailers stock/sell products made with recycled content. Recycle Materials Required QRecycle all paper, glass, metal,cardboard and plastics accepted in your area. Required Actions o Where applicable,provide recycling and composting container(s) at convenient and ap- propriate locations such as staff lunch or break rooms and near vending machines. Additional Measures Recycle Materials Complete at least 12 ,--GeneraUStaff � Recycle CDs/DVDs Education Compost food scraps 0 Compost landscape trimmings (green waste) and debris El Reduce Waste Required Solid. oIf you provide disposable bags to your customers for items purchased, encourage the reuse of paper or plastic bags by offering discounts on future purchases. Plastic bags should only be provided when absolutely necessary. ° o Eliminate individual bottles of water for employees and guests. Conservation Eliminate the use of polystyrene containers. Utilize on of the following options (in orger Qof preference):paper,paperboard, compostable containers (starch-based sugarcane, rice ® Water hulls, and/or corn), or recyclable plastic. L Conservation Purchase/lease all new copiers and printers with double sided copying capability or en- sure that employees are printing on both sides of the page manually(print odd pages, return to printer, then print even pages). Pollution Prevention Make two sided printing and copying standard practice in your business (set printers L -AQ and copiers to default to duplex printing).Make single-sided the exception instead of the rule Wastewater Reduce Waste Complete at least 3 Set document defaults to smaller fonts and margins. 0 Send and receive faxes directly from computers without printing Health& Weltness Keep a stack of previously used paper near printers to use for drafts or internal memos, or designate a draft tray on printers with multiple trays. Working Partners: 0 Centralize purchasing to eliminate unnecessary purchases and ensure that all waste re- duction purchasing policies are followed 0 Eliminate paper documents by using electronic forms and contracts. Purchase reusable rather than disposable office items such as refillable pens, erasable 0 white boards &wall calendars. �T 0 Select products shipped with less packaging. Recolvgy SantaRetailers: Use optical scanners,which give more details about inventory,for more pre- WaterisroVolley cise ordering. Wafer District,/r g Request that marketing materials be printed on recycled content paper. This program is funded by California utility customers and Subscribe to journals, trade magazines, etc. online rather than receiving hard copies. administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Reuse Materials Complete at least 3 Cupertino.org/ greenbiz Q Request that marketing materials be printed on recycled content paper. Q Purchase used or refurbished equipment and/or furniture. Required Actions Q Donate furniture,supplies, scrap materials,etc., or use a waste exchange program where another business can take your unwanted items. Q Recycle or reuse plastic wrap/bags Additional Measures Q Reuse paper or plastic packaging materials in your own shipments. Q Retailers: Offer incentives for customers who bring their own reusable bags,coffee Education mugs, etc. (or disincentives such as charging fees for bags) In the lunch/break room,replace disposables with permanent water (mugs, dishes, uten- Solid Q sils, etc.) and use refillable containers for sugar, salt&pepper, etc. to avoid individual Waste condiment packets. Q Lease, rather than purchase computers and printers or upgrade desktop computers in- stead of purchasing new ones. Energy ® ConservationQ Recycle wood, including pallets 0 Designate a reuse area for office supplies such as binders, folders and staplers. WaterQ Have your toner cartridges refilled for reuse. Conservation Energy Conservation Reduce Your Energy Bill Required Pollution PreventionQ Replace incandescent bulbs with efficient compact fluorescents QReplace all T-12 fluorescent lighting with energy-efficient T-8 or T-5 fixtures with elec- Wastewater tronic ballasts or other equivalent efficacy lighting QComplete regularly scheduled maintenance on your HVAC(heating,ventilation and air conditioning) and refrigeration system at least twice a year. QUse energy efficient exit signs, such as LEDs Health& QWellness Equipment & Facilities Complete at Least 5 Q Institute a policy that all electronic devices,lighting and room cooling units be turned Working Partners: off when not in use and use light switch reminders to remind staff to do the same Q Use ENERGY STAR qualified refrigerators (those over 10 years old should be replaced) Q Use occupancy sensors to control air conditioning and heat. Q Properly set and maintain lighting control devices (current time and on/off schedule) such as time clocks,photocells and sensors and adjust for season. x, Q Use ENERGY STAR®office equipment and enable energy saving features Recology Santo Clara Volley Q Set refrigerator temperature to meet minimum health requirements (typically between Water District /r 38F and 41F for refrigerators and between 1OF and 20F for freezers) Apply window film to reduce heat This program is funded by California utility customers and Q Shade sun-exposed windows and walls using awnings, sunscreens, trees or shrubbery administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. 0 Incandescent bulbs that are not replaced with compact fluorescents are replaces with Cupertino.org/ LEDs. greenbiz 0 Use a 365 day programmable thermostat to control heating and air conditioning Use task lighting instead of lighting the entire area Use lighting controls such as dual technology occupancy sensors, bypass/delay timers, Required Actions photocells or time clocks Reduce number of fixtures or lamps per fixture Additional Measures Conservation Education� Reduce Your Water Bill Required Q Install toilets with 1.6 gpf(gallon per flush) or less QCheck for and repair all leaks, including in toilets Solid L Wasteo Assign a person to monitor water bills for sudden rises in use, and to track use over time. Call your water company should sudden rises occur QInstall low-flow aerators in faucets and showerheads according to water district specifi- cations. QPost signs in restrooms and kitchen to encourage water conservation and to report leaks oUse only dry methods to clean outdoor hard surfaces and post instructions for staff. Water Reduce Your Water Bill Complete at least 2 Conservation Provide additional urinals in men's restroom and reduce number of toilets 0 Replace water-cooled equipment, such as air condition units,with air-cooled. Polluti® Prevention' 0 Reduce indoor water pressure to no higher than 50 psi by installing pressure reducing valves. ® ® Q Conduct annual training to educate staff about the benefits of efficient water use at the workplace. 0 Schedule your water company to make a presentation to staff to encourage water conser- vation at home. (Some water companies offer training and take home conservation kits). Health& Weltness Adjust sprinklers for proper coverage optimizing spacing and avoiding runoff onto 0 paved surfaces. Adjust sprinklers to achieve even water distribution and to eliminate all Working Partners: runoff. 0 Go beyond the 1.9 gpf toilets to 1.28 gpf HETs (high efficiency toilets). Ask your water district about rebates for replacing older toilets >3.5 gpf. Complete if You Have Landscaping Required oAdjust the irrigation schedule monthly during irrigation season,or as needed x, o Save water by programming the irrigation system to use shorter, repeated cycles of wa- Iecolvgr tering(3 start times of 3 minutes each instead of one start time of 10 minutes) Santa ClaraVolley Water District QWater during early morning pre-dawn hours This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Cupertino Green Business Program Standards Page 3 Complete if You Have Landscaping Complete at least 2 Cupertino.org/ = Plant drought tolerant plants that will not need pruning at maturity greenbiz 0 Use reclaimed water, graywater or rainwater for irrigation Install a self-adjusting, weather-based irrigation controller that tailors watering sched- ules to local weather,plant types, etc. Required Actions Install rain shut-off devices or moisture sensors that turn off the irrigation during rain Make necessary changes to assure proper hydro-zoning(grouping of plants with similar Additional Measures 0 water needs and sprinkler types) of irrigated areas,for example, separate bed and turf zones. QEducationGeneraUStaff o Use drip irrigation Apply mulch or compost in non-turf areas to improve the water holding capacity of the soil Solid Waste Yollution Prevention Climate Change Mitigation Complete at Least I Complete a CO2 or eco-footprint calculator to determine your own greenhouse gas emissions Q Install renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind generators. Specify sys- tem size Buy renewable energy credits or green tags to offset the CO2 emissions from your of- Conservation f- � fices use of electricity and natural gas Recycle/Reuse Potential Pollutants Required Properly store and recycle Universal Wastes as required by law. Designate a storage Pollution area for spent Universal Wastes,posting a sign and notifying employees of this area. Prevention 0 Ensure that these are recycled (and not put into the garbage). Universal Wastes are: Spent fluorescent light tubes &bulbs, Electronic equipment(computers, cell phones, pagers, etc.) and Batteries ® ® Recycle/Reuse Potential Pollutants Complete at least I Recycle used inkjet cartridges When recycling electronic equipment, take to a certified "e-Steward" for responsible re- cycling Health& Welluess Reduce Air Emissions Required QJoin the Air Districts Spare the Air program and notify employees and customers of Working Partners: Spare the Air days. oEncourage commuter alternatives by informing employees, customers and others who visit your office about various transportation options (post bicycle route maps and tran- sit schedules before driving directions). Reduce Air Emissions Complete at least T Hire locally. Recology 0 Offer a shuttle service to and from bus, train and/or light rail stops. Santa Clara Volley Enroll in a car share program Water District Offer telecommuting opportunities and/or flexible schedules so workers can avoid heavy traffic commutes This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the Q Provide secure bicycle storage for staff and Customers auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Cupertino Green Business Program Standards Page 4 Cu ertino.or / P g greenbiz Reduce Chemical Use Required F-1 Reduce chemicals (cleaners,pesticides,paints, etc.) used and stored, safely disposing of Required Actions any unneeded products at the local Household Hazardous Waste Program QEliminate or reduce pesticides by using good sanitation (keeping kitchen, desks and Additional Measures waste storage areas clean) and making physical changes to keep out pests oIf contracting with a pest control operator, specify in contracts the use of Integrated © GeneraUStaff Pest Management(including non-chemical pest prevention with no perimeter spraying), Education or choose a contractor that is certified in IPM, such as those listed at www.EcoWiseCertified.com QUse low toxic cleaning products such as those that are SF Approved SolidWaste (www.sfapproved.org), Green Seal certified(www.greenseal.org), or receive at least an 8.1 rating on the GoodGuide(www.goodguide.com), in non-aerosol containers oUse no products with added antibacterial agents, such as triclosan. This includes prod- ucts used for hand washing, dishwashing and cleaning oReplace all aerosols with pump dispensers. Assess chemicals used in your business by reviewing Material Safety Data Sheets Q (MSDS) and Prop.65 warnings on labels. Substitute with less toxic alternatives if avail- Water able. Track the amounts of hazardous waste generated, and dispose of at local hazardous L Conservation waste programs. Reduce Chemical Use Complete at least 2 Pollutiono Replace standard fluorescent lights with low or no mercury fluorescent lights. Provide Prevention make and model 0 Eliminate the routine use of all disinfectants and sanitizers, unless needed to comply with Environmental Health. ® Wastewater Purchase organically or locally grown foods and beverages for the office kitchen. O Do business with other green vendors or services, such as recognized Bay Area Green Businesses Health& Obtain a battery recharger for the office. Use rechargeable(instead of disposable) batter- Weltness for flashlights, radios, remote controls, etc. Purchase EPEAT certified(www.EPEAT.net) computers, laptops and monitors. Working Partners: Q Store any potentially hazardous materials securely, control access and rotate stock to use oldest products first. Reduce Vehicle Emissions Complete at least I Convert company vehicles to low emission vehicles (electric,hybrid, natural gas or alter- native fuels) Recology Larger employers: Offer electric vehicle recharge ports for visitors and employees elec- SontoClaroVolley tric vehicles. Water District This program is funded by California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Cupertino.org/ LWastewater greenbiz Storm Water Pollution Prevention Required QLabel all storm water drains with No dumping,Drains to Bay message QEnsure that no wastewater enters a storm drain. Required Actions Q Do not wash cars,equipment,floor mats or other items where run-off water flows straight to the storm drain Additional Measures Q Keep dumpsters closed and impermeable to rainwater. Keep them from overflowing and keep dumpster/parking areas clean QEducation Keep receiving,loading docks, dumpster, landscape, storage and parking areas free of 0 litter, oil drips and debris. Clean private catch basins annually(by October 15th), before the first rain and as needed Solid0 thereafter. Waste If using water to clean parking or other outdoor areas, hire a BASMAA-certified mobile Qcleaner. Contractor must use equipment that collects wash water and disposes to sani- tary sewer Storm Water Pollution Prevention Complete at least 2 Q Store deliveries and supplies under a roof Water Q Mulch, use ground cover, or use a barrier to prevent exposed soil from washing land- ' scaped areas into storm drain Q Regularly check and maintain storm drain openings and basins. Keep litter, debris and soil away from storm drains Pollution 13 ' Prevention Q Clean outdoor surfaces by dry sweeping Health & Wellness ® Wastewater Benefits Recommended Q Offer employee health&wellness benefits and programs such as: health screenings and clinics, nutrition and weight loss services,flexible spending accounts, fitness facilities and discounts, group exercise opportunities,preventative health workshops,flex-time Health& for exercise, informal sports leagues, and more Wellness Q Create bike buddy/bike ambassador program Working Partners: Q Offer bicycle safety and/or maintenance trainings C Q Introduce bike fleet and/or bike share program Q Increase bike rack and/or storage capacity Q Offer employee incentives for alternative commuting(i.e.parking cash-out, subsidized transit passes,tax-free commuter benefits, guaranteed ride home,etc.). T Q Establish a CSA program for employees and/or offer community CSA pick-up location Recology at your business Santo Clara Volley Q Encourage employees to participate in local CSA program and/or purchase produce at Water District /r farmers markets Provide healthy vending options (fruit juice,milk, soy alternatives to sugar sweetened This program is funded by beverages and alternatives to candy bars and potato chips) California utility customers and administered by PG&E under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN green@school Certification z .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• - 6 Cupertino.org/ V,' V,'greenbiz � - reen iZ ASL Required Actions CUPERTINO �a CUPE'R�T1PJO r....&hM F45 Additional Measures School Program Standards This document serves to provide business owners with a hard copy of the check and balances required in order to become a certified green business in the City of Cupertino. This checklist is for review purposes only. Please contact erinc@cupertino.org when you are ready to apply. L Education General/Staff Education General Standards for All Businesses Required EV o Inform your customers about your business environmental efforts and what you are doing to meet the green business standards.For example:Post the Green Business logo,certification and pledge in a visible location;Post reminders listing steps you are taking to be a Green Business; Offer tours that highlight your Green Business successes; Offer customers green service or amenities options; Energy® Highlight your Green Business efforts and/or certification on your website, and link it to the GBP Conservation home page. oProvide 3 on-going incentives or training opportunities to encourage management and employee participation in the Green Business Program. For example, incorporate Green Business into performance appraisals,job descriptions, training programs, employee ori- Water staff meeting discussions, employee reference material, company newsletter or Conservation bulletins and company suggestion and reward programs. Assist at least one other business in learning about becoming a Green Business. Encour- age them to enroll in the Green Business Program and provide their contact information Pollution to your GBP coordinator. Prevention o Adopt a written environmentally preferable(or green)purchasing policy.Ask your Green Business Coordinator for templates. 0 Establish a'green team'that can help guide efforts to green your business. Wastewater Solid Waste Purchase with Recycled Content Required J ® o Paper towels with 35%post-consumer waste QPurchase copier/printer paper with at least 30%post consumer waste Purchase with Recycled Content Complete at least 2 J 0 Purchase office/copier paper with 100%post consumer waste Working Partners: 0 Purchase or obtain previously used furniture, supplies or materials. 0 Purchase letterhead with the highest recycled content available r Purchase envelopes with the highest recycled content available. Recology Purchase toilet seat covers and toilet paper with recycled content. Sonia Clara Valle Water District O Remodel/build with materials containing recycled content Purchase tissues with the highest recycled content available Purchase garbage bags with the highest recycled content available Purchase folders or other paper products with the highest recycled content available. Cupertino.Org/ Purchase business cards with recycled content. greenbiz 0 Purchase carpet, carpet undercushion, or flooring. with recycled content. 0 Use refilled or remanufactured laser and copier toner cartridges. 0 Purchase storage bins and recycling containers with recycled content. Required Actions ( Recycle Materials Required J l Additional Measures Q Recycle all paper, glass,metal, cardboard and plastics accepted in your area. J QProvide recycling containers at convenient and appropriate locations (i.e.,lobbies,guest rooms,vending machines,kitchens, next to garbage containers, desks, etc.) fRecycle Materials Complete at least I J ® L Education � Recycle CDs/DVDs. Compost food waste. � Recycle or reuse carpeting. Recycle scrap metal. Recycle wood including pallets. 0 Compost landscape trimmings (green waste) and debris. Energy Conservation Reduce Waste Required I QEliminate the use of polystyrene, such as Styrofoam,in beverages and food service ware. Water f Reduce Waste Complete at least 6Conservation J 0 Buy products in returnable or reusable containers Practice efficient copying by using the size reduction feature (print two pages of a docu- ment on one page, set word processing defaults for smaller fonts and narrow margins). Pollution Subscribe to journals, trade magazines, etc. online rather than receiving hard copies. Prevention 1� Reduce printing of emails, attachments and documents 0 Work with vendors to:Minimize and take back packaging(including empty containers), eliminate polystyrene (Styrofoam, bubble wrap, etc.; or take back used/damaged product ® � for reuse or recycling;to minimize packaging. Use electronic billing methods to invoice customers and receive payment. Eliminate paper documents by using electronic forms and contracts. Health& Send and receive faxes directly from computers without printing � Centralize meeting announcements and journals in a single location(bulletin board, white board, email,etc.)to reduce printed copies 0 Lease, rather than purchase computers and printers or upgrade desktop computers in- stead of purchasing new ones. Leave mowed grass on lawn (grasscycling) Working Partners: f Reuse Materials Complete at least 3 J Reuse garbage bag liners. R" Reuse paper or plastic packaging materials in your own shipments. Recal gy Reuse envelopes. Santa ClaraValle� 0 Have your toner cartridges refilled for reuse. Water District Donate furniture, supplies, scrap materials, etc., or use a waste exchange program where another business can take your unwanted items. 0 Print on the back side of previously printed on paper.Either use a second tray of the printer for such paper or keep it stacked next to the printer for hand loading. fCupertino.org/ Reduce (City Measure) Recommended 1 greenbiz 0 Eliminate individual bottles of water for employees and guests. Default settings: If copiers and printers have duplex printing capability, duplex printing must be enabled. New machines must have duplex printing capability Reduce all unwanted mailings: Required Actions • Eliminate duplicates by returning labels &requesting all but one be removed. • Reduce junk mail. Guidance and a PDF kit are at http://stopjunkmail.org Reduce catalogs at www.catalogchoice.org Additional Measures , • Eliminate duplicates in your own mailing lists 0 Design marketing materials that require no envelope—simply fold and mail. General/StaffQ Opt-out of unnecessary publications including Yellow Pages, etc. yellowpagesoptout.com/ L Education 0 Serve dishes at office or community events in reusable serving dishes Conduct routine (informal)waste audits. Look in your garbage dumpster annually to see El if there are items that could instead be reused by someone else or recycled ELM lReduce Your Energy Bill Required 1 oReplace incandescent bulbs with efficient compact fluorescents QAssign staff to track energy bills over time, looking for sudden rises in use Water® Q Replace all T-12 fluorescent lighting with energy-efficient T-8 or T-5 fixtures with elec- Conservation tronic ballasts or other equivalent efficacy lighting fEquipment & Facilities Complete at Least 4 1 Replace single or package A/C unit with one that exceeds Title 24 building standards Pollution Prevention 1� If purchasing new computers, buy EPEAT certified (www.EPEAT.net). If purchasing monitors,consider flat-screen LED monitors which consume approximately 1/3 less energy than larger ray tube monitors. Wastewater Use ENERGY STAR qualified refrigerators (those over 10 years old should be replaced) 0 Use task lighting instead of lighting the entire area. 0 If you are a large business or have a complex network, use power management software programs to automatically activate power management settings in computers and print- Health& Use ENERGY STAR®office equipment and enable energy saving features Set thermostat to 76F for cooling, 68F for heating; use timing devices to turn system down after hours. Use energy-efficient double paned windows on at least 90%of windows. Working Partners: 0 Apply window film to reduce heat. Institute a policy that all electronic devices, lighting and room cooling units be turned off when not in use and use light switch reminders to remind staff to do the same. Recology Shade sun-exposed windows and walls using awnings, sunscreens, trees or shrubbery. Santa ClaraValle� 0 Use a 365 day programmable thermostat to control heating and air conditioning. Water District Clean lighting fixtures,diffusers and lamps twice a year so they are lighting as effec- tively as possible. Q Rearrange workspace to take advantage of areas with natural light and design for in- Cupertino.org/ creased natural lighting when remodeling. greenbiz Q Reduce number of fixtures or lamps per fixture Q Shade HVAC condensers, especially roof-top units. 1 Q Use occupancy sensors to control air conditioning and heat. Required Actions ! Q Use and maintain economizers on A/C to increase air circulation. Q Additional Measures Use a solar water heater or preheater. , Q Use instantaneous hot water heaters (or on demand systems) at point of use. Q Use weather stripping to seal air gaps around doors and windows. 12 General/Staff If Education Water Conservation Reduce Your Water Bill Required 1 Q Install toilets with 1.6 gpf(gallon per flush)or less. QCheck for and repair all leaks, including in toilets. QAssign a person to monitor water bills for sudden rises in use, and to track use over time. Call your water company should sudden rises occur Energy ConservationQ Test irrigation sprinklers quarterly to ensure proper operation and coverage and repair all broken or defective sprinkler heads/nozzles,lines and valves. QPost signs in restrooms and kitchen to encourage water conservation and to report ® Water leaks. Conservation QUse only dry methods to clean outdoor hard surfaces and post instructions for staff. QSave water by programming the irrigation system to use shorter, repeated cycles of wa- Pollution tering(3 start times of 3 minutes each instead of one start time of 10 minutes). Prevention Q Adjust the irrigation schedule monthly during irrigation season,or as needed. QAdjust sprinklers for proper coverage, optimized spacing, and eliminated runoff. Wastewater Q Water during early morning,pre-dawn hours. fReduce Your Water Bill Complete at least 5 1 Q Schedule your water company to make a presentation to staff to encourage water conser- vation at home. Q Indoors, use dry floor cleaning methods, followed by damp mopping, rather than spray- ing or hosing with water. Change window cleaning schedule from periodic to as required. Q Provide additional urinals in men's restroom and reduce number of toilets Working Partners: Q Install low-flow aerators and showerheads (your water company may offer these for free):;As low as 0.5 gpm and no greater than 2.5 gpm for lavatory sinks; 2.0 gpm or less for kitchen sinks; 2.0 gpm or less for showerheads Recology Q Adjust boiler and cooling tower blowdown rate to maintain TDS (total dissolved solids) at levels recommended by manufactures specifications. Sonia Clara Volley Water District Q Replace water-cooled equipment, such as air conditioning units, with air-cooled. Q Work with your water company to develop a site-specific water budget. Track your wa- ter use to ensure efficient watering. Group plants with similar water requirements together(hydrozone)on the same irriga- tion line Cupertino.org/ Plant drought tolerant plants that will not need pruning at maturity greenbiz Use reclaimed water, graywater or rainwater for irrigation Install a self-adjusting, weather-based irrigation controller that tailors watering sched- ules to local weather,plant types, etc. Required Actions ! 0 Install rain shut-off devices or moisture sensors that turn off the irrigation during rain Additional Measures Use drip irrigation, O Apply mulch or compost in non-turf areas to improve the water holding capacity of the soil. Replace water intensive turf with woodchips,plant based mulch, loose stones or perme- able pavers. L Education 0 Reduce indoor water pressure to no higher than 50 psi by installing pressure reducing valves. Ponution Prevealmli Er Recycle/Reuse Potential Pollutants Required QProperly store and recycle Universal Wastes as required by law.Designate a storage Energy area for spent Universal Wastes,posting a sign and notifying employees of this area. Conservation Ensure that these are recycled(and not put into the garbage). Universal Wastes are: Spent fluorescent light tubes&bulbs, Electronic equipment (computers, cell phones, pagers, etc.) and Batteries Water f Recycle/Reuse Potential Pollutants Complete at least 2Conservation J 0 Recycle excess paint/solvents(keep only what is needed for touch ups, then give remain- der to hazardous waste collection program, donate to anti-graffiti program,or return to contractor or manufacturer). Pollution0 Recycle used copier toner cartridges. Prevention 0 Recycle used ink jet cartridges. 0 When recycling electronic equipment,take to a certified "e-Steward" for responsible re- ® ® cycling. � Recycle car fluids from company vehicles. fReduce Chemical Use RequiredHealth& J Reduce chemicals (cleaners,pesticides,paints, etc.) used and stored, safely disposing of Wellness any unneeded products at the local Household Hazardous Waste Program QReplace all aerosols with pump dispensers. QUse low toxic cleaning products such as those that are SF Approved (www.sfapproved.org), Green Seal certified (www.greenseal.org), or receive at least an 8.1 rating on the GoodGuide (www.goodguide.com), in non-aerosol containers Working Partners: Q Use no products with added antibacterial agents, such as triclosan. This includes prod- ucts used for hand washing,dishwashing and cleaning r f Reduce Chemical Use Complete at least 4 1 Recol gy Use electric(not gas)powered tools. Santa ClaraValle� If spraying, use high-efficiency paint spray equipment with high solids paint. Water District Eliminate the routine use of all disinfectants and sanitizers, unless needed to comply with Environmental Health. 0 Offer certified organic,fair trade, sustainably harvested and/or locally grown products. Q Use recycled oil for vehicles/equipment. Q Eliminate the use of chemical and aerosolized air fresheners/deodorizers. To freshen air, open windows or adjust fan speed in restrooms and kitchens. Cupertino.org/ Q Use route optimization software or have documented delivery plans. greenbiz Q Store any potentially hazardous materials securely,control access and rotate stock to use oldest product first . Q Print promotional materials with vegetable or other low-VOC inks Required Actions Q Replace toxic permanent ink markers/pens with water-based ones. Q Use unbleached and/or chlorine-free paper products (copy paper,paper towels, napkins, Additional Measures , coffee filters,etc). Q Obtain a battery recharger for the office. Use rechargeable (instead of disposable) batter- ies for flashlights, radios, remote controls,etc. ® Q Replace standard fluorescent lights with low mercury fluorescent lights.Approved mod- L Education can be found at www.sfapproved.org. Q Use one or a few low-toxicity multipurpose cleaners,rather than many special-purpose cleaners. Q Do business with other green vendors or services, such as recognized Bay Area Green Businesses (listings at www.greenbiz.ca.gov). fReduce Vehicle Emissions Complete at least 3 J ConservationQ Convert company vehicles to low emission vehicles (electric, hybrid, natural gas or alter- native fuels). Q Use biodiesel(100%or blends) or vegetable diesel in place of petrodiesel in vehicles. WaterQ Offer lockers and showers for staff who walk,jog or bicycled to work. Conservation Q Encourage employees and customers to bike and use public transit by posting bicycle ride maps and transit schedules/maps. PollutionQ Buy renewable energy credits or green tags to offset the CO2 emissions from your of- Prevention 1� use of electricity and natural gas(see www.green-e.org). Q Larger Employers: Offer electric vehicle recharge ports for visitors and employees elec- tric vehicles. ® � Q Install renewable energy sources, such as solar panels or wind generators. Specify sys- tem size. Q Offer a shuttle service to and from bus, train and/or light rail stops Health& Q Larger Employers: Set aside car/vanpool/rideshare car parking spaces. Wellness Q Larger Employers: Provide commuter van Q Provide secure bicycle storage for staff and customers Q Encourage bicycling to work by offering rebates on bicycles bought for commuting,or provide employees a stipend or subsidy for bicycle maintenance Working Partners: Q Offer telecommuting opportunities and/or flexible schedules so workers can avoid heavy traffic commutes QHelp employees rideshare by posting commuter ride sign-up sheets and providing other Recol gy commuter incentive programs(e.g.,rideshare incentive programs, guaranteed ride home in emergency situations, etc.) available at www.Rideshare.511.org Sonia Clara Valle Water District Q Patronize services close to your business (e.g., food/catering, copy center,etc.) and en- courage employees to do the same. Q When possible, arrange for a single vendor who makes deliveries for several items. Q Hire locally. Wastewater Cupertino.org/ Storm Water Pollution Prevention Required greenbiz Q Keep dumpsters closed and impermeable to rainwater.Keep them from overflowing and keep dumpster/parking areas clean QClean private catch basins annually(by October 15th), before the first rain and as needed thereafter. Required Actions J Q ! Ensure that no wastewater enters a storm drain. Additional Measures , Q Do not wash cars, equipment,floor mats or other items where run-off water flows straight to the storm drain. QIf using water to clean parking or other outdoor areas,hire a BASMAA-certified mobile ® r cleaner. Contractor must use equipment that collects wash water and disposes to sani- tary sewer. Education Storm Water Pollution Prevention Complete at least 2 J Provide containment for large amounts of liquid supplies such as cleaners and paints. @sawQ Store any potentially hazardous materials securely,control access and rotate stock to use oldest material first. Store deliveries and supplies under a roof. Do not apply pesticides or fertilizers before it rains (pollutants may be washed into the storm drain). Maintain green waste or food compost area to prevent leaks or spills to storm drain. Water Label all storm drains with No dumping, Drains to Bay message. Conservation 0 Clean outdoor surfaces by dry sweeping. Routinely check for and address leaks, spills, and emissions of chemicals,paints, and Pollution cleaners. Repair any deficiencies. Prevention 1� 0 Regularly check and maintain storm drain openings and basins. Keep litter, debris and soil away from storm drains. Use dry cleanup methods as a norm, and sweep prior to mopping floors. If necessary, use ® Wastewater spot mopping only. Post signs at targeted trouble spots (e.g., loading docks, dumpster areas,outside hoses) to explain proper practices to prevent pollutants from reaching storm drains. 0 Use pipes or hoses for transferring cleaners or other chemicals to prevent spills and Health& splashes. Wellness Mulch, use ground cover,or use a barrier to prevent exposed soil from washing land- scaped areas into storm drain. 0 Keep a spill kit handy to catch/collect spills from hazardous materials,grease,or leaking company, employee,or guest vehicles.Make sure there is adequate absorbent material to Working Partners: contain the largest possible spill Locate all potential pollutants away from food preparation, service and storage areas as well as sewer and storm drains. Health & Wellnessr Recology Benefits Recommended Sonia Clara Valle Water District 0 Offer employee health&wellness benefits and programs such as: health screenings and clinics, nutrition and weight loss services, flexible spending accounts, fitness facilities and discounts, group exercise opportunities,preventative health workshops,flex-time for exercise, informal sports leagues, and more Q Create bike buddy/bike ambassador program Cupertino.org/ Q Offer bicycle safety and/or maintenance trainings greenbiz Q Introduce bike fleet and/or bike share program Q Increase bike rack and/or storage capacity Q Offer employee incentives for alternative commuting(i.e. parking cash-out, subsidized 1 transit passes, tax-free commuter benefits,guaranteed ride home, etc.). Required Actions ! Q Establish a CSA program for employees and/or offer community CSA pick-up location at your business Additional Measures , Q Encourage employees to participate in local CSA program and/or purchase produce at farmers markets Q Provide healthy vending options(fruit juice, milk, soy alternatives to sugar sweetened beverages and alternatives to candy bars and potato chips) Education ESP Energy Conservation Water ® Conservation Pollution PreventionWastewater Health& Wellness Working Partners: ■ i�r Recology Sonia Clara Valle Water District EXHIBIT 1 : Addendum to the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) prepared for 2040 General Plan CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO ADDENDUM TO THE GENERAL 1 P1 AMMENDMENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT SCH • 2014032007 eY- `i .�CITY OF CUPEHTIN4• _ CUPERTINO CLIMATE ACTION PLAN Addendum Cover Page The purpose of this Addendum to the General Plan Amendment, Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning EIR (SCH No. 2014032007) (GPAEIR), referred to as the "Addendum," is to explain that adoption of the City proposed Climate Action Plan (CAP)would not create any new or substantially more severe significant effects on the environment that were not analyzed in the GPA EIR.The CAP implements General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation), which were adopted on December 3rd, 2014, and were analyzed in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR is available for review in the City's Planning Department and accessible at http://www.cupertinogpa.org/. While CEQA does not require a public comment period for Addenda,the City will consider agency and individual comments on this Addendum received within 30 days of publication or January 5, 2015. Please submit comments to sustainabilitvPcupertino.org.. For additional questions related to the CAP, please contact Erin Cooke, Cupertino's Sustainability Manager by phone at 408-777-7603. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CITY OF CUPERTINO City Council: Mayor Gilbert Wong Vice Mayor Rod Sinks Councilmember Mark Santoro Councilmember Orrin Mahoney Councilmember Barry Chang City Staff: David Brandt, City Manager Aarti Shrivastava,Assistant City Manager&Director,Community Development Department Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager AECOM Jeff Goldman,AICP,Project Director Josh Lathan,Project Manager Drew Sutton, CEQA Specialist Joseph Howell,Assistant CEQA Specialist TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Purpose of Document................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Project Description....................................................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Baseline Conditions: Greenhouse Gas Inventories ...................................................................... 1-8 1.4 Greenhouse Gas Forecasts............................................................................................................ 1-9 1.5 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets........................................................................................... 1-14 1.6 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures........................................................................................ 1-17 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST AND FINDINGS........................................................................2-1 2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS: ........................................................................................ 2-1 2.2 Explanation of Checklist Evaluation Categories.......................................................................... 2-2 2.3 Discussion and Mitigation Sections............................................................................................. 2-2 2.4 Aesthetics.....................................................................................................................................2-3 2.5 Agriculture and Forestry Resources............................................................................................. 2-6 2.6 Air Quality....................................................................................................................................2-8 2.7 Biological Resources..................................................................................................................2-12 2.8 Cultural Resources ..................................................................................................................... 2-17 2.9 Geology and Soils ......................................................................................................................2-19 2.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions........................................................................................................2-22 2.11 Hazards and Hazardous Materials.............................................................................................. 2-24 2.12 Hydrology and Water Quality....................................................................................................2-28 2.13 Land Use and Planning...............................................................................................................2-33 2.14 Mineral Resources......................................................................................................................2-34 2.15 Noise...........................................................................................................................................2-35 2.16 Population and Housing.............................................................................................................2-38 2.17 Public Services...........................................................................................................................2-39 2.18 Recreation...................................................................................................................................2-41 2.19 Transportation/Traffic................................................................................................................2-42 2.20 Utilities and Service Systems.....................................................................................................2-48 2.21 Mandatory Findings of Significance.......................................................................................... 2-52 3 REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................3-1 Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino i Table of Contents Figures Figure1.1 Project Vicinity......................................................................................................................... 1-4 Figure1.2 City Limits................................................................................................................................ 1-5 Figure 1.3 Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year............................................................................. 1-15 Tables Table 1.1 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions.................................................................................... 1-8 Table 1.2 Baseline 2010 Community-wide Emissions........................................................................................... 1-9 Table 1.3 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions(2010 -2050).................................................... 1-10 Table 1.4 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 -2050)................................................................................ 1-10 Table 1.5 Municipal Operations BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals(2010 -2050)........................................... 1-11 Table 1.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions ............................... 1-13 Table 1.7 Community-wide BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals(2010 -2050).................................................. 1-14 Table 1.8 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory,Forecasts, and Reduction Targets............................................ 1-15 Table 1.9 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory,Forecasts, and Reduction Targets............................................ 1-16 Table 1.10 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets....................................................... 1-16 Table 1.11 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions............................................................. 1-24 Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures.............................................................................................. 1-30 AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Table of Contents ii City of Cupertino 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT The purpose of this Addendum to the General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update,and Associated Rezoning EIR(SCH No. 2014032007) (GPAEIR),' referred to as the"Addendum,"is to explain that adoption of the City proposed Climate Action Plan(CAP)would not create any new or substantially more severe significant effects on the environment that were not analyzed in the GPA EIR. The CAP implements General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation),which were adopted on [DATE],2014, and were analyzed in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR is hereby incorporated by reference and is available for review in the City's Planning Department. General Plan policy ES-1.1.1 states: ► Climate Action Plan(CAP).Adopt, implement and maintain a CAP to attain greenhouse gas emission targets consistent with state law and regional requirements. This qualified greenhouse gas emissions reduction plan,by Bay Area Air Quality Management District's(BAAQMD)definition,will allow for future project California Environmental Quality Act(CEQA) streamlining and will identify measures to: ► Reduce energy use through conservation and efficiency; ► Reduce fossil fuel use through multi-modal and alternative transportation; ► Maximize use of and,where feasible,install renewable energy resources; ► Increase citywide water conservation and recycled water use; ► Accelerate Resource Recovery through expanded recycling, composting, extended producer responsibility and procurement practices; ► Promote and incentivize each of those efforts to maximize community participation and impacts; and ► Integrate multiple benefits of green infrastructure with climate resiliency and adaptation. General Plan policy ES-1.1.2 states: ► CAP and Sustainability Strategies Implementation.Periodically review and report on the effectiveness of the measures outlined in the CAP and the strategies in this Element. Institutionalize sustainability by developing a methodology to ensure all environmental, social and lifecycle costs are considered in project, program,policy and budget decisions. The CAP does not authorize any development and would not directly result in physical environmental effects due to the construction and operation of facilities. Future projects implementing the CAP would be required to demonstrate consistency with the goals and actions of the proposed CAP in order to rely on the tiering and streamlining provisions in CEQA Guidelines section 15183.e(Tiering and Streamlining the Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions). 1 The GPA EIR was certified on[DATE],2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-1 Introduction This Addendum is organized into the following chapters: ► Section 1 —Project Description: this section describes the location and setting of the CAP, along with the principal components of the project,and its relations to the City's forthcoming General Plan Amendment. The section also describes the policy setting and implementation process. In addition,this section provides pertinent project details,including lead agency contact information. ► Section 2—Environmental Checklist and Findings: Making use of the CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist,this chapter summarizes impact conclusions from the GPA EIR and explains that the proposed CAP Strategies would not create any new or substantially more significant environmental effects,providing substantiation of the findings made. ► Section 3—References: This chapter provides a list of documents used in the preparation of the Addendum. 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.2.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW The City of Cupertino has recently undertaken a community-based planning process to review land use,urban design,mobility, and economic development alternatives as part of a focused GPA,Housing Element Update, and associated Rezoning Project. The GPA EIR,published June 2014, for the proposed GPA Project evaluates three land use alternatives in addition to the No Project Alternative (Alternative A,B, and C), each consisting of options for city-wide development allocations(office, commercial,hotel,and residential),building heights and densities. Alternative C was analyzed as the proposed project and includes the maximum development intensity considered. This Addendum is based on the analysis of Alternative C. The City's 2005 General Plan, as amended by the 2014 General Plan Amendment, calls for preparation, adoption, and implementation of a CAP. The City of Cupertino has prepared a CAP with input from the City Council, Planning Commission, City Staff, community members,the development community, and citizens. The Cupertino Climate Action Plan Project represents the City of Cupertino's municipal and community-wide efforts to achieve the state-recommended GHG emissions reduction target of 15%below 2010 levels by the year 2020(equivalent to 1990 levels)as outlined in Assembly Bill(AB) 32 and the AB 32 Scoping Plan. The CAP would streamline future environmental review of projects in Cupertino by utilizing CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5, Tiering and Streamlining the Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,which, in part, states: Lead agencies may analyze and mitigate the significant effects of greenhouse gas emissions at a programmatic level, such as in...a separate plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Later project-specific environmental documents may tier from and/or incorporate by reference that existing programmatic review. (CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 [a]) The CAP would also meet the BAAQMD expectation of a Qualified GHG Reduction Strategy,using its Plan Level Guidance. To that end,the CAP identifies how the City would address its emissions targets through reduced dependency on fossil fuels and nonrenewable energy sources, and through increases in the efficient use of resources that are consumed. It also provides a way to connect climate change mitigation(i.e., GHG emissions reduction)to climate adaptation, community resilience, and broader community goals,commonly outlined in a City's General Plan. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-2 City of Cupertino The framework of Cupertino's CAP consists o£ 1. Inventory: Community-wide and municipal government operations GHG emission inventories and forecasts to establish a starting point and probable future emissions levels if no action to reduce emissions is taken(i.e., "Business as Usual"forecast). 2. Target: Reduction targets to provide aspirational goals to reduce GHG emissions incrementally by 2020, 2035, and 2050. 3. Measures: Goals, reduction measures, and implementation steps to achieve the reduction target through agency and community action. Upon adoption of the CAP, the City will take action to implement its reduction measures, monitor progress towards achievement of the reduction targets, and then evaluate effectiveness of the results to make adjustments to improve performance of CAP measures. 1.2.2 PROJECT LOCATION Cupertino is a suburban city of 10.9 square miles located on the southern portion of the San Francisco peninsula, in Santa Clara County. The city is located approximately 36 miles southeast of downtown San Francisco, eight miles south of downtown San Jose, and three miles south of Sunnyvale. As shown in Figure 1.1 and 1.2 below, the cities of Los Altos and Sunnyvale are adjacent to the northern city boundaries while the cities of Santa Clara and San Jose lie to the east and Saratoga lies to the south of Cupertino.Unincorporated areas of Santa Clara County form the western boundary and portions of the southern boundary of the city. The city is accessed by Interstate 280,which functions as a major east/west regional connector, and State Route 85,which functions as the main north/south regional connector. Cupertino is served by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA)bus system, and has 11 bus routes operating throughout various locations in the city, including several stops along De Anza Boulevard and Stevens Creek Boulevard2. The VTA bus system provides local and regional transportation to the greater Silicon Valley, including San Jose and Sunnyvale. Cupertino is known for its location in the heart of Silicon Valley and home to the worldwide headquarters of Apple Inc. Figures 1.1 and 1.2,below, show the City of Cupertino's location within Santa Clara County and its municipal boundaries,which serve as the project area for the CAP project. 2 Santa Clara VTA,Bus Routes by City:Cupertino.httD://www.vta.ore/2ettinE!-around/schedules/bv-citv,accessed on October 8,2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-3 Introduction ejauwTf m�rrrl► �corwnr = LEGEND City Boundary Urban Service Area Boundary I"."".-"" Unincorporated Areas WRhin w LL-------- Boundary Agreement Line �+ SAN MATEO 40P CQUIiTY .I Parr Aku I Cupert1'� - �� - - L, SR'17A CRUZ R SRVIA S-RNq LUII.M 1 LQII Y'IY fes . 66W F 5 � `�'tll:5 AItU SirTrr'1JYa� Los AtQ6 -TI4` �� ", - ----------i 5" P Cupertino X I 4' ■ i Lm t % — G IU NTiA smir CRUZ CLIA A COUNTY COUKTY ■ ri iJ a 51e1 1 Saurca:City of iCuperdw ZDDO-MD General Plan_ Figure 1.1 Project Vicinity AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-4 City of Cupertino a% Q< it - o I Fremont Ave m �� `m a c � •1 O W W x fi co Homestead Rd -� 3 A to Stevens Creek Blvd � m o CUPERT NO L2 — — WrIeRan Rd y 'm 6nAV? r Rd — J Stevens Creek c I p aspect Rd Reservoir J Ln G ` v I ro I CoX AVP I a r m Q 0 0.5 1 6enmm" W MILES NORTH Base Map:Cal-Atlas + 60318763'SAC GRX 002 J Figure 1.2 City Limits Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-5 Introduction 1.2.3 OBJECTIVES In California's goal to be a leader in GHG emission reduction and prevention, several regulations have been adopted by the state.AB 32, one of the primary regulations in state climate change law,requires that emissions limits be reduced to 1990 levels by the target year 2020. Many California cities have already adopted climate action plans, or are in the process of doing so,using AB 32 as a guide to their own city-level regulations to help achieve statewide GHG emission goals. The CAP proposes community-wide and municipal operations GHG emission reduction goals,measures, and implementing actions with regard to the following elements: a)buildings and energy,b)transportation and land use, c)waste reduction, d)green infrastructure,and e)water conservation. The City's vision for the CAP is as follows: Cupertino has been collaborating with neighboring Santa Clara County cities to develop CAPS that seek to identify regional sources of greenhouse gas emissions and establish local strategies to reduce these emissions. This is part of the County's work with local agencies to protect residents and businesses from long-term impacts associated with climate change. Building from these regional climate action activities,Cupertino is now customizing the plan for our City. The City's CAP will include community-vetted measures to reduce GHG emissions in the region and locally to foster a healthy and resilient Cupertino. Through extensive research and community input,the CAP will be designed to support statewide emission reduction targets. It will identify opportunities to reduce Cupertino's emissions while benefitting our local environment,residents, and neighborhoods. Cupertino has been a leader in environmental planning since 2005, as one of the first cities to incorporate a Sustainability Element within its General Plan. The CAP will reinforce the goals of this Element by coordinating with the City's recent municipal projects and community-wide programs to conserve resources,while evolving the City's approach to mitigate and adapt to climate change to ensure the wellbeing and longevity of our City. The City has identified the following five objectives for its CAP: ► To demonstrate environmental leadership—Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable,reportable,verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions. ► To save money and promote green jobs—Residents,businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our environmental resources. ► To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives—California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services.As such, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state meet its goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. ► To promote sustainable development—By developing this CAP according to BAAQMD guidelines, sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-6 City of Cupertino (i.e., "streamlined")through the CEQA review process by not requiring further analysis of GHG emissions for proposed projects that are consistent with the CAP. ► To support regional climate change efforts—Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions,performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. 1.2.4 STATE CLIMATE CHANGE ACTIONS Cupertino's strategy for climate protection must be set within the context of the Bay Area and the state,where much of the momentum for local action in the United States originates. California has long been a sustainability leader, as illustrated by Governor Schwarzenegger signing Executive Order(EO) S-3-05 in 2005. EO S-3-05 recognizes California's vulnerability to a reduced snowpack, exacerbation of air quality problems, and potential sea-level rise due to a changing climate. To address these concerns,the governor established targets to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 2000 levels by 2010,to 1990 levels by 2020, and to 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. In 2006, California became the first state in the country to adopt a statewide GHG reduction target through AB 32. This law codifies the EO S-3-05 requirement to reduce statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 resulted in the 2008 adoption by the California Air Resources Board(ARB)of a Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan), outlining the state's plan to achieve emission reductions through a mixture of direct regulations, alternative compliance mechanisms, different types of incentives,voluntary actions,market based mechanisms, and funding. The Scoping Plan addresses similar areas to those contained in the CAP, including transportation, building energy efficiency,water conservation,waste reduction, and green infrastructure. AB 32 engendered several companion laws that can assist Cupertino in reducing community-wide GHG emissions. These legislative actions and regulations are referred to as statewide actions throughout the CAP,and represent a significant source of estimated GHG reductions. The CAP estimated the GHG emission reductions associated with State actions,including: ► Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS), ► California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ► AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency, ► AB 1493—Pavley I and II, ► EO-S-1-07—Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and ► Vehicle Efficiency Regulations. As the regulatory framework surrounding AB 32 grows, it may be possible to evaluate a wider range of statewide reductions. These statewide actions are described in more detail in the CAP document. 1.2.5 REGIONAL COORDINATION AND ACTIONS In addition to the Scoping Plan and other actions taken at the statewide level,numerous county-wide and other regional efforts have also been established to support broad action towards emissions reductions within the Bay Area. These regional efforts promoting GHG reductions are already under way, and represent a suite of ways that Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-7 Introduction Cupertino has already teamed with adjacent communities to mitigate environmental impacts and emissions sources that cross geographic boundaries. These coordination activities are described in more detail in the CAP document. 1.3 BASELINE CONDITIONS: GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES The purpose of a baseline inventory is to provide a snapshot of GHG emissions in a given year. A baseline inventory allows the City to identify major sources of emissions within the community or resulting from its own operations, and then develop meaningful reduction measures that address the major emissions contributors. The City developed its baseline emissions inventories for the 2010 operational year as part of a regional climate action planning effort in 2013. The City prepared its baseline inventories to describe two emissions perspectives: community-wide and municipal operations. Community-wide emissions include all emissions activity occurring within the City's jurisdictional boundary as a result of community activities(e.g.,building energy use, transportation, solid waste generation). Municipal operations emissions are a subset of the community-wide inventory, and only describe those emissions resulting from the provision of government services. The baseline inventories assessed emissions from energy use/facilities,transportation/vehicle fleet, solid waste generation, off- road sources,wastewater,and water services. See the CAP for additional information on the components and preparation of an emissions inventory. 1.3.1 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS INVENTORY The baseline inventory identifies that the City's municipal operations generated a total of 1,775 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions(MT CO2e)in 2010. As shown in Table 1.1, emissions from the Facilities sector were the largest contributor of emissions (70.4%), followed by the Vehicle Fleet(23.9%)and Solid Waste (5.4%) sectors. Emissions from water supply services are in comparison a small contributor,making up only 0.4% of the baseline inventory. Emissions associated with wastewater services were excluded from Cupertino's inventory because the City does not have operational control over the regional wastewater treatment plant. Table 1.1 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions Emission Sector Subsector Emissions City Total(%) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 70.4% Building Energy 837 47.2% Public Lighting 412 23.2% Vehicle Fleet 424 23.9% Solid Waste 95 5.4% Water Services 7 0.4% Total 1,775 100% Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-8 City of Cupertino 1.3.2 COMMUNITYWIDE INVENTORY Cupertino's community-wide baseline emissions inventory totals 307,288 MT COze/yr in 2010.As shown in Table 1.2, energy use is the largest contributor of GHG emissions (55%),with transportation emissions contributing the majority of the remainder(34%). Off-road sources provide 7%of the inventory, and solid waste emissions provide another 2%. Potable water use and wastewater treatment are both small contributors by comparison, making up the remaining 2% of the inventory. Table 1.2 Baseline 2010 Community-wide Emissions Emission Sector Subsector Emissions Communitywide Total (MT CO2elyr) N Energy 169,547 55.2'% Electricity Subtotal 85,452 27.8% Residential 25,427 8.3% Commercial 60,025 19.5% Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 27.4% Residential 49,986 16.3% Commercial 34,109 11.1% Transportation 104,112 33.9% Off-Road Sources 22,390 7.3% Solid Waste 5,403 1.8% Wastewater Wastewater Treatment 4,640 1.5% Potable Water Water Demand 1,197 0.4% Total 307,288 100.0% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding 1.4 GREENHOUSE GAS FORECASTS The baseline inventories were used to forecast future emissions growth for 2020,2035, and 2050 under a business-as-usual(BAU) scenario. This BAU scenario assumes historic trends describing energy and water consumption,travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth. Growth factors for these future scenarios were based upon the General Plan's estimated growth in population, employment, and vehicle miles travelled under the highest growth scenario.BAU emissions forecasts are important because they are used to calculate the amount of emissions reductions necessary to achieve the City's future reduction targets. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-9 Introduction MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BAU FORECAST Table 1.3 identifies the forecasted BAU municipal operations emissions by sector for 2020,2035, and 2050. Table 1.3 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 -2050) Emission Sector Subsector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT COZelyr) (MT COZelyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding COMMUNITY-WIDE BAU FORECAST Table 1.4 identifies the community-wide BAU emissions forecasts by sector for 2020, 2035, and 2050. Table 1.4 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 -2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding As described above in Section 1.2.4,the State of California has adopted and implemented numerous policies and programs that will help to achieve the state's long-term emissions reduction target. Adjusted business-as-usual AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-10 City of Cupertino (ABAU) forecasts consider the impact of this legislation to show what a community's emissions will likely be if the state continues to make progress on implementing its high-level actions.ABAU forecasts can be useful in identifying the remaining reductions gap between a jurisdiction's ABAU forecasts and its reduction targets. Local measures can then be developed to fill any gaps to support target achievement. MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS ABAU FORECASTS Within the municipal operations ABAU forecasts developed for the CAP,it is assumed that Facilities and Water sector emissions will be reduced through implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS). The standard effectively requires electrical utilities to reduce the carbon intensity of their electricity by obtaining 33% of their generation portfolio from renewable sources by 2020. This statewide action will help reduce municipal operations emissions and contribute toward achievement of the City's emissions targets. The City will monitor the effectiveness of this legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included, should additional actions be developed that would apply to the CAP. Unlike the community-wide ABAU forecasts described below,the municipal operations forecasts do not apply reductions from statewide actions related to vehicle emissions, such as Assembly Bill 1493 (Pavley I and 11),Executive Order S-1-07 (Low Carbon Fuel Standard), or other vehicle efficiency regulations. These actions were purposefully excluded to avoid double counting emissions reduction potential between the state's actions and the City's initiatives to reduce emissions from its fleet(as described in Chapter 4 of the CAP). Table 1.5 identifies municipal operations ABAU forecast emissions for 2020, 2035, and 2050. It is possible that the state may increase the requirements associated with the RPS,which would result in greater emissions reductions. However, at the time of CAP preparation, compliance with the standard only required a 33% renewable electricity portfolio by 2020.The calculations supporting Table 1.5 assume that the standard is achieved by 2020 and is not exceeded(i.e.,remains at 33%)in the 2035 and 2050 target years. Table 1.5 Municipal Operations BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector Subsector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT COZelyr) (MT COZelyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 I 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 BAU Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Statewide Reductions Renewable Portfolio Standard - (365) (385) (404) ABAU Total 1,775 1,490 1,584 1,672 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-11 Introduction COMMUNITY-WIDE ABAU FORECASTS Most of Cupertino's anticipated community-wide emission reductions are estimated to come from statewide actions. The CAP assumes that emissions within the energy and transportation sectors will be reduced through the statewide efforts mentioned above in Section 1.2.4(and described in Chapter I of the CAP). This includes regulations addressing the use of renewable energy sources, building energy efficiency, and GHG emissions from passenger cars and trucks. When the impact of these statewide actions is applied to Cupertino's BAU emissions forecast,the resulting ABAU emissions levels begin to show the pathway towards achieving future reduction targets. These actions provide important reductions that are applied toward Cupertino's community-wide emissions targets,reducing the total amount of emissions to be addressed through local community actions. This CAP also considers PG&E's future mix of electricity generation sources as planned through 2020,though this is not specifically a statewide action. In addition to its compliance with the state's RPS,PG&E also anticipates that the non-RPS compliant portion of its portfolio will become cleaner as their use of natural gas increases and that of coal decreases.Natural gas releases less CO2 than coal when burned,which will result in reduced carbon emissions from PG&E's electricity generation portfolio as this shift is implemented. The City will monitor the effectiveness of state legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included in future CAP updates. The CAP considers locally-realized community-wide emissions reductions from: ► Renewable Portfolio Standard(RPS), ► California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ► AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency ► AB 1493—Pavley I and II, ► EO-S-1-07—Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and ► Vehicle Efficiency Regulations Including only these statewide initiatives towards the GHG reduction targets is considered a conservative approach because the AB 32 Scoping Plan describes numerous other actions that are likely to result in statewide reductions(e.g.,Million Solar Roofs program,High Speed Rail). The statewide actions included herein represent those for which a methodology is available to calculate Cupertino's likely share of these reductions. Other actions will provide statewide benefits,but cannot be accurately attributed to Cupertino at this time, and should be carefully tracked for possible incorporation during future year CAP updates. ARB's 2008 Scoping Plan provides emissions reduction estimates through 2020 that would result from implementation of the recommended actions contained therein. These reduction estimates were used to calculate the local reduction potential from those statewide actions that directly relate to emissions included in Cupertino's baseline inventories(e.g., electricity consumption,vehicle emissions). The First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan was approved in May 2014, and provides additional near-term and long-term actions to assist the state in pursuit of its long-term emissions reduction target of 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. The updated Scoping Plan also indicates that the state is on track to achieve its near-term reduction target of a return to 1990 levels by 2020, as codified in Assembly Bill 32. The updated Scoping Plan is meant to establish a framework to guide the state's actions in pursuit of climate goals beyond 2020. However,the update does not provide the same level of specific emissions reduction estimates resulting from implementation of these new actions beyond the AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-12 City of Cupertino 2020 horizon year. Therefore,reductions associated with statewide actions cannot be projected for the City's 2035 and 2050 target years with the same degree of confidence used to calculate the 2020 reductions estimates. Chapter 2 of the CAP presents two methods for estimating future reductions associated with statewide actions to address this uncertainty beyond the 2020 timeframe of the Scoping Plan. One approach estimates their impact based on the known extent of their implementation by 2020, as described in the Scoping Plan. These reductions can then be projected into the future, assuming no further enhancement to the statewide actions. Based on informal conversation with BAAQMD staff, a second approach was developed that applies the 2020 statewide reduction estimates to the City's 2020 target to calculate their relative contribution(i.e.,percentage of reduction target that is assumed to be met with statewide actions). This second approach then assumes that this same relative level of statewide actions contribution towards future target years. For example, statewide reductions in Cupertino are estimated to provide 85% of reductions needed to achieve the 2020 target. This second approach would assume that statewide actions are continually enhanced and strengthened in the future, such that those actions would also provide 85%of the reductions needed to achieve the City's 2035 and 2050 targets as well. As described in the updated Scoping Plan,the state is on track to achieve its 2020 target, and is now turning its focus towards longer-term reduction goals. While it is not possible to predict with certainty that future statewide actions will continue to contribute 85%of reductions needed to achieve the City's targets,progress made toward the state's 2020 target indicates a commitment and desire to realize California's long-term 2050 reduction target. The CAP directs the City to continually monitor these statewide actions and evaluate their local impact(i.e., emissions reduction contributions)during regular inventory updates through Measure 2035-1. If these updates occur every 2-3 years,this will provide early warning on the actual impact of the statewide actions such that the City can develop additional local reduction strategies, as necessary,to ensure future target achievement. Table 1.6 summarizes the anticipated community-wide reductions in 2020 for the statewide actions listed above. Table 1.7 shows the resulting statewide reductions and community-wide ABAU emissions forecasts,assuming that the contribution of statewide actions in 2020 remains constant(i.e., 85%of the targets presented below in Section 1.5 are achieved with reductions from statewide actions). Table 1.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions Statewide Actions 2020 Emissions Reductions (MT CO2elyr) Renewable Portfolio Standard(33%by 2020)+PG&E De-carbonization 34,267 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 AB 1109 Lighting Efficiency 5,059 Pavley I and 11 and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 Total 80,261 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding x Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-13 Introduction Table 1.7 Community-wide BAU and ABAU Emissions Totals (2010-2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 BAU Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Statewide Reductions - (80,261) (230,427) (380,307)1 ABAU Total 307,288 275,349 197,380 119,352 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' Represents 85%of the community-wide 2035 and 2050 target(respectively)shown in Table 1.8 1.5 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION TARGETS The CAP's primary goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To further that goal, an emissions reduction target serves as an aspirational metric to help focus City strategies to achieve the desired reductions. The targets selected in the CAP are designed to support statewide emissions reduction efforts, as well as allow use of recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. The state's near-term emissions reduction goal, as defined in AB 32, is to return to 1990 levels by 2020. Most local governments do not have baseline inventory data for the year 1990, so the ARB and the BAAQMD have developed guidance suggesting that a reduction of 15%below the CAP's baseline year by 2020 could approximate a return to 1990 levels for jurisdictions with baseline years of 2005-2008. (see CAP Chapter 2 for further description of the target selection process pg.62). This is the most common near-term target used in CAPs within California. However, Cupertino prepared its baseline inventories using the most current data available at the time of CAP preparation,which resulted in selection of a 2010 baseline year. Since BAAQMD's previous guidance suggested that a 15%reduction below a 2005-2008 baseline year could approximate a return to 1990 levels,it could be assumed that later baseline years would need to reduce emissions by a greater amount to similarly return to 1990 levels, as shown in Figure 1.3. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-14 City of Cupertino 12,500 12,000 _ 11,500 v 11,000 _ — 10,500 _ 10,000 22.7% below 2010 9,500 j 15.0% below 2005 I 9,000 8,500 — 8,000 i 2005 2010 2020 BAU Emissions Target Figure 1.3 Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year BAAQMD's current guidance was based on ARB's 2007 statewide inventory and forecasts for the 2020 horizon year. Table 1.8 presents this original statewide information expressed as million metric tons of CO2e. ARB used a baseline year created from the average emissions inventories for 2002-2004, and also provided a 2020 target year emissions forecast.The 2005-2010 BAU emissions values presented here were interpolated based on ARB's baseline year and forecast estimate assuming straight line growth between these two points. The bottom row shows what reduction target below each baseline year would be required to achieve a return to 1990 levels. As shown, a 2008 baseline year would require a target of nearly 15%,while a 2010 baseline year would require a target of 17%to approximate a return to 1990 levels. Table 1.8 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 2002.2004 1990 Average 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 469' 477 485 493 501 509 517 596' Target Needed to Achieve 1990 Levels 0.0% 9.0% 10.5% 11.9% 13.4% 14.7% 16.1% 17.3% 28.4% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan,December 2008,pages 12-13 However, since BAAQMD provided its original guidance,ARB has updated the statewide inventory and 2020 forecasts to account for the economic recession that began in 2008. Table 1.9 presents this updated information using a 2008 baseline year.As shown,the 2020 emissions forecasts have been revised lower than those originally estimated in 2007. As a result,reduction targets to approximate a return to 1990 levels are also lower. Under this revised scenario, a 2008 baseline would only need to reduce emissions by 10%to return to 1990 levels,while a 2010 baseline would need reductions of approximately 12%. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-15 Introduction Table 1.9 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 1990 2008 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 4752 487 5453 %below Baseline to Reach 1990 Levels 0.0% 10.1% 12.3% 21.7% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan,December 2008,pages 12 2 From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: htto://www.arb.ca.ciov/cc/inventory/data/tables/2020 aha emissions forecast 2010-10-28.odf a From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: httD://www.arb.ca.00v/cc/inventory/data/forecast.htm; includes 2020 forecast value(i.e.,507 MMT CO2e/yr)plus 38 MMT CO2e/yr representing reductions anticipated from Pavley I and RPS,for a total 2020 BAU inventory of 545 MMT CO2e/yr In light of more current guidance from OPR or BAAQMD at the time of document preparation, Cupertino has selected a reduction target of 15%below 2010 baseline levels by 2020 as a proxy for a return to 1990 levels. This target falls squarely between those shown in Tables 1.8 and 1.9 for 2010 baseline years, and serves to demonstrate the City's commitment to supporting the state's emissions reduction goals by exceeding the reduction target associated with the revised statewide inventory(i.e., 12.3%). During future CAP updates,more refined targets may be available for incorporation into the plan,but at this time the selected target represents the best available data to allow local governments to approximate a return to 1990 levels. Governor Schwarzenegger also signed EO S-3-05,which includes a longer-term target to achieve emissions of 80%below 1990 levels by 2050. To demonstrate consistency with the state's long-range target,this CAP also includes targets for 2050,as well as interim year 2035 targets to serve as a mid-point check in between 2020 and 2050. Based on the state's 2050 target and the fact that this CAP uses a 2010 baseline year as described above, Cupertino has defined its longer-term targets as 49%below baseline levels by 2035 and 83%below baseline levels by 2050. Table 1.10 shows the community-wide and municipal operations reduction targets for these three planning years, along with the estimated contribution of statewide reductions to identify the total local reductions needed to achieve each target. Table 1.10 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets Community-wide Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15%below 2010 levels 49%below 2010 levels 83%below 2010 levels 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Statewide Reductions - (80,261) (230,427) (380,307) Local Reductions - Needed 14,154 40,663 67,113 AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-16 City of Cupertino Municipal Operations Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15%below 2010 levels 49%below 2010 levels 83%below 2010 levels 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed - 346 1,064 1,774 Statewide Reductions - (365) (385) (404) Local Reductions _ (19) 679 1,370 Needed 1.6 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION MEASURES 1.6.1 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS The CAP includes a description of existing actions that have already been taken(or are ongoing)that would contribute to emission reductions.For the purposes of the analysis in this Addendum, the focus is on the proposed new actions to achieve GHG reductions. The municipal GHG reduction strategies included in the CAP are summarized below. The items which were specifically evaluated in the Addendum because of their potential to affect the physical environmental are presented in italic text. Other proposed strategies include items that would not directly affect the physical environment;these measures may direct outreach programs,propose planning studies,or address financing strategies. Proposed municipal operations strategies include: M-F-1 Pursue Sustainable Energv Portfolio M-F-1 A. Support Utility-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio—PG&E proposed a"Green Option"program with the California Public Utilities Commission that would allow customers(including municipal governments) the ability to purchase electricity from renewable sources. If the Green Option program is approved,the City could decide to voluntarily participate and purchase the electricity used in its municipal operations from 100% emissions-free sources. The Green Option program may also offer a variety of options, such as 50%, 75%, and 100%clean electricity packages,with varying costs per kilowatt hour based on percentage of clean electricity provided. This action directs the City to study the feasibility of participating in the Green Option program, should it become available. M-F-1 B. Create Community Choice Energy Option—AB 117 enables California cities and counties to either individually, or collectively, supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a Community Choice Aggregation(CCA) district(refer to as Community Choice Energy or CCE in the CAP). Unlike a municipal or publicly-owned utility, a CCA does not own the transmission and delivery systems,but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCA may own electric generating facilities,but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. Once a CCA is established,residents,businesses, and local governments may voluntarily participate by opting to purchase electricity from the CCA rather than the local utility company. Similar to the Green Option program, CCEs are Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-17 Introduction often developed to provide tiers of clean electricity, such as 75% or 100%clean electricity. This action directs the City to consider partnering with neighboring jurisdictions to prepare CCA feasibility studies for the development of a regional CCA district in which Cupertino's residents,businesses, and government could voluntarily participate. M-F-2 Develop Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation M-F-2 A.Install Solar PV Systems on City Buildings/Property—This action directs the City to pursue installation of solar photovoltaic (PV)systems at five previously analyzed sites: City Hall complex, Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Corporation Yard, and Civic Center carports. When fully implemented, the rooftop-and parking lot-mounted solar PV systems would total 508 kW of installed capacity, which are estimated to provide approximately 818,000 kilowatt hours (kWh)per year to City facilities. This action further directs the City to explore the potential for additional solar PV installations in the future, including on new buildings proposed as part of the City's Civic Center Master Plan. Specific locations where PV installations are proposed include the Civic Center and Corporation Yard. PV installations would be located on the roofs of existing buildings, and on free-standing structures in existing parking areas at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard. M-F-2 B.Install Solar Thermal Installations on City Facilities—Based on the City's previous Detailed Energy Audit,this action directs the City to conduct further feasibility analysis for the installation of solar thermal systems at the Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center, and pursue installation is systems are found to be financially viable. These systems would offset some or all of the facilities' natural gas demand used in water heating. This action does not direct the City to install any solar thermal systems at this time. M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management M-F-3 A.Develop Advanced Energy Efficiency Analytics—This action directs the City to partner with a third- party provider of building energy analytics programs and to use building energy use data to identify opportunities for building operational and maintenance improvements, and pursue installation or implementation of identified improvements as funding allows. These programs typically identify improvement opportunities in lighting management systems and buildings' mechanical, electrical, and plumbing(MEP) systems. M-F-3 B.Benchmark and Track Consumption Data Collected per Facility—This action directs the City to work with PG&E to install additional utility meters that would allow the City to track energy use at specific, individual buildings and facilities. Following installation of these additional meters,the City would be able to better track its energy use to identify efficiency improvement opportunities or monitor the results of various efficiency improvements. M-F-3 C.Install Energy Management Systems—This action directs the City to research and pursue opportunities for additional energy management systems (EMS)within its buildings. The City already uses EMS to control interior building lighting in numerous facilities and has installed plug load systems at some employee work stations to reduce energy use from office equipment and appliances after normal business hours. M-F-3 D.Introduce Retro-Commissioning Program—This action directs the City to formalize its existing procedures regarding the maintenance of its buildings' primary systems (e.g.,mechanical,electrical, and plumbing). These systems are commissioned at the time of installation to ensure their optimal operation. Over AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-18 City of Cupertino time,these settings shift, and retro-commissioning helps return them to an optimal operational state to improve building efficiency. M-F-3 E.Design/Implement Facilities and Equipment Energy Management Policy—This action directs the City to develop an overarching energy management policy to guide facility and equipment operations in an energy-efficient manner. M-F-3 F.Bolster Employee Behavior Change through Information/Education—This action would direct the City to train building facility and maintenance staff on the proper use of existing energy management systems and promote further use of an existing employee handbook that guides City procurement towards sustainable materials and products and energy-efficient options. The action also directs the City to install energy use dashboards in publicly-oriented buildings(e.g., City Hall,Library)to make energy conservation visible to City employees and the public. M-F-3 G.Pursue 3rd Party Facility Certification—This action directs the City to pursue certification programs that acknowledge the City's efforts related to building operational and management efficiency. M-F-4 Grow Existing Building Energv Retrofit Efforts M-F-4 A. Complete Building Retrofits—This action directs the City to use data collected as a result of the advanced analytics program(see M-F-3 A)to identify opportunities for additional building retrofits, such as HVAC replacement,hot water boiler insulation,or additional lighting retrofits. The City has already completed interior lighting retrofits with occupancy sensor installations and deployment of plug load controllers at work stations,both of which were recommended in the City's Detailed Energy Audit. This action does not direct the City to make any additional specific building retrofits at this time. M-F-4 B.Establish Energy Efficiency Fund—This action directs the City to explore the feasibility of establishing a revolving energy efficiency fund that could help fund energy efficiency improvements or renewable energy installations in the future. This action does not direct the City to commit funding for such purposes at this time. M-F-4 C. Set Standards and Targets—This action assumes that the City will continue implementing its existing Green Building Ordinance as applicable to future municipal construction retrofit projects. The action further directs the City to consider emphasizing energy and water conservation, as well as minimizing construction waste, through the retrofit design process. The Green Building Ordinance provides various pathways for compliance and this action directs the City to voluntarily pursue those pathways that would result in energy,water, and solid waste reductions,where feasible. This action does not direct a change to the City's Green Building Ordinance. M-F-4 D.Adopt Demonstration Policy—This action encourages the City to develop a formal process through which it can assist local businesses in testing and demonstration of emerging technology. M-F-S Expand New Building Energv Performance M-F-S A.Update Green Building Standard—Energy Performance Guidance-Similar to M-F-4 C,this action assumes that the City will continue implementing its existing Green Building Ordinance as applicable to future new municipal construction projects. The action further directs the City to consider emphasizing energy Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-19 Introduction and water conservation, as well as minimizing construction waste,through the building design and retrofit process. The Green Building Ordinance provides various pathways for compliance, and this action directs the City to voluntarily pursue those pathways that would result in energy,water, and solid waste reductions,where feasible. This action also directs the City to consider a building's solar orientation and consider including solar- ready construction,where feasible,to provide opportunities for additional future solar PV installations. This action does not direct a change to the City's Green Building Ordinance. M-F-6 Complete City-wide Public Realm Lighting Efficiencv M-F-6 A. Complete Street Light Retrofits—This action directs the City to consider best practices in street lighting at the time of street light lamp replacement or fixture maintenance and replacement. This action further directs the City to achieve comparable levels of lighting efficiency in future new installations as were achieved in its recent city-wide street light retrofit project. This action does not direct any new lighting retrofits at this time. M-F-6 B.Retrofit Remaining Parking Lot and Park Facility Lighting—This action directs the City to identify additional opportunities for parking lot or park facility lighting retrofits, such as pathway lighting and athletic field lighting. It further directs the City to identify appropriate lighting retrofits for athletic fields that would maintain lighting level and quality requirements for sports play. The action also directs the City to update its lighting guidance documents to specify efficiency levels for new lighting installations or retrofits. M-F-7 Conserve Water through Efficient Landscaping M-F-7 A.Utilize Weather-Track System to Reduce Park and Median Water Use—This action directs the City to continue using its weather-based irrigation technology in City landscaping to avoid excessive water use, and to continue training staff on the proper use of the irrigation system. M-F-7 B.Benchmark and Track Water Use per Meter—This action directs the City to develop an operational framework for tracking and analyzing municipal water use at the meter level to help identify leaks or other wasteful activities. It further directs the City to incorporate water use reporting into its annual CAP progress reporting procedures to City Council. M-F-7 C.Adopt Water Budget and Green Grounds Policy—This action directs the City to consolidate its landscaping and park maintenance practices into one comprehensive guidance document or policy,referred to as a Green Grounds policy. This policy would incorporate the City's existing practices, including irrigation system training for Parks Department staff,management of green waste(e.g., grass trimmings,branch clippings),and plant selection. It further directs the City consider developing water budgets for individual park units to further monitor and manage water use. M-F-7 D.Use Bay-Friendly Landscaping Techniques Across Parks and Medians; Install Demonstration Gardens—This action directs the City to develop a funding and implementation schedule to update public landscapes with Bay-friendly landscaping techniques, and install a demonstration garden with educational placards to demonstrate water-sensitive design. M-F-7 E.Install Graywater and Rainwater Catchment Systems in New Construction and Major Retrofit Projects—This action directs the City to incorporate rainwater catchment systems and/or graywater plumbing in new municipal construction projects or major building retrofits, as appropriate. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-20 City of Cupertino M-F-7 F.Recognize Staff"Water Wise"Practices—This action directs the City to develop an acknowledgement/rewards program to celebrate the personal actions of staff who voluntary conserve water. M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles M-VF-1 A.Update Green Purchasing Policy and Vehicle Replacement Schedule to Prioritize Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Infrastructure—This action directs the City to develop an over-arching strategic plan and budget to transition the City's municipal fleet towards low-emissions and alternative fuel vehicles to pair with the City's existing Vehicle Replacement Schedule. The action directs the City to replace 5 passenger vehicles with hybrid electric models, 12 light-duty trucks with hybrid-electric SUV models, and 2 heavy-duty trucks with more fuel-efficient heavy-duty truck models. These replacements would be in addition to the City's existing 3 hybrid- electric passenger vehicles and 2 hybrid-electric SUVs. This action further directs the City to continue implementation of a municipal car share program, and consider opportunities for expansion of the City's existing municipal bicycle fleet. This action does not direct the City to install alternative fuel charging or refueling stations; see M-VF-2 A,B, and C for actions related to alternative fueling infrastructure. M-VF-1 B.Expand City Bike Fleet,Training, and Promotion—This action directs the City to continue promotion of its existing municipal fleet for use in instances when vehicle trips can be safely and conveniently replaced with trips via bicycle. M-VF-1 C.Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to City-Sponsored Events—Through this action,the City will continue to implement its municipal car share program, as well as work to identify opportunities to expand its municipal bike and car share programs for staff use to offset vehicle miles traveled during commutes to municipal buildings. M-VF-2 Increase Alternative Fuel Infrastructure M-VF-2 A.Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations—The City has already installed one dual port electric vehicle (EV) charging station, with plans to install four more in the near-term. This action assumes that the City will install a total of ten EV charging stations for municipal and public use to help support a future shift towards alternative fuel vehicles. This action does not specify the location of these additional EV charging stations. M-VF-2 B. Evaluate Fuel Cell Fueling Station— This action directs the City to continue analyzing opportunities for the development of local fuel cell fueling stations for municipal and community-wide use.It recommends the City share its research with neighboring jurisdictions to determine if joint-or bulk procurement is a viable funding strategy. This action does not direct the City to install any fuel cell fueling stations at this time. M-VF-2 C.Evaluate CNG Fueling Station -This action directs the City to prepare a feasibility analysis for development of a local compressed natural gas (CNG)refueling facility, including opportunities to develop a shared facility with other neighboring jurisdictions. However,this action does not direct the City to construct a CNG fueling station at this time. M-VF-3 Promote Behavior/Fuel Optimization M-VF-3 A.Implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Optimization—Telematics programs allow vehicle tracking and diagnostics to reduce the total number of vehicle miles traveled and ensure vehicles are Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-21 Introduction performing optimally. This assumes that the City will continue to use of its existing telematics system in Building Department vehicles, and evaluate opportunities to expand the use of telematics to other parts of the municipal fleet. M-VF-3 B.Update Vehicle Use Policy to Prioritize Fuel Efficient Operations and Maintenance—A driver's operation of a vehicle(e.g., speeding,idling, and hauling excessive weight)and the vehicle's overall maintenance can influence its amount of fuel consumption. This action directs the City to formalize its existing fleet operation and maintenance practices into an Efficient Vehicle Operation and Maintenance policy, or as a supplement to the City's existing Employee Vehicle Use Policy, and provide proper staff training(to drivers and fleet maintenance staff)on the policy's components. It also directs the City to partner with community groups and organizations to provide anti-idling outreach community-wide,particularly in school zones and commercial districts. M-VF-3 C.Expand Commuter Benefits Program—This action directs the City to develop additional benefits to further encourage City employees to pursue alternative commuting, and unites these benefits under a formalized commuter benefits program. Additional benefits could include carpool/vanpool service that connects transit stops with City Hall complex, carpool and walk/bike matching services, guaranteed ride home program, flexible/alternative work schedules, and telecommuting options. M-VF-3 D.Introduce Fuel Saving Recognition Program for Employees/Departments—This action directs the City to establish an inter-departmental recognition program to highlight achievements made towards vehicle fuel conservation. M-SW-1 Increase Waste Reduction M-SW-1 A.Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals—This action directs the City to establish a zero-waste goal within its Zero-Waste Strategy. It further directs the City to use information collected as part of its existing municipal waste audits to establish building-or department-specific waste reduction goals in support of the overarching zero-waste goal.Actions to achieve this goal are described in M-SW-1 B and C, M-SW-2 A, and M-SW-3 A. M-SW-1 B. Create Paperless Office Policy/Program—This action directs the City to expand its current paperless office initiatives through installation of printer-tracking software,conversion of paper forms and permits to electronic versions, and increasing electronic storage capacity, as necessary. The action further directs the City to monitor building or department paper waste through its existing municipal waste audits to identify opportunities for improvement. The City already contracts for organic materials and recyclables collection at municipal facilities through its franchise waste hauler. M-SW-1 C.Revise Green Procurement and Event Specifications; Pair with Implementation Handbook— This action directs the City to formalize its existing green procurement practices into a user-friendly Green Purchasing Guide for use by City staff. The guide would identify preferred materials or options for a range of items, including furniture, carpet/flooring,paints,packaging materials, appliances, and office equipment. The guidance would give preference to materials that are recycled,recyclable,or compostable. M-SW-1 D. Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion—This action assumes that the City will continue performing regular audits of the municipal waste stream to identify opportunities for increased diversion. This action directs the City to establish a waste audit cycle to allow monitoring and AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-22 City of Cupertino verification of the City's waste diversion efforts,tied to its ongoing facilities recertification efforts through the California Green Business Program M-SW-2 Increase Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion M-SW-2 A.Expand Municipal Collection and Composting Program—This action assumes the City will continue its existing food scrap and compostable paper collection program at municipal facilities. It further directs the City to use results from municipal waste audits (see M-SW-1 D)to identify City buildings or facilities that would benefit from having compostable waste collection bins on-site, or identify the need for additional education related to compostable collection. The City already contracts for compostable waste collection at municipal facilities through its franchise waste hauler. M-SW-3 Increase Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion M-SW-3 A. Set C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects—This action assumes that the City will continue implementation of its construction and demolition(C&D)waste diversion requirements (i.e., 60% diversion for applicable projects) as specified in the City's Green Building Ordinance. The action further directs the City to consider expanding those requirements to 75% diversion for applicable municipal projects, after discussing the feasibility of such an option with area landfill operators. This measure does not direct the City to increase its C&D diversion requirements at this time. EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS Table 1.11 summarizes the proposed municipal operations CAP strategies and actions, including those already implemented, and the associated greenhouse gas emission reductions anticipated from their implementation by the year 2020. As shown at the bottom of the table, emissions reductions by 2020 are estimated to exceed the City's near-term reduction target. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-23 Introduction Table 1.11 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target FACILITIES GOAL 552 160% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 31% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 26% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 12% M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 36% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 0% Statewide Actions 1862 54% VEHICLE FLEET GOAL 66 19% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 14% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 5% SOLID WASTE GOAL 82 24% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 18% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 4% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 1% TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15%below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020;See the Measure M-F-1 discussion in Chapter 4 of the CAP for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2 of the CAP.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020, then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 1.6.2 PROPOSED COMMUNITY-WIDE MEASURES Proposed community-wide GHG reduction strategies included in the CAP are summarized below. The items which were specifically evaluated in the Addendum because of their potential to affect the physical environmental are presented in italic text. Other proposed strategies include items that would not directly affect the physical AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-24 City of Cupertino environment;these measures may direct outreach programs,propose planning studies, or address financing strategies. The City's community-wide emission reduction strategies are as follows: Statewide Actions—The implementation of several pieces of state legislation or programs will provide emissions reductions at the community-wide level within Cupertino. These actions by the state government include increasing the amount of emissions-free electricity provided through investor-owned and municipal utilities, reducing the carbon content of vehicle fuel,improving vehicle fuel efficiency levels, conserving the state's water resources, and improving the efficiency of lighting technology. These state actions will occur regardless of the City's adoption of a CAP, and have been referenced in the CAP to take credit for those likely sources of emissions reductions. The CAP does not direct these actions to occur. C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis—This action directs the City to develop a community outreach program to advertise the benefits of advanced building energy analytics services, either through the local utility company or third-party providers. These programs typically identify improvement opportunities in lighting management systems and buildings' MEP systems. The outreach programs would encourage voluntary participation in such programs. C-E-2 Retrofit Financing—This action directs the City to consider developing or participating in various retrofit financing programs and provide community-wide outreach to advertise their availability and related benefits. The following financing options are described in the CAP: ► Property Assessed Clean Energy—A property-assessed clean energy(PACE)finance program is enabled through the AB 811 legislation. This bill allows land-secured loans for homeowners and businesses who install energy efficiency projects and clean-energy generation systems.A PACE program permits property owners within participating districts to finance the installation of energy-and water-efficiency improvements in their home or business through a lien against their property that is repaid through their property tax bill. This action directs the City to continue its work with neighboring jurisdictions to create or opt into a PACE program that provides financing to residential retrofit and renewable energy development projects;the City currently participates in the California FIRST PACE program. This action further directs the City to provide community outreach regarding the availability of PACE financing programs. ► Energy Service Company(ESCO)Promotion/Energy Performance Contracting—ESCO help businesses to identify energy efficiency improvement options,finance selected improvements, and monitor their results through an energy performance contract. This action directs the City to work with partner agencies, such as those involved in the collaborative CAP project, and the local business community to aggregate small-and medium-sized businesses with interest in building retrofits,in order to attract ESCO participation in this smaller market segment. C-E-3 Home and Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach—This action directs the City to partner with the local realtor community to develop and implement an informational campaign that targets new home and building owners. The campaign would provide information on existing sources of rebates and financing for home and business retrofits and renewable energy systems to encourage voluntary installation of such improvements. C-E-4 Energy Assurance and Resiliency Plan—This action directs the City to develop an energy strategy document that considers its current energy sources and their vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-25 Introduction research additional long-term opportunities for energy conservation within the community. This action does not direct the City to develop any energy resources. C-E-S Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development—This action directs the City to continue encouraging voluntary community-wide installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems on residential and commercial properties. The CAP further describes the following strategies to increase solar PV installations through public outreach campaigns and city-community partnerships to remove technical and administrative barriers to increased solar PV installation: ► Solar Service Provider Power Purchase Agreements(PPA)Promotion—This action directs the City to identify any remaining regulatory barriers to widespread installation of solar PVs throughout the City, including zoning requirements, development standards, or permit fees. It further directs the City to provide community outreach or otherwise disseminate information on the availability of solar service providers and power purchase agreements, as an alternative to outright purchase of rooftop solar PV systems. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Community Shared Solar Promotion—Similar to PPA promotion,this action directs the City to disseminate information regarding community shared solar programs as an alternative to outright purchase of a rooftop solar PV system. Community shared solar programs allow the purchase of locally-produced solar energy, even if a participants' building is not suitable for installation of its own solar PV systems. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Solar Empowerment Zones—This action directs the City to prepare an initial solar analysis to identify potential areas of the community that could support large-scale solar PV installations,referred to as solar empowerment zones. The analysis would consider factors such as, existing building orientation, solar access, roof types, and property ownership. The action further directs the City to remove any remaining regulatory barriers it identifies that would inhibit this type of solar PV development. It also directs the City to provide outreach to community members and property owners within any identified solar empowerment zones to present the results of the solar analysis and information on available solar financing options. This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar PV systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. ► Building Regulations—This action directs the City to consider requiring solar pre-wiring/pre-plumbing as part of future revisions to the City's Green Building Ordinance, and to provide information on the benefits of pre-wiring/pre-plumbing during the plan check and permitting process. C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development—This action directs the City to work with PG&E to promote voluntary participation in the California Solar Initiatives—Thermal Program. The City would help to develop informational materials and host workshops or working group sessions targeting businesses and facilities with high hot water demands (e.g.,Laundromats). This action helps to encourage voluntary installation of solar thermal systems,but does not direct the installation of any such systems in the community. C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option—AB 117 enables California cities and counties to either individually or collectively supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a CCA district AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-26 City of Cupertino (referred to as Community Choice Energy or CCE in the CAP).Unlike a municipal or publicly-owned utility, a CCA does not own the transmission and delivery systems,but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCA may own electric generating facilities,but more often,it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. Once a CCA is established,residents,businesses, and local governments may voluntarily participate by opting to purchase electricity from the CCA rather than the local utility company. Similar to the Green Option program(see municipal operations measures M-F-1 A), CCEs are often developed to provide tiers of clean electricity, such as 75% or 100%clean electricity. This action directs the City to consider partnering with neighboring jurisdictions to prepare CCA feasibility studies for the development of a regional CCA district in which Cupertino's residents,businesses, and government could voluntarily participate. C-T-1 Bike and Pedestrian Environment Enhancements—This action directs the City to update its Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plans to identify barriers to circulation within the Cupertino community, and prioritize projects for implementation. The action does not specify what improvements to make. However, an update to the existing Master Plans could identify enhancements such as, sidewalk widening, installation of ADA-compliant sidewalk ramps at certain intersections,crosswalk lighting improvements, or installation of way-finding signs to areas of interest. C-T-2 Bikeshare Program—Bikeshare programs allow participants to rent bicycles for short periods of time from bicycle kiosks or stations located at nodes of activity within a community. This action directs the City to explore the feasibility of initiating a city-wide bikeshare program, including potential participation in the existing Bay Area Bike Share program. The action does not direct the installation of any bikeshare program facilities at this time. C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management—This action directs the City to continue to support regional efforts designed to reduce vehicle miles traveled and reduce congestion on area freeways and local street networks. The CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal through public outreach and partnerships regarding available transit and alternative commuting options: ► Transportation Demand Management Program—This action directs the City to support local implementation of SB 1339,which requires development of commuter benefit programs for employers with 50 or more employees. Eligible employers must opt into one of four commuter benefit options,including: the option for employees to pay for their transit or vanpool expenses with pre-tax dollars,as allowed by current federal law; a transit or vanpool subsidy to reduce, or cover, employees' monthly transit or vanpool costs; a low-cost or free shuttle,vanpool,or bus service operated by or for the employer; or an alternative method that would be equally as effective as the other options in reducing single-occupant vehicle trips (and/or vehicle emissions). This action further directs the City to work with VTA on outreach campaigns to encourage voluntary participation in these types of programs by local employers with fewer than 50 employees and those currently exempt from the legislation. ► Parking Cash Out—Parking cash out programs can help to reduce the number of vehicle commute trips by allowing employees to"cash out"their subsidized parking spaces at work, in exchange for alternative commute options(e.g.,bus, carpool,walking,biking). This action directs the City to work with the local business community on an outreach campaign to inform local businesses of the potential benefits from offering parking cash out program to their employees. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-27 Introduction ► Carpool/Rideshare Program—51 Lorg is a free web and phone service providing information on the Bay Area's traffic,transit options,rideshare opportunities, and bicycling information. This action directs the City to partner with 51 Lorg and local employers to leverage new ride-matching technologies and promote ridesharing among employees across the City,not just within a single business or organization. ► Guaranteed Ride Home—A guaranteed ride home program supports individuals who regularly commute by public transit,walking, or bicycling during personal emergencies (e.g., leave work early due to illness,pick up a sick child,work overtime)by providing free shuttle and taxi services and/or reimbursements. This action directs the City to work with other Santa Clara County partners to develop a guaranteed ride home program for employees who work within the county. C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion—This action directs the City to prepare a feasibility study that evaluates the potential for a community shuttle to connect nodes of activity within Cupertino(e.g., Civic Center, DeAnza Community College, shopping districts,major employment centers)to CalTrain or BART stations. This action does not direct the development of a community shuttle service at this time. C-T-S Transit Priority—This action directs the City to continue working with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority(VTA)to explore options for transit system improvements within Cupertino. The CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal: ► Transit Signal Priority—Transit signal priority systems make transit service more reliable,faster, and cost- effective by using technology to reduce transit vehicles'dwell time at traffic lights. These systems are able to hold green lights longer or shorten red lights when transit vehicles are approaching. This action directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit signal prioritization within the City. This action does not direct the City to alter its traffic signal timing system at this time. ► Transit Intersection Queue Jumps (or designated Bus Turnouts)— Transit intersection queue jumps are a type of roadway configuration that give preference to buses at intersections. The jumps consist of a short stretch of additional travel lane at the approach to a signalized intersection, allowing transit vehicles to advance to the front of the intersection. The lanes are often accompanied by a separate traffic signal allowing transit vehicles a head start through the intersection. This action directs the City to work with VTA to idents potential opportunities for Transit Queue Jumps within the City along primary bus corridors. This action does not direct the City to alter any roadway configurations at this time. C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development—This action directs the City to identify areas that could support a net increase in population or employment through land use changes within a quarter-mile walking distance of primary transit stops (to be based on the future adopted General Plan Land Use Diagram,which is currently in form). This action further directs the City's Public Works Department to evaluate the capacity of existing infrastructure within these areas to support increased development density and/or intensity. The action also assumes that the City will identify opportunities to reduce off-street parking requirements for transit-oriented or mixed-use developments in these areas that provide shared parking or travel demand management programs as required by General Plan Amendment Policy 2.1: Focus Development in Mixed-Use Special Areas,additional policies related to the individual Special Areas, and Program 36: Flexible Parking Standards in the City's draft Housing Element. This action does not require the City to modify its parking standards. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-28 City of Cupertino C-T-7 Community-wide Alternative Fuel Vehicles—This action directs the City to encourage voluntary use of alternative fuel vehicles by community members through further development of electric vehicle recharging stations and the preparation of feasibility studies for other alternative fuel vehicle refueling stations. The CAP describes the following strategies to achieve this goal: ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure—This action directs the City to identify cost- effective options for increasing the number of EV recharging stations or other alternative refueling stations located for public use within Cupertino. The action also directs the City to develop informational materials to assist property owners and developers in providing additional EV charging stations in their projects. The action also directs the City to partner with other regional jurisdictions to develop a strategy that helps multi- family property owners install EV charging stations for at-home residential use. ► Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Construction—This action directs the City to continue enforcing its existing pre-wiring requirements for at-home/business electric vehicle charging ports in new construction. ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program—This action directs the City to provide information on its website regarding available rebate programs for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles, and share maps of local and greater Bay Area alternative vehicle charging and refueling stations. C-W-1 SB-X7-7—This action directs the City to continue supporting regional efforts to achieve water conservation targets as specified in the urban water management plans prepared by the City's major water suppliers. It further directs the City to develop information campaigns that highlight the City's efforts to conserve water in municipal operations, such as landscape irrigation and design strategies, as well as work to share community-wide water use data through public portals. C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program—This action directs the City to conduct a feasibility study to determine potential recycled water users in Cupertino, such as current and future large irrigation water users. This action does not direct the City to install any recycled water infrastructure at this time. C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal—This action directs the City to establish non-binding community-wide goals and a strategic plan to exceed current solid waste diversion requirements established by AB 939. This action further directs the City to prepare a residential waste characterization study to identify opportunities for additional waste diversion within the residential sector. This action does not create any new requirements related to solid waste diversion. C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion—This action directs the City to continue its existing food scrap and compostable paper collection program through its franchise waste hauler agreement. It further directs the City to continue its informational programs regarding use of the compostable food waste collection service, and to work with local schools on development of educational materials that can be incorporated into existing curriculum. C-SW-3 Construction&Demolition Waste Diversion Program—This action assumes that the City will continue implementation of its C&D waste diversion requirements (i.e., 60%diversion for applicable projects)as specific in the City's Green Building Ordinance. The action further directs the City to consider expanding those requirements to 75%diversion for applicable projects, after discussing the feasibility of such an option with its Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-29 Introduction franchise waste hauler and area landfill operators. This action also directs the City to consider development of a C&D Debris Diversion Deposit Program to help enforce the City's existing ordinance. This measure does not direct the City to increase its C&D diversion requirements at this time. C-GI-1 Urban Forest Program—This action assumes that the City will continue implementing its landscaping requirements through its Development Standards and Design Guidelines. This action also directs the City to partner with neighborhood groups and community organizations to encourage voluntary tree planting on private property within Cupertino. C-2035-1—This action directs the City to establish a regular emissions inventory update cycle combined with tracking implementation of statewide actions estimated to contribute to the CAP's target achievement. Inventory updates should be prepared every 2-3 years, and present the actual community-wide BAU and ABAU emissions for comparison against the CAP's estimated emissions forecasts. If statewide actions are not providing the level of reductions estimated in the CAP,the City will reassess opportunities to increase implementation of CAP actions or develop new actions to maintain progress towards the 2035 and 2050 targets. EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS Table 1.12 summarizes community-wide GHG emission reductions anticipated from implementation of the measures and actions presented above, along with the statewide reductions mentioned above. The table also shows how these anticipated reductions compare to the City's emissions reduction targets. As shown at the bottom of the table,the City is estimated to achieve its 2020 community-wide emissions reduction target following implementation of these measures. Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2elyr) 2020 Target ENERGY GOAL 10,125 10.7% C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 0.4% C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 8.6% C-E-3 Home and Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance and Resiliency Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 1.7% C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development Supporting Measure C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure TRANSPORTATION GOAL 3,775 4.0% C-T-1 Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 1.0% C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 1 3.0% AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Introduction 1-30 City of Cupertino Table 1.12 Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT COzelyr) 2020 Target WATER GOAL 325 0.3% C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 0.3% C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure SOLID WASTE GOAL 275 0.3% C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 0.2% C-SW-3 Construction&Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 0.1% GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE GOAL 200 0.2% C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 0.2% MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARD LONG-TERM TARGETS 0 0.0% C-2035-1 Long-Term Target Monitoring Supporting Measure STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS 80,261 85.0% Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 36.3% 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 0.9% AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 5.4% Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 38.7% Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 3.7% MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 7001 0.7% TOTAL COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTIONS 95,661 101.3% Reductions Needed in 2020 94,415 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 15.4%below 2010 baseline ' See Table 1.9 for Municipal Operations reduction measures Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 1-31 Introduction 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST AND FINDINGS 2.1 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS: The CAP would implement General Plan policies ES-1.1.1 (Climate Action Plan) and ES-1.1.2 (CAP Implementation), of the General Plan Amendment, Housing Element Update, and Associated Rezoning EIR (SCH No. 2014032007). The City's complete list of CAP strategies (presented in Section 1.6 of this Addendum)was considered to identify which actions might require further analysis under the California Environmental Quality Act(CEQA) (see Chapters 3 and 4 of the CAP for a complete description of each measure). The following discussion explains the City of Cupertino's conclusions that only a small set of measures from the CAP would have the potential to affect the physical environment. These measures are discussed below. The remaining measures propose voluntary actions, feasibility studies,ongoing city operations or programs, or actions by other agencies, as described in Sections 1.6.1 and 1.6.2 above, and are not discussed further. In order to demonstrate a clear pathway towards achievement of the 2020 emissions reduction targets,the CAP references past and present actions taken by the City, its residents and businesses, and state initiatives that have resulted in emissions reductions between the 2010 baseline year and present day. In these instances,the CAP accounts for the emissions reductions that have already occurred, so that the City may report the resulting environmental benefits achieved through its prior efforts to the community,but does not direct expansion of those past actions. For this reason,these measures were not included in this analysis. Further, several strategies do not direct City action at this time,but propose activities within a time horizon that will inform the CAP and direct the eventual action. These instances are most often associated with the need to perform some additional level of feasibility analysis before a specific course of action can be defined to achieve the proposed emissions reduction outcome. These actions are included as early implementation steps to be prioritized in the near-term to support achievement of the City's longer-term emissions reduction goals. These strategies would not require or result in physical changes, and were not included in the analysis. The City has determined that the CAP was prepared to achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions from municipal operations and community-wide activities of at least 15%below 2010 baseline levels by 2020,49% below 2010 levels by 2035, and 83%below 2010 levels by 2050. Implementation of proposed measures and actions would reduce energy use,reduce solid waste, conserve water,promote alternative transportation methods and fuels (thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions),and encourage improved green infrastructure within the City, among other elements. Section 1.6 presents the comprehensive list of measures included in the CAP,and identifies (in italic text)the measures which would result in physical effects. These measures,which are listed below, are the focus on this Addendum: ► M-F-2 A: Install Solar PV Systems on City Buildings/Property, ► M-VF-2 A: Install Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, ► M-VF-2 B: Evaluate Fuel Cell Fueling Station, ► C-T-2: Bikeshare Program, ► C-T-5: Transit Priority ► Transit Signal Priority Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-1 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Transit Intersection Queue Jumps (or designated Bus Turnouts), and ► C-T-7: Community-wide Alternative Fuel Vehicles ► Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure. 2.2 EXPLANATION OF CHECKLIST EVALUATION CATEGORIES WHERE IMPACT WAS ANALYZED The first column in the checklist,"where impact was analyzed,"provides a cross-reference to the specific GPA EIR impact number, section, or pages in which information and analysis that pertain to the environmental issue listed under each topic may be found. DO PROPOSED CHANGES INVOLVE NEW OR SUBSTANTIALLY MORE SEVERE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS? Pursuant to Section 15162(a)(1) of the State CEQA Guidelines,this checklist column indicates whether the proposed changes in the CAP would result in new significant impacts that have not previously been considered in the GPA EIR or would result in a substantial increase in the severity of a previously identified significant impact. ANY NEW INFORMATION OF SUBSTANTIAL IMPORTANCE REQUIRING NEW ANALYSIS OR VERIFICATION? This column indicates whether new information is available that would require additional analysis or verification beyond that provided in the GPA EIR. If additional analysis or verification is required,these issues are discussed in the issue area discussion and mitigation sections that follow. DO EXISTING GPA EIR MITIGATION MEASURES REDUCE IMPACTS TO A LESS-THAN-SIGNIFICANT LEVEL? This column summarizes whether existing mitigation measures from the GPA EIR would reduce the effects of the CAP to a less-than-significant level. If the answer is no, additional mitigation measures would be required. 2.3 DISCUSSION AND MITIGATION SECTIONS DISCUSSION A discussion of the elements of the Environmental Checklist is provided under each environmental category in order to clarify the answers. The discussion provides information about the particular environmental issue,how the CAP actions relate to the issue, and the status of any mitigation that may be required or that has already been adopted and, in some cases,implemented. MITIGATION MEASURES FROM THE GENERAL PLAN AMENDMENT EIR Previously adopted mitigation measures from the GPA EIR that will reduce or avoid impacts to the proposed project are listed under each environmental category. CONCLUSIONS A discussion of the conclusion relating to analysis contained in each section. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-2 City of Cupertino 2.4 AESTHETICS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? I.Aesthetics.Would the project: a) Have a substantial adverse EIR,pp. No No No n/a effect on a scenic vista? 4.1-22—4.1-25 b) Substantially damage scenic resources, including,but not limited EIR,pp. to,trees,rock No No No n/a 4.1-26—4.1-33 outcroppings,and historic buildings within a state scenic highway? c) Substantially degrade the existing visual character or EIR,pp. No No No n/a quality of the site and its 4.1-33—4.1-38 surroundings? d) Create a new source of substantial light or glare EIR,pp. which would adversely 4.1-38—4.1-39 No No No n/a affect day or nighttime views in the area? 2.4.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.1-1 on page 4.1-3 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies that would help to reduce aesthetics effects. a) Have a substantial adverse effect on a scenic vista? The General Plan does not designate scenic vistas or scenic corridors in Cupertino. However,the GPA EIR identifies the westward views of the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains as scenic vistas. The General Plan Amendment EIR also identifies the segment of Interstate 280(I-280) from the Santa Clara County line to Interstate 880 (1-880) as an eligible State Scenic Highway. The CAP directs the City to install,and/or encourage development of community-wide, solar photovoltaic (PV) on buildings or as part of parking shade structures; queue jumping bus lanes (with the potential for minor roadway improvements such as curb, gutter, and paving improvements); alternative fuel vehicle stations, such as plug-in electric vehicle and fuel cell charging stations (kiosk-type facilities involving minimal ground disturbance or construction)installed in existing surface parking areas or the City's corporate yard;bikeshare facilities (secure bike racks and check-in/check-out kiosks involving minimal construction and ground disturbance); and similar small-scale facilities installed or constructed in existing urbanized, developed areas (parking areas, sidewalks, roadways, etc.). Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-3 Environmental Checklist and Findings As noted above, any construction, or ground disturbance would be minimal, located in already urbanized, developed areas, and would not materially alter the visual character of the existing environment. These activities would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. b) Substantially damage scenic resources, including, but not limited to, trees, rock outcroppings, and historic buildings within a state scenic highway? There are no state scenic highways in Cupertino. The GPA EIR evaluates the potential for effects on scenic resources within the viewshed of I-280,which is eligible for designation as a state scenic highway but has not been so designated. Implementation of the CAP could result in physical changes (addition of PV cells)that could potentially be visible to motorists traveling on I-280.However, consistent with the discussion and analysis in the GPA EIR,the existing developed character of views from I-280 in the City would not be substantially altered by implementation of the CAP. The physical changes associated with the CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. C) Substantially degrade the existing visual character or quality of the site and its surroundings? As noted previously,physical changes to the visual environment that would occur with implementation of the CAP would be minimal. The CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. Depending on location, size, and type of the development, it is possible there could be impacts to the existing visual character. The City's approval of this CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although the CAP contains a measure committing the City to study the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development(Measure C-T-6); this measure does not have direct physical effects. There is no specific strategy in the CAP to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development,it is not possible for the City to determine whether there would be impacts related to theoretical future developments. When future developments are proposed,the City would conduct environmental review, enforce compliance with existing standards that mitigate environmental impacts (such as traffic impact fees, grading permit conditions,etc.). In addition,the General Plan includes policies that reduce future potential impacts to the visual character. The General Plan Amendment EIR analysis of aesthetic impacts includes these mitigating General Plan policies in Table 4.1-Ion page 4.1-3 of the GPA EIR. The physical changes associated with the CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. d) Create a new source of substantial light or glare which would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area? As noted above,transit-oriented development is encouraged and depending on the location and scale of development,it is possible that transit-oriented development projects could have aesthetic impacts such as new AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-4 City of Cupertino sources of light that may adversely affect day or nighttime views. However,there is no specific strategy in the CAP to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development. Future development would be subject to environmental review at that time. The General Plan Amendment EIR analysis of aesthetic impacts includes mitigating General Plan policies in Table 4.1-1 on page 4.1-3 of the GPA EIR;policies supporting preservation of existing tree canopy and requirements for landscaping and trees in new development would help to reduce light and glare effects. The physical changes associated with the CAP would be consistent with the development evaluated in the GPA EIR and would not have new or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The GPA EIR concluded that this impact would be less than significant. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-5 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.5 AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? II.Agriculture and Forestry Resources.Would the project: a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland,or Farmland of Statewide Importance(Farmland),as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency,to non- agricultural use? b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use FIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a or a Williamson Act contract? c) Conflict with existing zoning for,or cause rezoning of,forest land(as defined in Public Resources Code section 12220(g)),timberland(as defined by Public EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Resources Code section 4526),or timberland zoned Timberland Production(as defined by Government Code section 51104(g))? d) Result in the loss of forest land or conversion of EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a forest land to non-forest use? e) Involve other changes in the existing environment which,due to their location or nature,could result in conversion of EIR,p. 6-1 No No No n/a Farmland to non- agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-6 City of Cupertino 2.5.1 DISCUSSION a) Convert Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance (Farmland), as shown on the maps prepared pursuant to the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program of the California Resources Agency, to non-agricultural use? There is no Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance within the city limits of Cupertino. There would be no impact. b) Conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use or a Williamson Act contract? See item a). There are no agriculturally-zoned lands or land under Williamson Act contracts in Cupertino. There would be no impact. C) Conflict with existing zoning for, or cause rezoning of, forest land (as defined in Public Resources Code section 12220(g)), timberland (as defined by Public Resources Code section 4526), or timberland zoned Timberland Production (as defined by Government Code section 51104(g))? The CAP would not direct or cause zoning changes. There is no land zoned or managed as forest resources in the City of Cupertino and implementation of the CAP would not contribute to the conversion of forest land to non-forest resources. There would be no impact. d) Result in the loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? See item c). There is no forest land in Cupertino, and implementation of the CAP would not result in loss of forest land or conversion of forest land to non-forest use. There would be no impact. e) Involve other changes in the existing environment which, due to their location or nature, could result in conversion of Farmland to non-agricultural use or conversion of forest land to non-forest use? See item c). The CAP does not propose changes to the existing environment outside already-developed areas. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-7 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.6 AIR QUALITY Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? III Air Quality.Would the project: a) Conflict with or obstruct EIR,pp. implementation of the No No No n/a 4.2-22—4.2-48 applicable air quality plan? b) Violate any air quality standard or contribute EIR,pp. substantially to an existing No No No Yes 4.2-48—4.2-55 or projected air quality violation? c) Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state EIR pp.4.2-55 No No No n/a ambient air quality —4.2-57 standard(including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds for ozone precursors)? d) Expose sensitive receptors EIR pp.4.2-57 to substantial pollutant —4.2-64 No No No Yes concentrations? e) Create objectionable odors EIR pp.4.2-64 affecting a substantial —4.2-67 No No No n/a number of people? 2.6.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.2.2 on page 4.2-15 of the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce air quality effects. a) Conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? The San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin is designated nonattainment for Ozone and PM2.5 for California and federal standards,and designated in nonattainment for California's PM 10 standard. The GPA EIR presents attainment status and a summary of ambient air quality monitoring in Tables 4.2-3 and 4.2-4,respectively, on page 4.2-17 of the GPA EIR. Construction activities associated with implementation of the CAP would be minimal and would be consistent with the assumptions and the analysis provided in the GPA EIR. Operational air quality emissions would also be AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-8 City of Cupertino consistent with the assumptions and analysis provided in the GPA EIR. The analysis in the GPA EIR addresses compliance with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District(BAAQMD)2010 Bay Area Clean Air Plan and finds a less-than-significant impact related to attainment of air quality standards. Table 4.2-6 on page 4.2-26 of the GPA EIR identifies Control Measures from the Bay Area Clean Air Plan and describes how the General Plan would be consistent with these measures. However,the GPA EIR identifies a significant and unavoidable impact related to vehicle miles traveled(VMT)because the General Plan would result in VMT increases at a higher rate than population and employment increases(40.9% increase in VMT compared to a 34.8% increase in the total service population). The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis of conflict with an air quality plan in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Certain actions implementing the CAP, including construction of solar PV installations, alternative fueling stations, and transit intersection queue jumps would potentially have localized short-term construction-related air quality impacts. The operation of queue jumping lanes could result in minor traffic delays. Actions implementing the CAP will be required to comply with the following General Plan policies and strategies that would reduce or avoid potential air quality impacts: ► Policy 5-5: Air Pollution Effects of New Development: Minimize the air quality impacts of new development projects and the impacts affecting new development. • Strategy 1.Toxic Air Contaminants: Review projects for potential generation of toxic air contaminants at the time of approval and confer with BAAQMD on controls needed if impacts are uncertain. • Strategy 2. Dust Control: Require water application to non-polluting dust control measures during demolition and the duration of the construction period. • Strategy 3. Planning Decisions: Assess the potential for air pollution effects of future land use and transportation planning, and ensure that planning decisions support regional goals of improving air quality. • Strategy 4. Environmental Review: Evaluate the relationship of sensitive receptors, such as convalescent hospitals and residential uses,to pollution sources through the environmental assessment of new development. Furthermore,the purpose of the CAP is the reduction of GHG emissions through various strategies and measures regarding energy use,renewable energy development, alternative transportation, land use planning,water management,waste reduction, and green infrastructure. The implementation of these strategies and measures would contribute to the overall improvement of air quality by reducing criteria pollutant and other air emissions and would support implementation of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD)air quality plan. b) Violate any air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation? See item a). The GPA EIR identified a significant impact because the buildout of the General Plan would generate a substantial increase in emissions exceeding BAAQMD's regional significance thresholds for reactive Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-9 Environmental Checklist and Findings organic gases (ROG),nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PMIO. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Construction of certain improvements described in the CAP could result in short-term construction air emissions Construction of transit intersection queue jumps and alternative fueling stations would be limited in complexity, the area affected, and the duration. These construction activities would be required to comply with the mitigation measures in the GPA EIR, including: ► Mitigation Measure AQ-2a: As part of the City's development approval process,the City shall require applicants for future development projects to comply with the current Bay Area Air Quality Management District's basic control measures for reducing construction emissions of PM10. ► Mitigation Measure AQ-2b: As part of the City's development approval process the City shall require applicants for future development projects that could generate emissions in excess of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD's) current significance thresholds during construction, as determined by project-level environmental review,when applicable,to implement the current BAAQMD construction mitigation measures(e.g. Table 8-3 of the BAAQMD CEQA Guidelines)or any construction mitigation measures subsequently adopted by the BAAQMD. Future projects that would occur through implementation of the CAP would incorporate and comply with these mitigation measures.For example, operation of the PV installations and alternative fueling stations would air pollutant emissions from the generation of electricity and motor vehicles. Transit Signal Priority(TSP)would improve travel times of bus rapid transit(BRT) systems in areas of heavy congestion,reducing bus idling and associated emissions. It is possible that TSP would disrupt signal timing and cause additional delays for other vehicles at some locations;however; the specific locations where TSPS would be installed cannot be identified based on the information in the CAP.A list of intersections along existing transit service routes are identified by the GPA EIR as operating below level of service(LOS) standards (see section 2.16 Transportation/Traffic of this Addendum). Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. Operation of the bikeshare program would also contribute to air pollutant emission reductions by reducing the future number of vehicle trips in Cupertino. C) Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard (including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds for ozone precursors)? See items a) and b). The GPA EIR identified a significant impact related to cumulatively considerable air pollutant emissions. Mitigation Measures AQ-2a and AQ-2b(described in item"c")would reduce these impacts,but they would remain significant and unavoidable. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-10 City of Cupertino d) Expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? The GPA EIR identified a less than significant impact related to exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As noted above, construction activities associated with the CAP would be minimal. Depending on the locations of construction activities with respect to sensitive receptors, construction emissions could expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. Transit Signal Priority(TSP) could result in localized increases in traffic to allow Bus Rapid Transit(BRT) systems to improve travel times. The CAP directs the City to work with the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority(VTA)to identify potential opportunities for use of TSP within the City. Depending on where this would occur,there is potential to expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. e) Create objectionable odors affecting a substantial number of people? No strategies or measures proposed by the CAP would create objectionable odors. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-11 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.7 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Biological Resources.Would the project: a) Have a substantial adverse effect,either directly or through habitat modifications,on any species identified as a candidate,sensitive,or EIR pp.4.3-11 special-status species in —4.3-12 No No No Yes local or regional plans, policies,or regulations,or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service? b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or EIR p.4.3-13 No No No n/a regional plans,policies,or regulations or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? c) Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including,but not limited EIR p.4.3-13 No No No n/a to,marsh,vernal pool, coastal,etc.)through direct removal,filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? d) Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established EIR p.4.3-14 No No No n/a native resident or migratory wildlife corridors,or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-12 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Biological Resources.Would the project: e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological EIR,p. No No No n/a resources,such as a tree 4.3-14 preservation policy or ordinance? f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community EIR,pp. No No No n/a Conservation Plan,or 4.3-14—4.3-15 other approved local, regional,or state habitat conservation plan? 2.7.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.3-1 on page 4.3-4 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce effects on biological resources. a) Have a substantial adverse effect, either directly or through habitat modifications, on any species identified as a candidate, sensitive, or special-status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? The majority of the City has been urbanized and now supports roadways, structures, other impervious surfaces, areas of turf,and ornamental landscaping. Remnant native trees are scattered throughout the urbanized areas, together with non-native trees, shrubs,and groundcovers. The developed areas within the city boundary are bordered by natural areas supporting a cover of grassland, chaparral and brush lands,with woodlands and forest in the western portion of the city. In general,urbanized areas tend to have low to poor wildlife habitat value due to replacement of natural communities, fragmentation of remaining open space areas and parks, and intensive human disturbance. The diversity of urban wildlife depends on the extent and type of landscaping and remaining open space,as well as the proximity to natural habitat. Trees and shrubs used for landscaping provide nest sites and cover for wildlife adapted to developed areas. Typical native bird species include the mourning dove, scrub jay,northern mockingbird,American robin,brown towhee,American crow, and Anna's hummingbird, among others. Introduced species include the rock dove,European starling,house finch, and house sparrow. Urban areas can also provide habitat for several species of native mammals such as the California ground squirrel and striped skunk, as well as the introduced eastern fox squirrel and eastern red fox. Introduced pest species such as the Norway rat,house mouse, and opossum are also abundant in developed areas. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-13 Environmental Checklist and Findings Figure 4.3-2 in the GPA EIR shows the location of known special status species occurrences in the Cupertino area;these occurrences are generally in the hills to the west and south of the developed area of the city, or along Stevens Creek. The CAP focus on the urbanized areas of the city where there is a low potential for candidate, sensitive, or special-status species to occur. The GPA EIR identified a potentially significant impact related to effects on special-status species. However,policies and mitigation included in the GPA and GPA EIR would minimize potential impacts to sensitive or special-status species from future development. These policies and mitigation measures include: ► Policy 5-10: Landscaping Near Natural Vegetation. Per the City's Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, and the Parks &Recreation Green Policies, continue to emphasize drought tolerant and pest-resistant native and non-invasive,non-native, drought tolerant plants and ground covers when landscaping public and private properties near natural vegetation,particularly for control of erosion from disturbance to the natural terrain. ► Policy 5-21: Compact Development Away from Sensitive Areas.Where such measures do not conflict with other municipal purposes or goals, encourage,via zoning ordinances, compact development located away from creeks,wetlands,and other sensitive areas. ► Mitigation Measure 13I0-1:Nests of raptors and other birds shall be protected when in active use, as required by the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the California Department of Fish and Game Code. If construction activities and any required tree removal occur during the breeding season(February 1 and August 31), a qualified biologist shall be required to conduct surveys prior to tree removal or construction activities. Preconstruction surveys are not required for tree removal or construction activities outside the nesting period. If construction would occur during the nesting season(February 1 to August 31), preconstruction surveys shall be conducted no more than 14 days prior to the start of tree removal or construction. Preconstruction surveys shall be repeated at 14-day intervals until construction has been initiated in the area after which surveys can be stopped. Locations of active nests containing viable eggs or young birds shall be documented and protective measures implemented under the direction of the qualified biologist until the nests no longer contain eggs or young birds. Protective measures shall include establishment of clearly delineated exclusion zones(i.e. demarcated by identifiable fencing, such as orange construction fencing or equivalent) around each nest location as determined by a qualified biologist,taking into account the species of birds nesting,their tolerance for disturbance and proximity to existing development. In general, exclusion zones shall be a minimum of 300 feet for raptors and 75 feet for passerines and other birds. The active nest within an exclusion zone shall be monitored on a weekly basis throughout the nesting season to identify signs of disturbance and confirm nesting status. The radius of an exclusion zone may be increased by the qualified biologist if project activities are determined to be adversely affecting the nesting birds.Exclusion zones may be reduced by the qualified biologist only in consultation with California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The protection measures shall remain in effect until the young have left the nest and are foraging independently or the nest is no longer active. With implementation of these policies and mitigation measures,the GPA EIR found that the impact would be less than significant.The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-14 City of Cupertino b) Have a substantial adverse effect on any riparian habitat or other sensitive natural community identified in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations or by the California Department of Fish and Game or U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service? Wetlands and jurisdictional waters within the city boundary include creek corridors and associated riparian scrub and woodland, and areas of freshwater marsh around ponds, seeps, springs, and other water bodies. Some remnant stands of riparian scrub and woodland occur along segments of the numerous creeks through the urbanized valley floor. The GPA EIR stated that potential future development would not encompass these creek corridors or contain other regulated waters. The GPA EIR identified no impact related to effects on riparian habitat or sensitive natural communities. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP, such as solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations,would occur within the footprint of existing development where riparian habitat and sensitive natural communities are not present. C) Have a substantial adverse effect on federally protected wetlands as defined by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (including, but not limited to, marsh, vernal pool, coastal, etc.) through direct removal, filling, hydrological interruption, or other means? Impacts to federally protected waters were analyzed in the GPA EIR,which found a less than significant impact. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As described in the GPA EIR construction implementing the CAP actions would be required to comply with the Nation Pollutant Discharge Elimination System(NPDES)and implement a construction Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan(SWPPP). The SWPPP would incorporate BMPs to control sedimentation, erosion, and hazardous materials contamination from runoff during construction. d) Interfere substantially with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species or with established native resident or migratory wildlife corridors, or impede the use of native wildlife nursery sites? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to wildlife movement. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP, such as solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations,would occur within the footprint of existing development. The CAP focuses on the urbanized area where there is low potential for interference with native wildlife species, corridors,and nursery sites. e) Conflict with any local policies or ordinances protecting biological resources, such as a tree preservation policy or ordinance? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to local ordinances protecting biological resources. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-15 Environmental Checklist and Findings The Cupertino Civic Center parking lot and Corporation Yard parking lot are proposed for construction of carports with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems based on previous solar feasibility studies. Several locations within these parking lots have been identified as feasible sites for carport installation. Several sites,primarily those adjacent to the Cupertino Library,would require tree removal or trimming to accommodate the carports. A total of 38 trees in and around the parking lot would need to either be trimmed or relocated for the installation of carports. Any trees with a minimum single-trunk diameter of ten inches (31-inch circumference) or minimum multi-trunk diameter of 20 inches (63-inch circumference)measured 4-1/2 feet from natural grade are subject to the City Protected Tree Ordinance(Chapter 14.18 of the Cupertino Municipal Code). Among other provisions of the Code are replacement of protected trees,protection of trees during construction, and preparation of a tree management plan. f) Conflict with the provisions of an adopted Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other approved local, regional, or state habitat conservation plan? The City of Cupertino is outside of the designated habitat plan study area for the Santa Clara Habitat Plan and Natural Community Conservation Plan. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-16 City of Cupertino 2.8 CULTURAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? V.Cultural Resources.Would the project: a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the EIR,pp. significance of a historical No No No n/a 4.4-17—4.4-20 resource as defined in Section 15064.5? b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an EIR,pp. No No No n/a archaeological resource 4.4-21 —4.4-22 pursuant to Section 15064.5? c) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique EIR,p. paleontological resource 4.4-22 No No No n/a or site or unique geologic feature? d) Disturb any human remains,including those EIR,p. No No No n/a interred outside of formal 4.4-23 cemeteries? 2.8.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.4-1 on page 4.4-5 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce effects on cultural resources. a) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource as defined in Section 15064.5? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to historical resources. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The CAP does not propose measures or strategies that would directly cause adverse changes to historical resources. The following General Plan policies would be applied to actions implementing the CAP to avoid impacts to historical resources: Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-17 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Policy 2-70: Incentives for Preservation of Historic Resources. The City should utilize a variety of techniques to serve as incentives toward fostering the preservation and rehabilitation of Historic Sites including: • Allowing flexible interpretation of zoning ordinance not essential to public health and safety. This could include flexibility as to use,parking requirements and/or setback requirements. • Using the California Historical Building Code for rehabilitation of historic structures; • Tax rebates(Mills Act or Local tax rebates); and • Financial incentives such as grants/loans to assist rehabilitation efforts. ► Policy 2-71: Recognizing Historical Resources. An inventory of historically significant structures should shall be maintained and periodically updated in order to promote awareness of these community resources. b) Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of an archaeological resource pursuant to Section 15064.5? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to archaeological resources. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The construction of any facilities implementing the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The following General Plan policies and strategies would be applied to actions implementing the CAP to reduce or avoid impacts to archaeological resources. ► Policy 2-72: Archaeologically Sensitive Areas. Protect archaeologically sensitive areas. • Strategy 1. Development Investigation. Require an investigation for development proposed in areas likely to be archaeologically sensitive, such as along stream courses and in oak groves,to determine if significant archaeological resources maybe affected by the project. Also require appropriate mitigation measures in the project design. • Strategy 2. Code Compliance. Ensure that City, State, and Federal historic preservations laws, regulations, and Codes are enforced, including laws related to archaeological and paleontological resources,to ensure the adequate protection of historic and prehistoric resources. c, d) Directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature; disturb any human remains, including those interred outside of formal cemeteries? See item b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for adverse changes to paleontological resources or disturbance of human remains. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. As with item b),Policy 2-72 of the General Plan would be applied to actions implementing the CAP to avoid or reduce impacts to paleontological resources and disturbance of human remains. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-18 City of Cupertino 2.9 GEOLOGY AND SOILS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VI.Geology and Soils.Would the project: a) Expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury,or death involving: i,Rupture of a known earthquake fault,as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State EIR Geologist for the area or 4.5-15-45-16 No No No n/a based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? (Refer to California Geological Survey Special Publication 42.) ii. Strong seismic ground shaking? iii. Seismic-related ground failure,including liquefaction? iv.Landslides? b) Result in substantial soil EIR,p. erosion or the loss of 4.5-17 No No No n/a topsoil? c) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the EIR,p. project,and potentially 4.5-18 No No No n/a result in on-or off-site landslide, lateral spreading,subsidence, liquefaction,or collapse? d) Be located on expansive soil,as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform EIR,p. Building Code(1994,as 4.5-18 No No No n/a updated),creating substantial risks to life or property? Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-19 Environmental Checklist and Findings Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VI.Geology and Soils.Would the project: e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water EIR,p. No No No n/a disposal systems where 4.5-14 sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? 2.9.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.5-1 on page 4.5-3 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce geology and soils impacts. a) Expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury, or death involving: i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist- Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? (Refer to California Geological Survey Special Publication 42.) ii) Strong seismic ground shaking? iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? or iv) Landslides? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for exposure of people or structures to seismic hazards. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur through implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development.Furthermore, as discussed in the GPA EIR(pages 4.5-15 and 4.5-16), future projects would be required to implement mitigation measures from the Santa Clara County Multi- Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan(LHMP)to minimize risk from seismic hazards, including(but not limited to) formal seismic/geologic review with technical studies, compliance with the California Building Code, and soils and foundation investigations. b) Result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the potential for soil erosion or loss of topsoil. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-20 City of Cupertino not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Physical changes that would occur through implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The GPA EIR analysis includes policies and strategies that would minimize impacts associated with substantial soil erosion or loss of topsoil,including: ► Policy 5-19: Reduction of Impervious Surfaces. Minimize storm water flow and erosion impacts resulting from development. • Strategy 3: Maximizing infiltration. Minimize impervious surface areas,minimizing directly-connected impervious surfaces,maximizing onsite infiltration and using on-site retaining facilities. C) Be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse? See items a) and b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994, as updated), creating substantial risks to life or property? See item a) and b). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to the expansive soils. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative waste water disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of waste water? As described in the GPA EIR on page 4.5-14, future development would not require the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-21 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.10 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VII.Greenhouse Gas Emissions.Would the project: a) Generate greenhouse gas No No No n/a emissions,either directly EIR,pp. or indirectly,that may 4.6-23—4.6-30 have a significant impact on the environment? b) Conflict with an applicable No No No n/a plan,policy,or regulation EIR,pp. adopted for the purpose of 4.6-30—4.6-33 reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases? 2.10.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.6-4 on page 4.6-15 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce GHG emissions impacts. a) Generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to generation of GHG emissions that would have a significant impact on the environment because emissions would be reduced to comply with the AB 32 target in 2020 and a 2040 threshold based on the longer-term GHG reduction goal in Executive Order 5-03-05. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The purpose of the CAP is to reduce GHG emission through methods such as increased use of alternative fuels, alternative transportation,and improved energy efficiency. Potential temporary short-term increases in GHG emissions that could occur during construction of solar PV installations and alternative fueling stations would be trivial from a regional perspective due to the very small scale of these facilities and consistent with those analyzed in the GPA EIR. Overall GHG emissions would be reduced through implementation of the CAP. This impact would be less than significant. b) Conflict with an applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to conflict with an applicable GHG-reduction plan. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA ETR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-22 City of Cupertino The CAP aligns with the City's reduction goals to achieve California GHG emission reduction targets established by Assembly Bill 32,the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and Executive Order 5-03-05. AB 32 states that statewide GHG emissions should be reduced to 1990 levels by the target year of 2020. Executive Order 5-03-05 sets an emissions target of 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. The AB 32 Scoping Plan outlines the State's strategies to meet target emissions. Local governments are recommended to reduce GHG emissions by 15% from their baseline levels. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-23 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.11 HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VIII.Hazards and Hazardous Materials.Would the project: a) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the EIR pp. 4.7-20 No No No n/a routine transport,use,or —4.7-21 disposal of hazardous materials? b) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable EIR p. upset and accident 4.7-21 No No No n/a conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? c) Emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous EIR,p. materials,substances,or 4.7-22 No No No n/a waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? d) Be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to EIR pp. Government Code No No No Yes 4.7-22—4.7-24 §65962.5 and,as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or,where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a EIR,p. public airport or public use 4.7-20 No No No n/a airport,would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-24 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? VIII.Hazards and Hazardous Materials.Would the project: f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip,would the project EIR,p. 4.7- result in a safety hazard 20 No No No n/a for people residing or working in the project area? g) Impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency EIR,pp. No No No n/a response plan or 4.7-24—4.7-25 emergency evacuation plan? h) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss,injury,or death involving wildland EIR,pp. fires,including where No No No n/a 4.7-26—4.7-27 wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? 2.11.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.7-1 on page 4.7-8 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce hazards and hazardous materials impacts. a) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to routine transport,use or disposal of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? The CAP proposes strategies and measures recommending building retrofits for clean and renewable energy use.Although there is potential for workers to be exposed to lead-based paints and asbestos in older buildings, construction activities in these buildings would be subject to compliance with state and federal safety regulations. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-25 Environmental Checklist and Findings The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to release of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. C) Emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to release of hazardous materials. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. No specific development is proposed by the CAP that would emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances,or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school.As discussed in item a), any future development with the potential for hazardous emissions or waste would be subject to environmental review at that time. This would be a less-than-significant impact. d) Be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code §65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? The GPA EIR found a significant impact related to Cortese-listed sites, and imposed Mitigation Measures HAZ- 4a and HAZ-4b: ► Mitigation Measure HAZ-4a: Construction at the sites with known contamination shall be conducted under a project-specific Environmental Site Management Plan(ESMP)that is prepared in consultation with the Regional Water Quality Control Board(RWQCB) or the Department of Toxic Substances Control(DTSC),as appropriate. The purpose of the ESMP is to protect construction workers,the general public,the environment, and future site occupants from subsurface hazardous materials previously identified at the site and to address the possibility of encountering unknown contamination or hazards in the subsurface. The ESMP shall summarize soil and groundwater analytical data collected on the project site during past investigations; identify management options for excavated soil and groundwater,if contaminated media are encountered during deep excavations; and identify monitoring,irrigation, or other wells requiring proper abandonment in compliance with local, State, and federal laws,policies, and regulations. The ESMP shall include measures for identifying,testing, and managing soil and groundwater suspected of or known to contain hazardous materials. The ESMP shall: 1)provide procedures for evaluating,handling, storing,testing, and disposing of soil and groundwater during project excavation and dewatering activities, respectively; 2)describe required worker health and safety provisions for all workers potentially exposed to hazardous materials in accordance with State and federal worker safety regulations; and 3) designate personnel responsible for implementation of the ESMP. ► Mitigation Measure HAZ-4b: For those sites with potential residual contamination in soil, gas, or groundwater that are planned for redevelopment with an overlying occupied building, a vapor intrusion assessment shall be performed by a licensed environmental professional. If the results of the vapor intrusion assessment indicate the potential for significant vapor intrusion into an occupied building,project design shall include vapor controls or source removal, as appropriate, in accordance with regulatory agency requirements. Soil vapor mitigations or controls could include vapor barriers,passive venting, and/or active venting. The AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-26 City of Cupertino vapor intrusion assessment and associated vapor controls or source removal can be incorporated into the ESMP (Mitigation Measure HAZ-4a). The GPA EIR concluded that implementation of these mitigation measures would reduce impacts related to Cortese-listed sites to a less-than-significant level. These mitigation measures would be applied if implementation of any of the CAP actions required construction or redevelopment of Cortese-listed sites, these actions would be required to comply with these mitigation measures. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? The City of Cupertino is not located within the boundary of an airport land use plan or within two miles of a public airport or public use airport. There would be no impact. f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the project area? The City of Cupertino is not located within the vicinity of a private airstrip. There would be no impact. g) Impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to emergency response and evacuation. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR and would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. The CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit signal priority(TSP) within the City. The CAP does not propose any strategies or measures that would physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. TSP could potentially disrupt signal timing causing increased traffic delays at some locations. However, emergency and law enforcement vehicles can be also be fitted with devices that trigger signal changes in the event of emergency, and these changes would not physically interfere with emergency response plans. h) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires, including where wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? As shown on Figure 4.7-2 in the GPA EIR,there is a small area near the southern city limit of Cupertino identified as a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.As shown on Figure 4.7-4 of the GPA EIR, a portion of western and southwestern Cupertino is defined as an area of Wildland Urban Interface. The CAP does not propose any measures or strategies that would expose people or structures to significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildfires. The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to wildfire hazards, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-27 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.12 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Hydrology and Water Quality.Would the project: a) Violate any water quality EIR,pp. standards or waste No No No n/a 4.8-28—4.8-30 discharge requirements? b) Substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level EIR,pp. No No No n/a (e.g.,the production rate of 4.8-30—4.8-31 pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? c) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area,including through the alteration of EIR,pp. the course of a stream or No No No n/a 4.8-31—4.8-33 river,in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on-or off-site? d) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area,including through the alteration of the course of a stream or EIR,p. No No No n/a river,or substantially 4.8-28 increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on-or off-site? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-28 City of Cupertino Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? IV.Hydrology and Water Quality.Would the project: e) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater EIR,pp. No No No n/a drainage systems or 4.8-34—4.8-35 provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff? f) Otherwise substantially EIR,pp. No No No n/a degrade water quality? 4.8-35—4.8-36 g) Place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a federal EIR,pp. Flood Hazard Boundary or No No No n/a 4.8-6—4.8-38 Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? h) Place within a 100-year flood hazard area EIR,pp. structures which would No No No n/a 4.8-36—4.8-38 impede or redirect flood flows? i) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss,injury,or death EIR,pp. involving flooding, No No No n/a 4.8-38—4.8-40 including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? j) Result in inundation by EIR,p. seiche,tsunami,or 4.8-40 No No No n/a mudflow? 2.12.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.6-4 on page 4.6-15 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce GHG emissions impacts. a) Violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements? Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development where there is currently a high percentage of impervious surfaces. Potential water quality impacts from actions implementing the CAP were analyzed in the GPA EIR, and addressed with policies, strategies, Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-29 Environmental Checklist and Findings and BMPs that would protect water quality and reduce potential impacts to water quality. The GPA EIR identified several policies and strategies that would reduce water quality impacts: ► Policy 5-19: Reduction of Impervious Surfaces. Minimize storm water flow and erosion impacts resulting from development. • Strategy 3: Maximizing infiltration. Minimize impervious surface areas,minimizing directly-connected impervious surfaces,maximizing onsite infiltration and using on-site retaining facilities. ► Policy 5-20: Pollution and Flow Impacts.Prior to making land use decisions, estimate increases in pollutant loads and flows resulting from projected future development to avoid surface and groundwater quality impacts. • Strategy: Best Management Practices. Require incorporation of structural and non-structural Best Management Practices (BMPs)to mitigate the projected increases in pollutant loads and flows. ► Policy 5-32: Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program. Support and participate in the Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program(SCVURPPP) in order to work cooperatively with other cities to improve the quality of storm water runoff discharge into San Francisco Bay. • Strategy 1: Post-Construction Urban Runoff Management. Implement the Post-Construction Urban Runoff Management requirements of the City's Municipal NPDES Permit to reduce urban runoff from project sites. • Strategy 2: Hydromodification Management. Implement the Hydromodification Management requirements of the City's Municipal NPDES Permit to manage runoff flow and volume from project sites. ► Policy 5-33: Illicit Discharge into Storm Drains and Waterways. Prohibit the discharge of pollutants and the illicit dumping of wastes into the storm drains, creeks and waterways. ► Policy 5-34: Storm Water Runoff. Investigate opportunities to retain or detain storm runoff on new development. Impacts from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR. There would be a less-than-significant impact. b) Substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level (e.g., the production rate of pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? Impacts to groundwater supplies were analyzed in the GPA EIR, which identified a less-than-significant impact. No CAP strategies or measures would require additional groundwater supply. Construction would not result in a substantial amount of new impervious surfaces replacing pervious surfaces so that related impacts to groundwater recharge from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those analyzed in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-30 City of Cupertino C) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on- or off-site? The CAP focuses on the urbanized areas of the city with low potential for any development to affect streams or rivers. There would be no alteration of existing drainage patterns. The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to drainage alterations, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site? See item c). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to drainage alterations, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Create or contribute runoff water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to stormwater drainage and polluted runoff, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Otherwise substantially degrade water quality? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to water quality degradation, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. g) Place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? Actions implementing the CAP would not result in construction of new housing units. There would be no impact. In addition,the following policies and strategies from the General Plan minimize flood impacts. ► Policy 6-35: Sea Level Rise Protection. Ensure all areas in Cupertino are adequately protected for the anticipated effects of sea level rise. • Strategy 1: Monitor Rising Sea Level. Regularly coordinate with regional, state,and federal agencies on rising sea levels in the San Francisco Bay and major tributaries to determine if additional adaptation strategies should be implemented to address flooding hazards. This includes monitoring FEMA flood map updates to identify areas in the city susceptible to sea level rise, addressing changes to state and regional Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-31 Environmental Checklist and Findings sea and bay level rise estimates, and coordinating with adjacent municipalities on flood control improvements as appropriate. • Strategy 2. Flood Insurance Rate Maps. Provide to the public, as available,up-to-date Flood Insurance Rate Maps(FIRM)that identify rising sea levels and changing flood conditions. ► Policy 7-5: Storm Drainage Infrastructure. Maintain the City storm drainage infrastructure in a manner that reduces flood hazards.As the storm drainage system is extended or modified,provide capacity to adequately convey the 10-year storm event. Developers should be responsible for upsizing or contributing towards additional capacity, as necessary. h) Place within a 100-year flood hazard area structures which would impede or redirect flood flows? See item g). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to structures placed in flood zones, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. The specific locations identified for potential freestanding PV cell installation at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard are located outside the 100-year flood hazard area identified on Figure 4.8-4 of the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. i) Expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? See item a). The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to structures placed in areas subject to inundation following dam failure, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. The specific locations identified for potential freestanding PV cell installation at the Civic Center and Corporation Yard are located outside the dam inundation hazard area identified on Figure 4.8-5 of the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. D Result in inundation by seiche, tsunami, or mudflow? The GPA EIR found a less-than-significant impact related to inundation by seiche,tsunami, or mudflow, and the actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-32 City of Cupertino 2.13 LAND USE AND PLANNING Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? X.Land Use and Planning.Would the project: a) Physically divide an EIR,pp. No No No n/a established community? 4.9-25—4.9-27 b) Conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy,or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project(including, but not limited to,a general EIR,pp. No No No n/a plan, specific plan,local 4.9-27—4.9-28 coastal program,or zoning ordinance)adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? c) Conflict with any applicable habitat EIR,p. conservation plan or 4.9-24 No No No n/a natural community conservation plan? 2.13.1 DISCUSSION a) Physically divide an established community? The CAP does not direct the development of new roadways or other physical features that would impair mobility within a community or physically divide an existing community. There would be no impact. b) Conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project (including, but not limited to, a general plan, specific plan, local coastal program, or zoning ordinance) adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? The CAP would be consistent with the City's General Plan Land Use/Community Design Element. It does not propose physical changes that would conflict with City zoning ordinances or other jurisdictional policies. There would be no impact. C) Conflict with any applicable habitat conservation plan or natural community conservation plan? The City of Cupertino is outside of the designated habitat plan study area for the Santa Clara Habitat Plan and Natural Community Conservation Plan. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-33 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.14 MINERAL RESOURCES Do Proposed Changes Any changed Do previously in the Project Involve Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was New Significant Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XI.Mineral Resources.Would the project: a) Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that EIR,p. 6-2 No No No n/a would be of value to the region and the residents of the state? b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on EIR,p. 6-2 No No No n/a a local general plan, specific plan,or other land use plan? 2.14.1 DISCUSSION a) Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state? The CAP proposes no strategies or measures that would require extraction of mineral resources or conflict with current general plan policy concerning mineral resource operations. There would be no impact. b) Result in the loss of availability of a locally important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan, or other land use plan? As discussed above in a),no strategies or measures that would require mineral extraction are proposed by the CAP. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-34 City of Cupertino 2.15 NOISE Do Proposed Do previously Changes in the Any changed Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures or Substantially Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve More Severe Verification? Impacts? Impacts? Severe Impacts XII.Noise.Would the project: a) Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local EIR,pp.4.10-27 No No No n/a general plan or noise —4.10-32 ordinance,or applicable standards of other agencies? b) Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive EIR,pp.4.10-32 No No No n/a groundborne vibration or —4.10-35 groundborne noise levels? c) A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project EIR,pp.4.10-35 No No No n/a vicinity above levels —4.10-44 existing without the proj ect? d) A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the EIR,pp.4.10-44 No No No n/a project vicinity above —4.10-46 levels existing without the prof ect? e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or,where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a EIR,p. No No No no public airport or public use 4.10-27 airport,would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip,would the project EIR,p. No No No no expose people residing or 4.10-27 working in the project area to excessive noise levels? Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-35 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.15.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.10-4 on page 4.10-8 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce noise impacts. a) Exposure of persons to or generation of noise levels in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies? Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP, such as PV installations, alternative fueling stations, and transit intersection queue jumps,would include limited construction activities that could generate temporary construction noise. The CAP also encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with approval of the CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development as a part of the ongoing General Plan update,this measure would not have physical effects. There is no specific strategy to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development. Future projects would be subject to compliance with City noise ordinance and Municipal Code, Section 10. Construction would occur between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9:00 a.m. through 6:00 p.m. during the weekend. The GPA EIR considered the potential for new noise-sensitive land uses to experience indoor noise levels above 45 dBA,the potential for incompatible uses and noise environments,potential construction noise, and the potential for ambient noise levels that exceed standards. For all these issues,the GPA EIR concluded that the application of existing regulations, especially the City Noise Ordinance and Municipal Code,would result in a less-than-significant impact. As noted previously,the General Plan directs any land use change, and the GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Exposure of persons to or generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels? See item a). Construction associated actions implementing the CAPS would be subject to compliance with City Noise Ordinance and Municipal Code (City of Cupertino 2014; 4.10-9)to reduce impacts from groundborne vibration and noise levels. This would be a less-than-significant impact. C) A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? The CAP proposes measures and strategies, such as a bikeshare program and transit route expansion,that would lead to reduced single occupancy vehicle trips, and increase use of public transportation,bicycle, and pedestrian travel. Reducing vehicle trips would reduce associated traffic noise,the single largest contributor to ambient noise levels in an urban environment. Therefore, implementation of the CAP would not be expected to increase ambient noise levels and could potentially result in a decrease in ambient noise levels. This would be a less-than-significant impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-36 City of Cupertino d) A substantial temporary or periodic increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project? See item(a). Any future development would be subject to compliance with the City noise ordinance and the Municipal Code to mitigate temporary increases in ambient noise due to construction. This would be a less-than- significant impact. e) For a project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? The project is not within an airport land use plan. San Jose International Airport and Moffett Federal Airfield are approximately 11 miles and 8 miles away, respectively, from the city of Cupertino. There would be no impact. f) For a project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise levels? There are no private airstrips within the vicinity of the project. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-37 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.16 POPULATION AND HOUSING Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Requiring New Measures Substantially More Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XIII.Population and Housings.Would the project: a) Induce substantial population growth in an area,either directly(for example,by proposing new homes and EIR,pp.4.11-10 No No No n/a businesses)or indirectly(for —4.11-15 example,through extension of roads or other infrastructure)? b) Displace substantial numbers of existing housing, EIR,pp.4.11-15 necessitating the construction —4.11-17 No No No n/a of replacement housing elsewhere? c) Displace substantial numbers of people,necessitating the EIR,p. No No No n/a construction of replacement 4.11-17 housing elsewhere? 2.16.1 DISCUSSION a) Induce substantial population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure)? The purpose of the CAP is to reduce GHG emission through methods such as alternative fuels, alternative transportation, and energy efficiency but does not propose development that would induce population growth. The CAP does not direct land use change that would cause population growth. As noted previously, such changes are directed by the General Plan and were analyzed in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact related to inducement of population growth. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Displace substantial numbers of existing housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere? See item a). Implementation of the CAP would not displace existing housing. There would be no impact. C) Displace substantial numbers of people, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere? See item a). Implementation of the CAP would not displace Cupertino residents. There would be no impact. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-38 City of Cupertino 2.17 PUBLIC SERVICES Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Importance Mitigation AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XIV.Public Services.Would the project: Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities,or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities,the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts,in order to maintain acceptable service ratios,response times,or other performance objectives for any of the public services: Fire protection? EIR,pp.4.12-6—4.12-8 No No No n/a 1 Police protection? —4.12-12 EIR,pp.4.12-1.12-1No No No n/a EIR,pp.4.12-18 No No No n/a Schools? —4.12-20 EIR,pp.4.12-31 No No No n/a Parks`. —4.12-32 4 Other public facilities? —4.12-25 EIR,pp.4.12-2.12-2No No No n/a 2.17.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.12-1 on page 4.12-2 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce public services impacts. a) Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other performance objectives for any of the public services: a) Fire protection? b) Police protection? c) Schools? d) Parks? e) Other public facilities? The CAP does not propose any measures or strategies that would induce population growth or change existing development such that there would be a need for new or physically altered governmental facilities. The Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-39 Environmental Checklist and Findings CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development,implementation of this measure would not have direct physical effects. As note previously,the General Plan directs land use changes, including transit-oriented development. The GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes, including impacts to fire protection,police protection,parks, and other public facilities, and found these impacts to be less than significant. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-40 City of Cupertino 2.18 RECREATION Do Proposed Any changed Any New Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Information of Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts Significant Impacts Importance Measures or Substantially or Substantially Requiring New Address/Resolve More Severe More Severe Analysis or Impacts? Impacts? Impacts Verification? XV.Recreation.Would the project: a) Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities EIR,pp.4.12-31 No No No n/a such that substantial physical —4.12-32 deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? b) Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational EIR,pp.4.12-32 No No No n/a facilities which might have an —4.12-33 adverse physical effect on the environment? 2.18.1 DISCUSSION a) Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? Implementation of the CAP would not induce a population increase. The CAP proposes a bikeshare program to encourage the use of bicycles as an alternative mode of travel. It is possible that through successful implementation of this program,there would be an incremental increase in use of parks and recreational facilities. However,the CAP does not propose any new bicycle infrastructure or facilities, and most use of the bikeshare program would occur on roadways as users replaced shorter car trips with bicycle trips. An incremental increase in use of facilities would not be expected to cause substantial deterioration. The CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development.Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit- oriented development,this measure would not have physical effects. As noted previously,the General Plan directs land use changes, and the GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes. The GPA EIR analyzed the impacts of such changes,including impacts to parks, and found these impacts to be less than significant. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. b) Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment? See item a). The CAP does not propose measure or strategies that would require the construction or expansion of recreation facilities. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions and analysis in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact related to construction of recreational facilities. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-41 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.19 TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the Significant Impacts Importance Requiring Measures EIR? or Substantially Significant Impacts or Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve More Severe Verification? Impacts? Impacts? Severe Impacts XVI.Transportation/Traffic.Would the project: a) Conflict with an applicable plan, ordinance or policy establishing measures of effectiveness for the performance of the circulation system,taking into account all modes of transportation EIR,pp. including mass transit and non- 4.13-49-4.13- No No No Yes motorized travel and relevant 61 components of the circulation system,including but not limited to intersections,streets, highways and freeways, pedestrian and bicycle paths,and mass transit? b) Conflict with an applicable congestion management program,including,but not limited to level of service EIR pp. standards and travel demand 4.13-61—4.13- No No No Yes measures,or other standards 62 established by the county congestion management agency for designated roads or highways? c) Result in a change in air traffic patterns,including either an EIR,p. increase in traffic levels ora 4.13-46 No No No change in location that results in substantial safety risks? d) Substantially increase hazards due to a design feature(e.g., EIR,p. sharp curves or dangerous 4.13-62 No No No n/a intersections)or incompatible uses(e.g.,farm equipment)? e) Result in inadequate emergency EIR,p. No No No n/a access? 4.13-63 f) Conflict with adopted policies, plans,or programs regarding EIR,pp. public transit,bicycle,or 4.13-64—4.13- No No No n/a pedestrian facilities,or otherwise 65 decrease the performance or safety of such facilities? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-42 City of Cupertino 2.19.1 DISCUSSION a) Conflict with an applicable plan, ordinance or policy establishing measures of effectiveness for the performance of the circulation system, taking into account all modes of transportation including mass transit and non-motorized travel and relevant components of the circulation system, including but not limited to intersections, streets, highways and freeways, pedestrian and bicycle paths, and mass transit? The CAP does not propose strategies or measures that would increase vehicle traffic. Implementation of the CAP would potentially result in fewer single-occupant vehicle trips through the improvement of facilities and services that promote alternative transportation such as updating the Pedestrian Transportation Plan and a bikeshare program. Traffic impacts from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found significant traffic impacts. Transit signal priority(TSP) could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays at some locations. The following intersections along existing transit service routes operate below Level of Service(LOS) standards, according to the GPA EIR: ► SR 85 NB Ramps and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► Stelling Rd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Rd./De Anza Blvd. and Homestead Rd.—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and 1-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and McClellan Rd./Pacifica Dr.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and Homestead Rd.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd./Miller Ave. and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► I-280 SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Agilent Tech Drive Way and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway NB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour TSP implemented at any of these intersections could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays and increase congestion. Transit intersection queue jumps could also potentially cause delays at some locations. The CAP does not cause specific transit signal timing changes or alter roadways for queue jumps. The CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for TSP and transit intersection queue jumps within the City. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. The GPA EIR also includes mitigation measures for some of the identified intersections that would be considered and used to minimize traffic impacts: ► Mitigation Measure TRAF-1: The City of Cupertino shall commit to preparing and implementing a Traffic Mitigation Fee Program to guarantee funding for roadway and infrastructure improvements that are necessary Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-43 Environmental Checklist and Findings to mitigate impacts from future projects based on the then current City standards. As part of the preparation of the Traffic Mitigation Fee Program,the City shall also commit to preparing a"nexus" study that will serve as the basis for requiring development impact fees under AB 1600 legislation, as codified by California Code Government Section 66000 et seq.,to support implementation of the proposed Project. The established procedures under AB 1600 require that a"reasonable relationship" or nexus exist between the traffic improvements and facilities required to mitigate the traffic impacts of new development pursuant to the proposed Project. The following examples of traffic improvements and facilities would reduce impacts to acceptable level of service standards and these, among other improvements, could be included in the development impact fees nexus study: ► SR 85 Northbound Ramps and Stevens Creek Boulevard: An exclusive left-turn lane for the northbound leg of the intersection(freeway off-ramp) at the intersection of SR 85 and Stevens Creek Boulevard would result in one left-turn lane, one all-movement lane, and one right turn lane. The additional lane could be added within the existing Caltrans right-of-way. ► Stelling Road and Stevens Creek Boulevard: The addition of a second exclusive left turn lane for the eastbound leg of the intersection from Stevens Creek Boulevard to northbound Stelling Road,which could be accomplished by reworking the median. Right turns would share the bike lane. ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Road/De Anza Boulevard and Homestead Road: Widen De Anza Boulevard to four lanes in each direction or the installation of triple left-turn lanes. ► De Anza Boulevard and I-280 Northbound Ramp: Restriping of De Anza Boulevard in the southbound direction to provide room for right turn vehicles to be separated from through traffic may be required. The bike lane would be maintained, and right turns would occur from the bike lane. The right turns would continue to be controlled by the signal and would need to yield to pedestrians. Painting a bike box at the front of the lane to provide space for bikes wait at red lights may enhance the bicycle experience. ► De Anza Boulevard and Stevens Creek Boulevard: Restripe westbound Stevens Creek Boulevard to provide room for right turn vehicles to be separated from through vehicles may be required. The right turn vehicles will share the bike lane and will still be controlled by the traffic signal. Paint a bike box at the front of the lane to provide bikes a place to wait at red lights. The pedestrian crossings will not be affected may enhance the bicycling experience. ► De Anza Boulevard and McClellan Road/Pacifica Drive: Realign the intersection that is currently offset resulting in inefficient signal timing such that the McClellan Road and Pacifica Drive legs are across from each other may be required. In addition, double left turn lanes may be required to be added to De Anza Boulevard with sections of double lanes on McClellan Road and Pacifica Drive to receive the double left turn lanes. These improvements will require the acquisition of right-of-way and demolition of existing commercial buildings.However, some existing right-of-way could be abandoned,which would reduce the net right-of- way take. ► Wolfe Road and Homestead Road: The addition of a third southbound through lane to the southbound approach of the intersection of Wolfe Road and Homestead Road may be required, as well as the addition of a southbound exclusive right-turn lane. Three southbound receiving lanes on the south side of the intersection currently exist. An additional westbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes, an AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-44 City of Cupertino additional receiving lane on Homestead westbound to receive the additional through lane, as well as the addition of a westbound exclusive right-turn lane may be required. This will require widening Homestead Road.An additional eastbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes, an additional receiving lane on Homestead eastbound to receive the additional through lane,as well as the addition of an eastbound exclusive left-turn lane for a total of two left-turn lanes may be required. These improvements will require the acquisition of right-of-way and demolition of parking areas. ► Wolfe Road and I-280 Northbound Ramp: An additional northbound through lane for a total of three through-movement lanes may be required. This will require widening the Wolfe Road overcrossing. The lane needs to be extended north of the interchange so that there are a continuous three lanes northbound. Right-of- way acquisition may be required. In addition to widening the overcrossing,the City may wish to pursue a redesign of the interchange to go from a partial cloverleaf design to a diamond design. This could help with heavy volumes in the right lane,which contributes to the level-of-service deficiency. ► Wolfe Road and I-280 Southbound Ramp: An additional through lane for a total of three through- movement lanes for the northbound leg of the intersection at the Wolfe Road and I-280 Southbound Ramp may be required. This additional northbound through lane would require widening to the freeway overcrossing. In addition to widening the overcrossing,the City may wish to pursue a redesign of the interchange to go from a partial cloverleaf design to a diamond design. This could help with the problem of heavy volume in the right lane,which contributes to the level of service deficiency. ► Wolfe Road/Miller Avenue and Stevens Creek Boulevard: The restriping of the westbound leg of the intersection to provide room so that right turn vehicles can be separated from through vehicles may be required. Right turn vehicles would share the bike lane. Right turn vehicles would still be controlled by the signal, and pedestrian crossings would not be affected. Paint a bike box at the front of the lane to provide bikes a place to wait at red lights may enhance the bicycling experience. b) Conflict with an applicable congestion management program, including, but not limited to level of service standards and travel demand measures, or other standards established by the county congestion management agency for designated roads or highways? See item a). A number of the intersections along existing transit service routes that would operate below Level of Service(LOS) standards, according to the GPA EIR, are also included in the CMP: ► SR 85 NB Ramps and Stevens Creek Blvd. —AM Peak Hour ► Stelling Rd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Sunnyvale-Saratoga Rd./De Anza Blvd. and Homestead Rd.—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and I-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► De Anza Blvd. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 NB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd. and I-280 SB Ramp—AM and PM Peak Hour ► Wolfe Rd./Miller Ave. and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour ► I-280 SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—PM Peak Hour ► Lawrence Expressway SB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-45 Environmental Checklist and Findings ► Lawrence Expressway NB Ramp and Stevens Creek Blvd.—AM Peak Hour As with item a), implementation of Mitigation Measure TRAF-1 would reduce this impact,but the impact for the GPA EIR would remain significant. Traffic impacts from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR. Individual TSP installations and queue jump locations have not been identified, and evaluation of the potential for impacts beyond those considered in the GPA EIR as a result of implementing TSP or transit queue jumps would be speculative with the information presently available. C) Result in a change in air traffic patterns, including either an increase in traffic levels or a change in location that results in substantial safety risks? The San Jose International Airport is more than 12 miles from Cupertino. The CAP does not include any strategy or measure that would directly or indirectly affect air traffic patterns. There would be no impact. d) Substantially increase hazards due to a design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)? The CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for transit queue jumps within the City. Specific designs for queue jumps are not known at this time. Future projects at specific locations would be designed to avoid creating hazards based on the following General Plan policies regarding roadway plans and design: ► Policy 4-10: Roadway Plans that Complement the Needs of Adjacent Land Use. Design roadways based on efficient alignments, appropriate number and widths of traffic lanes, inclusion of medians,parking and bicycle lanes and the suitable width and location of sidewalks as needed to support the adjacent properties. In addition,design the local streets to satisfy the aesthetic requirements of the area served. In general,the aesthetics of a street will be improved if it can be narrower rather than wider,include significant landscaping with shade trees,and provide safe and convenient places for people to bicycle and walk. Details of design, such as provision of vertical curbs and minimum corner radii, are to be considered desirable. Design details should be developed in the City's road improvement standards. ► Policy 4-12: Street Improvement Planning. Plan street improvements such as curb cuts, sidewalks,bus stop turnouts,bus shelters,light poles,benches and trash containers as an integral part of a project to ensure an enhanced streetscape and the safe movement of people and vehicles with the least possible disruption to the streetscape. • Strategy 2. Bus Stop Turnouts in Street Frontages. Require bus stop turnouts,or partial turnouts, within the street frontage of a new or redeveloping site. This policy does not apply to the Crossroads Area. Bus stops should include shelters,benches,trash receptacles and other amenities as appropriate. Follow the VTA specifications for improving bus stops. ► Policy 6-13: Roadway Design. Involve the Fire Department in the design of public roadways for review and comments. Attempt to ensure that roadways have frequent median breaks for timely access to properties. Changes implementing the CAP would be consistent with the assumptions considered in the GPA EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact related to design hazards. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-46 City of Cupertino e) Result in inadequate emergency access? Physical changes that would occur from construction of solar PV installations, alternative fueling stations, and transit intersection queue jumps would occur within the footprint of existing development. The CAP does not propose development that would change existing uses. Transit signal priority(TSP) and transit intersection queue jumps could potentially disrupt signal timing causing delays at some locations. At this time,the City is not directed to alter transit signal timing or alter any roadway configurations. The CAP directs the City to work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for TSP and transit intersection queue jumps within the City. Traffic impacts from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Conflict with adopted policies, plans, or programs regarding public transit, bicycle, or pedestrian facilities, or otherwise decrease the performance or safety of such facilities? The CAP directs the City to update its Pedestrian Master Plan to identify barriers to walkability within the Cupertino community, and to prioritize projects for implementation. The City is also directed to explore feasibility of a bikeshare program. The GPA EIR includes policies and strategies regarding public transit,bicycle, and pedestrian facilities. The Pedestrian Master Plan update and bikeshare feasibility study would not conflict with the City's General Plan Land Use/Community Design Element. Impacts from implementation of the CAP would be consistent with those analyzed by the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-47 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.20 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS Do Proposed Any changed Do previously Changes in the Circumstances Any New Information Adopted EIR Where Impact Was Project Involve New Involving New of Substantial Mitigation ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts or Importance Requiring Measures Substantially More Substantially More New Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XVII.Utilities and Service Systems.Would the project: a) Exceed wastewater treatment requirements of EIR,pp.4.14-33 the applicable Regional —4.14-35 No No No n/a Water Quality Control Board? b) Require or result in the construction of new water or wastewater treatment facilities or expansion of EIR,pp.4.14-35 No No No n/a existing facilities,the —4.14-36 construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? c) Require or result in the construction of new storm water drainage facilities or expansion of existing EIR,pp.4.14-22 No No No n/a facilities,the construction of —4.14-23 which could cause significant environmental effects? d) Have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project from existing EIR,pp.4.14-13 No No No n/a entitlements and resources, —4.14-22 or are new or expanded entitlements needed? e) Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider that serves or may serve the project that it has EIR,pp.4.14-36 adequate capacity to serve —4.14-40 No No No Yes the project's projected demand,in addition to the provider's existing commitments? f) Be served by a landfill with EIR,pp.4.14-49 sufficient permitted capacity —4.14-52 to accommodate the No No No Yes project's solid waste disposal needs? g) Comply with federal, state, EIR,p. and local statutes and 4.14-52 No No No Yes regulations related to solid waste? AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-48 City of Cupertino 2.20.1 DISCUSSION Table 4.14-1 on page 4.14-5 in the GPA EIR identifies General Plan strategies and policies which would help to reduce utilities impacts. a) Exceed wastewater treatment requirements of the applicable Regional Water Quality Control Board? Implementation of the CAP would not induce population growth or other causes that would result in an increase in demand on existing wastewater treatment.Physical changes that would occur with implementation of the CAP would occur within the footprint of existing development. The CAP encourages research to identify areas of the City where transit-oriented development would be most advantageous. The discretionary action the City is taking with this CAP does not increase, decrease, or change the location or design of development. Although this measure commits the City to studying the feasibility of additional transit-oriented development,this measure would not have physical effects. There is no specific strategy to provide additional sites for transit-oriented development, and it has not been determined whether any vacant or underutilized sites could accommodate transit-oriented development.As noted previously,the General Plan directs land use change, and the General Plan Amendment EIR analyzed the impacts of such change.When future developments are proposed,the City would conduct environmental review, enforce existing requirements that mitigate environmental impacts(such as traffic impact fees,grading permit conditions, etc.)and mitigating General Plan policies to reduce future potential impacts. The Cupertino Sanitary District(CSD) sewer collection system directs wastewater to the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant(SJ/SCWPCP), a joint powers authority. The San Francisco RWQCB established wastewater treatment requirements for the SJ/SCWPCP in an NPDES Permit(Order No. R2-2009-0038), adopted April 8, 2009 and effective June 1,2009.32 The NPDES Order sets out a framework for compliance and enforcement applicable to operation of the SJ/SCWPCP and its effluent,as well as those contributing influent to the SJ/SCWPCP. The CSD is one of six additional satellite collection systems that discharge into the SJ/SCWPCP. Each satellite collection system is responsible for an ongoing program of maintenance and capital improvements for sewer lines and pump stations within its respective jurisdiction in order to ensure adequate capacity and reliability of the collection system. The GPA EIR concluded that continued compliance with applicable regulations would ensure that implementation of the GPA would not exceed the wastewater treatment requirements or capacity of the SJ/SCWPCP. Similarly,the Sunnyvale sewer collection system serves a small area of the City and compliance with the NPDES permit and regulatory requirements would ensure that implementation of the GPA would not exceed the treatment requirements or capacity of the Sunnyvale Water Pollution Control Plan. Impacts to water resources would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than- significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-49 Environmental Checklist and Findings b) Require or result in the construction of new water or wastewater treatment facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? See item a). The CAP does not propose strategies or measures that would result in the construction of new water or wastewater facilities or the expansion of existing facilities. Impacts related to water and wastewater treatment facilities would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. C) Require or result in the construction of new storm water drainage facilities or expansion of existing facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental effects? See item a). Impacts related to storm drainage facilities would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. d) Have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project from existing entitlements and resources, or are new or expanded entitlements needed? See item a).New or expanded entitlements would not be needed. In addition,the CAP proposes measures and strategies to increase water efficiency through implementation of Senate Bill X7-7,which directs urban water retailers to achieve 20 percent per capita water use reductions by 2020. Impacts related to water supply would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. e) Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider that serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project's projected demand, in addition to the provider's existing commitments? See item a). Implementation of the CAPs would not cause an increase in population or other causes that would increase the provider's existing commitments. Impacts related to wastewater treatment capacity would be consistent with those identified in the GPA EIR,which found a less-than-significant impact after implementing the following mitigation measures: ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6a: The City shall work with the Cupertino Sanitary District to increase the available citywide treatment and transmission capacity to 8.65 million gallons per day, or to a lesser threshold if studies justifying reduced wastewater generation rates are approved by CSD as described in Mitigation Measure 1UTIL-6c. ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6b: The City shall work to establish a system in which a development monitoring and tracking system to tabulate cumulative increases in projected wastewater generation from approved projects for comparison to the Cupertino Sanitary District's treatment capacity threshold with San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant is prepared and implemented. If it is anticipated that with approval of a development project the actual system discharge would exceed the contractual treatment threshold,no AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-50 City of Cupertino building permits for such project shall be issued prior to increasing the available citywide contractual treatment and transmission capacity as described in Mitigation Measure UTIL-6a. ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-6c: The City shall work with the Cupertino Sanitary District to prepare a study to determine a more current estimate of the wastewater generation rates that reflect the actual development to be constructed as part of Project implementation. The study could include determining how the green/LEED certified buildings in the City reduce wastewater demands. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. f) Be served by a landfill with sufficient permitted capacity to accommodate the project's solid waste disposal needs? The CAP includes strategies and measures to decrease solid waste disposal, such as a zero waste plan and paperless office policy. Construction impacts that would potentially increase solid waste disposal would be temporary. Operational impacts would be consistent with those identified in the General Plan Amendment EIR, which found a less-than-significant impact after implementing Mitigation Measure UTIL-8: ► Mitigation Measure UTIL-8: The City shall continue its current recycling ordinances and zero waste policies in an effort to further increase its diversion rate and lower its per capita disposal rate. In addition,the City shall monitor solid waste generation volumes in relation to capacities at receiving landfill sites to ensure that sufficient capacity exists to accommodate future growth. The City shall seek new landfill sites to replace the Altamont and Newby Island landfills, at such time that these landfills are closed. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR. g) Comply with federal, state, and local statutes and regulations related to solid waste? See item f).No measures or strategies are proposed by the CAP that would not comply with solid waste statutes and regulations. There would be no impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-51 Environmental Checklist and Findings 2.21 MANDATORY FINDINGS OF SIGNIFICANCE Do Proposed Any changed Any New Information Do previously Changes in the Circumstances of Substantial Adopted EIR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AREA Where Impact Was Project Involve Involving New Importance Mitigation Analyzed in the EIR? Significant Impacts or Significant Impacts Requiring New Measures Substantially More or Substantially More Analysis or Address/Resolve Severe Impacts? Severe Impacts Verification? Impacts? XVIII.Mandatory Findings of Significance.Would the project: a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment,substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species,cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below self- EIR,pp.4.3-11 to sustaining levels,threaten 4.3-12 and 4.3-14, No No No No to eliminate a plant or 4.4-17 to 4.4-22 animal community,reduce the number or restrict the range of an endangered, rare,or threatened species, or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory? b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited,but cumulatively considerable? ("Cumulatively considerable"means that EIR,pp. 6-2 to the incremental effects of 6-8 No No No n/a a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects,the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects.) EIR,pp.4.1-22 to 4.1-39,4.2-22 to 4.2-67,4.6-23 to c) Does the project have 4.6-33,4.7-20 to environmental effects that 4.7-27,4.8-28 to will cause substantial 4.8-40,4.10-27 to No No No n/a adverse effects on human 4.10-46, .4.12-6 to beings,either directly or indirectly 4.12-32,4.13-49 to 4.13-65,and 4.14-33 to 4.14-52. AECOM Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum Environmental Checklist and Findings 2-52 City of Cupertino 2.21.1 DISCUSSION a) Does the project have the potential to substantially degrade the quality of the environment, substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species, cause a fish or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels, threaten to eliminate a plant or animal community, reduce the number or restrict the range of an endangered, rare, or threatened species, or eliminate important examples of the major periods of California history or prehistory? All impacts analyzed in the GPA EIR regarding biology and cultural resources were determined to be less than significant or no impact. The actions implementing the CAP are consistent with the assumptions for the environmental analysis in the GPA EIR, and implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR.No measures proposed by the CAP would affect fish or wildlife habitat or cause fish or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels,threaten to eliminate any plant or animal community,or reduce the number or restrict the range of any species. The CAP recommends retrofitting buildings with more energy-efficient equipment,but as discussed in the GPA EIR, changes to any historically significant buildings would be subject to compliance with City General Plan policies regarding the preservation of historical resources and would not cause significant impacts. b) Does the project have impacts that are individually limited, but cumulatively considerable? ("Cumulatively considerable" means that the incremental effects of a project are considerable when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects.) The purpose of the CAP is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help meet City reduction targets and state AB 32 goals. Certain impacts associated with the implementation of the CAP,with consideration to past, current, or future projects, do have potential to be cumulative but these would be beneficial cumulative impacts. The GPA EIR found significant cumulative air quality,noise, and transportation impacts.Actions implementing the CAP would be consistent with the assumptions considered in the GPA EIR. Implementing the CAP would not result in new significant impacts or substantially more severe impacts than those identified in the GPA EIR C) Does the project have environmental effects that will cause substantial adverse effects on human beings, either directly or indirectly? None of the strategies or measures proposed by the CAP would result in significant impacts under any environmental impact regarding adverse effects to humans analyzed in this Initial Study. Implementation of the CAP would potentially result in a decrease of certain human impacts such as those regarding transportation and air quality. It is possible there would be construction-related temporary impacts from future transit-oriented development,but future projects would be reviewed for consistency with the General Plan and Municipal Code upon application. Implementation of the CAP would not cause direct or indirect substantial adverse effects on human beings. This would be a less-than-significant impact. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 2-53 Environmental Checklist and Findings 3 REFERENCES City of Cupertino. 2014. Cupertino General Plan Amendment,Housing Element Update,and Associated Rezoning EIR. Cupertino,CA.Available: http://www.cupertinogpa.org/app_folders/view/177. Accessed September 29,2014. 2005. Cupertino General Plan. Adopted 2005. Cupertino, CA. Available: http://www.cupertinogpa.org/app_folders/view/20. Accessed September 26,2014. Cupertino Climate Action Plan EIR Addendum AECOM City of Cupertino 3-1 References EXHIBIT 2: Cupertino Climate Action Plan (CAP) 1, CUPERTINO CITY OF CUPERTINO CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 'ts CITY OF CUPERTINO'�. MEMORIAL NARK JANU AR ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Climate Action Plan was developed in partnership with the community with assistance from City employees and leaders. The following individuals are specifically acknowledged for their time in the creation of this document. THE CITY OF CUPERTINO Members of City Council: Mayor Gilbert Wong Vice Mayor Rod Sinks Councilmember Mark Santoro Councilmember Orrin Mahoney Councilmember Barry Chang Administration: David Brandt, City Manager Aarti Shrivastava, Assistant City Manager & Director, Community Development Department Prepared by: Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager with assistance from: Michela Gentile, Environmental Programs Assistant, Public Works Department Amanda Leonis, Climate Corps Bay Area Member, Office of the City Manager Additional Contributors: Cheri Donnelly, Environmental Programs Manager, Public Works Department Rick Kitson, Director, Public and Environmental Affairs Timm Borden, Director, Public Works Department Teri Gerhardt, GIS Coordinator, Information Technology Albert Salvador, Chief Building Official, Building Department Piu Ghosh, Senior Planner, Community Development Department Rebecca Tolentino, Senior Planner, Community Development Department City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 George Schroeder, Associate Planner, Community Development Department Julia Kinst, Administrative Assistant, Community Development Department David Stillman, Senior Traffic Engineer, Public Works Department Chris Mertens, Service Center Superintendent, Public Works Department Chris Orr, Facilities Supervisor, Public Works Department John Bisely, Grounds & Fleet Supervisor, Public Works Department Shawn Tognetti, HazMat/Yard Operations, Public Works Department Angela Tsui, Economic Development Manager, Office of the City Manager EXTERNAL PARTNERS Pacific Gas & Electric Sapna Dixit, Community Energy Manager Santa Clara County Demetra McBride, Director, Office of Sustainability and Climate Action AECOM Jeff Goldman, Project Director Lisa Reynolds, Planner Culley Thomas, Project Manager Jonathan Thompson, Energy Analyst Josh Lathan, Assistant Project Manager George Lu, Lead Greenhouse Gas Analyst Claire Bonham-Carter, Project Advisor Amruta Sudhalkar, Greenhouse Gas Analyst Brian Goldberg, Sustainability Planner Photographs Unless otherwise noted, photographs were provided by the City of Cupertino. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 FUNDING PROVIDERS Development of the energy measures explored within the City's Climate Action Plan was supported by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), as part of a portfolio of programs administered by PG&E using customer funds under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. In addition, the County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability provided additional resources to provide full climate action plan templates on behalf of local agencies, as a means for identifying regional opportunities to mitigate emissions and contribute to the health, wellness, and vibrancy of Silicon Valley. "So UUN11 d ,L Tq C Legal Notice This report was prepared, in part, as a result of work sponsored by the California Public Utilities Commission ("Commission"). It does not necessarily represent the views of the Commission, its employees, or the State of California. The Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warranty, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the Commission nor has the Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. For more information about the City of Cupertino's Climate Action Plan contact: Erin Cooke, Sustainability Manager, Office of the City Manager 10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014 408-777-7603 erinc(@cupertino.orq www.cui)ertino.orq/preen City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 • • • � 9 s r SFff "1% ,1.Alf . AN tt LAN � `. PEETfWOGR�Oi f .D f A i A W. i f t, This Climate Action Plan (CAP) defines Cupertino's path toward creating a healthy, livable, and vibrant place for its current and future residents to live, learn, work, and play. The strategies outlined in this CAP seek to not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also provide energy, water, fuel, and cost savings for the City, its community members and businesses, further improving Cupertino's already high quality of life. The plan also represents another example of a successful partnership between engaged community members and City staff to jointly plan for Cupertino's sustainable future and continue to lead by example on important environmental issues. Cupertino has a rich history of environmental leadership, showcased throughout its operational spectrum including policy adoption (e.g., Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement, Bay Area Climate Compact, General Plan Sustainabilitv Element), program design (e.g., city-wide organics collection, Green(@Home, GreenBiz), and infrastructure investment (e.g., Don Burnett Bicycle Pedestrian Bridge, Stevens Creek Restoration Plan and Project, streetliqht retrofit project). Despite this progress, City leaders driving these efforts recognize that there is more to do to safeguard Cupertino's natural resources for future use and enjoyment. Specifically, delays in addressing the effects of climate change will accelerate the potential for irreversible damage by depleting nonrenewable resources, harming the shared environment on which we depend and impairing the community we all call home. To address this growth risk, the City of Cupertino worked with our community to develop its first Climate Action Plan (CAP), a strategic document that provides a roadmap for our community and municipal government to accelerate our environmental advancements by strategically working to abate our climate impacts, which arise from local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CAP builds from the City's broad past and ongoing environmental efforts and identifies opportunities for additional action to achieve even greater emissions reductions. The CAP also serves to support California's statewide climate change efforts through identification of actions that can be taken locally, by residents, businesses, and the City itself, to ensure the state's ambitious reduction goals are achieved. As an incentive for voluntarily taking such bold local action, the CAP can also provide benefits to future development projects within Cupertino through a streamlined environmental review process, allowed as part of the California Environmental Quality Act. Aligned with the community's vision as defined in its General Plan, the CAP will serve as a blueprint to ensure Cupertino's long-term quality of life and vitality. This document seeks to answer a series of questions to more fully inform the City's emissions reduction efforts and effectively engage the community in this process. It begins with an introduction to the purpose of preparing a Climate Action Plan, details the elements of the City's Plan, shares linkages with state law, and offers an overview of the City's current greenhouse gas emissions generated. Purpose of a CAP As directed by the City's General Plan Sustainability Element, the CAP seeks to identify emissions reduction strategies that are informed by the goals, values, and priorities of our community. CAPs prepared in California also typically provide a process through which communities can contribute to the state's climate protection efforts, recognizing that: 1. cities are the population and business centers where emissions are generated, and 2. local governments can serve as a direct connector to policies, programs, and infrastructure to reduce these emissions at their source. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 In partnership with the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), the City of Cupertino developed this CAP as part of a regional effort to support achievement of five objectives: ■ To demonstrate environmental leadership — Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable, reportable, verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions that can serve as a model for small cities in the state and nationwide. ■ To save money and promote green jobs — Residents, businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our shared environmental resources. ■ To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives — California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services. As coordination with cities serves as the keystone to achieving statewide greenhouse gas emissions reductions, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state address emissions sources that arise in our geography and meet its goals to reduce these emissions. ■ To promote sustainable development — By developing this Climate Action Plan to reinforce General Plan policies and align with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District guidelines, a new class of sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked (i.e., "streamlined") through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review process by not requiring GHG emissions for proposed projects consistent with the CAP. ■ To support regional climate change efforts — Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions, performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. In realizing these CAP-driven goals, the City also hopes to advance actionable ways our community can engage in initiatives that can improve our environment and overall quality of life. Components of a CAP A CAP is a tool that many cities in California are using to quantify their share of statewide GHG emissions and establish action steps toward achieving a local emissions reduction target. A CAP provides a set of strategies intended to guide GHG emissions reduction efforts, typically through a combination of statewide and local action. Figure ES.1 illustrates the basic steps of the CAP development process. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Figure ES.1 — CAP Development Process Step 1: PFFStep 2"71, Understand Set Emission I Current and FutureReduction r' GoalsEmissions Lbe— --..A 4, —Iqq Step 6: IF T - . DevelopMonitor and Identify and Evaluate Leverage ctiveness Existing Actions Step 4: f Step 5:Implement t ize Plan L Future Actions COMMUNITY-WIDE AND MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS PERSPECTIVES Using this CAP development process, the City of Cupertino's CAP analyzes climate change strategies through two different lenses. The community-wide perspective considers the total impact of emissions-generating activities and reduction opportunities within the City's jurisdictional boundaries. This approach relies upon the participation from residents, businesses, and local government employees to achieve community-wide reduction targets. The municipal operations perspective considers only those emissions resulting from the provision of local government services. Reduction strategies associated with municipal operations describe ways for the City to continue to provide a high-level of service to its residents, while more efficiently consuming resources. Municipal operations emissions can be considered a subset of the community-wide emissions, as shown in Figure ES.2, and typically represent 2-5% of total community-wide emissions. In Cupertino, emissions from government activities make up less than 1% of total community-wide emissions. However, development of the municipal operations components of this CAP reinforces the City's commitment to emissions reductions, and includes strategies that will lay the foundation for deeper reduction opportunities throughout the community. AOL City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure ES.2— Relationship of Community-wide and Municipal Operations Emissions MunicipalEmissions 0100 1,- jW kL Operations Emissions or In addition to reducing GHG emissions, many of the strategies included in this plan will also help make Cupertino a more attractive place to live — lowering energy and water bills through conservation, improving bicyclist and pedestrian safety, improving local air quality, and extending the operational life of local landfills through waste diversion activities. Chapters 3 and 4 identify other "co-benefits" associated with the CAP's measures, beyond their emissions reduction potential. DOCUMENT CONTENT This document is structured according to the following seven chapters: ■ Chapter 1 — Climate Change and Cupertino provides an overview of the CAP and introduces the current state of climate change science, as well as the state's vision for a lower emissions future. ■ Chapter 2 — Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets describes the components of an emissions inventory, and then presents the community-wide and municipal operations inventories for 2010. It describes the process for forecasting future emissions and presents the community-wide and municipal operations emissions forecasts for years 2020, 2035, and 2050. It concludes with a discussion of the CAP's emission reduction targets. ■ Chapter 3 — Community-wide Reduction Measures presents the goals, measures, and actions that can be implemented at the community-wide level to achieve the community's emissions reduction target for 2020. It also describes a pathway for future EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Q progress towards the 2035 target, outlining the large-scale actions that would need to occur to make that target attainable. ■ Chapter 4 — Municipal Operations Reduction Measures presents the goals, measures, and actions that can be implemented with regards to the local governments' provision of services in order to achieve the City's reduction target. Similar to Chapter 3, this chapter also considers a pathway towards the City's longer-term targets in 2035 and 2050 in order to continue leading by example. ■ Chapter 5 — Personal Actions describes the steps that Cupertino's residents, local businesses, and our schools can take starting today to kick-off the implementation phase of the CAP in their own homes, neighborhoods or organizations. ■ Chapter 6 — Adaptation and Resiliency shares next generation goals for Cupertino's climate agenda, building upon state and regional resources that identify the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities that our changing climate presents. It also offers a resilience framework that will enable our community to plan, adapt, and thrive. ■ Chapter 7 — Benchmarks and Next Steps provides a schedule and framework for CAP implementation, including a description of future inventory updates, measure tracking and revisions, and comprehensive CAP updates. CAP PREPARATION The City prepared this CAP as part of a Santa Clara County regional climate mitigation and adaptation initiative named Silicon Vallev 2.0 (SV 2.0). As part of this shared effort, the cities of Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, San Jose, Saratoga and unincorporated Santa Clara County prepared CAPs to achieve the climate mitigation objectives of the SV 2.0 project. Through this effort, a common list of reduction measures was developed from which individual jurisdictions selected their preferred list. This approach provided a framework for overlapping initiatives regionally to allow collaboration through resource and knowledge sharing when it comes time to implement the plans. This regional approach also included joint preparation of baseline emissions inventories and forecasts for the purpose of using a consistent methodology and common reduction targets and timelines. This will allow CAP comparisons from one jurisdiction to the next in support of future collaboration opportunities. Early project meetings among the participants also established a local network of colleagues across jurisdictions to build the foundation of this regional collaboration framework. Cupertino's CAP was also prepared with input from community members, elected officials, and government employees. Two community open house workshops were held to introduce the CAP project and gather public comments on the types of reduction measures it should include and the role that Cupertino should play in contributing to the state's emissions reduction goals. Additional focus group meetings were held with members of the local business community to ensure the CAP was developed in way that would not impair Cupertino's excellent reputation as City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 a business center. Public study sessions with the Planning Commission and City Council provided further refinement to the collection of measures included in the plan and described in Chapters 3 and 4. Additionally, City employee feedback was collected to accurately represent the City's past programmatic successes in sustainability and focus the CAP on the best opportunities for new or expanded local action. Through this open process Cupertino developed a strategy that has resident, business, and City support, which will help in the transition from the planning phase to CAP implementation. Relation to the California Environmental Quality Act One of the considerations for the City in deciding to prepare its Climate Action Plan was the ability to provide future project California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) streamlining benefits. Local governments may prepare a Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases that is consistent with the state's emission reduction goals as described in Assembly Bill 32. By preparing such a plan, the City can streamline CEQA review of subsequent plans and projects that are consistent with the GHG reduction strategies and targets in the plan (this is often referred to as "streamlining"). To meet the standards of a qualified GHG reduction plan, Cupertino's CAP must achieve the following criteria (which parallel and elaborate upon criteria established in state CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1]): ■ Complete a baseline emissions inventory and project future emissions ■ Identify a community-wide reduction target ■ Prepare a CAP to identify strategies and measures to meet the reduction target ■ Monitor effectiveness of reduction measures and adapt the plan to changing conditions ■ Adopt the CAP in a public process following environmental review This approach allows jurisdictions to analyze and mitigate the significant effects of GHGs at a programmatic level, by adopting a plan for the reduction of GHG emissions in a public process following environmental review. As part of the implementation process, the City will establish the means by which it will determine consistency of future proposed projects (e.g., development projects, plans, and other actions subject to CEQA review) with the CAP. Later, as individual projects are proposed and found to be consistent with the CAP, project-specific environmental documents may rely on the GHG emissions reductions measures in the CAP to determine that estimated project-level GHG emissions would be less-than-significant in their cumulative impacts analysis. Emissions Inventories and Forecasts Baseline inventories of community-wide and municipal operations emissions for 2010 were prepared to serve as the starting point for the CAP's analysis. The baseline inventories were then used to forecast future emissions growth for 2020, 2035, and 2050 under a business-as- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY usual (BAU) scenario. This BAU scenario assumes historic trends describing energy and water consumption, travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no future statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth (beyond what was already in place as of the 2010 baseline year). BAU emissions forecasts are important because they are used to calculate the amount of emissions reductions necessary to achieve the City's future reduction targets. Growth factors for these future scenarios were based upon the General Plan's estimated growth in population, employment, and vehicle miles traveled under the highest growth scenario. As the CAP and General Plan Amendment development ran in tandem, the CAP was designed to address the highest projected emissions anticipated to arise from future development in the City based on build out of the General Plan's Land Use diagram. However, if an alternative General Plan scenario is adopted (i.e., a scenario other than the highest growth scenario), the resulting emissions under that build out scenario are expected to be lower than the levels assumed in this CAP, and therefore fewer reductions would be required to achieve the City's emissions targets. Table ES.1 shows Cupertino's community-wide emissions baseline and BAU forecasts by sector for 2010, 2020, 2035, and 2050. Figure ES.3 illustrates this data, showing that the Energy sector is the greatest contributor to the community's emissions profile, followed by the Transportation sector. Off-Road Sources, Solid Waste, Wastewater, and Potable Water contribute relatively less to the inventory. Cupertino's community-wide emissions are forecasted to increase by 63% by 2050 (see Figure ESA), based upon the growth factors utilized for the General Plan as described above. Table ES.1 Community-wide BAU Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions(MT (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT COZe=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding aCity of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure ES.3— Community-wide Emissions by Sector- 2010 1.8% 1.5% 7.3% r0.4% ■Energy Transportation ■Off-Road Sources 33.9% ■Solid Waste ■Wastewater Potable Water Figure ESA— Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 300,000 250,000 200,000 Energy L a Transportation m N v 150,000 Off-Road Sources Solid Waste Wastewater 100,000 Potable Water 50,000 0 , 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table ES.2 shows emissions associated with Cupertino's municipal operations for the same planning years as the community-wide inventory. Figure ES.5 illustrates the municipal operations inventory, showing that the Facilities sector contributes approximately 70% of total emissions, with the City's Vehicle Fleet contributing another 24%. The remaining emissions come from the Solid Waste and Water Services sector. This mirrors the community-wide inventory with energy-related emissions (i.e., Facilities) and transportation-related emissions (i.e., Vehicle Fleet) contributing the largest share of total emissions. Municipal operations emissions are forecast to increase by 17% by 2050, a much slower rate than shown in the community-wide forecasts, since government services do not increase at a one-to-one ratio with the community's population and employment growth (see Figure ES.6). Appendix B describes the methodology used to prepare both the community-wide and municipal operations inventories and forecasts. Table ES.2 icipal Opelions Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2 Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT COZe=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding , City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure ES.5— Municipal Operations Emissions by Sector- 2010 5.4% 0.4% 23.9% ■Facilities Vehicle Fleet ■Solid Waste ■Water Services 70.4% Figure ES.6— Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 1,600 1,400 1,200 L 1,000 Facilities d O 800 Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste � 600 Water Services 400 200 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Reduction Targets The CAP's primary goal is to create a roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Cupertino. Setting an emissions reduction target for future years serves as a concrete quantifiable metric to help focus City strategies to that end. The targets selected in this CAP are designed to support statewide emissions reduction efforts and to enable use of recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. Much like creating a retirement savings plan for your family, establishing a clear and attainable target can focus and motivate staff and community members to reach these future goals. Targets also help drive long-term strategies and elevate transparency and accountability to achieve the objectives of this CAP. The state's near-term emissions reduction goal, as defined in Assembly Bill 32, is to return to 1990 levels by 2020. Most local governments do not have baseline inventory data for 1990, so the Air Resources Board and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District have developed guidance suggesting that a reduction of 15% below the CAP's baseline year by 2020 can approximate a return to 1990 levels. Governor Schwarzenegger also signed Executive Order S- 3-05, which includes a longer-term target to achieve emissions of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. To demonstrate consistency with the state's long-range target, this CAP also includes targets for 2050, as well as interim year 2035 targets to serve as a midpoint check-in between 2020 and 2050. Based on the state's 2050 target and the fact that this CAP uses a 2010 baseline year, Cupertino has defined its longer-term targets as 49% below baseline levels by 2035 and 83% below baseline levels by 2050 (see Chapter 2 for further details on the target selection process). Table ES.3 shows the community-wide and municipal operations reduction targets for these three planning years. Figures ES.7 and ES.8 illustrate the community-wide and municipal operations BAU emissions forecasts, respectively, compared to their corresponding reduction targets. Table ES.3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets Community-wide Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15% below 2010 49% below 2010 83% below 2010 levels levels levels 307,288 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2e/yr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15% below 2010 49% below 2010 83% below 2010 levels levels levels 1,775 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed - 346 1,064 1,774 4 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure ES.7— Community-wide BAU Emissions and Targets 600,000 500,000 00 400,000 = 00 L 00 � 300,000 BAU Emissions Reduction Target 200,000 100,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Figure ES.8— Municipal Operations BAU Emissions and Targets 2,500 2,000 — L5% 1,500 m N O — — BAU Emissions V 1,000 Reduction Target 500 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies Chapters 3 and 4 describe the reduction strategies developed to achieve the City's emissions targets. As the foundation of its CAP approach, the City has identified bold, overarching goals that guide its pursuit of the emissions reduction targets, which include: Reduce Energy Use / Improve Facilities: recommends ways to increase energy efficiency in existing buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. ' encourages transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single-occupancy vehicle trips within the community, and facilitates a shift towards cleaner, alternative fuel vehicles. Conserve Potable Water: promotes the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. Reduce Solid Waste: increases waste diversion through recycling and organics collection, and reducing consumption of materials that will otherwise end up in landfills. Expand Green Infrastructure: enhances the City's existing urban forest and landscapes on public and private land. The City's CAP strategies comprise a framework of goals, measures, and actions through which the near-term (i.e., 2020) targets can be achieved, and progress can be made on the longer- term (i.e., 2035, 2050) targets. The reduction strategies are defined by the previously presented goals, which align with different emissions sectors (with the exception of Green Infrastructure which is not an emissions source because carbon dioxide released as a result of the natural carbon cycle (i.e., plant growth, death, and decay) is considered a biogenic emissions source and is not included in emissions inventories). Reduction measures then describe how each goal can be achieved, and actions describe the specific steps to be taken during the implementation process. Figure ES.9 illustrates the hierarchy of goals, measures, and actions, using the municipal operations strategy as an example. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure ES.9— Hierarchy of Goals, Measures, and Actions GOALS ' . MEASURES ACTIONS Goal 1- Improve Facilities Goal 2- Action A Convert Vehicle Fleet Action B Action C Action D Goal 3 - Reduce Solid Waste EMISSION REDUCTION MEASURES Chapter 3 describes 20 community-wide reduction measures and their corresponding action steps for implementation. The measures were selected based on existing City programs, policies, or actions to leverage these past efforts and to identify opportunities for expansion or new efforts. Table ESA presents a summary of these measures, organized according to their corresponding goal, and presents the 2020 emissions reduction estimates that would result from their implementation. Chapter 3 provides more detail than that summarized in Table ESA, including how these actions contribute to the City's longer-term reduction targets. Several measures are described as "Supporting Measures" because no emissions reductions are directly associated with that measure (or cannot be accurately quantified at this time). However, these supporting measures still play an important role in the implementation of other measures and achievement of the City's reduction targets. For example, programs that share information and provide educational resources on energy efficiency to the public and City staff cannot be accurately quantified as a discrete action. However, increasing knowledge about energy conservation techniques, financing, and success stories is widely believed to be an important driver to increase voluntary participation in such activities. As shown at the bottom of Table ES- 4, the combination of CAP measures, statewide actions, and the contribution of municipal operations reductions will allow the City to achieve its 2020 target of 15% emissions reductions below the 2010 baseline level. Chapter 3 provides details of each measure, including: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ■ descriptions of how it will reduce emissions ■ estimates of reduction potential by 2035 ■ actions steps defining the implementation process ■ responsibilities for leading the implementation process ■ co-benefits associated with the measure in addition to emissions reductions, and ■ progress indicators to allow progress tracking and monitoring. Chapter 3 also presents a discussion about how these measures can help lay the foundation upon which the City can make progress towards its long-term 2050 target. However, specific 2050 reductions are not estimated in this CAP for each measure due to the numerous variables and assumptions that are required to estimate actions so far into the future. Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions (MT COzelyr) REDUCE ENERGY USE 10,125 C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 C-E-3 Home&Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development Supporting Measure C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION 3,775 C-T-1 Bicycle& Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 CONSERVE WATER 325 C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure REDUCE SOLID WASTE 275 C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 C-SW-3 Construction & Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions (MT CO2elyr) EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 200 C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS 80,261 Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 700' TOTAL COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTIONS 95,661 Reductions Needed in 2020 94,415 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 15.4%below 2010 baseline 1 See Table ES-4 for Municipal Operations reduction measures Similarly, Chapter 4 presents the goals, measures, and actions that will contribute to the City's municipal operations reduction targets. Table ES.5 summarizes the 14 proposed measures, (including one statewide measure), and presents their associated GHG emissions reductions anticipated from implementation by the year 2020. As with the community-wide measures, the municipal operations measures are organized according to overarching goals and include two supporting measures that are not quantified. Based on the City's numerous past efforts to reduce energy use in its facilities, conserve water in landscape irrigation and indoor plumbing use, divert solid waste from landfills, and shift its vehicle fleet towards alternative fuel models, the City is estimated to exceed its 2020 reduction target and achieve reductions of nearly 35% below 2010 levels (assuming these CAP measures are implemented by 2020). This represents significant progress towards the next target year in 2035. Chapter 4 presents the same details for municipal operations measures as described above for the community-wide measures. It also considers what long-term actions would need to occur for the City to achieve its ambitious 2050 reduction target. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table ES.5 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures Reduction Measures 2020 Reductions (MT CO2e/year) FACILITIES GOAL 552 M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 Statewide Actions 1862 VEHICLE FLEET GOAL 66 M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 SOLID WASTE GOAL 82 M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Emissions Reduction Level Achieved 34.9%below 2010 baseline Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion in Chapter 4 for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Table ES.2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. Additional Considerations As shown in Tables ESA and ES.5, the goals, measures, and actions included within this CAP have been designed to achieve the City's near-term 2020 reduction targets. Chapters 3 and 4 also consider the on-going effects of these measures as compared to the City's longer-term targets. A variety of factors and uncertainties can influence the ability to achieve the 2035 and 2050 targets, including: City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 ■ accuracy of emissions forecasts, ■ actual population and employment growth within the community, ■ development of new emissions-reducing technologies (or, emissions-generating technologies), and ■ continued influence of state-level actions related to climate change planning. This CAP is a living document that needs regular monitoring and updates to ensure the City is making real progress towards it reduction targets in the context of ever-changing social and financial priorities. Though Cupertino already has a long history of leadership in environmental stewardship and sustainability planning, this CAP provides an extension of those past local successes into a space of planetary influence. To that end, this CAP also represents another example of how the community and City government are partnering to ensure the city remains a vibrant, healthy, and attractive community for residents and businesses in the future. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CONTENTS Acronyms................................................................................................... A Executive Summary.................................................................................... 1 Purposeof a CAP .......................................................................................................................2 Componentsof a CAP ................................................................................................................3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Perspectives.....................................................................4 DocumentContent..................................................................................................................................5 CAPPreparation.....................................................................................................................................6 Relation to the California Environmental Quality Act ...................................................................7 Emissions Inventories and Forecasts..........................................................................................7 ReductionTargets.....................................................................................................................12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Strategies....................................................................14 Emission Reduction Measures............................................................................................................. 15 Additional Considerations .........................................................................................................18 Charter 1 : Climate Change and CUDertinc ................................................. 1 California's Commitment to Climate Protection......................................................................................3 Cupertino's Commitment to Climate Protection .....................................................................................5 Purpose of a Climate Action Plan................................................................................................6 City's Commitment to Effective Operations and Service Delivery..........................................................7 Componentsof a CAP ..............................................................................................................10 Step 1. Understand Current and Future Emissions.............................................................................. 12 Step 2. Set Emission Reduction Goals ................................................................................................ 12 Step 3. Identify and Leverage Existing Actions.................................................................................... 13 Step 4. Develop and Prioritize Future Actions...................................................................................... 13 Step5. Implement Plan ........................................................................................................................ 14 Step 6. Monitor and Evaluate Effectiveness......................................................................................... 14 ClimateChange Science...........................................................................................................15 Benefits of Addressing GHG Emissions............................................................................................... 17 State Climate Change Actions ..................................................................................................18 Renewable Portfolio Standard.............................................................................................................. 18 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards ......................................................................................... 19 AB1109— Lighting Efficiency............................................................................................................... 19 AB 1493— Pavley I and II..................................................................................................................... 19 EO-S-1-07— Low Carbon Fuel Standard .............................................................................................20 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations .............................................................................................................20 Regional Coordination and Actions...........................................................................................21 Santa Clara County-Specific: ...............................................................................................................21 BayArea-Focused:...............................................................................................................................22 LocalEfforts..............................................................................................................................24 TABLE OF CONTENTS PlanPreparation .......................................................................................................................26 RegionalFramework ............................................................................................................................26 Public Outreach and Community Engagement....................................................................................26 Scope and Content of the Climate Action Plan..........................................................................27 Relationship to the General Plan Amendment..................................................................29 Relationship to the California Environmental Quality Act...........................................................30 rhantAr 7• t rn;nnhni -,P, Gas Emissions and Targets ................................ 33 Greenhouse Gas Inventories ....................................................................................................34 EmissionsSectors................................................................................................................................34 Unitsof Measurement ..........................................................................................................................39 BaselineInventory— 2010.........................................................................................................40 Community-wide 2010 Baseline Inventory...........................................................................................41 Municipal Operations 2010 Baseline Inventory....................................................................................42 Business-as-Usual (BAU) Emissions Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) ..................................44 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts...................................................................45 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts............................................................47 Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (ABAU) Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) .................49 Community-wide Emissions Adjusted Business-as-Usual Forecasts..................................................49 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emission Forecasts.............................................53 GHG Emission Reduction Targets ............................................................................................55 Mass Emissions and Efficiency Thresholds .........................................................................................55 Target Setting Considerations..............................................................................................................56 Cupertino's Emissions Reduction Targets ...........................................................................................59 Chapter 3: Community-Wide Reduction Measures ...................................63 MeasureDevelopment..............................................................................................................64 ReductionStrategies.................................................................................................................65 Community-wide Reduction Measures.................................................................................................67 Summaryof Reductions............................................................................................................68 Reduction Measure Structure....................................................................................................70 ReductionMeasures.............................................................................................................................70 Transportion and Land Use Strategy.........................................................................................93 WaterStrategy........................................................................................................................112 SolidWaste Strategy...............................................................................................................118 Green Infrastructure Strategy..................................................................................................126 TargetAchievement................................................................................................................131 Progresstoward 2020 Target............................................................................................................. 131 Progress toward 2035 Target............................................................................................................. 132 Long-Term Reduction Opportunities .................................................................................................. 135 Chapter 4: Local Government Reduction Measures................................ 141 Purpose of the Municipal Operations Strategy ........................................................................142 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Measure Development Process ..............................................................................................142 ReductionStrategies...............................................................................................................145 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures........................................................................................ 145 Summaryof Reductions..........................................................................................................146 Impact of Past City Actions................................................................................................................. 149 Impact of New Municipal Reduction Actions ...................................................................................... 150 Emissions Reduction Measures..............................................................................................151 Implementation Steps, Status, and Department Responsibility......................................................... 152 GHGReduction Potential ................................................................................................................... 152 ProgressIndicators............................................................................................................................. 153 Co-Benefits......................................................................................................................................... 153 ImplementationTimeline .................................................................................................................... 154 FacilitiesStrategy....................................................................................................................155 VehicleFleet Strategy.............................................................................................................189 SolidWaste Strategy...............................................................................................................205 Reduction Target Achievement...............................................................................................215 2020 Target Achievement ..................................................................................................................215 Trajectory towards 2035 and 2050 Targets........................................................................................216 Chapter 5: Climate Action: What's My Role? ..........................................221 HowDo I Contribute?..............................................................................................................222 WhatCan I Do to Help? ..........................................................................................................224 Green@Home.........................................................................................................................226 Green@Work..........................................................................................................................229 Green@School .......................................................................................................................232 Chapter 6: Adaptation and Resiliency.....................................................237 Chapter 7: Benchmarks and Next Steps .................................................257 Implementation and Monitoring...............................................................................................258 Implementation Timeline- Near-Term Actions..................................................................................260 Plan Evaluation and Evolution.................................................................................................262 Plan Evaluation: Ongoing Monitoring for Continued Success............................................................262 Plan Evolution: Adapting for Continuous Improvement......................................................................264 Endnotes.................................................................................................................................266 Figures Figure ES.1 -CAP Development Process............................................................................ES-4 Figure ES.2 - Relationship of Community-wide and Municipal Operations Emissions ..........ES-5 Figure ES.3 - Community-wide Emissions by Sector- 2010.................................................ES-9 Figure ESA -Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector-2020, 2035, 2050............ES-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 Figure ES.5 - Municipal Operations Emissions by Sector - 2010........................................ES-11 Figure ES.6 - Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050...ES-11 Figure ES.7 - Community-wide BAU Emissions and Targets..............................................ES-13 Figure ES.8 - Municipal Operations BAU Emissions and Targets.......................................ES-13 Figure ES.9 - Hierarchy of Goals, Measures, and Actions..................................................ES-15 Figure 1.1 - Climate Change in California...................................................................................4 Figure 1.2 - City of Cupertino Existing Energy Programs............................................................9 Figure 1.3 - CAP Development Process...................................................................................11 Figure 1.4 - Measure Development Process ............................................................................14 Figure 1.5 - Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................16 Figure 1.6 - CAP Measure Co-Benefits ....................................................................................17 Figure 2.1 - Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions....................................35 Figure 2.2 - 2010 Community-wide Baseline Emissions by Sector...........................................41 Figure 2.3 - 2010 Municipal Operations Baseline Emissions by Sector....................................43 Figure 2.4 - Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050...................46 Figure 2.5 - Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector- 2020, 2035, 2050............47 Figure 2.6 - Community-wide ABAU Emissions Forecasts .......................................................51 Figure 2.7 - Revised Community-wide ABAU Forecasts...........................................................52 Figure 2.8 - Municipal Operations ABAU Emissions Forecasts ................................................54 Figure 2.9 - Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year ..........................................................59 Figure 3.1 - Community-wide Measure Development Process .................................................64 Figure 3.2 - Reduction Goals and Measures ............................................................................67 Figure 3.3 - Reduction Measure Infographic.............................................................................71 Figure 3.4 - CAP Measure Co-Benefits ....................................................................................72 Figure 3.5 - 2020 Community-wide Target Achievement........................................................131 Figure 3.6 - 2035 Community-wide Target Progress ..............................................................132 Figure 3.7 - 2035 Target Progress with Alternative Statewide Reduction Estimates...............133 Figure 3.8 - Long-Term Reduction Options ............................................................................139 Figure 4.1 - Municipal Operations Measure Development Considerations..............................143 Figure 4.2 - Hierarchy of Goals, Measure, and Actions ..........................................................146 Figure 4.3 - Municipal Reduction Measures Contribution by 2020..........................................147 Figure 4.4 - Comparative Emission Reduction Potential of CAP Actions (2020).....................150 Figure 4.5 - Reduction Strategy Hierarchy..............................................................................151 Figure 4.6 - Municipal Operations Measure Co-Benefits ........................................................153 Figure 4.7 - Energy Strategy Loading Order...........................................................................165 Figure 4.8 - CAP Measure Emission Reduction Potential 2010 to 2020 .................................216 Figure 5.1 - Energy Consumption in California Homes...........................................................223 Figure 5.2 -Average California Household GHG Emissions (CO2e).......................................224 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Tables Table ES.1 Community-wide BALI Emissions (2010 - 2050) .................................................ES-8 Table ES.2 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) ..................ES-10 Table ES.3 Community-wide and Municipal Operations Reduction Targets........................ES-12 Table ESA Community-wide Reduction Measures .............................................................ES-16 Table ES.5 Municipal Operations Reduction Measures.......................................................ES-18 Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential ...................................................40 Table 2.2 2010 Community-wide Emissions..............................................................................42 Table 2.3 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions ........................................................43 Table 2.4 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050)..................................46 Table 2.5 Municipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050)...........................48 Table 2.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions........51 Table 2.7 Alternative Emissions Reduction Estimates from Statewide Actions..........................52 Table 2.8 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) ............54 Table 2.9 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets..................60 Table 2.10 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets................60 Table 2.11 Community-wide 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets ..............................61 Table 2.12 Municipal Operations 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets .......................62 Table 3.1 Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions.............................................68 Table 4.1 Existing City Emissions Reduction Initiatives...........................................................144 Table 4.2 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions....................................148 Table 4.3 Impact of Past City Actions 2010-2014....................................................................149 Table 4.4 Summary of Municipal Operations Reductions........................................................215 Table 4.5 Impact of 2020 Municipal Operations Reductions on Future Target Achievement...217 Table 4.6 Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions....................................218 Table 7.1 Measure Implementation Tracking Template...........................................................259 Table 7.2 Summary of Near-Term Reduction Actions .............................................................260 Appendix A — Community Outreach Responses Appendix B — GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology Appendix C — Implementation Tracking Framework Appendix D — Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices Appendix E — Water Conservation and Energy Efficiency Toolkit Appendix F — Green Business Certification Appendix G — green@school Certification TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS Acronym Definition AB Assembly Bill ABAG Association of Bay Area Governments ABAU Adjusted-Business-as-Usual AMA advanced metering analytics AMI advanced meter infrastructure ARB California Air Resources Board BAAQM Bay Area Air Quality Management District BAU Business-as-Usual C&D construction and demolition CalRecycle California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery CAP Climate Action Plan CCA Community Choice Aggregation CCE Community Choice Energy CDT Community Design and Transportation CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CIWMP Countywide Integrated Waste Management Plan CNG Compressed Natural Gas CPUC California Public Utilities Commission CSI California Solar Initiative EIR Environmental Impact Report EO Executive Order EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPC energy performance contracting ESA energy service agreement ESCO energy service companies EV Electric Vehicle FEMP Federal Energy Management Program GHG Greenhouse Gas GVWR gross vehicle weight rating HAN Home and Business Area Networking HPS High-Pressure Sodium kW kilowatt kWh Kilowatt Hour LCFS Low Carbon Fuel Standard 0 City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Acronym Definition LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LGOP Local Government Operations Protocol MT COze Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent MTC Metropolitan Transportation Commission MW Megawatt OPR California Office of Planning and Research PACE property-assessed clean energy PDA Planned Development Area PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric Company PPA power purchase agreement psi pounds per square inch PV photovoltaic RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard SB Senate Bill Scoping Plan Climate Change Scoping Plan TDM Transportation demand management TOD transit-oriented development TSP transit signal priority VMT vehicle miles traveled VTA Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority ACRONYMS • • • J9 s i i i i f p. ,l 4 tIL lip 9`r 't ` is Ak A, 1 , ■ This chapter defines the purpose of the City's Climate Action Plan (CAP) and the planning framework used to develop it. An overview of the State of California's greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction efforts is introduced, along with a policy framework of existing statewide action. The chapter also presents a summary of ongoing local and regional efforts related to climate change planning. It concludes with a description of how the CAP relates to the City's General Plan and to the California Environmental Quality Act. "No citizen of the global village is free from the damage caused by climate change. For the harmony between human settlements and nature, for the symbiosis of all groups of citizens, and for the happiness of both current and future generations, cities should think and act together. " Park Won Soon, Mayor, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic Of Korea; Chair, World Mayors Council on Climate Change City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 The City of Cupertino's Climate Action Plan is designed to be a blueprint of our community's response to the challenges posed by climate change, recognizing our responsibility as an emissions generator and as a guardian of our locality and all of its members. Aligned with our community's vision as defined in our General Plan, this document serves as a roadmap to ensure our long-term quality of life and vitality. Climate scientists around the world, represented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have presented an unequivocal position on this issue: human activity is changing the earth's climate through the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels. The longer communities delay in taking action, the greater the risk humans will face of irreversibly depleting nonrenewable resources and harming the environment. However, it is conceivable, and increasingly foreseeable, that humans will "Someday, our children, and our delay action so long that useful policy and programs will not • -n's children, will look be able to effectively prevent permanent, and possibly at us in the eye and they'll ask catastrophic, damage to our planet and all of its inhabitants. us, did we do all that we could when we had the chance to deal According to most climatologists, the planet is starting to with this problem experience shifts in climate patterns and increased them cleaner, safer, more stable" • , frequency of extreme weather events at both the global and local levels. At a statewide level, these impacts include — President '"rackBarack ••" reduced snow pack in the Sierra Nevada affecting Climate Speech, June 25, 2013 California water supplies; rising sea levels threatening cities along the coast, San Francisco Bay, and the state's rivers; decreasing air quality affecting public health; and, rising temperatures impacting the state's agricultural industry. Local communities represent the epicenter of these impacts where the "rubber hits the road," revealing new vulnerabilities that will require cohesive disaster planning, emergency response, and community capacity-building to minimize the social, economic, and environmental challenges arising through this new climate reality. This Climate Action Plan represents our community's efforts to achieve these aims. CALIFORNIA'S COMMITMENT TO CLIMATE PROTECTION California has long been a sustainability leader, as illustrated by Governor Schwarzenegger signing Executive Order (EO) S-3-05 dating back to 2005. EO S-3-05 recognizes California's vulnerability to a reduced snowpack, exacerbation of air quality problems, and potential sea level rise due to a changing climate. Figure 1.1 illustrates several primary climate change impacts that state departments are currently tracking in California. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.1 — Climate Change in California 1"M Climate Change in California From the Sierra snowpack to sea levels along the California coast,climate change is already having a significant impact on our environment.The new"Indicators of WATER Climate Change in California"report tracks AGRICULTURE Springrunoff to the Sacra- Winter chill periods,neces- mento River has dropped 36 indicators of a changing climate across sary for the production of by 9 percent since 1906. fruit andnut crops,are de- Reduced spring runoff the state.This inforgraphic presents creasing.Continued means less water for the O warming threatens the environment,agriculture, some examples of what the indicators �. production of these high- and agrowing population. are showing.value crops,which are central to the state's agri- cultural economy. N a GLACIERS Glaciers have shrunk '+ d'matically.A 2004 study of seven glaciers found that their surface -`-- area was only 22 to 69 percent of what it was in 1900. Wildfires are getting ,y �G worse,and California's fire PQ. season is starting earlier and lasting Iongen The `- � three worst fire years on ti n record have happened since 2002. 9/ EXTREME HEAT OCEAN The frequency and ACIDIFICATION intensity of heat As carbon dioxide waves have increased S levels increase in the 0&{ statewide since 1950, atmosphere,the (h n jeopardizing public ocean is absorbing Da health and agricul- nearlyone-quarter of tural production and it,changing the chem- straining our energy istry of seawater.This ,y supply.An unprec- can affect shell- edented heat wave in �t, forming organisms,in- July 2006 resulted in cluding those at the •4'• 140 heat-related base of the food 't deaths. chain,upsetting the balance of marine life. SEA-LEVEL RISE SEA LIFE Along the California coast,sea levels have risen by seven inches over the last Ocean warming and changes in the distribution and abundance century.Future rises increase the threat of Flooding in coastal cities,damage of prey have affected marine populations.For example,excep- the infrastructure and salwater contamination of drinking water tionally high sea lion pup mortality in 1998 and 2007 were as- sociated with unusually warm sea surface temperatures. Source:httD://oehha.ca.aov/multimedia/eDic/imaaes/2013infoaraDhic.aif 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 To address these concerns, the Governor established the following targets to reduce statewide GHG emissions: • 2000 levels by 2010, • 1990 levels by 2020, and ■ 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 In 2006, California became the first state in the country to adopt a statewide GHG reduction target through Assembly Bill (AB) 32. This law codifies the EO S-3-05 requirement to reduce statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 also resulted in the 2008 adoption by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) of a Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan), outlining the state's plan to achieve emission reductions through a mixture of direct regulations, alternative compliance mechanisms, different types of incentives, voluntary actions, market based mechanisms, and funding. The Scoping Plan also recommends that local governments reduce municipal operation emissions to a level approximately 15% below baseline levels by 2020 to assist in achieving the statewide 2020 reduction target (i.e., a return to 1990 levels). Recent guidance from the State Office of Planning and Research further recommends that local governments plan to reduce their emissions on a trajectory that would contribute to the state's long-term 2050 target expressed in EO-S-3-05 (i.e., 80% below 1990 levels). See Chapter 2 for further discussion on the CAP's target setting rationale. CUPERTINO'S COMMITMENT TO CLIMATE PROTECTION The City of Cupertino has long been a leader in practicing resource conservation and efficiency, and formalized its efforts in 2008 through the creation of an Environmental Affairs Division (now called Sustainability Division) within the Office of the City Manager as the team dedicated to designing and implementing the energy, water, and transportation scope set forth in the City's General Plan In 2012, the City chose to partner with other local governments in Santa Clara County to jointly develop climate action plans that address emissions from community-wide and municipal operations sources, an outstanding policy objective defined in the General Plan Sustainability Element. As the majority of GHG emissions arise from communities, local governments must play a vital role in their mitigation, but the City of Cupertino cannot solve the climate crisis alone. Together with its partners in county, state, and federal government, Cupertino has committed to taking steps to reduce its emissions, and create new programs and services that will support the community and its families to do the same. This CAP offers ways to make Cupertino's homes more energy efficient and increase the amount of locally produced renewable energy. It supports development patterns envisioned in the City's General Plan that emphasize vibrant complete neighborhoods, which allow people to perform daily activities on foot, by bicycle, or via public transportation. It provides transit solutions to further improve this mobility within the community. It offers ways to conserve resources and reduce waste sent to area landfills. Lastly, ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 it identifies specific actions the City can take to reduce emissions generated from government activities while still providing an exceptional level of service to its residents and businesses. The strategies presented in this CAP build from the commitment of Cupertino's residents, local businesses, and City government to take actions that will improve the community's quality of life, while also reducing Cupertino's greenhouse gas emissions. By collaborating with individuals and community groups to take these steps toward minimizing our climate change contribution, our City can achieve a common vision for community longevity and environmental vitality, and to reduce our vulnerabilities to current and predicted climate impacts. Purpose of a Climate Action Plan At its basic level, climate action planning seeks to identify emissions reduction strategies that are informed by the goals, values, and priorities of our community. CAPs prepared in California also typically developed as a roadmap for cities to contribute to the state's climate protection efforts, recognizing that our communities are the population and business centers that use resources and generate emissions. California's CAPs also define steps to comply with applicable local Air Quality Management Districts' efficiency standards for GHG emissions. CUPERTINO'S FIVE CAP OBJECTIVES Demonstrate •ney an Id oil$ Promote Support environmental promote • • a • - .i - climate change leadership jobs environmental development efforts IL -A � —A initiatives The City of Cupertino, along with climate-committed individuals and interested community groups, partnered with Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), to develop this CAP as part of a regional effort to support Santa Clara County governments in achieving the following five objectives: ■ To demonstrate environmental leadership – Cupertino as a community can rise to the difficult challenge of reducing the impact of climate change by defining measurable, reportable, verifiable climate actions to reduce its contribution to local and global GHG emissions that can serve as a model for small cities in the state and nationwide. ■ To save money and promote green jobs – Residents, businesses, and government can reduce their utility costs through increased energy and water efficiency, and a focus 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 on efficiency can create job opportunities within the community that contribute to protecting our shared environmental resources. ■ To comply with the letter and spirit of state environmental initiatives — California is taking the lead in tackling climate change while driving new energy markets and fostering new environmental services. As coordination with cities serves as the keystone to achieving statewide greenhouse gas emissions reductions, Cupertino has a responsibility to help the state access emissions sources that arise in our geography and meet its goals to reduce these emissions. ■ To promote sustainable development — By developing this Climate Action Plan to reinforce General Plan policies and align with the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) guidelines, a new class of sustainable development projects, such as mixed use and transit oriented developments, can be fast-tracked (i.e., "streamlined") through the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review process by not requiring GHG emissions for proposed projects consistent with the CAP. ■ To support regional climate change efforts — Cupertino developed its CAP through a county-wide effort that established consistency in the local response to the climate change issue, and created a framework to collaborate regionally on implementation of different CAP programs. This partnership elevates the credibility of local climate action planning by allowing transparency, accountability, and comparability of the plans' actions, performance, and commitments across all participating jurisdictions. CITY'S COMMITMENT TO EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS AND SERVICE DELIVERY In addition to its community-wide commitment to climate protection, the City is dedicated to providing services, programs, and facilities in a fiscally responsible manner. The City has already made numerous investments that promote efficient resource use, reduce operation and maintenance costs, reduce risks to future cost uncertainty, and strengthen long-term resilience. Examples of past initiatives include: �. ■ Retrofitted all City-owned and operated street light fixtures with energy and cost-efficient lighting i technologies. Ji ■ Replaced irrigation controllers with "smart" weather-based controllers to n� m improve landscaping water conservation, coupled with the w" application of drought-tolerants landscaping where applicable. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO ■ Replaced all City-owned traffic signals with energy-efficient technologies that also reduce maintenance costs. ■ Retrofitted facility parking lot and park pathway lighting with LED technology. ■ Upgraded interior lighting to LEDs and T8s, exit signs to LEDs, and office/workstation to ENERGY STAR and EPEAT-certified electronic equipment. ■ Adopted a Green Building Ordinance, Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, Electric Vehicle Charging System Pre-Wiring Requirement that applies to new and retrofitted City, commercial, and residential buildings. ■ Benchmarked energy use in all municipal facilities through ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager. ■ Enrolled and certified all municipal facilities in the California statewide Green Business Program to benchmark and periodically inventoried operational sustainability practices in the areas of energy, water, materials, storm water, health and wellness, and hazardous materials. ■ Expanded this comprehensive sustainability-focused, behavior change-driven program to support emissions reduction and resource efficiency cost-savings gains in small to mid-sized businesses (i.e., GreenBiz Cupertino), residents (i.e., Green c(b..Home and the Do-It-Yourself Green@Home Toolkit), and schools (i.e., green@school). ■ Incorporated Plug-In-Electric hybrid and fuel-efficient vehicles into the City fleet, prioritized through lifecycle cost assessments as directed by the City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, and electric vehicle charging stations for municipal and community use. ■ Expanded composting services, available to all residents and businesses, beyond municipal facilities into parks to ensure the City is further reducing its landfill contribution. Figure 1.2 shows an informational poster used during the CAP's public workshop open houses to highlight past City successes in energy conservation and renewable energy development, including several other energy programs launched by the City. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 1.2— City of Cupertino Existing Energy Programs NGR� P,ND -NERGYAf�p� -m _ e^v O` `yGl� Green Building Ordinance, �• Green Q Expedited Plan Business © Check for Green ca,e• Program, Projects,LEED p �•^e Commercial © Silver Standard w , PACE Program for New City .,•aa Buildings GreenPoint or c1eem e<ei LEED certification 11171111 Green[Home,GreenBi; Energy Reimbursement green@school, Management Municipal Benchmarking; S Systems S Enterprise Carbon � Installed in � / x«r„•.. wne, Accounting some City ^M0 13 Buildings EV Pre-wiring (,1 SRequirement mpm es I\BFM 5 � Aefor New enl 'S� p•e'=^••'^ ® for New PG&Energy Construction 100%of 9y 01 Streetlights �eu,.n•@ Efficiency Convected to Financing O S• Programs Inductive Technology O deepen GreenBizConverting Indoor Lighting _N Parking lots. - Retrofits In City - _ - „,�'"'q;,i,ry --__ Local Energy • and Pathway Buildings, 1 Efficiency 13 Lighting to Programmable Financ'n9 LEDwith Lighting Control c.d •�'pvb Guide Motion Sensors Systems - moo CEG Reduced Solar � "w�`,,;•„ Low-Interest DOE Fees for PV 5 d1f Loan; American Solar Installation f. Ener U rade ® Transformation Q- gy Pg mP Initiative Califon nia Q participant p�pttr 1FCVPERTINOr—N *114 61.111 ilk •a Beyond utility-focused efficiencies, which serve as the basis for the City's past, present, and future climate-related objectives detailed in this report, it should also be noted that Cupertino operates under a "lean" government model. This enables the agency, and its taxpayers, to achieve dramatic cost efficiencies through many shared-service provisions, which also serve to reduce its operational emissions. For example, the City contracts with Los Gatos for street- sweeping services, reducing its purchase of this specialized vehicle, and with the County for police and fire services to leverage their public safety-related expertise and equipment. The City is also evaluating opportunities to outsource services itself, including sign and banner printing and sustainability services, identified as two unique city assets relevant to smaller adjacent jurisdictions. Through this shared service model, the City is reducing the agency's demand for additional equipment (e.g., vehicles) and staffing, and associated resources and emissions, a goal that will continue to be considered and prioritized through implementation of the CAP. Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO e 1116 Iddp Components of a CAP A CAP is a tool that many cities in California are using to quantify their share of statewide GHG emissions and establish action steps toward achieving a local emissions reduction target. A CAP provides a set of strategies intended to guide community efforts to reduce GHG emissions, typically through a combination of statewide and local actions. CAPs can be developed to address community-wide emissions (i.e., total emissions within a jurisdictional boundary) and/or municipal government emissions (i.e., emissions resulting from the provision of government services). As described in the Executive Summary, Cupertino has prepared its CAP to address the climate change issue from both the community-wide and municipal operations perspectives. To facilitate local governments' climate protection efforts, California's Air Resources Board prepared the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP). The LGOP reporting protocol provides guidance on how to inventory greenhouse gas emissions resulting from government buildings and facilities, government fleet vehicles, wastewater treatment and potable water treatment facilities, landfill facilities, and other operations and services.' Local governments are also encouraged to use the LGOP to conduct inventories and prepare a report of GHG emissions compared to a baseline so that achieved reductions can be tracked in a transparent, consistent, and accurate manner. Additionally, the organization ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainability, provides guidance on how local governments can address environmental impacts from a community-wide perspective, based upon a recently released U.S. Communitv Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The City's CAP was developed in conformance with the technical guidance provided within the LGOP as well as climate change City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 planning guidance from other agencies, including BAAQMD, the United Nations International Panel on Climate Change, and the Climate Change Action Registry. Like other California communities, the City's CAP development framework was modeled after ICLEI's universally-applied Five Milestones for Climate Mitiqation, which includes the following steps: 1. Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast 2. Adopt an emissions reduction target for the forecast year 3. Develop a Local Climate Action Plan 4. Implement policies and measures 5. Monitor and verify results This 5-step approach was modified for this CAP to split Step 3 into two distinct steps in which the full breadth of Cupertino's past actions and progress on emissions reduction could be evaluated, quantified, and then expanded. Figure 1.3 illustrates this six-step process used to guide Cupertino's CAP development. Figure 1.3— CAP Development Process Step 1: Understand Step 2: Current and Set Emission Future Reduction L Emissions Goals L 1hk_ _99 k ORR Step 6: T - . Monitor and Identify and Evaluate Leverage ctiveness L Existing Al Actions - . Step 5: Develop Implement ize Actions Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 This CAP evaluated community-wide and municipal operations GHG emission inventories and forecasts to establish a starting point and probable future emissions levels if no action to reduce emissions is taken (Step 1). Reduction targets were then defined to provide aspirational goals for improvement (Step 2). Emission reduction measures and implementation actions were written to help the City achieve its reduction targets (Step 3). Upon adoption of the CAP, the City will take action to implement its reduction measures (Step 4), monitor progress towards achievement of its reduction targets (Step 5), and evaluate effectiveness, celebrate successes, and use monitoring results to make adjustments to improve performance of CAP measures in the future (Step 6). This CAP represents Cupertino's progress on Steps 1-3, though the agency has already launched a variety of programs to implement emissions reductions (Step 4) throughout the community by implementing its General Plan Sustainability Element; these initiatives are described more fully in Chapter 3. The following discussion provides further detail on each step of the CAP development process. STEP 1. UNDERSTAND CURRENT AND FUTURE EMISSIONS Understanding the source and scale of greenhouse gas emissions and the underlying emission- generating activities is a critical element for any climate action planning process. The City's 2010 baseline GHG emissions inventory and future year emissions forecasts for 2020, 2035, and 2050 identify the amount of emissions generated by each sector (e.g., energy/facilities, transportation/vehicle fleet, potable water, solid waste) and relevant subsectors. This information, described in detail within Chapter 2, identifies both the challenges and opportunities facing the City in mitigating its emissions, and will assist the City Council to select appropriate actions to reduce emissions. It also forms the basis for setting emission reduction targets and strategies for future years. As previously mentioned, Cupertino has prepared emissions inventories and forecasts at the community-wide and municipal operations levels. STEP 2. SET EMISSION REDUCTION GOALS Statewide guidance recommends that local governments adopt emissions reduction targets that support the state's efforts towards its 2050 target. As described earlier, the state has adopted reduction targets that would return statewide emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 and to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. The state is also encouraging local governments to adopt similar targets through locally-developed climate action plans to contribute to these statewide efforts. In order to do its part and continue to lead by example, the City has developed reduction targets based on its 2010 baseline emissions inventory, which mirror the efforts at the state level. Per guidance included in the 2008 Scoping Plan, the City established a near-term target of 15% below baseline levels by 2020, which is meant to approximate a return to 1990 emissions levels. This goal was then extrapolated to 2050 in order to mirror the state's goal for 80% below 1990 levels, which results in a City goal of 83% below 2010 levels by 2050. A 2035 goal of 49% 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 below 2010 levels was also identified to serve as a mid-point check-in between these near-term and long-term goals. The CAP uses these same targets to evaluate the community-wide and municipal operations reduction strategies. These targets were presented to the public in the context of the community-wide CAP during community workshops and at Planning Commission and City Council study sessions as part of the consideration for developing appropriate local emissions reduction measures. While some community members expressed a desire to adopt more stringent targets, the majority of participants were more comfortable selecting these targets, which more closely align with statewide efforts and those of neighboring jurisdictions. See Chapter 2 for further description of the target setting process. STEP 3. IDENTIFY AND LEVERAGE EXISTING ACTIONS Greenhouse gas mitigation within local governments is most effective when a city can use existing efforts as a foundation on which to build additional future initiatives. During the development of the CAP, the City identified a wide range of actions that it has already taken to encourage community-wide energy and water conservation, reduce municipal energy and water use, support installation of renewable energy systems, improve vehicle efficiency in the municipal fleet, support alternative vehicle use community-wide, and divert organic waste to reduce landfill emissions. While the purpose of the CAP is to identify and define new actions, the momentum from these existing actions provides a platform to launch additional emissions mitigation in the future. Discussion of existing communitywide and municipal operations efforts is provided within Chapter 3 and 4, respectively, where relevant to the implementation of future action. STEP 4. DEVELOP AND PRIORITIZE FUTURE ACTIONS Future greenhouse gas emissions reduction actions need to be feasible, effective, and compatible with other City objectives. A review of best practices from other leading jurisdictions nationally and internationally was conducted to develop the actions contained within the CAP. City staff preliminarily reviewed these best practices and identified strategies that are compatible with community goals and City Council and other organizational priorities. Once the preliminary list of measures was identified, draft actions and implementation steps were developed that could be used to implement these measures by 2020. Emissions reduction estimates were then developed from the list of measures. This information was shared with the community and elected officials who provided guidance on the final list of CAP strategies and implementation steps, and helped to prioritize the early action items for CAP implementation. This measure development process is illustrated in Figure 1.4. ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.4— Measure Development Process Review best practices fromother communities Identify preliminary list of strategies Draft actions and implementation steps Develop greenhouse gas reduction estimates Refine strategies with community, • elected offical input Develop implementation steps and prioritize local actions STEP 5. IMPLEMENT PLAN The CAP directs a wide variety of actions to be implemented. Each action identifies specific implementation steps, responsible parties, a timeline for completion, and recommended performance indicators. Some of the actions can be directly executed by City staff or community members, while other actions will require additional research, refinement, development, and coordination in order to achieve the desired outcomes. STEP 6. MONITOR AND EVALUATE EFFECTIVENESS Although climate action planning is still relatively new in California, a key step in the planning process is to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of a plan and its actions. Effectiveness can be defined in terms of: ■ Overall and sector-level emissions as demonstrated by periodic inventories ■ Progress toward performance targets defined for each action ■ Reduction in City energy, fuel, and related operations and maintenance costs Chapter 7 concludes the CAP by defining a framework and schedule for monitoring and evaluating CAP effectiveness and updating the document in the future. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Climate Change Science According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, global warming refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface, and is caused primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. However, global warming itself represents only one aspect of climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time, including major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer." Over the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth, trapping energy from the sun in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life on Earth (see Figure 1.5, next '7ncreasingly intense droughts page). Many greenhouse gases are also naturally occurring. • _ • Southwest, However, the buildup of greenhouse gases from human • _ • the • _ everythingst have to .. with human- activities and resulting global average temperature rise can made ,_ change Earth's climate and result in dangerous effects to human health and welfare and to ecosystems."' — Dr. James Hansen In the United States, 83.6% of GHG emissions are from CO2, with 94.4% of CO2 emissions coming from the burning of fossil fuels.' Trend projections indicate that atmospheric concentrations of GHG emissions will continue to increase throughout this century. If these projections become reality, climate change will threaten our economic well- being, public health, and environment. California has an advantage in its scientific understanding of climate change, which stems from public investment into climate research and publications. Much of this research is performed through the California Climate Change Research Center created by the California Energy Commission in 2003 as the first state-funded climate change research program in the country (see: htti)://enerciv.ca.ciov/research/environmental/climate.htm1). This research has provided a solid body of vital data, which is available to assist state and local leaders to better understand how climate change is affecting us now, what is in store ahead, and what we can do about it. State-sponsored research has contributed greatly to recent advances in our understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on California. A first assessment prepared by the California Climate Change Center and published in 2006, made clear that the level of impacts is a function of global emissions of greenhouse gases and that lower emissions can significantly reduce those impacts.' Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO Figure 1.5— Greenhouse Effect 3 2 1 �,TMOSPHERE V Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere. 0 Some infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases and stays in the atmosphere.The more A small amount of solar radiation is reflected greenhouse gases there are,the more infrared before entering the atmosphere. radiation,or heat, is trapped in the atmosphere. 0 After reaching the Earth's surface,some infrared radiation is emitted back through the atmosphere. Source:AECOM 2014 The third and most recent publication, The 2012 Vulnerability and Adaptation Study, explores local and statewide vulnerabilities to climate change, highlighting opportunities for taking concrete actions to reduce climate change impacts.' The California legislature passed legislation (discussed below in the section State Climate Change Actions) based upon the findings of the most comprehensive, advanced, and thoroughly reviewed documents on the science of climate change. The development of CAPs in California, including those in Santa 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Clara County, is based upon the actions of the California legislature and its reliance on these findings. For further information on climate science generated for our state, please visit the California Climate Change Portal at httr)://www.climatechancie.ca.gov/. BENEFITS OF ADDRESSING GHG EMISSIONS Planning efforts intended to reduce GHG emissions through resource efficiency and conservation measures often have multiple benefits that will improve the local quality of life, help the community adapt to future impacts of climate change, support local economic development, and demonstrate local sustainability leadership. While some of these "co-benefits" (i.e., achieving multiple ends) are qualitative, others are quantifiable improvements over current conditions. This plan generally refers to co-benefits as the additional, yet interconnected, benefits resulting from implementation of various CAP measures. Figure 1.6 presents icons that illustrate the co-benefits discussed during the CAP's public outreach activities, though this list is in no way exhaustive. Figure 1.6- CAP Measure Co-Benefits Improves air quality - Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use •! Reduces heat island effect Promotes regional smart Improves public health growth Reduces traffic congestion Creates local jobs Reduces water use; Reduces waste; Extends community water Extends landfill lifespan supply Provides long-term savings to Improves water quality; $ � residents, businesses, and local Reduces storm water run-off governments Improves local energy independence 11 Raises community awareness - Conserves natural resources CH Reduces landfill methane Regional Implementation Opportunities Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO State Climate Change Actions Cupertino's strategy for climate protection must be set within the context of the Bay Area and the state, where much of the momentum for local action in the United States originates. As mentioned above, California's climate-related actions were codified in AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. In addition to codifying the state's 2020 reduction target as originally envisioned in EO-S-3-05 (i.e., return to 1990 levels by 2020), AB 32 engendered several companion laws that can assist local communities, such as Cupertino, in reducing their community-wide GHG emissions. These legislative actions and regulations are referred to as statewide actions throughout the CAP, and represent a significant source of estimated GHG reductions. This CAP estimated the GHG emission reductions associated with: ■ the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) ■ California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards ■ AB 1109— Lighting Efficiency ■ AB 1493— Pavley I and II ■ EO-S-1-07 — Low Carbon Fuel Standard ■ Vehicle Efficiency Regulations As the regulatory framework surrounding AB 32 grows, it may be possible to evaluate a wider range of statewide reductions sources in the future. The following section presents an overview of each of these statewide actions included in the CAP. Chapter 2 provides additional information on how these actions relate to achievement of the community-wide and municipal operations targets. RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD Senate Bill (SB) 1078, SB 107, EO-S-14-08, and SB X1-2 establish increasingly stringent RPS requirements for California utilities. RPS-eligible energy sources include wind, solar, geothermal, biomass, and small-scale hydro. ■ SB 1078 requires investor-owned utilities to provide at least 20% of their electricity from renewable resources by 2020. ■ SB 107 accelerated the SB 1078 the timeframe to take effect in 2010. ■ EO-S-14-08 increased the RPS further to 33% by 2020. PG&E, Cupertino's electricity provider, delivered 23.8% of its electricity from eligible renewable sources in 2013. ■ SB X1-2 codified the 33% RPS requirement established by EO-S-14-08. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 2013 BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS California's Building Standards Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24) dictates how new buildings and major remodels are constructed in California. The Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 24, Part 6), are a subset of the state building code, which detail energy efficiency standards for residential and non-residential development. The standards are updated on an approximately three-year cycle. The state has further increased building energy conservation requirements through adoption of the 2013 standards, which went into effect July 1, 2014. It is estimated that these revisions to the current 2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards will result in energy consumption reductions of 15-25% over the previous standards. The California Green Building Standards Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 11) includes additional requirements for new construction and renovation projects that may also result in emissions reductions. This plan does not include these reductions as a separate measure. However, the impact of these requirements may be accounted for in other statewide or local reduction measures (e.g., construction and demolition waste diversion requirements). Net Zero Energy New Buildings In the 2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report, the CEC adopted a goal to achieve net zero energy buildings in new residential construction by 2020 and non-residential construction by 2030. A net zero energy building consumes only as much energy on an annual basis as can be generated with an on-site renewable energy system (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal). While the pathway to realize this goal has not yet been defined, this goal will play a role in the future ability to achieve the state's long-term reduction target. Future reduction estimates associated with this goal may be quantifiable once an implementation pathway for this policy has been identified. AB 1109 — LIGHTING EFFICIENCY AB 1109 was signed into law in 2007. The California Lighting Efficiency and Toxics Reduction Act requires the California Energy Commission to adopt energy efficiency standards for all general purpose lights, reducing lighting energy usage in indoor residences and state facilities by no less than 50%, by 2018, as well as require a 25% reduction in commercial facilities by that same date. To achieve these efficiency levels, the California Energy Commission applied its existing appliance efficiency standards to include lighting products, as well as required minimum lumen/watt standards for different categories of lighting products. In addition, the bill prohibits the manufacturing for sale or the sale of certain general purpose lights that contain hazardous substances. AB 1493 - PAVLEY I AND II AB 1493, California's mobile-source GHG emissions regulations for passenger vehicles, or California Clean Car Standards, was signed into law in 2002. AB 1493 requires ARB to develop and adopt regulations that reduce GHG emissions from passenger vehicles, light-duty trucks, ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 and other non-commercial vehicles for personal transportation. In 2004, ARB approved amendments to the California Code of Regulations adding GHG emissions standards to California's existing standards for motor vehicle emissions. EO-S-1-O7 — Low CARBON FUEL STANDARD EO-S-01-07 reduces the carbon intensity of California's transportation fuels by at least 10% by 2020. The Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is a performance standard with flexible compliance mechanisms that incentivizes the development of a diverse set of clean, low-carbon transportation fuel options to reduce GHG emissions. VEHICLE EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS ARB has adopted several additional regulations to reduce emissions through improved vehicle efficiency that will have local GHG emission reduction benefits in Cupertino. The following six regulations were quantified and included as part of this CAP, assuming their ongoing or future implementation, as appropriate. Tire Inflation Regulation On September 1, 2010, ARB's Tire Pressure Regulation took effect. The purpose of this regulation is to reduce GHG emissions from vehicles operating with under-inflated tires by inflating them to the recommended tire pressure rating. The regulation applies to vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 10,000 pounds or less. Under this regulation, automotive service providers must meet the following requirements: ■ Check and inflate each vehicle's tires to the recommended tire pressure rating, with air or nitrogen, as appropriate, at the time of performing any automotive maintenance or repair service. ■ Indicate on the vehicle service invoice that a tire inflation service was completed and the tire pressure measurements after the service were performed. ■ Perform the tire pressure service using a tire pressure gauge with a total permissible error no greater than + two (2) pounds per square inch (psi). ■ Have access to a tire inflation reference that is current within three years of publication. ■ Keep a copy of the service invoice for a minimum of three years, and make the vehicle service invoice available to the ARB, or its authorized representative upon request. Tire Tread Program This measure increases vehicle efficiency by creating an energy efficiency standard for automobile tires to reduce rolling resistance. A reduction in GHG emissions results from reduced fuel use. ARB staff estimates that reducing the rolling resistance of tires by 10% results in a 2% increase in fuel efficiency. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Low Friction Engine Oils This measure increases vehicle efficiency by mandating the use of engine oils that meet certain low friction specifications. The American Petroleum Institute has established "energy conserving designation" for certain oils. These specifications will be used as a starting point for the mandated oils under this measure. Solar Reflective Automotive Paint and Window Glazing This measure increases vehicle efficiency by reducing the engine load for cooling the passenger compartment with air conditioning. The use of solar reflective automotive paints and window glazing reduces heating of the automobile passenger compartment from the sun resulting in reduced air conditioning use. The result is both less frequent air conditioning use by drivers and smaller air conditioners specified by manufacturers for new vehicles. Heavy-Duty Vehicle GHG Emission Reduction (Aerodynamic Efficiency) This regulation requires existing trucks/trailers to be retrofitted with the best available technology and/or ARB-approved technology to increase vehicle aerodynamics and fuel efficiency that will result in GHG reductions. This measure was identified as a Discrete Early Action in the Scoping Plan, and became enforceable beginning in 2010. Technologies that reduce GHG emissions and improve the fuel efficiency of trucks may include devices that reduce aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance. These requirements apply to both California- registered trucks and out-of-state registered trucks that travel to California. Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Hybridization This measure regulates or incentivizes GHG reductions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles used in vocational applications such as parcel delivery trucks, garbage trucks, utility trucks, and transit buses. Hybrid electric technology has potential to significantly reduce GHG emissions and improve vehicle efficiency from these vehicles. Regional Coordination and Actions In addition to the Scoping Plan and other actions taken at the statewide level, numerous county- wide and other regional efforts have been established to support broad action towards emissions reductions within the Bay Area. The following regional efforts promoting GHG reductions are already in progress: SANTA CLARA COUNTY-SPECIFIC: ■ Silicon Valley 2.0 — Led by the Santa Clara County office of sustainability, the Silicon Vallev 2.0 project includes development of long-term strategies that support climate change mitigation and adaptation within the greater Silicon Valley region. The project aims to identify likely climate change impacts that would negatively affect the economic Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO vitality of the region or endanger its residents. This CAP was prepared as part of the Silicon Valley 2.0 mitigation strategy, which included regional collaboration on the development of community-wide and municipal operations CAPs for seven participating jurisdictions. The broader adaptation strategy considered local impacts to various facilities (e.g., vehicle infrastructure, buildings, utilities) within the region resulting from several climate risks (e.g., rising sea level, riverine flooding, heat waves). ■ Silicon Valley Energy Watch — This program is a local government partnership between the City of San Jose, PG&E, and Ecology Action, to promote energy efficiency in municipal and non-profit buildings in Santa Clara County. Cupertino was the only municipality to receive funding for its GreenBiz and green@schools programs through SVEW's Communitv Enerciv Champions Grant program from 2011 to 2014. ■ Energy Upgrade California in Santa Clara County — This Santa Clara County program aims to help residential consumers make improvements to their homes so they will use less energy, conserve water and other natural resources, and become healthier and more comfortable. The program connects homeowners with participating contractors who can help plan and complete energy efficiency projects and take advantage of rebates. Energy Upgrade California is a partnership among California counties, cities, non-profit organizations, and the state's investor-owned utilities (e.g., PG&E). ■ Congestion Management Agency — VTA serves as the Congestion Management Agency for Santa Clara County to identify strategies to respond to future transportation needs, develop procedures to alleviate and control congestion, and promote county-wide transportation solutions (i.e., Transit 511). ■ Santa Clara Valley Water District — The Santa Clara Vallev Water District (SCVWD) is the primary water resource agency for Santa Clara County. As such, SCVWD is responsible for long-term water supply planning for the region and has taken steps in response to California's recent drought conditions. Its Board of Directors passed a resolution calling for mandatory measures to reach a water use reduction target equal to 20% of 2013 water use levels. SCVWD also provides rebates to encourage county residents to conserve water in their homes and landscapes. The District provides rebates for landscape conversions to low-water designs, irrigation hardware updates, graywater-to-landscape systems, high-efficiency toilets and clothes washers, and multi- family property submeter installation. BAY AREA-FOCUSED: ■ Sustainable Communities Strategy/Regional Transportation Plan — Local governments and regional agencies collaborated to develop a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) in compliance with the requirements of SB 375, titled Plan Bay Area. This long-range integrated transportation and land-use/housing strategy for the Bay Area entirety, was approved by the Association of Bay Area Governments and Metropolitan Transportation Commission in 2013. Plan Bay Area defines the nine-county region's 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 SCS to accommodate future population growth and reduce emissions from cars and light trucks including initiatives to expand housing and transportation choices, create healthier communities and build a stronger regional economy. The aim of the forthcoming Santa Clara Countv-focused SCS is to better integrate land use with public transportation in order to reduce GHG emissions within our County specifically. ■ Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network — Established in 1993, Joint Venture: Silicon Valley Network provides analysis and action on issues affecting the local economy and quality of life. The organization brings together established and emerging leaders —from business, government, academia, labor, and the broader community—to spotlight issues and work toward innovative solutions. Joint Venture is dedicated to promoting climate- friendly activities that help the local economy and improve quality of life in Silicon Valley, as is realized through its Climate Prosperity Council and Public Sector Climate Task Force, through which Cupertino collaboratively procured its first solar project. ■ Silicon Valley Leadership Group Bay Area Climate Change Compact — Silicon Valley Leadership Group (SVLG) is an organization consisting of principal officers and senior managers of member companies to work cooperatively with local, regional, state, and federal government officials to address major public policy issues affecting the economic health and quality of life in Silicon Valley. In 2009, SVLG organized the Bay Area Climate Change Compact, which establishes a framework for regional cooperation and setting aggressive goals for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Cupertino has teamed with SVLG to pursue regional opportunities to procure electric vehicles and charging stations and recently received a "Red Tape to Red Carpet Award" in the category of Sustainable Green Development for its GreenBiz Program. ■ Bay Regional Energy Network— BavREN is a collaboration of the 9 counties that make up the San Francisco Bay Area. Led by the Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG), BayREN implements effective energy saving programs on a regional level and draws on the expertise, experience, and proven track record of Bay Area local governments to develop and administer successful climate, resource, and sustainability programs. BayREN is funded by California utility ratepayers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. One of only two Regional Energy Networks in the state, BayREN represents 20 percent of the state's population. ■ Sustainable Silicon Valley — In 2004, Sustainable Silicon Valley (SSV) organized a regional voluntary initiative, setting a visionary target of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20% below the region's 1990 levels by the year 2010. SSV partners participating in the voluntary CO2 emissions reduction program determined their own baseline year and a CO2 percentage reduction goal to reach by 2010. Each pledging partner develops tactics to reach their targets. Options varied from improvements in equipment efficiency to energy conservation, the use of renewable energy sources, and purchase of green power and/or promotion of alternative commute options. ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 ■ City/County Association of Governments of San Mateo County — The City/County Association of Governments (C/CAG) is a council of governments consisting of the County of San Mateo and its 20 cities. The organization works on topics such as transportation, air quality, stormwater runoff, hazardous waste, solid waste and recycling, land use near airports, abandoned vehicle abatement, and issues that affect quality of life in general. Cupertino partnered with C/CAG through its Regionally Integrated Climate Action Plan Suite (RICAPS) process to develop a cursory Climate Action Plan that provided background information for this document. ■ Joint Policy Committee Bay Area Climate & Energy Resilience Project — The Bba ii Area Climate & Energv Resilience Proiect (BACERP) is a collaborative of more than 100 public, private, and non-profit stakeholders in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. The primary purpose of the project is to support and enhance the local climate adaptation efforts of cities, counties, and other organizations. BACERP is focused on specific actions that will help all Bay Area stakeholders to move forward in a more efficient and powerful manner. ■ Sierra Club, Loma Prieta Chapter, Local Government Climate Action Survey — A report released in 2014 detailing the climate leadership of communities located in Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties to increase awareness of the environmental efforts of local governments in the region, facilitate the exchange of best climate action practices, and advocate for more decisive action worthy of the magnitude of climate change. ■ PG&E's Sustainable Communities Team — A PG&E Community Energy Manager has been assigned to Santa Clara County to work jointly with each municipality to develop a comprehensive energy management strategy that the City can implement across institutional, residential, business, and industrial sectors. In addition, PG&E can provide city and county energy use data, GHG inventory assistance, and information on innovative pilot grant funding for projects that aim to reduce GHG emissions in each community. Local Efforts Though the key tenants of sustainability were only recently formally integrated into the City's hierarchy, the City of Cupertino has long prioritized energy efficiency, water conservation, pollution prevention, materials management, green information technologies (IT) and infrastructure (most recently the award-winning Don Burnett Bicycle Footbridge and Stevens Creek Restoration Project), and alternative transportation technologies and commuting through its municipal operations and community-wide services. Historically, these initiatives were managed as independent projects and have since become integrated into the Sustainability Division's scope of work to broaden into programs and service areas among diverse stakeholder groups and effectively implement the Sustainability Element of the City's General Plan. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Since its formation, the Sustainability Division has worked to bring environmental awareness across departments and engage staff, businesses, students, and residents in activities to grow environmental stewardship, achieve greenhouse gas reductions, and realize resource conservation goals. These goals have since been institutionalized through the City's adoption of diverse policies including an Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, Green Building Ordinance, and Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance, among others. Further, the City's sustainability-linked efforts have led to two new community designations of Tree Citv USA by the Arbor Day Foundation and silver-certified Bicvcle Friendly Community by the American League of Bicyclists. Program staff's main duties are diverse, and focus primarily on: ■ Developing strategic plans, ■ establishing quantitative benchmarks and analyses (e.g., cost, utility consumption), ■ providing research and technical assistance, • fostering public agency/public-private partnerships, ■ tracking performance, ■ formulating municipal policies, ■ accessing grants, and ■ implementing and engaging stakeholders in innovative pilots and programs. These actions are achieved through close coordination with City Council, senior management, business leaders, and members of the community to develop a consistent plan to exceed regulatory compliance and reach long- and short-range program goals, established both internally and through regional (e.g., Bay Area Climate Compact) and national initiatives (e.g., Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement). Cupertino simplifies its quantitative sustainability goals under the following four-phase framework: Understand Reduce our Empower Excite ourour our Impact •• • Employees • 'Air IF A pr Since the Division's formation, this team has benchmarked Cupertino's municipal and community-wide emissions as a means of better understanding the City's impact (goal 1); implemented myriad municipal energy and water efficiency projects (e.g., energy-efficient traffic controller and streetlight retrofits, renewable energy projects, electric vehicle charging stations, interior lighting upgrades, HVAC upgrades, IT energy management software installations, irrigation controller retrofits) to reduce the City's footprint (goal 2); and empowered municipal ChapterCLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 employees to follow the City's lead by utilizing a new bicycle fleet, employee commute programs, alternative work schedules, and community-wide energy efficiency programs (goal 3). The Sustainability Division team is now focused on extending internal successes to the broader community by expanding existing residential- and business-focused programs and services (goal 4). Details of these initiatives are shared throughout the measure descriptions in Chapters 3 and 4. Plan Preparation REGIONAL FRAMEWORK This CAP was prepared as part of a regional effort led by the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability. Through this effort, local governments within Santa Clara County were invited to participate in the joint preparation of community-wide and/or municipal operations climate action plans to leverage grant funding provided by PG&E, and additional funding provided by the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability. Participants included the cities of Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, Saratoga, and San Jose, as well as the County of Santa Clara. As part of this process, each of the CAPs were developed Y "If we are together nothi-ng i from a similar template to provide overall consistency from one CAP to the next and as a means of sourcing future 'impossible. If we are divided all will fail." collaboration opportunities to regionally mitigate emissions that know no boundaries. 11 1 Through this regional approach, the participants jointly prepared baseline emissions inventories and forecasts with a consistent methodology that allows direct comparison of one jurisdiction to the next. It also allowed development of common emissions reduction targets and implementation timelines to further support future collaboration towards emissions reductions. Early project meetings among the participants established a local network of colleagues that forms the foundation of this regional collaboration framework. PUBLIC OUTREACH AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Given that this CAP will serve as a resiliency roadmap for the entire community, the City sought to engage its residents, businesses, and broader stakeholder base in its design to ensure the right approach was taken throughout the plan. The City provided several public engagement opportunities during the CAP development process to present information, gather comments, and begin a community dialogue that will continue through plan implementation. Two public workshops were held at the LEED Platinum Kirsch Center for Environmental Studies at De Anza College, along with supporting online surveys developed to mimic the workshop activities for residents who were unable to attend. The City also held two focus group meetings to collect additional input on specific topic areas. The first focus group meeting addressed the business community through the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce, while the second invited comments from representatives of the local real estate industry. The City also held study sessions with the City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Planning Commission and City Council prior to development of the CAP, both of which were open to the public, to ensure the Plan aligned with the expectations of the City's elected and appointed officials. Comments collected from each of these engagement opportunities were used to inform the climate planning approach presented throughout this CAP. See Appendix A for a summary of the public comments collected during plan preparation. a ;4 r a :q Scope and Content of the Climate Action Plan The CAP comprises seven chapters: 1) Climate Change and Cupertino; 2) Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets; 3) Community-wide Reduction Measures; 4) Local Government Reduction Measures, 5) Personal Actions, 6) Adaptation and Resiliency, and 7) Benchmarks and Next Steps. Appendices A through G provide additional detail on topics covered within the CAP. The contents of each chapter and appendix are briefly described below: CAP CHAPTERS: ■ Chapter 1: Climate Change and Cupertino describes the community's rationale for reducing GHG emissions, as well as the goals of the CAP to comply with local Air Quality Management District guidelines, as applicable. This chapter provides an overview of the topics covered in the CAP, presents conventional climate change science findings, and describes statewide actions to address climate change. This chapter also introduces the CAP's relationship to the City's General Plan Amendment, and its ability to enable a CEQA process known as "streamlining," which allows future development projects that are found to be consistent with the CAP to skip certain steps in the traditional CEQA review process. ■ Chapter 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Targets outlines important first steps taken to develop the CAP, including the 2010 baseline GHG inventories, forecasting Chapter 1: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO 0 future emissions in 2020, 2035, and 2050, and setting GHG reduction targets for 2020 and longer-range targets for 2035. This chapter also describes the local reductions attributable to implementation of statewide climate change policy, and the resulting emissions reduction gap between the targets and the statewide actions, which will be addressed through local actions developed in Chapters 3 and 4. ■ Chapter 3: Community-wide Reduction Measures addresses five main reduction strategies: energy, land use and transportation, water conservation, waste reduction, and green infrastructure. The chapter provides a summary of projected reductions and a description of the reduction strategy development process. It also identifies the following information for each reduction strategy: key elements, existing programs and accomplishments, implementation actions, performance metrics against which to measure success, and estimated GHG reductions. ■ Chapter 4: Local Government Reduction Measures describes the specific efforts that the City of Cupertino has already taken and will take in the future to lead by example in emissions reductions. Similar to Chapter 3, this measure presents emissions reduction opportunities organized into three key strategy areas: (1) Improve Facilities, (2) Convert Vehicle Fleet, and (3) Reduce Solid Waste. The strategy areas include goals, reduction measures, and implementation actions, along with supporting reduction estimates, departmental responsibility, performance tracking information, and implementation timelines. ■ Chapter 5: Personal Actions describes the steps that Cupertino's residents and local businesses can take starting today to kick-off the implementation phase of the CAP. ■ Chapter 6: Adaptation and Resiliency leverages state and regional resources that identify the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities our changing climate presents. It also offers a resilience framework that will enable our community to plan, adapt, and thrive. ■ Chapter 7: Benchmarks and Next Steps describes the process to monitor the City's progress toward achieving its GHG reduction targets. This chapter identifies monitoring procedures, plan update processes, and other steps to ensure successful CAP implementation. CAP APPENDICES: ■ Appendix A: Community Outreach Responses summarizes the public comments collected during plan preparation, including two community open houses, two focus group meetings, and study sessions with the Planning Commission and City Council. ■ Appendix B: GHG Inventory and Reductions Methodology provides a technical description of the methodology and data sources used to prepare the 2010 emissions inventories and 2020, 2035, and 2050 emissions forecasts. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 ■ Appendix C: Implementation Tracking Framework describes how city staff will implement CAP measures and related actions, and track the performance metrics identified for each measure as part of the larger regional CAP program. ■ Appendix D: Climate Action Planning Best Management Practices provides the list of GHG reduction best management practices (BMP) developed from a review of regional, national, and international cities, which was presented to City staff for identification of City actions already employed and potential new strategies for consideration in the CAP. ■ Appendix E: Water Conservation and Energy Efficiency Toolkit presents the Do-It— Yourself home energy efficiency and water conservation Green(a).Home Toolkit so Cupertino's residents can begin to take climate action. ■ Appendix F: Green Business Certification provides the checklist to get certified as a green business through GreenBiz Cupertino, which offers free energy, water, and waste assessments, free equipment to help businesses save water, free guidance to help with the certification process, and recognition of business leadership. ■ Appendix G: green@school Certification shares background on the City's green@school program, created to empower students as environmental change agents on their school campuses, at home and throughout their community. green@school trains K-12 Cupertino students as eco-experts to help shepherd their school through a sustainability certification program to create a cleaner, greener and healthier school site. Relationship to the General Plan Amendment Whether by local desire, guidance from the State of California, or both, a growing number of cities and counties are addressing climate change in their General Plans through inclusion of policies and programs that also help reduce GHG emissions. Since GHG emissions are a cross- cutting issue addressed by many General Plan elements, the CAP as a whole is generally considered and defined as an implementation strategy for the General Plan. This structure allows the City to update the CAP on an ongoing, as-needed basis to ensure that its climate protection efforts reflect both current legislation and emerging best practices, without triggering a General Plan Amendment. In addition, several state agencies have provided guidance and case studies for local governments to address climate change in their General Plans. For example: ■ Since 2008, the California Attorney General's office has provided guidance to local governments on addressing climate change and greenhouse gas reduction through General Plan policies. (See: http://oaci.ca.gov/environment/climate-change) ■ The California Office of Planning and Research (OPR) is preparing an update to the state's General Plan Guidelines that will include guidance for GHG emissions reduction and climate adaptation. (See: http://www.opr.ca.gov/s_generalplanguidelines.php) EmEw• • - CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO ■ The California Natural Resources Agency released a Climate Adaptation Policy Guide for local governments. (See: httr)://resources.ca.ciov/climate/safeauardina/adaptation policv auide/) ■ The California Department of Housing and Community Development released a guidance document on General Plan housing element policies and programs addressing climate change with case study examples. (See: htti)://www.hcd.ca.aov/hr)d/HE°/o2OGuidance%2OComr)lete%20r)ackaae.r)df) ■ The Office of Planning and Research prepared guidance documents for addressing complete streets in General Plans as required by AB 1358. (See: htti)://oi)r.ca.aov/docs/Update GP Guidelines Complete Streets.Ddf) Cupertino was simultaneously preparing an amendment to its General Plan while developing the Climate Action Plan. Proposed General Plan Amendment growth projections and policies/measures were considered during CAP preparation, and expanded upon, where appropriate. At the time of CAP development, the City's policy commitment included encouraging higher density, mixed-use and infill development in appropriate locations, expanding energy efficiency and renewable energy development in the community, supporting multi-modal transportation options, and continuing resource conservation efforts. To ensure the CAP was able to provide future CEQA review streamlining benefits, as described below, the community-wide emissions forecasts were developed based on the population, employment, and resulting vehicle miles traveled (VMT) growth estimates resulting from build- out of the General Plan Amendment's Land Use Alternative C scenario. This scenario represented the highest growth scenario under consideration, and therefore, would also result in the highest emissions growth. CAP measures were developed to provide sufficient emissions reduction potential to achieve the City's 2020 emissions target under this highest- growth alternative. Relationship to the California Environmental Quality Act Local governments may prepare a Plan for Reduction of Greenhouse Gases that is consistent with AB 32 goals. By preparing such a plan, the City can streamline CEQA review of subsequent plans and projects that are consistent with the GHG reduction strategies and targets in the plan (this is often referred to as "streamlining"). To meet the standards of a qualified GHG reduction plan, Cupertino's CAP must achieve the following criteria (which parallel and elaborate upon criteria established in state CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5[b][1]): ■ Complete a baseline emissions inventory and project future emissions ■ Identify a community-wide reduction target 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 ■ Prepare a CAP to identify strategies and measures to meet the reduction target ■ Monitor effectiveness of reduction measures and adapt the plan to changing conditions ■ Adopt the CAP in a public process following environmental review This approach allows jurisdictions to analyze and mitigate the significant effects of GHGs at a programmatic level, by adopting a plan for the reduction of GHG emissions in a public process following environmental review. Later, as individual projects are proposed, project-specific environmental documents may rely on the GHG emissions reductions measures in the CAP to determine that estimated project-level GHG emissions would be less than significant in their cumulative impacts analysis. A project-specific environmental document that relies on this CAP for its cumulative impacts analysis must identify specific CAP measures applicable to the project, and how the project incorporates the measures. If the measures are not otherwise binding and enforceable, they must be incorporated as mitigation measures applicable to the project. If substantial evidence indicates that the GHG emissions of a proposed project may be cumulatively considerable, notwithstanding the project's compliance with specific measures in this CAP, an EIR must be prepared for the project. Following adoption of this CAP, the City will develop guidance on how future projects seeking to use this CEQA streamlining benefit will be reviewed to ensure compliance with the CAP's emissions reduction measures. The City's guidance could include the development of a checklist or points-based rating system to evaluate future projects' compliance with the CAP; an approach used by numerous communities throughout the state seeking CAP-tied project-level CEQA streamlining (e.g., Sacramento, Los Altos, Pleasanton). Chapter 1: I CLIMATE CHANGE AND CUPERTINO k , ��I '.fit• � w !' r 1i r Y a ` `¢y 1� A 4 � AM Developing a set of measures and actions that can reduce Cupertino's greenhouse gas emissions requires an understanding of baseline and future emissions-generating activities. Once this information is established, the City can more easily identify areas where it can leverage limited resources to yield the most effective emission reductions. This chapter provides a summary of the 2010 baseline inventories for community-wide and municipal operations emissions, as well as forecasts for 2020, 2035, and 2050. It also describes the considerations for selecting reduction targets that are consistent with and will contribute to the state's ongoing efforts. Greenhouse Gas Inventories Emissions inventories provide a snapshot of the amount and source of greenhouse gas emissions in a given year. The baseline inventory serves as a reference point for reduction targets and informs the measure and action selection process. Future inventory updates can demonstrate progress toward the adopted targets and assess the effectiveness of City actions. The City prepared 2010 baseline inventories as part of the multi-jurisdiction climate action planning process led by Santa Clara County. These inventories, in following guidance from the LGOP, BAAQMD, United Nations International Panel on Climate Change, and the Climate Change Action Registry, assessed emissions from a variety of sources. As previously described, Cupertino chose to prepare inventories at both the community-wide and municipal operations levels. Various inventory preparation guidance documents clarify primary and secondary emissions sources, and define the data needs of agency's seeking to conduct an initial or follow-up inventory. The City will continue to follow the prevailing industry standard guidance in the future so that its inventory updates can be compared to other jurisdictions (though this may pose a challenge regarding comparisons to previous local inventory versions). The baseline emissions inventory was prepared using a combination of empirical and modeled data for the community as a whole, as well as local government operations. Data was collected from a variety of sources, such as PG&E, CalRecycle, City department staff, and the Air Resources Board. It was then converted into greenhouse gas estimates using emission factors provided by PG&E and state and regional agencies to provide a common metric with which to compare emissions sources, referred to as metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year or MT CO2e/yr. Appendix B shares additional details on the City's GHG inventory methodology and data sources analyzed for further consideration. EMISSIONS SECTORS The CAP analyzes emissions from two different perspectives (i.e., community-wide and municipal operations), but takes a similar approach in their analysis and reporting. In general, baseline inventories organize emissions into categories, or sectors, based on the source of emissions. These sectors are largely consistent between the community-wide and municipal operations inventories, though naming conventions do differ slightly. Cupertino's community- wide inventory includes emissions from the following sectors: ■ Energy (i.e., electricity and natural gas) ■ Transportation ■ Off-Road Equipment (e.g., industrial, commercial, and lawn and garden equipment) ■ Solid Waste ■ Potable Water ■ Wastewater 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 The municipal operations inventory includes slightly different sectors, which are named to more accurately reflect the departmental sources of the emissions: ■ Facilities (electricity and natural gas) ■ Vehicle Fleet ■ Solid Waste ■ Water Services Emissions are also categorized based upon how they are generated in relation to the scope of the emissions inventory and the jurisdiction's ability to influence their mitigation. Emissions can be classified into three scopes, as illustrated in Figure 2.1 through a federal emissions example. Figure 2.1 — Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Common Sources of Federal Greenhouse Gas Emissions CO2 AL CH 4 A, HFCS 2 3 Y>$hiCleS and Equipm,@nt TFons T1ip"3 on and QNStributioh mosses frarn Purchased Electri€oty "�.. PurchaSC9 _- .� Electricity Business Ira%-m *' . Stationary Scsurees a PurCtlmodt� ,r Employee �WO�� \ Heatinga`C*okng ✓ C53nM1Pnutil g On-sde Landidis 4 Wastewater Treatment Contracted Solid PurchasQQ Waste Disposal Steam Contractee Wastewater _ Treatment I°argltl� 1 Emissions 1 *►� Others' Wi kl SCOPE 1: SCOPE 2: SCOPE 3: Greenhouse gas efnissrons Greenhouse gas crnissions Greenhouse gas 4?rmissiams from From sources that are owned or resulting'from the generation of sources not owned or directly controlled by a Federal agency" electricity,heat,or Steam controlled by,a Federal agency purchased by a Federal agency. but related to agency activities, `Additional.significant Scope 3 emission sources exist beyond the examples provided. Source:httos://www.fedcenter.aov/Photos/index.cfm?id=16810 Scope 1 emissions are those generated from equipment or facilities that are directly owned by the jurisdiction or community members, such as a home's hot water heater or a wastewater + • • GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 treatment plant. Scope 2 emissions are those resulting from the purchase of energy that is transmitted from outside the jurisdiction's boundaries, such as electricity. Scope 3 emissions result indirectly from a jurisdiction or community's activities and represent emissions sources over which the jurisdiction does not have direct control, such as business-related air travel or employee commutes. Typically, Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions are included within a municipal operations inventory and Scope 3 emissions are excluded to represent the full emissions over which a jurisdiction has direct control to influence their reduction (though Scope 3 emissions can be voluntarily included for informational purposes). Community-wide inventories often include Scope 1 and 2 emissions as well, but also include some sources that would be considered Scope 3 at the municipal level, such as emissions from community-wide transportation and process emissions from landfills wastewater treatment plants or other large regional facilities. See Appendix B for more information on the sources of emissions included within each of the CAP's baseline inventories. Energy/ Facilities In general, energy emissions are generated through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity or directly provide power (e.g., natural gas combustion for water heating). The energy sector includes the use of electricity and natural gas in residential, commercial, industrial, and government land uses within the legal boundaries of Cupertino. Although emissions associated with electricity production are likely to occur in a different jurisdiction, the emissions are considered to be measured at the point of use and not the point of generation (this is called "Scope 2" or indirect emissions). Consumers are thus considered accountable for the generation of those emissions. Electricity-related GHG emissions are considered indirect emissions because they are generated as a 2013 result of activities occurring within theli �` jurisdiction, but occur in different geographic Market Nuclear areas. For example, a Cupertino resident may Purchases22% consume electricity within the city, but that 17%, { electricity may be generated in a different region Renewable of the state. Direct emissions (i.e., Scope 1) are _ 22% those where the consumption activity directly / ,. - Wnd:0% generates the emissions, such as natural gas Large ti f-4 combustion for heating or cooling (when this Hyo 1 ynrGecdwrrd:.13% activity occurs on site). 1pi Hydro PG&E provides electricity and natural gas to Natural Cas+Other i5 �1 `rna Cupertino, and provided electricity and natural 21313 deliwery 51aisfius are prelhTinauy and subject to an imkpawllerti gas consumption data to develop the baseline a�aand veffi=kmthat wilMbe€xtmpleteduniilOwber1.2414_ FVwes represent%aF PUE''s total burr fed retail sa'es. inventories. PG&E provided all electricity and natural gas consumption data in the form of Source: httD://www.areentechmedia.com/content/imaaes/articles/PGE kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr) and therms per -2013-RE.iDa year (therms/yr), respectively. Electricity-related 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 GHG emissions are quantified using a utility-specific (e.g., PG&E) emission factor that accounts for the utility's electricity production portfolio (e.g., the mix of coal, oil, wind, solar, and other sources of electricity production) in the baseline year of the emissions inventory. Natural gas GHG emissions are also quantified using a utility-specific natural gas emissions factor, though this is less subject to variation than the electricity emissions factor. Transportation /Vehicle Fleet Community-wide transportation emissions come from vehicle trips that begin and/or end within Cupertino's boundaries. Pass-through trips (for example, non-local drivers on Interstate 280) are not included within the emissions inventory because the CAP measures would not affect those emissions. This sector includes GHG exhaust emissions from both private vehicles and City- owned vehicles. Unlike most of the other emissions sectors, where activity data is available to more precisely calculate actual resource consumption (e.g., electricity used, wastewater generated, solid waste disposed), the transportation sector relies upon travel models to estimate vehicle use within a community. Travel models estimate the total vehicle miles traveled (VMT) within a community, which are then combined with vehicle fuel emissions factors to estimate transportation-related emissions. ,�a`re\ _ g ` Inverness Wa➢ Ir V?.nvs;W-Y as q a •5 --- yomaste -Homestead Rd -Homestead Ad---,r-E-Homestead Pd----- RomestaadRS- [R^ '� __ ' l r l e. Kaiser Permangnle Sema - � Pendleton Parc l Um Medical Center" a - dWRrpMEMO e 5errFw` Ir �,pe'�Tra Serr,Fw A ?� 1, r 5--- f r atetes`ur .•i Apple 2 dig y l a lnn<^� 4 r_ MerFriz i3e Gate of Heaven CemeEery a' Altcc ur velkro Fashion Park lay VaI IG, Ag�rlent ieehnohg: a W kwy 5 w L - Coperlinta Ste wCe kelvd Stevens Creek Elvdl %✓��pP Sle'ells'Creels Blvd K I r` I m a; pva ay_ P�Anta College � 00 v A Vnse Me to Mar IN ¢ - W n J Parifics DP Cg Til3oil'Ave -______.__I G a' McClellan Rd 'T i i 14 p. G Nirwin to � ' P, Hpanrirslort far - PeepCldfGolfColuse 3J ., gouin9er Rd---- - For this CAP, VMT data were acquired from the City's General Plan Amendment tt at it purtation consultant to ensure that emissions forecasts in the CAP align with the City's estimated growth resulting from build-out of its General Plan Amendment. This model provided VMT data separated by trip origin and destination. The VMT associated with vehicle trips that would originate or terminate within the city were attributed to the community-wide transportation sector. Municipal operations vehicle fleet emissions were calculated based on fuel consumption from the City's own vehicle fleet. In this way, vehicle-related emissions in the municipal inventory are based on actual empirical data, and are not modeled as in the community-wide inventory. The ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 City's vehicle fleet emissions only include those vehicles and fleet equipment that are owned and operated by the City. As previously described, the City contracts with other agencies for the provision of certain services, such as police and fire services, street sweeping, and waste hauling. Therefore, emissions related to use of these vehicles are not included within Cupertino's municipal operations inventory and forecasts. Emission factors for this sector were obtained from the California Air Resources Board's (ARB) vehicle emissions model, EMFAC2011. EMFAC2011 is a mobile source emission model for California that provides vehicle emission factors by both county and vehicle class. Santa Clara County-specific emission factors were used in this emissions inventory. Off Road Equipment Off-road equipment emissions can come from local construction and mining activities, operation of lawn and garden equipment (e.g., lawn mowers, leaf blowers), and use of light commercial/industrial equipment (e.g., backhoes, forklifts). Data for construction, mining, light commercial, industrial, and lawn and gardening equipment can be obtained from ARB's OFFROAD2007 model, which provides county-level emissions factors for off-road equipment. OFFROAD2007 provides total off-road equipment emissions by county. Similar to the transportation sector, these emissions are modeled and not based on specific activity data. This emissions sector is also only presented in the community-wide inventory. Solid Waste The solid waste sector includes emissions associated with solid waste disposal. During the solid waste decomposition process, only organic (i.e., carbon-based) materials release greenhouse V gas emissions. Carbon dioxide �.. (CO2) emissions are generated under aerobic conditions (i.e., in REUSE the presence of oxygen), such RECYCLEICOMPOST as when composting. Methane ENERGYRECOVERY LANDFILL (CH4) and CO2 emissions are LEAST PREFERRED generated under anaerobic conditions (i.e., in the absence of oxygen), as in many landfill environments. Waste collection and hauling activities also Source:htto://eDa.aov/climatechanae/imaoes/life-cvcle-imaoes/lifecvcle.iDa generate GHG exhaust emissions. However, hauling-related emissions are assumed to be included within the commercial vehicle transportation model and represented within the community-wide 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 transportation sector. As described above, the City does not own its own waste hauling vehicles, and therefore, emissions associated with solid waste collection are not included within the municipal operations inventory. Solid waste generated within the city is primarily sent to the Newby Island Sanitary Landfill. Annual tons of community-wide solid waste generated by land uses (i.e., residential and non- residential) and waste categorization data were collected from CalRecycle's online database. Data on municipally-generated waste was provided by the City. The first-order-decay method was used to estimate methane landfill emissions in order to incorporate the time factor of the solid waste degradation process, which can take decades to occur. In future inventories, the City will review opportunities to connect to the EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to more effectively analyze the full lifecycle of its materials management efforts, including source reduction, recycling, combustion, composting, and landfilling (see graphic on previous page). This tool is currently utilized by the City through its award-winning Food Recovery Challenge activities, and should be expanded to be considered within future greenhouse gas emissions inventories, depending upon the prevailing industry practice in inventory methodology. Wastewater The wastewater sector includes emissions resulting from wastewater treatment processes and from energy used to power wastewater treatment plants. The 2006 International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is commonly used to quantify CH4 and nitrous oxide (N20) emissions resulting from wastewater treatment processes. Generation of both types of emissions depend on the amount of annual throughput (i.e., volume of wastewater), as well as characteristics of the wastewater itself and treatment plant management processes. Energy-related GHG emissions associated with wastewater treatment facility operation are typically removed from this sector to avoid double counting with the energy sector. Potable Water/Water Services The potable water and water services sectors include energy emissions associated with water treatment, distribution, and conveyance. The California Energy Commission's water-energy intensity studies are commonly used to calculate the amount of electricity required to provide potable water. GHG emissions associated with potable water supply are then calculated using statewide electricity intensity factors. UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Emissions inventories are commonly expressed in metric tons (or tonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent per year (MT CO2e/yr) to provide a standard measurement that incorporates the varying global warming potentials (GWP) of different greenhouse gases. GWP describes how much heat a greenhouse gas can trap in the atmosphere relative to carbon dioxide, which has a GWP of 1. For example, methane has a GWP of 25, which means that 1 metric ton of methane ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 will trap 25 times more heat than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide, making it a more potent greenhouse gas. Some gases used in industrial applications can have a GWP thousands of times larger than that of CO2. See Table 2.1 for a sample of common greenhouse gases and their global warming potential. Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential Common Name Chemical Formula Global Warming Potential(100-yr) Carbon Dioxide CO2 1 Methane CH4 25 Nitrous Oxide N20 298 Tetrafluoromethane(PFC-14) CF4 7,390 Fluoroform (HFC-23) CHF3 14,800 Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 22,800 Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,Climate Change 2007vii Baseline Inventory — 201 C The purpose of a baseline inventory is to provide a snapshot of GHG emissions in a given year. A baseline inventory allows the City to identify major sources of emissions within the community or resulting from its own operations, and then develop meaningful reduction measures that address the major emissions contributors. The City developed its baseline emissions inventories for the 2010 operational year as part of a regional climate action planning effort in 2013, which corresponds to Step 1 of the CAP i Inventory Establish a} development process as described in Chapter , Emissions Target 1. 2010 represented the most current, full years' worth of data available to participating jurisdictions when the regional CAP •• . Recognize Climate project began. Action Plan Cupertino, as well as the other participating jurisdictions, is located within the Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD) Step 4: I Track Implement jurisdictional boundary. Therefore, the City's Progress Measures inventory was calculated to be consistent with BAAQMD's GHG Plan Level Quantification Guidance. This approach allowed all of the jointly-prepared community-wide GHG inventories and CAPs (i.e., Cupertino, Gilroy, Morgan Hill, and unincorporated Santa Clara County) to be developed in a consistent manner. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 The following sections separately present the community-wide and municipal operations emissions inventories. These baseline inventories were prepared under a separate project contract from the emissions forecasts and the CAP document itself, and therefore, certain specifics of the baseline inventory methodology are unknown. However, the following section describes how baseline inventories are typically prepared, and provides details related to Cupertino's baseline inventory where known. See Appendix B for the emissions inventory methodology. COMMUNITY-WIDE 2010 BASELINE INVENTORY Cupertino's community-wide baseline emissions inventory totals 307,288 MT CO2e/yr in 2010. As shown in Figure 2.2, energy use is the largest contributor of GHG emissions in the city (55%), with transportation emissions contributing the majority of the remainder (34%). Most community-wide emissions inventories find that energy and transportation emissions account for the overwhelming majority of total emissions. In Cupertino, the energy and transportation sectors account for approximately 89% of total emissions, suggesting that local reduction efforts should focus on these areas. Off-road sources provide 7% of the inventory, and solid waste emissions provide another 2%. Potable water use and wastewater treatment are both small contributors by comparison, making up the remaining 2% of the inventory. See Table 2.2 for the total emissions from each sector. Figure 2.2—2010 Community-wide Baseline Emissions by Sector 2.1% 1.5%f0.4% 7.3%I 401 ■Energy Transportation ■Off-Road Sources ■Solid Waste 33.8% ■Wastewater ■Potable Water Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.2 2010 Community-wide Emissions Emission Sector Emissions Communitywide Total (MT CO2elyr) N Energy 169,547 55.2% Electricity Subtotal 85,452 27.8% Residential 25,427 8.3% Commercial 60,025 19.5% Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 27.4% Residential 49,986 16.3% Commercial 34,109 11.1% Transportation 104,112 33.9% Off-Road Sources 22,390 7.3% Solid Waste 5,403 1.8% Wastewater 4,640 1.5% Potable Water 1,197 0.4% Total 307,288 100.0% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS 2010 BASELINE INVENTORY The municipal operations baseline inventory shows that the City's actions generated a total of 1,775 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (MT COZe) in 2010. As referenced above, these emissions are a sub-sector of the community-wide inventory (i.e., the community- wide inventory is inclusive of municipal operations emissions), and represent less than 1% of total community-wide emissions. As shown in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.3, emissions from the Facilities sector were the largest contributor of emissions (70.4%), followed by the Vehicle Fleet (23.9%) and Solid Waste (5.4%) sectors. Emissions from the Water Services sector are a small contributor by comparison, making up only 0.4% of the baseline inventory. This sector includes the energy used to operate the City's landscape irrigation system. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Table 2.3 Baseline 2010 Municipal Operations Emissions Emission Sector Emissions City Total(%) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 70.4% Building Energy 837 47.2% Public Lighting 412 23.2% Vehicle Fleet 424 23.9% Solid Waste 95 5.4% Water Services 7 0.4% Total 1,775 100% Source:AECOM 2013 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.3-2010 Municipal Operations Baseline Emissions by Sector 23.9% ■ Facilities 0.4% Vehicle Fleet 9W ■Solid Waste 1W ■Water Services 70.4% j0por Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' As shown in Table 2.3 above, the Facilities sector includes emissions from building energy use as well as public lighting. Within the Building Energy subsector, approximately 69% of emissions come from electricity use (e.g., interior lighting, office equipment), while the remaining 31% are related to natural gas use (e.g., building heating, hot water heating). Building energy use contributes 47% of total municipal emissions. The Public Lighting Facilities Subsectors subsector comprises electricity- 100% related emissions from City-owned 80% lighting sources, including traffic 60% signals, streetlights, park lighting, 40% and other outdoor lighting. Public 20% lighting accounts for nearly one- quarter of total municipal emissions 0% Total Emissions Building Energy Public Lighting as shown to the right. Approximately 75% of City vehicle fleet emissions are generated by gasoline vehicles. The Grounds Department uses the largest amount of gasoline (33%) while providing clean and safe recreational areas, followed by the Streets Department (25%) during maintenance of transportation infrastructure and signage. Diesel vehicles contribute the remaining 25% of City fleet emissions. Trucks and equipment operated by the Streets Department, the Building Department, and the Traffic Department generate almost all of these diesel emissions. Solid Waste sector emissions come from municipally-generated waste that is sent to the landfill where organic waste materials create methane gas during the decomposition process. Examples of municipally-generated organic waste include food scraps; office paper, cardboard, and other compostable paper products; and landscape trimmings that are disposed of in the solid waste stream. Water sector emissions include the electricity used to pump, treat, and convey water used in City landscape irrigation. Business-as-Usual (BAU) Emissions Forecasts (2020, 2035, and 2050) The baseline inventories were used to forecast future community-wide and municipal operations GHG emissions under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. Cupertino's GHG emissions were forecast for the future years 2020, 2035, and 2050, assuming that historic trends describing energy and water consumption, travel, and solid waste generation will remain the same in the future, from a per-capita perspective. Therefore, emissions forecasts demonstrate what emissions levels are likely to be under a scenario in which no statewide or local actions are taken to curtail emissions growth. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 BAU emission forecasts provide insight regarding the scale of reductions necessary to achieve an emissions target before considering reductions likely to result from statewide actions (e.g., vehicle efficiency standards), inherent technological advancements (e.g., lighting technology), or new voluntary or mandatory conservation efforts (e.g., landscape irrigation restrictions). The BAU emission forecasts do not anticipate new sources of emissions or increased consumption rates in existing sectors. For example, as use of personal electronics (e.g., smart phones, tablets) increases, emissions from electricity plug-load may also increase. Therefore, the only variable influencing the BAU forecasts is projected population and employment growth within the City. The BAU forecasts used the best available population and employment growth assumptions from the City's General Plan Amendment process, which was in progress at the same time that the CAP was under development. The City's General Plan transportation consultant provided future VMT activity levels using assumptions based on build-out of the highest growth land use alternative under consideration for the General Plan Amendment. The 2020 emissions forecast year aligns with the AB 32 target year. Similarly, the 2050 forecast year aligns with the state's long-term target year, while the 2035 forecast year provides a mid- point between 2020 and 2050. These forecasts were developed for planning purposes, and due to the complexity of each emissions sector and the uncertainty of future population and employment growth within the City, are subject to change. Therefore, as the 2020, 2035, and 2050 horizon years approach, the City will reevaluate its emissions projections to incorporate additional data points from periodic emissions inventories and revised City growth estimates. Regular emissions inventory updates will also help to assess progress towards the reduction targets, allowing for revisions to CAP measures as necessary. Reduction measures described in Chapters 3 and 4 are applied to BAU emissions forecast levels to determine if the City is on track to achieve its targets. As with the baseline inventories, the following sections separately present the community-wide and municipal operations emissions forecasts. See Appendix B for details on the emission forecast methodology. COMMUNITY-WIDE BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Figure 2.4 illustrates Cupertino's community-wide emissions forecasts by sector from 2010- 2050. As shown in the corresponding Table 2.4, community-wide emissions are forecast to increase in future years under the business-as-usual scenario to approximately: • 355,610 MT CO2e/yr by 2020 (15.7% above the 2010 baseline), ■ 427,807 MT CO2e/yr by 2035 (39.2% above the 2010 baseline), and ■ 499,659 MT CO2e/yr by 2050 (62.6% above the 2010 baseline). ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' Figure 2.4- Community-wide Emissions Forecasts by Sector-2020, 2035, 2050 300,000 250,000 200,000 Energy L d Transportation N O 150,000 Off-Road Sources i- Solid Waste 100,000 Wastewater Potable Water 50,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Source:AECOM 2014 Table 2.4 Community-wide Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Energy 169,547 195,535 234,518 273,500 Electricity Subtotal 85,452 100,062 121,977 143,894 Residential 25,427 27,239 29,958 32,677 Commercial 60,025 72,823 92,020 111,217 Natural Gas Subtotal 84,095 95,473 112,540 129,607 Residential 49,986 53,549 58,894 64,238 Commercial 34,109 41,924 53,647 65,369 Transportation 104,112 119,641 142,569 165,371 Off-Road Sources 22,390 27,519 35,214 42,909 Solid Waste 5,403 6,215 7,558 8,714 Wastewater 4,640 5,325 6,318 7,285 Potable Water 1,197 1,374 1,630 1,880 Total 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Figure 2.5 illustrates the BAU municipal operation emissions forecasts by sector for 2020, 2035, and 2050. As shown in Table 2.5, municipal operations emissions are estimated to increase in future years under the business-as-usual scenario based upon projected population and employment growth within the city, to approximately: ■ 1,855 MT CO2e/year by 2020 (4.5% above the 2010 baseline), ■ 1,969 MT CO2e/year by 2035 (10.9% above the 2010 baseline), and ■ 2,076 MT CO2e/year by 2050 (17.0% above the 2010 baseline). Figure 2.5— Municipal Operations Emissions Forecasts by Sector—2020, 2035, 2050 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 Facilities d v 800 Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste � 600 Water Services 400 200 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 Source:AECOM 2014 ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS ' Table 2.5 ELMunicipal Operations Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Source:AECOM 2013 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Emissions in each sector are projected to increase under the business-as-usual scenario because the City's population and employment are anticipated to continue growing. As described above, these BAU projections are based on estimated population and employment growth within the City as envisioned in the General Plan Amendment, which would lead to increased demand for government services, which leads to additional emissions resulting from the provision of those services. However, emissions growth across the sectors is estimated to occur at different rates based on the relationship between the types of government services provided within each sector and population and employment growth. The emissions sector growth forecasts are as follows: ■ Facilities: Emissions from the Facilities sector are projected to grow by 4% in 2020, by 10% in 2035, and by 15% in 2050. Energy use is a function of the number of City-owned buildings/facilities and the number of City staff working in those buildings. It is assumed that as the City's population and employment grows, additional municipal buildings and supporting staff will be necessary to continue providing a high-level of quality government services. The City already anticipates a modest increase in the number of facilities operating to serve the community (i.e., construction of an Environmental Education Center is underway, and the Civic Center Master Planning process may propose additional buildings), along with increased staffing to offer support services for its growing population (estimated to reach 71,300 residents by 2040 based on build-out of the City's General Plan Amendment). The slower growth rate for this sector (relative to Vehicle Fleet and Water sectors) is due to assumed efficiencies of scale that can be realized for future service provision, such that existing City administrative and service buildings and staff can accommodate some portion of future population growth. ■ Vehicle Fleet: Emissions from the Vehicle Fleet sector are projected to grow by 6% in 2020, by 15% in 2035, and by 23% in 2050. City departments are assumed to experience varied demand for additional vehicles depending upon how closely their provision of services is tied to population and employment growth. For example, the City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Streets Department may not need additional vehicles unless new City streets are developed as a result of population growth, whereas the Building Department may require additional vehicles to inspect a higher number of residential and commercial buildings resulting from denser future development. ■ Solid Waste: As with the Facilities sector, Solid Waste emissions are projected to grow by 4% in 2020, by 10% in 2035, and by 15% in 2050. Emissions in this sector are closely related to the growth in City staff from which the waste included in the municipal operations inventory is generated. Therefore, the same growth estimates used in the Facilities sector were assumed here as well. ■ Water: Emissions in this sector are estimated to grow at a rate closely correlated to population and employment growth. This assumes that additional park space will be provided to support a growing population, and that landscape irrigation would occur within these new parks comparable to that of parks existing in the baseline year. Emissions from this sector are estimated to increase by 10% in 2020, 25% in 2035, and 40% in 2050. Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (ABAU) Forecasts (2020. 2035, and 2050) As described in Chapter 1, the State of California has adopted and implemented numerous policies and programs that will help to achieve the state's long-term emissions reduction target. Adjusted business-as-usual (ABAU) forecasts consider the impact of this legislation to show what a community's emissions will likely be if the state continues to make progress on implementing its high-level actions. ABAU forecasts can be useful in identifying the remaining reductions gap between a community's ABAU forecasts and its reduction targets. Local measures can then be developed to fill any gaps to support target achievement. COMMUNITY-WIDE EMISSIONS ADJUSTED BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECASTS Most of Cupertino's anticipated community-wide emission reductions are estimated to come from statewide actions. This CAP assumes that emissions within the energy and transportation sectors will be reduced through the statewide efforts described in Chapter 1. This includes regulations addressing the use of renewable energy sources, building energy efficiency, and GHG emissions from passenger cars and trucks. When the impact of these statewide actions is applied to Cupertino's BAU emissions forecast, the resulting ABAU emissions levels begin to show the pathway towards achieving future reduction targets. These actions provide important reductions that are applied toward Cupertino's community-wide emissions targets, reducing the total amount of emissions to be addressed through local community actions. This CAP also considers PG&E's future mix of electricity generation sources as planned through 2020, though this is not specifically a statewide action. In addition to its compliance with the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), PG&E also anticipates that the non-RPS compliant portion of its portfolio will become cleaner as their use of natural gas increases and that of coal ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS 0 decreases. Natural gas releases less CO2 than coal when burned, which will result in reduced carbon emissions from PG&E's electricity generation portfolio as this shift is implemented. The City will monitor the effectiveness of state legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are P' included in future CAP updates. This CAP ` -- considers locally-realized emissions reductions from: ■ Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), ■ California 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, ■ AB 1109 — Lighting Efficiency ■ AB 1493 — Pavley I and II, ■ EO-S-1-07 — Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and Source: htto://extras.mnointeractive.com/live/media/site568/2013/1028/20131 • Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 028 climate-2.JPG Including only these statewide initiatives towards the GHG reduction targets is considered a conservative approach because the AB 32 Scoping Plan describes numerous other actions that will likely result in statewide reductions (e.g., High Speed Rail, Million Solar Roofs program). The actions included herein represent those for which a methodology is available to calculate Cupertino's likely share of these reductions. Other actions will provide statewide benefits, but cannot be accurately attributed to Cupertino at this time, and should be carefully tracked for consideration during future year CAP updates Table 2.6 summarizes the anticipated reductions associated with these statewide actions in years 2020 and 2035. Based on these estimated reductions, Figure 2.6 shows the trajectory of community-wide BALI and ABAU emissions forecasts from baseline year 2010 through 2035. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Table 2.6 2020 and 2035 Community-wide Emission Reductions from Statewide Actions State or Federal Action 2020 Reduction 2035 Reduction (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Renewable Portfolio Standard (33% by 2020)+ PG&E De-carbonization 34,267 42,117 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 3,063 AB 1109 Lighting Efficiency 5,059 5,253 Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 55,535 Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 4,217 Total 80,261 110,185 Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.6— Community-wide ABAU Emissions Forecasts 450,000 400,000 L 350,000 d N O V 300,000 250,000 200,000 2010 2020 2035 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions As shown in Figure 2.6, statewide actions set Cupertino's emissions on a downward trajectory by 2020, but begin to trend upward after that. At the time of CAP preparation, ARB only provided statewide reductions estimates through horizon year 2020, though it is likely that additional statewide action will be taken to further reduce emissions in order to achieve the state's 2050 reduction target. While the precise impact of future statewide actions is currently unknown, it could be assumed that they will continue to provide the same level of reduction impact at the community-wide level for local CAP planning purposes. That is, if statewide actions are estimated to provide approximately 85% of reductions needed for local target achievement by 2020 (as is the case in Cupertino), then it could be assumed that statewide actions would provide a comparable proportion of reductions needed in future target years as ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS well. Based on that assumption, Table 2.7 shows what statewide actions would achieve in Cupertino in 2035 and 2050 if their level of impact in 2020 is maintained. This table does not attempt to estimate the distribution of statewide reductions among the currently known statewide actions, but instead presents total statewide reduction estimates based on the community-wide BAU forecasts and reduction targets presented in Chapter 1. Figure 2.7 illustrates how these statewide reductions compare to the community-wide BAU forecasts. It will be important for the City to monitor future state-level planning efforts related to these statewide actions and others described in the Scoping Plan to determine with more certainty what role state actions will play in target achievement and what the remaining role for local action will be. Table 2.7 Alternative Emissions Reduction Estimates from Statewide Actions 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 15% below 49% below 83% below Reduction Target 2010 2010 2010 - 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Reductions from Statewide Actions - 80,261 230,427 380,307 Contribution of Statewide Actions to Target - 85% 85% 85% Source:AECOM 2014 Figure 2.7— Revised Community-wide ABAU Forecasts 600,000 500,000 400,000 L d N v 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS ADJUSTED BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSION FORECASTS Within the municipal operations ABAU forecasts developed for the CAP, it is assumed that Facilities and Water sector emissions will be reduced through implementation of the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). As previously described, the standard effectively requires electrical utilities to reduce the carbon intensity of their electricity by obtaining 33% of their generation portfolio from renewable sources by 2020. This statewide action will help reduce municipal operations emissions and contribute toward achievement of the City's emissions targets. The City will monitor the effectiveness of this legislation to ensure that the anticipated level of reductions is achieved locally, and to ensure that all applicable statewide reductions are included, should additional actions be developed that would apply to the CAP. Unlike the community-wide ABAU forecasts described above, the municipal operations forecasts do not apply reductions from statewide actions related to vehicle emissions, such as Assembly Bill 1493 (Pavley I and II), Executive Order S-1-07 (Low Carbon Fuel Standard), or other vehicle efficiency regulations. These actions were purposefully excluded to avoid double counting between the state's actions and the City's initiatives to reduce emissions from its fleet (as described in Chapter 4). Table 2.8 identifies municipal operations ABAU forecast emissions for 2020, 2035, and 2050 by subtracting the estimated reductions associated with implementation of the state's RPS. It is possible that the state may increase the requirements associated with the RPS, which would result in greater emissions reductions. However, at the time of CAP preparation, compliance with the standard only required a 33% renewable electricity portfolio by 2020. The calculations in Table 2.8 assume that the standard is achieved by 2020 and is not exceeded (i.e., remains at 33%) in the 2035 and 2050 target years. Therefore, municipal operations emissions are estimated to decrease by 2020 under the adjusted business-as-usual scenario as a result of the RPS, and then begin to increase again through 2050 to approximately: ■ 1,490 MT CO2e/year by 2020 (16.1% below the 2010 baseline), ■ 1,584 MT CO2e/year by 2035 (10.8% below the 2010 baseline), and ■ 1,672 MT CO2e/year by 2050 (5.8% below the 2010 baseline). See Figure 2.8 for a graph of the City's BAU and ABAU emissions forecasts. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.8 Municipal Operations Adjusted Business-as-Usual Emissions (2010 - 2050) Emission Sector 2010 Emissions 2020 Emissions 2035 Emissions 2050 Emissions (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) Facilities 1,249 1,299 1,370 1,436 Building Energy 837 871 918 962 Public Lighting 412 428 452 473 Vehicle Fleet 424 449 486 521 Solid Waste 95 99 105 110 Water Services 7 7 8 9 BAU Total 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Statewide Reductions Renewable Portfolio - (365) (385) (404) Standard ABAU Total 1,775 1,490 1,584 1,672 %below 2010 Levels - 16.1% 10.8% 5.8% Source:AECOM 2013 Note: MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Figure 2.8— Municipal Operations ABAU Emissions Forecasts 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900 — v 1,800 _ 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 GHG Emission Reduction Targets The first and most essential step in the design of any plan is defining the goal(s) of that plan. As previously described, the second step in the CAP development process is to establish a GHG emissions reduction target. The CAP's Inventory Establish a singular goal is to reduce emissions, and the L GHG - Reduction reduction target serves as an aspirational ' ns Target metric that will focus City strategies to 4, achieve future emissions reductions. The target is designed to support statewide "' Achievement .- W J emissions reduction efforts, and allow use of 4t recently enacted CEQA streamlining benefits. Establishing a clear and attainable target can motivate staff and community members, help drive long-term strategies, Track 0 L implement L Measures , Progress and elevate transparency and accountability to achieve the objectives of this CAP. MASS EMISSIONS AND EFFICIENCY THRESHOLDS In general, an emissions reduction target can be expressed as either mass emissions reductions or efficiency thresholds. Mass emissions targets establish an absolute emissions level to be achieved by a target year, such as 100,000 MT CO2e/yr by 2020. Typically, mass emissions targets are expressed as a percent below the emissions level of some baseline year, such as 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 (i.e., as outlined in Governor Schwarzenegger's Executive Order S-3-05). Alternatively, efficiency thresholds set a target level of emissions per population or per service population (i.e., population plus local jobs), such as 6.6 MT CO2e/SP/yr (i.e., as used in Cupertino's 2014 General Plan Amendment). Efficiency thresholds demonstrate a city's ability to grow population and employment, while emissions shrink on a per unit basis; in effect, a city could be growing more efficiently from an emissions standpoint. In this case, total emissions within a city may increase while still achieving an efficiency target, as long as service population is growing faster than emissions. Both types of targets are useful to consider when selecting an appropriate emissions reduction target for a community. It is anticipated that the Governor's Office of Planning and Research will provide future guidance regarding preparation of plans for the reduction of GHG emissions. This guidance may identify mass emissions reduction targets as preferable to the use of efficiency metrics at the community-wide planning level to ensure that each jurisdiction in California makes progress towards actual mass emissions reductions. However, at the time of this CAP's preparation there was no state-level guidance requiring local governments to adopt specific reduction targets. Similarly, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District is currently in the process of developing regional emissions reduction targets, which can serve as guidance for local climate action ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS planning in the future. At the time of this CAP's preparation, BAAQMD had not developed this guidance on how to select appropriate local reduction targets for jurisdictions using a baseline year of 2009 or later. For purposes of this CAP, the City selected mass emissions targets as described below. TARGET SETTING CONSIDERATIONS The City considered a range of GHG emission reduction targets during plan preparation. In making its target selection, the City weighed numerous factors, such as: ■ existing California climate change legislation, direction from ARB, and guidance from California's Air Districts; • general understanding of the probable range of GHG reduction opportunities from various types of local and statewide measures; ■ range of targets and goals set by other area jurisdictions who have completed or begun preparation of CAPs; and ■ feasibility of achieving different GHG targets. State Legislation and Guidance The underlying purpose of AB 32 is to take state action that will result in an absolute reduction in the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which contribute to the impacts commonly associated with climate change. Therefore, the state has set mass emissions reduction targets at the statewide level. As described in Chapter 1, Executive Order S-3-05 identified California's vulnerability to the impacts of GHG emissions. The Executive Order established a long-range GHG reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Subsequently, AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 was signed, requiring California to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 also directed ARB to develop and implement regulations that reduce statewide GHG emissions. ARB approved The Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan) in December 2008, which outlines the state's plan to achieve the GHG reductions required in AB 32. The Scoping Plan does not define the specific role local governments, like the City of Cupertino, will play to contribute toward meeting the state's GHG reduction goals, but does identify cities and counties as "essential partners" within the overall statewide effort. As such, many cities and counties began to asses local GHG contributions and develop community-focused Climate Action Plans. However, many local governments do not have access to sufficient historical data to prepare a 1990 baseline emissions inventory, which would allow local governments to establish reduction targets that exactly mimic the state's own targets. In the 2008 Scoping Plan, ARB "encourages local governments to adopt a reduction goal for municipal operations emissions and move toward establishing similar goals for community City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 emissions that parallel the state's commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 15 percent from current levels by 2020. Based on this language, many community-wide CAPs have selected a reduction target of 15% below baseline levels by 2020 to parallel the state's target. Some CAPs also establish a longer- term target to show a trajectory towards the state's 2050 goal of 80% below 1990 levels. California Environmental Quality Act As described in Chapter 1, the City of Cupertino intends to California use a provision of CEQA that allows communities that have Environmental2014 adopted a "... local plan for the reduction or mitigation of Quality GHG emissions" (pursuant to SB 97 and state CEQA Act Guidelines Section 15183.5) to not require individual, CEQA project-level greenhouse gas analysis in CEQA documents for projects that are consistent with the City's CAP. The STATUTE AND GUIDELINES CAP meets the framework set forth in the CEQA Guidelines so that the City can rely on the GHG analysis and application of GHG reduction measures in the CAP tor��" s° satisfy the requirements of CEQA. As part of the (` _ r implementation process, the City will establish the means ;,AA by which it will determine consistency of future proposed ALA projects (development projects, plans, and other actions subject to CEQA review) with the CAP. State CEQA kr Guidelines Section 15183.5 establishes the criteria that a GHG reduction plan, such as Cupertino's CAP, should meet in order to provide for streamlining of future development projects consistent with the plan. In general, such plans should: ■ Quantify GHG emissions within a defined area, ■ Establish a level where GHG emissions are not cumulatively considerable, ■ Identify emissions from activities covered by the plan, ■ Specify measures to achieve the emissions reduction goal, ■ Monitor progress and amend if necessary, and ■ Be adopted in a public process following environmental review. Section 15183.5(b)(1)(B) specifically requires that a GHG reduction target must "Establish a level, below which the contribution to [GHG] emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable." To comply with this provision within the guidelines, a reduction target must be based on substantial evidence. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Air Quality Management District Guidance Several Air Districts and state agencies, including the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and ARB, have established the required substantial evidence associated with recommended community-wide emissions reduction targets as described above per the California Environmental Quality Act. As previously mentioned, the 2008 Scoping Plan presents substantial evidence recommending local agencies seek to reduce community-wide emissions by 15% below current emission levels by 2020. In 2010, BAAQMD also adopted CEQA Air Quality Guidelines that presented substantial evidence for three community-wide emissions reduction targets: 1) 1990 levels by 2020, 2) 15% below current (2008 or earlier) levels by 2020, or 3) use of an efficiency threshold of 6.6 MT CO2e/yr per service population (i.e., residents plus employees) by 2020. This efficiency threshold is intended to be used only in the context of general or community-wide plans, not individual development projects. However, BAAQMD's June 2010 adopted thresholds of significance were challenged in a lawsuit, and the Alameda County Superior Court issued a judgment finding in 2012 that the Air District had failed to comply with CEQA when it adopted the thresholds. The court found that the adoption of the thresholds constituted a "project" under CEQA and ordered the Air District to examine whether the thresholds would have a significant impact on the environment under CEQA before recommending their use. The court issued a writ of mandate ordering the Air District to set aside the thresholds and cease dissemination of them until the Air District had complied with CEQA. In view of the trial court's order, which remains in place pending final resolution of the case, the Air District is no longer recommending that the thresholds be used as a generally applicable measure of a project's significant air quality impacts. However, the court did not determine whether the thresholds are or are not based on substantial evidence and thus valid on the merits. Therefore, cities could continue to rely on the substantial evidence based on statewide data and analysis relative to AB 32 that underlies the June 2010 BAAQMD thresholds when making an independent determination of significance of plan-level GHG impacts pursuant to state CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.7(c). In addition, BAAQMD has not yet revised its community-wide emissions reduction target guidance to reflect baseline inventories prepared after 2008. It is increasingly common for jurisdictions to prepare a baseline inventory using the most recent set of annual data available; baseline years of 2009 through 2012 are not uncommon among more recent CAP development projects. However, BAAQMD's original target-setting guidance only identified targets up to a 2008 baseline year. As baseline years progress, cities have more time to implement emissions- reducing measures on their own, such as locally-adopted green building ordinances, local retrofit promotion programs, city-wide streetlight retrofits, or other actions that would serve to reduce community-wide emissions. BAAQMD is in the process of updating its target-setting guidance, and is expected to consider locally-implemented emissions reduction activity that may have occurred since the state's climate change legislation was adopted, as well as the impacts, if any, that the economic recession had upon Bay Area communities' emissions growth. City of Cupertino CAP l December 2014 CUPERTINO'S EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS As described above, BAAQMD has provided guidance on selecting appropriate community-wide emissions targets for jurisdictions with baseline years of 2005-2008. However, Cupertino prepared its baseline inventories using the most current data available at the time of CAP preparation, which resulted in selection of a 2010 baseline year. Since BAAQMD's previous guidance suggested that a 15% reduction below a 2005-2008 baseline year could approximate a return to 1990 levels, it could be assumed that later baseline years would need to reduce emissions by a greater amount to similarly return to 1990 levels, as shown in Figure 2.9. Figure 2.9— Reduction Targets based on Baseline Year 12,500 12,000 11,500 _ 11,000 10,500 10,000 ' 22.7% below 2010 9,500 15.0% below 2005 I 9,000 8,500 8,000 i 2005 2010 2020 BAU Emissions Target BAAQMD's current guidance was based on ARB's 2007 statewide inventory and forecasts for the 2020 horizon year. Table 2.9 presents this original statewide information expressed as million metric tons of CO2e. ARB used a baseline year created from the average emissions inventories for 2002-2004, and also provided a 2020 target year emissions forecast. The 2005- 2010 BALI emissions values presented here were interpolated based on ARB's baseline year and forecast estimate assuming straight line growth between these two points. The bottom row shows what reduction target below each baseline year would be required to achieve a return to 1990 levels. As shown, a 2008 baseline year would require a target of nearly 15%, while a 2010 baseline year would require a target of 17% to approximate a return to 1990 levels. ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS Table 2.9 2007 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 2002-2004 1990 Average 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 469' 477 485 493 501 509 517 596' Target Needed to Achieve 1990 Levels 0.0% 9.0% 10.5% 11.9% 13.4% 14.7% 16.1% 17.3% 28.4% Source:AECOM 2014 Note: MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan, December 2008,pages 12-13 However, since BAAQMD provided its original guidance, ARB has updated the statewide inventory and 2020 forecasts to account for the economic recession that began in 2008. Table 2.10 presents this updated information using a 2008 baseline year. As shown, the 2020 emissions forecasts have been revised lower than those originally estimated in 2007. As a result, reduction targets to approximate a return to 1990 levels are also lower. Under this revised scenario, a 2008 baseline would only need to reduce emissions by 10% to return to 1990 levels, while a 2010 baseline would need reductions of approximately 12%. Table 2.10 2010 Statewide Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Reduction Targets 1990 2008 2010 2020 Statewide BAU Emissions (MMT CO2e) 427' 4752 487 5453 % below Baseline to Reach 1990 Levels 0.0% 10.1% 12.3% 21.7% Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MMT CO2e=million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding From ARB's Climate Change Scoping Plan, December 2008,pages 12 2 From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: htto://www.arb.ca.ciov/cc/inventory/data/tables/2020 ahq emissions forecast 2010-10-28.r)df s From ARB's Greenhouse Gas Inventory—2020 Emissions Forecast: httD://www.arb.ca.aov/cc/inventory/data/forecast.htm; includes 2020 forecast value(i.e.,507 MMT CO2e/yr)plus 38 MMT CO2e/yr representing reductions anticipated from Pavley I and RPS,for a total 2020 BAU inventory of 545 MMT CO2e/yr In light of more current guidance from OPR or BAAQMD at the time of document preparation, Cupertino has selected a reduction target of 15% below 2010 baseline levels by 2020 as a proxy for a return to 1990 levels. This target falls squarely between those shown in Tables 2.9 and 2.10 for 2010 baseline years, and serves to demonstrate the City's commitment to supporting the state's emissions reduction goals by exceeding the reduction target associated with the revised statewide inventory (i.e., 12.3%). During future CAP updates, more refined targets may be available for incorporation into the plan, but at this time the selected target represents the best available data to allow local governments to approximate a return to 1990 levels. This 2020 target was also extrapolated to 2050 to determine what level of reductions the City would need to achieve 80% below 1990 levels, per the state's long-term target. The City City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 also developed an additional 2035 target to serve as a mid-point check-in between the 2020 and 2050 horizon years. Based on these target-setting considerations, Cupertino has established the following GHG emissions reduction targets for 2020, 2035, and 2050: ■ 2020: 15% below 2010 emissions levels (approximates a return to 1990 levels) ■ 2035: 49% below 2010 emissions levels (provides a mid-point target) ■ 2050: 83% below 2010 emissions levels (approximates 80% below 1990 levels). These targets will allow the City to demonstrate contributions toward statewide absolute emissions reductions, and will provide opportunities for future CEQA streamlining benefits based on the substantial evidence supporting these metrics found in the Scoping Plan and BAAQMD's June 2010 thresholds of significance. These targets are also consistent with those selected by the other participating jurisdictions in the CAP development process, which further supports the regional collaboration established during plan development. The 2020 target is directly related to the previously described guidance from ARB and BAAQMD, whereas the 2035 target represents consistency with a linear trajectory towards the state's long-term target of 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. Tables 2.11 and 2.12 summarize the emissions reduction targets, contributions from statewide actions, and the remaining emissions reduction gaps to be addressed through implementation of local actions at the community-wide and municipal operations levels, respectively. As shown in Table 2.11, the community would face an emissions reduction gap of approximately 14,000 MT COZe/yr in 2020 after considering the likely impact of statewide actions. Similar reductions gaps are shown for 2035 and 2050 as well. Additional reductions will likely need to be provided through development and implementation of local CAP measures, as described in Chapter 3. Table 2.11 Community-wide 2020 and 2035 Emissions Reduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions Inventory and Forecasts 307,288 355,610 427,807 499,659 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below _ 2010 levels 2010 levels 2010 levels 261,195 156,717 52,239 Reductions Needed to Achieve Target - 94,415 271,090 447,420 Assumed Statewide Reductions' - -80,261 -230,427 -380,307 Local Action Reductions Needed to - 14,154 40,663 67,113 Achieve Target Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding ' Per Table 2.7 alternative statewide reduction estimates ChapterGREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND TARGETS As shown in Table 2.12, Cupertino is projected to achieve its 2020 municipal operations target without need for additional local action. Emissions reductions estimated from statewide actions would exceed the City's reduction target for that year. However, as municipal operations emissions increase through 2035 and 2050, a reductions gap is projected to develop, which can be addressed through implementation of the reduction strategies described in Chapter 4. Table 2.1 ll[Municipal Operations 20 35 ErnissismiwReduction Targets 2010 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) (MT CO2elyr) BAU Emissions Inventory and Forecasts 1,775 1,855 1,969 2,076 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below _ 2010 levels 2010 levels 2010 levels 1,509 905 302 Reductions Needed to Achieve Target - 346 1,064 1,774 Assumed Statewide Reductions' - -365 -385 -404 Local Action Reductions Needed to - 0 679 1,370 Achieve Target Source:AECOM 2014 Note:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; column sums may not match total shown due to rounding Per Table 2.7 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 I. / T r i 41 a 'a IA This chapter presents the goals, measures, and actions that the City and community members could implement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve the community- wide targets. The chapter provides a description of the CAP measure development process, a summary of the emission reductions anticipated from implementation of each proposed measure, a discussion regarding estimated achievement of the community's 2020 emissions reduction target, and recommendations for putting Cupertino on a pathway toward reaching its 2035 and 2050 targets. The remainder of the chapter provides detailed descriptions of the individual measures and implementation actions. Measure Development The measures presented within this chapter were developed by considering best management practices in local emissions reduction from jurisdictions throughout the United States and abroad. The project team first considered a comprehensive list of available strategies, and identified those which Cupertino has already implemented. From this much smaller list of potential strategies not yet pursued locally, City staff preliminarily identified new strategies that might be successful options for the community to consider. The City then hosted two community workshops and two focus group meetings to gather public input on these potential options. The workshops presented the City's emissions inventory and forecasts, estimated emissions reduction potential from the proposed measures, and their relationship to the City's proposed reduction targets. Following these workshops and focus group meetings, the project team presented similar information to the Planning Commission and City Council at study sessions open to the public. The project team also conveyed public comments collected to date at these study sessions to help inform additional comments provided by the Planning Commission and City Council. The CAP's final list of reduction measures was developed based on this collection of input from the community, City staff, and elected officials. Figure 3.1 illustrates the process used to refine the community-wide measures into the final version presented in the CAP. Figure 3.1 — Community-wide Measure Development Process L Reviewed Best Management Practices from Other -• City Staff Input LCoordinated Community Workshops AAA Hosted Focus Group AAA L Meetings • FINAL MEASURES City of Cupertino CAP I November 2014 Reduction StrategieF The community-wide reduction measures are organized topically into strategy areas. Each strategy area comprises an overarching goal, a collection of reduction measures related to a certain topic, and action steps to guide implementation of each measure. The measures identified in this chapter affect issues within the City's direct influence, and were selected to influence emissions reductions within the community (as opposed to emphasizing other potential co-benefits). As described in Chapter 1, this document focuses on achievement of the City's emissions reductions goals. Strategies related to the general principles of sustainability that do not directly reduce GHG emissions were excluded from this document (such as, reducing plastic bag waste), though they may contribute to the City's quality of life and overall environmental well-being and will remain under the implementation purview of the Sustainability Division. The measures presented here were developed by (a) evaluating existing community conditions, (b) identifying emission reduction opportunities within the community, (c) reviewing best practices from other jurisdictions, (d) incorporating state and regional laws, guidelines, and recommendations, and (e) engaging community members to gather additional ideas and comments, and generate support to lead implementation of the CAP. �K EPP- LLLd R..e [` .-.tom ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Cupertino's emissions reduction measures are organized into the following five goals: GOAL 1 — REDUCE ENERGY USE:. Increase energy efficiency in existing buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. s GOAL 2 — ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION: Support transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single- occupancy vehicle trips within the community. GOAL 3 _. vONSERVE WATER: Promote the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. GOAL 4 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Strengthen waste reduction efforts through recycling and organics collection and reduced consumption of materials that otherwise end up in landfills. GOAL 5 — EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Enhance the City's existing urban forest on public and private lands. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Within the framework of the five goals, this chapter presents 20 community-wide reduction measures. The majority of measures are focused on the Energy and Transportation & Land Use strategies because, as was shown in Chapter 2, these represent the greatest emissions sources in the community and therefore provide the best opportunities for deep emissions reductions as well. Figure 3.2 illustrates the interlocking community-wide reduction goals and their corresponding measures. The "C" in the measure numbers indicates it is a community-wide measure (as opposed to "M" for municipal operations as is used in Chapter 4), while the next letter(s) identifies with which goal the measure is associated. Figure 3.2— Reduction Goals and Measures GOALS MEASURES Goal 1 Reduce Energy Use Goal 2 Encourage — Alternative Transportation Goal 3 Conserve Water Goal 4 Reduce Solid Waste Goal 5 Expand Green Infrastructure ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Summary of ReductionF Table 3.1 presents an overview of the 20 community-wide reduction measures that are presented in greater detail later in this chapter. It lists the measure numbers, titles, and estimated 2020 and 2035 reduction potential, organized according to their overarching goals. It also shows the total estimated reductions from implementation of the CAP, including statewide reductions, community-wide measures, and municipal operations measures. At the bottom of the table, these reduction totals are compared to reductions needed to achieve the 2020 and 2035 targets. As shown, this CAP estimates that the City will achieve its 2020 community-wide reduction target with a 15.4% reduction below 2010 levels. It also estimates that implementation of this CAP will set the City on a course towards its 2035 target. Further discussion of near-term target achievement and additional actions to assist in long-term target achievement are presented at the end of this chapter. As a reminder, emissions reductions are not directly associated with "Supporting Measures" (or cannot be accurately quantified at this time), as outlined in the CAP's Executive Summary. However, these supporting measures still play an important role in the implementation of other measures and achievement of the City's reduction targets, which is why they are included in this CAP and tables below. Table 3.1 Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 2035 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) REDUCE ENERGY USE C-E-1 Energy Use Data and Analysis 400 850 C-E-2 Retrofit Financing 8,150 10,525 C-E-3 Homes&Commercial Building Retrofit Outreach Supporting Measure C-E-4 Energy Assurance&Resiliency Plan Supporting Measure C-E-5 Community-wide Solar Photovoltaic Development 1,575 4,400 C-E-6 Community-wide Solar Hot Water Development 0 925 C-E-7 Community Choice Energy Option Supporting Measure' Energy Subtotal 10,125 16,700 ENCOURAGE ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION C-T-1 Bicycle& Pedestrian Environment Enhancements Supporting Measure C-T-2 Bikeshare Supporting Measure C-T-3 Transportation Demand Management 925 2,375 C-T-4 Transit Route Expansion Supporting Measure C-T-5 Transit Priority Supporting Measure C-T-6 Transit-Oriented Development Supporting Measure C-T-7 Communitywide Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2,850 10,225 Transportation Subtotal 3,775 12,600 0 City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Table 3.1 Oil Community-wide Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 2035 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) CONSERVE WATER C-W-1 SB-7X-7 325 375 C-W-2 Recycled Water Irrigation Program Supporting Measure Water Subtotal 325 375 REDUCE SOLID WASTE C-SW-1 Zero Waste Goal Supporting Measure C-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 150 750 C-SW-3 Construction &Demolition Waste Diversion Program 125 550 Solid Waste Subtotal 275 1,300 EXPAND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE C-G-1 Urban Forest Program 200 725 Green Infrastructure Subtotal 200 725 MONITOR PROGRESS TOWARD LONG-TERM TARGETS C-2035-1 Long-Term Target Monitoring Supporting Measure STATEWIDE REDUCTIONS Renewable Portfolio Standard 34,267 - 2013 California Building Energy Efficiency Standards 866 - AB 1109—Lighting Efficiency 5,059 - Pavley I and II and Low Carbon Fuel Standard 36,535 - Vehicle Efficiency Regulations 3,534 - Statewide Reductions Subtotal 80,261 230,4272 Community-wide Measures Subtotal 14,700 31,700 Municipal Operations Measures Subtotal 7003 1,2003 TOTAL REDUCTIONS 95,661 263,327 Reduction Target 15% below baseline 49% below baseline Reductions Needed 94,415 271,090 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 15.4% 46.5% Source:AECOM 2014 Notes:MT CO2e=metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent;column sums may not match total shown due to rounding See discussion titled Progress towards 2035 Target at end of Chapter 3 for a description of why emissions reductions from this measure are not included in this table 2 See Chapter 2,Table 2.7 for a discussion of calculating future reductions from statewide actions 3 Interpolated from municipal operations reduction estimates for 2020 and 2050,as shown in Table 4.6 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Reduction Measure Structure As described above, this chapter is organized according to the five reduction strategy areas: energy, transportation and land use, water, solid waste, and green infrastructure. These strategies represent the primary avenues by which to reduce community-wide GHG emissions in Cupertino. Each strategy area section begins with an introduction to its reduction goal and the overarching concepts that tie that particular strategy to GHG emission generation and potential reductions. This overview is followed by the specific measures and actions that will translate the City's vision into on-the-ground implementation. REDUCTION MEASURES Measures define the programs, policies, and projects that the City will undertake to accomplish its GHG emission reduction goals. Each measure includes information related to GHG reduction potential, measure co-benefits, and a description of past and future City actions within this area. An implementation table is also provided at the end of each measure to quickly identify the next steps for action. These tables include action steps, the current status of measure implementation, departmental responsibility, implementation timelines, and progress indicators. Figure 3.3 illustrates how each piece of information is presented throughout the chapter. Measure Title Each measure begins with a color-coded title bar that relates to the underlying strategy area (e.g., Energy, Solid Waste). The title bar contains the measure number and title, which are used as references in summary tables throughout the CAP. Measure The measure is a one or two sentence statement about the action to be taken. The statements expand upon the concept indicated in the measure title, but are not as detailed as the action steps presented later. GHG Reduction Potential The estimated annual emissions reduction potential of each quantifiable measure is provided for 2020 and 2035 in MT CO2e/yr. Measures identified as "Supporting Measures" contribute to GHG reductions and are an important component of this CAP, but currently lack a methodology to quantify their individual emissions reduction potential. In the case of Transportation Strategy measures, many of the "Supporting Measures" do provide emissions reductions, which have already been embodied in the CAP through the incorporation of the General Plan Amendment VMT data used to prepare the emissions forecasts, as described in Chapter 2. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 3.3— Reduction Measure Infographic MEASURE TITLE MEASUREC-E-1 ENERGY USE DATAAND ANALYSIS MEASURE Increase resident and building owner/tenant/operator knowledge about how,when,and where building energy is used. GHG REDUCTION 2020 GHG Reduction Potential:400 MT CO2elyr POTENTIAL 2036 GHG Reduction Potential:850 MT CO,elyr X001 rmpmvhrg anergy elkcteocy antl managament'in.bating buildings can pmvide the immediate benefds amd.� CO-BENE FITS emra.bna and building mperab-1nga#~u q east wrings,and WIA.ha'lly provides bnger ten. maintenance cast savings-Addhionally,advanced analytic energy management systema have invaawngly become more.oph.h-ted and offer another keol to aOie deep coal-edeodve energy saviirgs.Building effrciency antl consenalin,improvements also suppod in&W.fion aeddt...I renewable energy syakms,tines these ays wind be sized 1..--n,the ower b—ing.-Mydemanda- Analyzing banding-ape cifc energy use data wn help to id-Ply ap Mr nb inp...ntappar ,ie or fauhy MEASURE mechanical system.,Al—ng kdlide.menaJem or balding operator b mom clo.ely control.operating cash. BAC KG ROU N D Ther advanced energy eldciency analytics p...uses daily antl hn.dy budding energy meter doh,we.lher data,GIS mapping,and alher input to delennine haw a balding uses eneryy.Thi.type a data...ly.i.allows INFORMATION fir remote buddy audfl.That can alien identify law-or no-coal npare1-1 improvements leadbg b greaser building elffeiency.PG&E and numerous thW-party service i—idem after advanced anaEWt .em through sndwam..b.dpffon,or direct monitoring-Nnike lna ffi rel manual meter—ding,advanced mater inbashuclure(AMI),commonly referred to as Smart Mn—,spinus two-way...-i-b.between the aitrry compaay and Vee meter.When combined wM advanced instating-.lytic.software drat organize.and—W. . M-dab,the c t.e amt value of the data is amplified,nesting amore proactive energy management-1. As of January 13,2013,PG&E customers can obl%in.usage inl5nn—tion in real time by wiveJ.sty wnnecdng to their amort meters through PG&E'.Home antl Bu.heess Are.,Ne1w 1.g(HAN)program.The HAN pogrom pmvid.aha benefds al advanced energy analytic.ft,—M.n:.- - - STATUS —,k.0 PG&E in developing ih MAN impiementakon ping. W increase program participation wMb Vre community.The Citywill also pafioerwith ober KO i'Pclinna,P E,antl thkZny,emice p—d—to increase P.e of advanced energy awlyhc. larva cam —.tab tea baildya. DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILTY TABLE AcElon stat.. Responsihifty Timehn. Work V PG&E b bcidak agge.arve implementalien a A PG&EaHnrereaf>dgaaa�.Are Nom. HAN'p°9`am IMPLEMENTATION w tin ape M1 a ACTIONS -- `m PG&E,ly did TIMELINE B W.ines.es to esl�fiah 1w1i g regional ativaeced naetnvg O Sins ilityGhi- 40 ab aslydn implemerf[ehon pmgmm faoorrsrc'tnel antl reaklmVal buiFdim}s Codabnafe with Weer Sarda°las CourVy focal gavanmenls G btlerebpmJhz—Dam thatmrmvnricale.benefiha O. Su�inaballY°-.visor a.h9 artel etivanced Yhc.la impar erergyedcinecY antl reduce energy tills Pfagresslndi,at PROGRESS ors yanr 2,200,"kWhrlyr saved-as.urres 10%a rwme.itlenb.1 apuam footage in 21110 baaefne yea(e.,1.27 milliona")Parb nP in ativ®�anelyh®Po9wrr: 20 20 INDICATORS5, 1"" 1 a lafamily � ,1�g ea,and5%a'll n� 4,4 ,"kyyhrlyr eared-as.unea 20%of rwmeatle lsquare footage in 2010 ba.ehrc yea(.e.,2.5 .;Aron.aqd)parCdp_in eW Jawlyti pings. 2- 2,W. IMdr saved-ass-25%asire fondly unit,(..,3,750 hones)and 10%amsm-fanny unAs Ii a-,(5001 pad;nl .In aManced a W1.p Mg— ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Co-Benefits Co-benefits describe the various additional outcomes that could occur as a result of measure implementation, beyond emissions reductions. Co-benefit icons are used to illustrate these overlapping outcomes. Figure 3.4 shows the co-benefits and their corresponding icons used throughout this chapter, though this list is no way comprehensive of all possible co-benefits. Figure 3.4— CAP Measure Co-Benefits LQImproves air quality j Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use • Reduces heat island effect 0 W� Promotes regional smart growth Improves public health Reduces traffic congestion Creates local jobs Reduces water use; Reduces waste; Extends community water Extends landfill lifespan supply Improves water quality; Provides long-term savings to • Reduces storm water run-off L$) residents, businesses, and local governments Improves local energy independence 0 Raises community awareness Conserves natural resources CFi4 Reduces landfill methane Regional Implementation Opportunities Measure Background Information The measure background section provides information about the specifics of a measure, including descriptions of various technologies or financing mechanisms. This section also provides information on currently available rebates and other financial incentives related to the measure, and describes any actions the City has taken to date towards implementation of that measure. Additionally, some descriptions provide guidance that will be used in program implementation, such as components of the outreach plan and which segments of the community should be targeted for inclusion. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Actions, Status, and Department Responsibility Actions identify specific steps that the City will take to implement each measure. The status column indicates whether an action is an existing City priority or a new item proposed by the CAP. Measure status is indicated with the icons shown below: 0 Q Existing City Actions Proposed New Actions The implementation table also identifies responsible departments that would be best positioned to lead or provide input for implementation of certain tasks. Implementation Timeline The timeline column in the implementation tables indicates when each implementation step should occur based on the following four timeframes: On-going items are actions the City already performs or programs the City already offers that should be continued in the future. Near-term items are those that should be pursued immediately, within a 1-2 year timeframe following CAP adoption. Medium-term items will help to achieve the 2020 reduction target, and should be pursued within 3-5 years following CAP adoption. Long-term items will help provide broader measure implementation, but are not critical to immediate success; these items include actions that can be started now and will take 5+ years to complete, or can be actions that do not require implementation consideration for at least 5 years. Progress Indicators Progress indicators describe the specific action that is being quantified to estimate the reduction potential. These indicators enable City staff, the City Council, and the public to track implementation and monitor overall CAP progress. Progress indicators are provided for both 2020 and 2035, and are specifically described when possible (e.g., 500 single family homes will install a solar hot water heater). Progress indicators are not provided for supporting measures, which do not have quantifiable emissions reductions. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES r Goal 1 — Reduce Energy Use Increase energy efficiency in existing homes and buildings and increase use of renewable energy community-wide. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 The consumption of electricity for appliances, lighting, and cooling, and 2010 Baseline Emissions combustion of natural gas for heating, cooking, and other processes within ■ Energy residential, commercial, and industrial Transportation buildings generated more than half of Off-Road Sources Cupertino's community-wide GHG emissions in 2010 (see pie chart). solid waste These emissions can be reduced by Wastewater improving energy efficiency in new and Potable Water existing buildings and increasing the amount of electricity and heat generated from renewable energy sources. In Cupertino, approximately 68%'" of the housing stock was built before California's energy code, Title 24 Part 6, was first adopted in 1978. Consequently, this building stock offers considerable opportunity for cost-effective energy efficiency retrofits to decrease the use of both electricity and natural gas. The City plans to achieve building energy efficiency improvements in both existing and new buildings through a combination of community outreach and education, continuation of existing programs, and regulations. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) is Cupertino's energy utility, providing both natural gas and electricity for residential, commercial, industrial, and municipal uses. PG&E provides electricity generated at hydroelectric, nuclear, renewable, natural gas, and coal facilities. As of 2012, Renewable Portfolio yy�z Standard-compliant renewable energy facilities and contracts provided 19% of - the electricity delivered to customers.X As PG&E continues to comply with the r provisions of the RPS mandate, it will j ' expand its renewable electricity portfolio, Source: Amazon News making additional GHG-free electricity available to customers in Cupertino. The City will encourage community-wide installation of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar hot water systems to increase the portion of Cupertino's energy portfolio provided from renewable sources, including opportunities for solar PV installations on municipal buildings and facilities. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES The total GHG emission reduction potential of the Energy Strategy is 12,150 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 16,700 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 75.0% percent of total 2020 reductions anticipated from local CAP measure implementation. MEASURE C-E-1 ENERGY USE DATA AND ANALYSIS Increase resident and building owner/tenant/operator knowledge about how, when, and where building energy is used. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 400 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 850 MT CO2e/yr 13045 Improving energy efficiency and management in existing buildings can provide the immediate benefits of reduced emissions and building operational savings through utility cost savings, and potentially provides longer-term maintenance cost savings. Additionally, advanced analytic energy management systems have increasingly become more sophisticated and offer another tool to achieve deep cost-effective energy savings. Building efficiency and conservation improvements also support installation of additional renewable energy systems, since these systems could be sized to accommodate the lower building energy demands. Analyzing building-specific energy use data can help to identify operational improvement opportunities or faulty mechanical systems, allowing facilities managers or building operators to more closely control operating costs. The advanced energy efficiency analytics process uses daily and hourly building energy meter data, weather data, GIS mapping, and other inputs to determine how a building uses energy. This type of data analysis allows for remote building audits that can often identify low- or no-cost operational improvements leading to greater building efficiency. PG&E and numerous third-party service providers offer advanced analytics services through software subscriptions or direct monitoring. Unlike traditional manual meter reading, advanced meter infrastructure (AMI), commonly referred to as Smart Meters, allows two-way communication between the utility company and the meter. When combined with advanced metering analytics software that organizes and analyzes meter data, the context and value of the data is amplified, creating a more proactive energy management tool. As of January 13, 2013, PG&E customers can obtain usage information in real time by wirelessly connecting to their smart meters through PG&E's Home and Business Area Networking (HAN) program. The HAN program provides the benefits of advanced energy analytics to residential and small-business customers. The City will work with PG&E in developing its HAN implementation program to increase program participation within the City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 community. The City will also partner with other jurisdictions, PG&E, and third-party service providers to increase use of advanced energy analytics in large commercial and industrial buildings. Tracking community-wide energy use savings can be challenging when energy data is aggregated at the zip-code or block level. The City will work with residents and businesses during implementation of this measure to identify strategies for sharing energy use data in a way that illustrates success stories and local energy-saving potential, while still protecting end-users privacy. As with most of the measures in the CAP, the City and community members will need to partner together and leverage information and resources to fully implement the strategies described in this plan. Home and Business Area Network Pilot Program (0301 ' DYQ.O$L7k41Fr n Get in-depth information about your energy usage and casts. - � Nf[i.li Source:we.com Measure C-E-11 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Work with PG&E to facilitate aggressive implementation of A PG&E's Home and Business Area Network(HAN)program O Sustainability Division within Cupertino 0 Partner with PG&E,other Santa Clara County local governments,third-party service providers,and local B businesses to establish leading regional advanced metering Sustainability Divisions and analytics implementation program for commercial and residential buildings Collaborate with other Santa Clara County local governments C to develop outreach program that communicates benefits of Sustainability Division using advanced analytics to improve energy efficiency and reduce energy bills 4LL Progress Indicators Year 2,200,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 10%of nonresidential square footage in 2010 baseline year (i.e., 1.27 million sqft)participates in advanced analytics program; 2020 775,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 10%of single family units(i.e., 1,500 homes)and 5%of multi-family units (i.e.,300)participate in advanced analytics program 4,400,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 20%of nonresidential square footage in 2010 baseline year (i.e.,2.5 million sqft)participates in advanced analytics program 2035 2,000,000 kWhr/yr saved—assumes 25%of single family units(i.e.,3,750 homes)and 10%of multi-family units(i.e.,600)participate in advanced analytics program ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-E-2 RETROFIT FINANCING Promote existing and support development of new private financing options for home and commercial building retrofits and renewable energy development. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 8,150 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 10,525 MT CO2e/yr SED a 63 0 (D Energy efficiency improvements to residential and nonresidential structures can reduce both energy bills and GHG emissions. Many residences (approximately 65 percentx') in Cupertino are owner—occupied, and thus the financial savings of home energy efficiency retrofits are in the long-term economic interest of the homeowner. As such, the City will emphasize voluntary participation in energy efficiency retrofit programs, in lieu of mandatory programs, as guided by feedback collected during the City's CAP community outreach efforts. Financing typically represents the primary barrier to broad implementation of building retrofits. Inadequate financing options or lack of awareness to existing financing and rebate options can prevent property owners from making energy- and water-conservation improvements. Distribution of information on available programs as well as leveraging programs through partnerships with utility companies, non-profit organizations, and other funding providers can lead to greater community-wide implementation of efficiency retrofits. The City currently provides energy conservation resources on its website such as tools to manage energy use, conservation information, and energy efficient product rebates and tax credits. The website also includes information on the City's Green(@Home and GreenBiz programs which provide free energy audits and an energy- and water-saving direct-install program to homeowners and businesses, respectively. As part of its efforts to encourage voluntary building retrofits, the City will enhance its website by linking to information on existing energy efficiency rebates and other financial incentives, including PG&E programs for residents and businesses, PACE financing districts, and energy service companies. The website could also contain local case studies of residents and businesses that have completed cost-effective energy efficiency improvements. The City will also promote resources such as California Flex Alert, the Department of Energy's (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program for low-income households, and PG&E's SmartEnergy Analyzer TM program, all of which link residential property owners to educational and financial resources. The City will also finalize it's in-progress Financing Energy Efficiency Guide for Businesses, developed as part of the City's Silicon Valley Energy Watch grant to expand the City of Cupertino CAP i December 2014 GreenBiz suite of services, which is also priortizing the creation of a program-level Property Manager Guide. ty CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT �4uclng anergy and ' N I PG&E and Energy Upgrade California Many of PG&E's building retrofit programs are offered through Energy Upgrade California, which provides educational materials and an online platform that provides access to incentives, technical assistance, and qualified contractors. Typical rebates and incentives available to Santa Clara County residents through Energy Upgrade California include PG&E's Basic and Advanced Retrofit Packages; pool pumps and motor rebates; efficient water heaters/blankets; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) upgrades; furnace upgrades; and wall insulation installation. In addition, PG&E is working to a fulfill Goal 2.2 of the CPUC Lonq-Term Enerav Efficiencv Strategic Plan, which states, "By 2020, 100 percent of eligible and willing customers will have received all cost-effective Low Income Energy Efficiency measures." PG&E also offers an on-bill financing program that provides low-interest loans to non-residential customers for qualified energy efficiency improvements. Based on data provided by PG&E, participation in PG&E home and building retrofit programs since the 2010 baseline year has provided significant electricity and natural gas savings. Residential programs have resulted in electricity savings totaling nearly 3.8 million kWh/yr and natural gas savings of approximately 12,600 therms/yr. Commercial programs have created annual electricity savings of more than 19 million kWh, and natural gas savings of more than 620,000 therms/yr.X" Together these PG&E programs provide emission reductions that contribute approximately 7% of the 2020 target. The City will work with PG&E to identify the ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES most successful programs to continue their promotion in outreach campaigns, as well as identify less successful programs that would benefit from additional local marketing and promotion. Property Assessed Clean Energy Districts Property assessed clean energy (PACE) finance programs provide another source of retrofit and renewable energy development financing. PACE programs were first enabled through AB 811 legislation. This bill allows land-secured loans for homeowners and businesses who install energy efficiency projects and clean-energy generation systems. Senate Bill 555 reinforced implementation opportunities for PACE programs by expanding the scope of activities allowed within a community facilities district, as defined by the Mello-Roos Community Facilities Act of 1982. A PACE program permits property owners within participating districts to finance the installation of energy- and water-efficiency improvements in their home or business through a lien against their property that is repaid through their property tax bill. If the property is sold, payment responsibility transfers to the new owners, allowing building owners to avoid up-front installation costs while at the same time requiring little or no investment of local government general funds. In some instances, the new lender may require repayment of the existing lien, in which case the remaining PACE loan is repaid from the proceeds of the property sale. Cupertino is a participating member of the CaliforniaFIRST (PACE) program, which allows funding for commercial, industrial, non-profit owned, and multi-family residential projects. CaliforniaFIRST is in the process of expanding this program to provide financing options to smaller (i.e., less than 5 units) residential buildings as well. The City will continue its participation in the CaliforniaFIRST program, and will continue its efforts to work with other regional governments to establish a county-wide PACE program available to residential property owners. The City will also work with PACE program administrators and the local realtor community to develop and share informational materials regarding the availability of this financing mechanism within the community. Energy Service Companies Another retrofit financing option is through energy performance contracting (EPC). EPC provides customers with a comprehensive set of energy efficiency and renewable energy generation measures. Energy service companies (ESCOs) often use EPC to provide energy- efficiency-related services in which the ESCO guarantees a level of energy savings (or energy generation, in the case of renewable energy programs), and assumes some performance risk during the project's economic life. ESCOs typically provide building energy audits, improvement recommendations, financing and installation, and performance monitoring. This model removes the barrier of up-front capital investments to encourage additional building retrofits. The City can support use of ESCOs and EPC by developing a market aggregation program that identifies interested commercial and industrial property owners and assembles them into a market of sufficient scale. To City will also work with local mortgage lenders to reduce or remove limitations that would prevent use of EPC in commercial properties. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Measure C-E-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Property Assessed Clean Energy Continue to participate in California FIRST to make PACE A financing available to commercial,industrial,multi-family G Sustainability Division residential(5+units),and non-profit-owned buildings Continue to participate in effort with other Santa Clara County local governments to establish countywide PACE financing B district available for residential property owners(could also Sustainability Division provide another source of commercial financing to compliment California FIRST program) Work with PACE financing providers to educate local Realtor C and contractor community about PACE offerings,process,and Sustainability Division benefits to increase participation Finalize GreenBiz Financing Guide and create residential- focused guide and companion website to direct interested D parties to utility, public agency,and local lending institution Sustainability Division resources to advance energy efficiency and water `--' conservation measures Energy Service Company Promotion Develop business energy performance contracting market aggregation program that identifies interested commercial and D industrial properties and aggregates them into markets of a Sustainability Division sufficient scale to attract energy service companies(ESCOs) or energy service agreement(ESA)providers Work with local commercial banks to reduce mortgage lender E limitations on external financing that limit use of ESCO and Sustainability Division ESA contracts Progress Indicators Year 750 single-family houses install a comprehensive retrofit package; 450 single-family houses install a basic retrofit package; 300 multi-family units receive a comprehensive retrofit package; 2020 175 multi-family units receive a basic retrofit package; 875,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a comprehensive retrofit package 1,500 single-family houses install a comprehensive retrofit package; 1,500 single-family houses install a basic retrofit package; 600 multi-family units receive a comprehensive retrofit package; 2035 600 multi-family units receive a basic retrofit package; 1,900,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a comprehensive retrofit package ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-E-3 HOME & COMMERCIAL BUILDING RETROFIT OUTREACH Develop aggressive outreach program to drive voluntary participation in energy- and water-efficiency retrofits. Supporting Measure — Reductions included with Measure E-2 13 0 63 P 0 In addition to its outreach activities related to building retrofit financing described in Measure C- E-2, the City will also partner with the local realtor community on a targeted building owner outreach campaign. During the measure development phase, several building retrofit regulations were considered for inclusion in the CAP, most of which would have been triggered at a building's point-of-sale. These considerations included residential and commercial energy conservation ordinances (RECO/CECO), commercial lighting retrofit requirements, building energy rating requirements, and a building retro-commissioning requirement. However, these regulations were ultimately removed from further development and consideration due to the City's ability to achieve its near-term (i.e., 2020) target without pursuing additional regulations and the likely minimal reduction potential of these regulations due to the City's low building turnover rates. Based on input from the local Realtor community, Cupertino historically has low turnover of residential properties (estimated to be around 3% of total residential units each year), which would make development of mandatory point-of-sale retrofit programs infeasible as a primary emissions reduction strategy because they would apply to so few buildings each year. Instead, the City will focus on encouraging voluntary building retrofits through collaboration with the City's Housing Division and local Realtors who will have first contact with the City's new residents to achieve its 2020 goals. First, the City will prioritize access to energy efficiency and water conservation programs to those economically disadvantaged residents who can benefit the most. In addition to the City's 260 current Below Market Rate (BMR) units, the City's Regional Housing Needs Allocation- consistent Housing Element projects the addition of 794 new affordable homes to support extremely low, low, and moderate income community members by 2022. As such, the City's Sustainability Division is discussing opportunities to partner with the Housing Division to develop a program that would connect this population to available financial tools (e.g., California Alternative Rates for Energy (CARE), Family Electric Rate Assistance (FERA), Energy Savings Assistance Programs) and services that can help reduce household energy use, lower monthly utility bills, and also improve occupant comfort and indoor air quality. To achieve 2020 CAP objectives, staff will prioritize this partnership to improve the energy efficiency of approximately 1,000 affordable homes, including attic insulation, weather stripping, minor housing repairs, and related energy conservation measures. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Next, the City will work with the local Realtor community to develop and implement an energy efficiency outreach campaign that targets new residents and businesses. Through this partnership, the City can provide new property owners with information on the benefits of cost- effective building retrofits, direct them to the financial and contractor resources previously described (i.e. Energy Upgrade California, Green@Home, HAN), and share case studies of successful retrofits to similar buildings in the community. The City can also continue to partner with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to welcome new businesses with similar types of information (i.e., GreenBiz) or launch a geographic-focused campaign targeting businesses located within the "Heart of the City", the forthcoming Main Street project, or a future Business Improvement District. This approach will be deployed as part of the City's current Green Business Challenge, run in partnership with ICLEI, and lessons learned should be applied to future commercial facility energy and water audit, benchmarking, and financing efforts. The City will also continue to partner with its Community Development Department, Planning and Building Divisions, to review opportunities to connect with existing home and building owners pursuing retrofit projects. Using the City's updated Community Development software, staff will also track projects that trigger the Green Building Ordinance, CalGreen, or Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance to gather energy and water conservation data metrics that will inform future CAP-updates. Based upon this information, staff will revisit the effectiveness of its voluntary and incentive-based approach to achieving greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals and reconsider the efficacy of mandatory requirements (i.e. conservation ordinances, lighting retrofit requirements, building benchmarking or rating requirements, etc.) as part of future scheduled CAP reports to Council and the community. This CAP assumes that a voluntary market- and incentive-based approach to energy conservation will be successful at helping the community to achieve its emissions reduction targets. As part of regular inventory updates and CAP revisions, if the City finds that it is falling short of its targets, building-oriented regulations could be considered to increase energy efficiency improvements within the City's existing building stock. As previously mentioned, these types of regulations were considered during the CAP development process, but were omitted in favor of voluntary market-driven approaches instead based on comments collected during the CAP's outreach activities. See Appendix A for a summary of public comments received during CAP preparation. Measure C-E-3 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Partner with Housing Division to design a low-to moderate- O Sustainability Division income targeted energy and water conservation pilot program ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES S-10 Partner with local realtor community to develop and implement a building owner outreach campaign that targets new building B owners to provide information on available building energy Sustainability Division efficiency audit and retrofit programs,as well as locally- available financing options(including PACE financing) Identify ways to streamline permitting process for large non- C residential retrofit programs;consider developing checklists, Sustainability Division guides and/or a City liaison role in Building Department to assist projects through the permitting process During CAP implementation monitoring and updates, determine if voluntary,incentive-based approach to existing building retrofits is achieving desired results regarding energy conservation; if implementation metrics in Measure C-E-2 are not being met,first identify additional outreach strategies or incentives that could increase voluntary participation based on focus group discussions with local contractors, Realtors, D business owners,and community leaders; if additional O Sustainability Division outreach/incentives still fail to produce necessary results, engage community members again regarding potential building regulations that could increase energy savings;benefits from adding new building regulations should first be analyzed with regards to current state building regulations,opportunities to increase reductions from other CAP measures,and cost/benefit analysis or potential new regulations MEASURE C-E-4 ENERGY ASSURANCE & RESILIENCY PLAN Develop a long-term community-wide energy conservation plan that considers future opportunities to influence building energy efficiency through additional or enhanced building regulations. Supporting Measure— Not Quantified S13 0 U H (D To ensure the security of future energy supplies in light of estimated climate change impacts, the City will develop a long-term energy assurance & resiliency plan to guide widespread energy conservation within the community, following the CaLEAP model (see caleap.org). As part of this strategic plan, the City will evaluate the success of locally implemented programs designed to conserve energy, and determine if additional progress can be made. Based on the most current statewide energy conservation legislation at the time of strategic plan preparation, the City will research successful case studies of additional energy conservation programs or regulations from other cities and states. The City will give preference for further consideration to those programs that have shown to be successful at reducing energy use, and are voluntary, incentive-based programs, before considering development of additional energy-related City regulations. The City will work closely with the local Realtor community during strategic plan City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 preparation, particularly as related to the research of energy-conserving regulations used in other jurisdictions. Measure C-E-4 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Develop overarching energy plan for community that considers t, A energy sources and their reliability with regards to estimated Sustainability Division climate change impacts Based on most current Statewide legislation(e.g., CalGreen code)and successful case studies in other cities,research B additional opportunities for feasible building retrofit regulations Sustainability Division that generate long-term energy savings in existing building stock Consider emissions reduction potential from additional regulations in context of other available emissions reduction C strategies and give preference to voluntary,incentive-based Sustainability Division programs that allow City to achieve its emissions reduction targets Work closely with local realtor community to identify barriers to D implementation and develop strategies to reduce potential Sustainability Division burden on building sellers and real estate transaction process MEASURE C-E-5 COMMUNITY-WIDE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVELOPMENT Encourage voluntary community-wide solar photovoltaic development through regulatory barrier reduction and public outreach campaigns. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 3,600 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 4,400 MT CO2e/yr Distributed renewable energy systems generate clean, renewable electricity on site, where the energy will be used. Increasing the use of distributed renewable energy systems (e.g., rooftop solar, ground-source heat pumps, solar water heaters) prevents the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity, thereby reducing GHG emissions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate electrical power by converting solar radiation into direct current electricity. Residential, commercial, and industrial rooftops all provide opportunities for PV installations. Currently, the City's website provides information on the City's Solar Roadmap, developed through the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Program, and the ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES California Solar Initiative. Cupertino also offers a heavily subsidized permit fee for residents pursing solar installations on new or existing homes, and the application process can be completed on-line. Other programs available to Cupertino residents and businesses that encourage PV installation include Green@Home Cupertino, GreenBiz Cupertino, and Energy Upgrade California. The PACE financing districts described in Measure C-E-2 also includes renewable energy systems within their finance options. According to utility grid interconnection data provided by PG&E, Cupertino installed nearly 1.7 megawatts (MW) of residential PV capacity since the 2010 baseline year. An additional 3.8 Mw of PV capacity was installed on commercial properties during the same time period.X" Additionally, the Apple Campus 2 project is expected to incorporate approximately 650,000 square feet of solar panels capable of generating 15,000,000 kilowatt hours per year (kWh/yr).X'V The City has prepared several solar reports to study the viability of municipal buildings and facilities to support solar PV installations. These site-scale solar PV systems could help to offset building or facility-specific energy loads. Combined with energy-efficiency improvements (e.g., lighting retrofits, HVAC maintenance), PV installations could offset the entire electricity load of certain buildings or facilities. Through its most recent solar feasibility study, the City has explored the feasibility of five installation locations: City Hall, Community Hall, the library, the corporation yard, and the parking lots around the Civic Center complex. The study considered the existing electricity demand of these buildings compared to the potential PV electricity generation that could be supported by each site. If all five sites are pursued, the City could install approximately 500 kilowatts (kW) of PV capacity with a generation potential of nearly 820,000 kWh/yr. While numerous barriers can prevent widespread adoption of solar PV technology, including local regulations, up-front costs, and misinformation or lack of information; new opportunities for financing and collaboration have emerged that reduce these barriers and encourage more Californians to utilize solar energy. Barriers to PV installation include homeowner's association covenants or design review that prohibit or restrict solar panel installation, or zoning ordinances that restrict the types of districts in which solar facilities are allowed. Other barriers are more subtle, such as height restrictions, lot coverage limitations, or setback requirements that do not allow for the placement of solar panels on existing rooftops or building sites. Screening requirements for rooftop equipment and landscaping requirements that limit access to solar resources can also act as barriers. Each of these barriers is being evaluated as part of the City's participation in the Department of Energy American Solar Transformation Initiative Solar Roadmap process. This program helps local governments, electric utilities and service providers implement global best practices at the local level to make solar energy easier, faster and more cost effective (see: solarroadmap.com). Solar Service Providers As with building retrofit programs, financing is also critical to the success of the solar PV program. Financing models, such as power purchase agreements (PPAs), can be used to offset 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 the initial capital cost. With Solar PPAs, solar service providers install PV systems which they own and maintain, then sell the electricity generated back to the property owner at an established rate. Solar PV rebates may also be available through the investor owned utility- funded California Solar Initiative and its related programs, as well. In partnership with solar service providers, the City can conduct outreach to advertise the availability of such financing options. As part of this promotion work, the City should identify any remaining regulatory barriers to widespread solar PV installations in the community. To date, the City has streamlined its solar permitting process and reduced permitting fees associated with rooftop solar PV installation, so additional regulatory barriers may no longer exist. Community Shared Solar Promotion Community shared solar programs allow the purchase of locally-produced solar energy, even if a participants' building is not suitable for installation of its own solar PV systems. Community solar typically includes a solar-electric system that provides power to a group of community members that may collectively own the system. A 2008 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory found that only approximately one-quarter of residential rooftop area is suitable for solar PV installation." Collective PV system ownership allows participation in renewable energy development for those who cannot install PV systems on their own buildings for various reasons (e.g., tenant does not own building, structural issues, poor solar access), but still want to receive the benefits associated with clean electricity. As part of its proposed Green Option Program, PG&E anticipates offering a Community Solar Program that will allow customers to voluntarily purchase electricity from small- and mid-sized solar programs developed nearby in exchange for higher per kilowatt hour electricity costs associated with development of the systems (see: http://www.pge.com/myhome/environment/pge/greenoption/faq). The City will provide outreach and information regarding various community solar options. The City can also identify interested community partners to develop a community solar pilot program, and assist those partners through the City's permitting process to establish a local model for additional future projects. If permitting barriers are identified during the pilot project, the City would work to reduce or remove those barriers if possible. Solar Empowerment Zones The City could prepare an initial solar analysis to identify potential areas of the community that could support large-scale solar PV installations, referred to here as solar empowerment zones. The analysis would consider factors such as existing building orientation, solar access, roof types, and property ownership. As with the other solar PV programs described above, the City might identify regulatory barriers preventing such development, and could work to reduce or remove those obstacles. The Building Department could also perform an initial analysis of building roof systems within the identified areas to generalize building types and estimate their feasibility to accommodate solar PV installations without substantial retrofits. Additional building- specific analysis would be required prior to actual PV system installation, and this initial assessment could remove some of the unknown variables preventing further consideration on ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES the part of the property owner. Outreach to community members and property owners within any identified solar empowerment zones will be necessary to present the results of the solar analysis and share information on available solar financing options. Measure C-E-5 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Solar Service Provider PPA Promotion Conduct outreach program to educate residents and A businesses about potential benefits of solar service providers' Sustainability Division power purchase agreements(PPA) 0 B Host workshop with area solar service providers to identify Sustainability Division opportunities to streamline installation of solar PV systems C Pending result of PPA workshop,remove identified barriers to Sustainability Division 4q wide-scale solar installation throughout city Provide general information on City website describing various D solar PV financing/installation options(e.g.,PPA,community Sustainability Division shared solar,outright purchase) Community Shared Solar Promotion Conduct outreach program to educate residents and E businesses about opportunities for community shared solar PV O Sustainability Division systems; invite neighborhood groups/organizations to help identify potential interest F Work with PG&E to share information about PG&E's O Sustainability Division Community Solar program Work closely with identified candidate to develop successful pilot program(e.g.,assist group in navigating permitting G requirements)that can be replicated by others;share success Sustainability Division stories on City's Sustainability website;work to remove regulatory barriers identified during pilot project Solar Empowerment Zones Conduct analysis to identify areas within City most suited for large-scale photovoltaic system development(e.g.,excellent solar access;large,flat rooftop or parking lot expanses; Hminimal number of property owners);identify potential barriers Sustainability Division (e.g.,regulatory,ownership,structural/technical)to photovoltaic system development in these areas Identify these areas as"priority solar development areas"and Planning Department 414 work to reduce existing barriers to system development City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Conduct focused outreach to land owners and tenants J regarding photovoltaic system development opportunities; Sustainability Division partner with PACE program,PG&E,or other renewable energy funders as appropriate on outreach campaign Building Regulations Consider including solar pre-wiring/pre-plumbing 414 K requirements in future revisions to City's Green Building Building Division Ordinance Instruct building and plan check officials to provide information to customers on the benefits of pre-wiring/pre-plumbing for L solar applications at the time of new construction or substantial Building Division retrofits, including lower up-front costs as compared to 0 retrofitting buildings in the future Progress Indicators Year 1.5 MW of new solar PV capacity installed community-wide(residential and nonresidential combined— excluding Apple Campus 2 project listed below); 2020 Apple Campus 2 solar PV systems installed to generate 15 million kWh/yr; 5.5 MW of existing solar PV installed from 2010-2014 5.0 MW of new solar PV capacity installed community-wide(residential and nonresidential combined— excluding Apple Campus 2 project listed below); 2035 Apple Campus 2 solar PV systems installed to generate 15 million kWh/yr; 5.5 MW of existing solar PV installed from 2010-2014 MEASURE C-E-6 COMMUNITY-WIDE SOLAR HOT WATER DEVELOPMENT Encourage communitywide solar hot water development through regulatory barrier reduction and public outreach campaigns. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 0 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 925 MT CO2e/yr s a ED D_ By using the sun's energy to heat or preheat water, solar hot water heaters can complement natural gas or electric systems, reducing usage, utility costs, and carbon emissions. Solar water heating systems include solar collectors, typically placed on roofs, which are attached to an insulated water storage tank. According to the California Solar Initiative (CSI), solar hot water systems can lower energy bills by meeting 50 to 80 percent of hot water needs. The California Solar Water Heating and Efficiency Act of 2007 (AB 1470) created a 10-year program aimed at installing solar water heaters in homes and businesses and was designed to lower system purchase costs, which typically range from $3,000 to $6,000. Similar to solar PV installations, ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES rebates and utilization of the PACE financing program to amortize remaining costs can help reduce upfront installation costs. Due to system costs and relatively low prices for natural gas, participation in the CSI-Thermal Program has been less robust than seen in the statewide solar PV program. In the future, installations of solar thermal systems may become more financially viable as technology costs decrease or energy prices increase. The City will partner with PG&E to promote voluntary installation of solar thermal systems through an outreach campaign that targets high-volume hot water users (e.g., Laundromats, multi-family residential buildings). The City could host roundtable discussions that bring together potential customers to discuss barriers to implementation, and identify solutions to overcome those obstacles. In addition to community-wide application, the City has preliminarily considered opportunity sites for solar thermal systems using a high-level study, which identified several municipal facilities that may be good candidates. However, it was determined that more cost-effective energy improvements should be pursued first. Future analysis of this opportunity may conclude that solar thermal projects are viable for installation at municipal facilities with high hot water heating loads, such as the Sports Center, Blackberry Farm Pool, or new buildings envisioned in the Civic Center Master Plan. Measure C-E-6 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Collaborate with PG&E and California Solar Initiative-Thermal A Program to develop local outreach program to maximize Sustainability Division installation of solar hot water systems and leverage existing funding opportunities 0 Work with PG&E to identify businesses and multi-family B residential building owners with high hot water use,and O Sustainability Division provide targeted outreach with promotional materials for participation in CSI-Thermal Program Host roundtable discussion with large hot water users to 4 C identify potential City barriers to installation of solar thermal A Sustainability Division systems;work with City departments to remove or reduce identified barriers,where possible Progress Indicators Year 750 single-family houses install a solar thermal system capable of providing 70%of the building's hot water heating energy; 300 multi-family buildings install a solar thermal system capable of providing 65%of the building's hot water 2035 heating energy; 630,000 square feet of nonresidential space installs a solar thermal system capable of providing 30%of the building's hot water heating energy City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE C-E-7 COMMUNITY CHOICE ENERGY OPTION Partner with other Santa Clara County jurisdictions to evaluate the development of a regional CCE option, including identification of the geographic scope, potential costs to participating jurisdictions and residents, and potential liabilities. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 46,300 MT CO2e/yr (Note: Not included in progress toward 2020 target calculations) 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 56,875 MT CO2e/yr (Note: See Progress towards 2035 Target discussion at end of chapter) 130 0 (D Assembly Bill 117, which was signed into law in 2002, enables California cities and counties, either individually or collectively, to supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a community choice aggregation district (refer to here as community choice energy (CCE)). Unlike a municipal utility, a CCE does not own the transmission and delivery systems, but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCE may own electric generating facilities, but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. A key benefit of a CCE is that the participating jurisdictions can determine the amount of renewable energy contained within the generation portfolio. For example, a Santa Clara County CCE could decide to provide 75% of its electricity from renewable sources, which would exceed state requirements directing California's utilities to provide 33% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Developing a CCE would require a detailed analysis of energy demand, efficiency opportunities, and renewable generation opportunities in the county. Using existing models from other counties (e.g., Marin County) is likely to reduce the initial program design costs. The program would be most effective if the City partnered with other Santa Clara County cities and the county government to jointly pursue a CCE program. While developing this CAP, Cupertino joined the cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain View and the County of Santa Clara to collaboratively pursue an initial CCE feasibility study. As shown above, a CCE option could provide substantial reductions opportunity by 2020 if implemented in Cupertino. However, for purposes of this CAP it was assumed that a local CCE program in which Cupertino's residents and businesses could voluntarily participate would not be implemented prior to the 2020 target year due to the lead time required for existing CCEs to perform necessary studies, form governing bodies, and complete other administrative tasks. At the statewide level, increasing access to clean electricity has been identified as a primary mechanism for achieving the state's long-term emissions reduction goals. Therefore, this CAP included the CCE measure as an item for early action to lay the foundation for future emissions ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES reduction opportunities. See the discussion on Progress towards 2035 Target at the end of this chapter for an estimate of its long-term emissions reduction potential. Measure C-E-7 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Work with other Santa Clara County partners to conduct Sustainability Division feasibility study of developing multi-jurisdiction CCA program 0 If study determines CCA to be feasible and advantageous to Cupertino residents and businesses,work with Santa Clara B County partners to prepare necessary additional study reports, Sustainability Division informational materials,and any other supporting research 0 and/or documents to help pursue development of CCA program 0 City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 1rL'A[IN IN �r Le " . TRANSPORTATION AND LANDSTRATEGY Goal 2 — Encourage Alternative Transportation Support transit, carpooling, walking, and bicycling as viable transportation modes to decrease the number of single- occupancy vehicle trips within the community. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' Transportation-related emissions make up approximately 40% of the 2010 Baseline Emissions community-wide 2010 emissions inventory (see pie chart). Vehicle fuel Energy efficiency, fuel carbon content, and Transportation vehicle operations, all influence the ■off-Road Sources amount of transportation emissions3400 Solid Waste generated in a community. However, Wastewater these emissions are largely generated by the number of vehicle miles traveled Potable Water (VMT) by residents and employees. Long vehicle trips and high numbers of trips create higher emissions. While state-mandated technological changes in fuel efficiency and reductions in fuel carbon content are estimated to greatly reduce transportation emissions, additional reductions will require local and regional action. Eliminating or shortening vehicle trips is made possible through increasing alternative transportation options, such as transit, bicycling, or walking, and through the distribution of diverse land uses relative to transportation options. The Transportation and Land Use Strategy includes efforts to improve pedestrian mobility to encourage walking between nearby destinations and accommodate non-automotive circulation. Enhancing the bicycling network and improving access to transit stops also support multi-modal transportation options. Where people live, work, shop, and play also determines how far they have to travel daily, whether they choose to walk, bike, use public transit, or drive. Measures that support mixed land uses and opportunities for higher density development along existing transit routes are essential to supporting alternative transportation options. Facilitating a transition to alternative fueled vehicles and managing daily traffic demand can also reduce emissions. This includes incorporating alternative fuel vehicles in the municipal fleet, providing charging and refueling stations for alternative fueled vehicles community-wide, and assisting local businesses with single occupancy vehicle travel reduction efforts. As described in Chapter 2, the CAP's emissions forecasts were based on VMT growth estimates developed as part of the City's General Plan Amendment project. These VMT estimates considered the City's General Plan Amendment land use and circulation policies and the land use distributions associated with the highest VMT land use alternative; therefore, many of the measures presented in this strategy area do not have specific emissions reduction estimates. Instead, their VMT-reduction potential is assumed to be reflected within the General Plan Amendment's VMT data, which was used to prepare the CAP's emissions forecasts. Several measures go above and beyond what was envisioned within the General Plan Amendment policies and have been quantified separately here. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Emissions reductions from the Transportation and Land Use Strategy total 3,350 MT CO2e/yr in 2020, and 12,600 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 21% of total local CAP measure reductions in 2020. s MEASURE C-T-1 BICYCLE & PEDESTRIAN ENVIRONMENT ENHANCEMENTS Continue to encourage multi-modal transportation, including walking and biking, through safety and comfort enhancements in the bicycle and pedestrian environment. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified W-4 11111WR _ Cl 0-0 Bicycle and pedestrian enhancements support safe and comfortable biking and walking environments, potentially increasing local bicycle trips and foot traffic to retail establishments and businesses, while decreasing automobile trips and emissions. Bicycle improvements can include the addition of bike lanes and markings (e.g., green lanes), pursuing "road - Y diets" (i.e., lane reduction or re- channelization), creating bike storage facilities , ' and parking spaces, and developing way- ti #+ finding signage to points of interest, amongr other strategies. Pedestrian enhancements can include the provision of seating, shading, way-finding signage, safe crosswalks, and traffic calming measures such as roundabouts and curb extensions. Providing connectivity and convenient, enjoyable bikeways and - - pedestrian areas is also essential for improving residents' quality of life. A Bicycle or Pedestrian Master Plan provides a framework for local governments to address cyclist and pedestrian safety, identifying important improvements that would increase safety and comfort within a community. In 2002, Cupertino adopted its Pedestrian Transportation Plan which recommends various capital improvement projects that ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES would improve pedestrian connectivity and safety throughout the city. These fall into the categories of Pedestrian Circulation/Safety Projects, Improvement to Help Pedestrians Cross Streets, Missing Sidewalks, Short-Cuts/Pathways/Bridges, and Traffic Calming/Bike Lanes. These projects have been prioritized into high, medium and low categories, which help the City focus their efforts on the projects of most importance. The City has also included design aesthetics such as pavers and landscape strips in some pedestrian areas. These improvements increase safety and encourage walking to nearby destinations, thereby reducing vehicle trips. The City also adopted a Bicycle Transportation Plan in 2011, which describes long-term goals with respect to the creation of a safe, convenient, and comprehensive network of bicycle facilities throughout the City. The Plan is divided into five main chapters to address Environment, Engineering, Encouragement, Education, and Enforcement. The heart of the Plan (Chapter 3) proposes 17 unique bikeways be placed throughout the community to expand Cupertino's already vast bikeways network (see; www.cui)ertino.ora/bikemap). It also shares funding strategies to implement these infrastructure improvements and ensure their use through residential and school-focused education and behavior change-focused campaigns, growing existing Walk-One-Week and Boltage programs (learn more at www.cupertino.org/bicycling). The City should update its Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Plans, and plans to do so in partnership with its Bicycle Pedestrian Commission in the short-term, to identify which priority projects have already been completed and which remain to be implemented, and identify any new projects that should be included for prioritization. The City should also continue to identify internal and external funding sources to support plan implementation. b � 1 _ ria City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 mmzlr� Action Status Responsibility Timeline Update City's Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation Plans to A reflect current bicycle and pedestrian safety and access needs; Transportation Division prioritize new projects identified G 4L Partner with local bicycle advocacy groups/clubs and B neighborhood groups to identify dangerous bicycle or Transportation Division pedestrian conditions,and develop strategies to address problem areas 4L C Identify grant-funds to pursue Plan-recommended education, Sustainability Division design,and/or construction projects 4L Partner with schools, neighborhood groups,and businesses to encourage alternative transportation commute options. Expand D alternative commute measures within existing sustainability Sustainability Division programs,including Green@Home, GreenBiz,and 4L, green@school Continue to evaluate City's bike&walkability through use of E online and community surveying tools including Wake-core, Sustainability& Pipvcle FpeRdIv Qpmmunity_criteria, Safe Routes to School Transportation Divisions VVa)kability Checklist,etc. 4L MEASURE C-T-2 BIKESHARE PROGRAM Explore feasibility of developing local bikeshare program. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 13 0 0 v (D Bicycling can be a healthy and enjoyable alternative to driving that reduces vehicle miles traveled, resulting in lower community-wide emissions and local air quality improvement. Bikeshare programs allow participants to rent bicycles for short periods of time from bicycle kiosks or stations located at nodes of activity within a community, such as schools, retail districts, and civic areas. Bike sharing increases mobility by providing a flexible transportation option, and has the potential to expand long-term practices of urban bicycling as new users become accustomed to riding safely in and around higher-traffic areas. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' tr�+id 1 Y 4 To encourage the use of bicycles as an alternative mode of transportation, it is essential for a city to provide a network of well-connected bicycle routes, lanes, and paths that link key destinations (e.g., employments centers, transit hubs, commercial districts) with residential areas, and to make bicycles available for use. The Bay Area Bike Share Program launched in August 2013 to make bikes available to riders in the Bay Area. The program now represents a bike sharing system with over 700 bikes and 70 stations across the region, with locations in San Francisco, Redwood City, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and San Jose. In its first three months, riders made more than 80,000 trips, traveling approximately 178,000 miles. Taking the lead and as a means to encourage other large employers, the City of Cupertino established its own municipal bike share program to provide bicycles for use by City employees. In order to extend the benefits offered by its municipal program to the broader community, the City will evaluate the potential demand for a city-wide bikeshare program, and explore future system expansion opportunities with the Bay Area Bike Share program. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Measure C-T-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Continue to operate municipal bike fleet for City employee use © Sustainability Division and encouragement of bike fleets at large employers B Evaluate potential demand for city-wide bikeshare program; Sustainability Division discuss expansion opportunities with Bay Area Bike Share 4L If participation in Bay Area Bike Share is deemed infeasible, discuss potential for locally-operated system with that C organization to identify likely barriers to successful bike share O Sustainability Division network in Cupertino(e.g.,infrastructure limitations,locational 0 disadvantages,land use concerns, low potential user/destination densities) a 11. • t U 3 7 F .i ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ' MEASURE C-T-3 TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT Provide informational resources to local businesses subject to SB 1339 transportation demand management program requirements and encourage additional voluntary participation in the program. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 925 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 2,375 MT CO2e/yr 1 r. 0i� C3 9 (D Transportation demand management (TDM) programs apply strategies and policies to reduce travel demand (specifically single-occupancy vehicles) and traffic congestion, particularly at peak commute hours. Instead of increasing capacity by widening or adding roadway, TDMs promote cost-effective strategies, such as carpooling, flexible schedules, and the use of public transit as a means to reduce VMT and transportation-related emissions. Within the region, several agencies have programs and measures that encourage alternatives to driving alone. The Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) is the transportation planning, coordinating, and financing agency for the nine-county San Francisco Bay area. MTC provides alternative transportation resources on its 511.org website, including a trip planner, maps (e.g., high-occupancy vehicle, park-and-ride lots, bike paths), carpool and car-sharing services, and mobile applications that provide real-time transportation information. The Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) also provides incentives to use public transportation, including a park-and-ride lot that serves several bus lines, and a subsidized employer and multi-family resident transit pass called the Eco Pass. These Nlvyidlils offer an opportunity for the City to develop partnerships that leverage resources, expand incentives, and further support efforts to reduce regional traffic congestion, lower emissions, and improve public health. Transportation Demand Management Program Employee commutes represent a substantial portion of total vehicle trips made within the Bay Area. To address that source of vehicle emissions and traffic congestion, SB 1339 authorizes the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) to adopt and implement a regional ordinance known as the Bay Area Commuter Benefits Program. The program requires employers with 50 or more employees within MTC's jurisdiction to select one of four commuter benefit options including: ■ the option for employees to pay for their transit or vanpool expenses with pre-tax dollars, as allowed by current federal law; City of Cupertino CAP l December 2014 ■ a transit or vanpool subsidy to reduce, or cover, employees' monthly transit or vanpool costs; ■ a low-cost or free shuttle, vanpool, or bus service operated by or for the employer; or ■ an alternative method that would be equally as effective as the other options in reducing single-occupant vehicle trips (and/or vehicle emissions). The City of Cupertino is within MTC's boundaries and therefore, subject to the requirements of SB 1339. The City will support BAAQMD, VTA, and MTC in implementation of the program, and will work locally to encourage voluntary participation in similar TDM actions by smaller businesses that are not subject to the regulation. The City will work with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to identify case studies of small, local businesses that offer TDM programs and share these examples with Cupertino businesses. Parking Cash Out Another option to support multi-modal commute trips is to provide parking cash out options to employees. In these programs, employees can elect to permanently give up their parking space (often leased by the company) in exchange for a small cash bonus, often a fraction of the parking space leasing cost to the employer. The cash out payments may be spent however the employee chooses, included to purchase transit fares / passes or pay carpool participation fees, or simply saved if the participant has no transportation-related expenses. The City can work with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to perform an informal survey of local businesses that lease parking spaces, and provide them with informational materials on parking cash out programs and multi-modal transportation options that would allow their employees to confidently participate. Carpool / Rideshare Program As previously mentioned, 511.org provides rideshare opportunities within the Bay Area, including a ride match service to connect riders with existing drivers or facilitate the development of new carpool groups. The City will partner with 511.org to provide informational resources on the benefits and process of carpooling to local businesses, with special focus given to small businesses that are not subject to the requirements of SB 1339 described above. Guaranteed Ride Home Another incentive to support voluntary use of multi-modal commute options is the provision of a guaranteed ride home program. A guaranteed ride home program applies to individuals who regularly commute by public transit, carpool/vanpool, walking, or bicycling when personal emergencies arise (e.g., leave work early due to illness, pick up a sick child, work overtime). These programs typically provide free shuttle and taxi services and / or reimbursements for such services. VTA already provides an Emergency Ride Home service to individuals who use its Eco Pass program. To provide a similar service to a wider number of multi-model commuters (e.g., bicyclists, carpoolers, walkers), the City can work with other local governments and ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES agencies to develop a county-wide Guaranteed Ride Home Program. A county-wide program would further facilitate confidence in multi-modal transportation as a reliable and convenient daily option. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Transportation Demand Management Program Support regional efforts to implement SB 1339 commute A benefit requirements for employers with more than 50 Sustainability Division employees 0 Work with VTA and/or 511.org on outreach campaigns targeting employers with fewer than 50 employees to encourage voluntary participation in TDM program activities, B including pre-tax deductions for alternative travel mode �„ Sustainability Division expenses,transit pass subsidies,and new vanpool development;share best-practices in TDM programs with local businesses to identify options that have been successful at small scale Parking Cash Out Work with Cupertino Chamber of Commerce to conduct Sustainability& 414 C informal survey of businesses that lease employee parking Economic Divisions spaces Develop program to work with businesses that lease parking Sustainability& 414 D spaces to describe benefits of parking cash-out programs for Economic Divisions businesses and employees Carpool/Rideshare Program Partner with 511.org and employers to leverage new ride- E matching technologies and promote rideshare among Sustainability Division employees Guaranteed Ride Home Work with other Santa Clara County partners to develop F Guaranteed Ride Home program for employees who work in Sustainability Division Santa Clara County and commute to work via alternative travel options(e.g., public transit,carpool/vanpool, biking,walking) Progress Indicators Year 10%of total employees in 2020 participate in TDM program that offers rideshare promotion,telecommuting/ 2020 alternative schedules,and subsidized transit fares 20%of total employees in 2020 participate in TDM program that offers rideshare promotion,telecommuting/ 2035 alternative schedules,and subsidized transit fares 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE C-T-4 TRANSIT ROUTE EXPANSION Explore options to develop local community shuttle or community-wide car sharing to fill gaps in existing transit network. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 13 0 Where people live determines how far they travel to work, to shopping, and to other destinations, and influences whether they choose to walk, bike, use public transit, or drive. If residents live near bus stops, neighborhood-serving commercial centers, or their work places, they are more likely to use multi-modal, lower-emission travel modes than drive single occupancy vehicles. However, when users have difficulty getting from their starting location to a transit network or from a transit network to their final destination (commonly referred to as "the last mile" in transportation planning), they may be more likely to forgo transit use altogether. Solutions that enhance connectivity and convenience can therefore improve transit ridership. Caltrain provides commuter service along the San Francisco peninsula, through the South Bay to San Jose and Gilroy. However, the closest station to Cupertino is in Sunnyvale, which is approximately five miles away. Currently, VTA provides bus service to the Caltrain station only on specific routes and a specific schedule. Comments made during the CAP'S public participation activities indicated a desire for better connections to BART and Caltrain, and possible development of a community shuttle system to connect high-activity areas. Such a shuttle in Cupertino might connect the Civic Center, De Anza College, major retail areas, and higher-density residential neighborhoods. A shuttle could possibly include connections to the Caltrain station in Sunnyvale to further support broad transit options within the Bay Area. Apple currently provides free shuttle services for its employees to and from work through a shuttle network extending throughout the Bay Area. The City should consider the impacts of Apple's existing shuttle system when evaluating the community-wide demand for a system that would be available to general public. The City should also collect input from other large employers as part of its feasibility assessment. The City can look to other communities for potential funding strategies that could support this program. As an example, the Emeryville Emery-Go-Round and Mountain View shuttle are privately funded by local commercial property owners within the City's business improvement district and a Transportation Management Association (TMA), respectively, but are free of cost to anyone to ride. The City is exploring the creation of several business improvement districts as part of a series of new development projects and should carefully consider this as a source of potential alternative transportation funding, alongside the consideration of creating a Cupertino-focused TMA. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Finally, the City could support private entities introducing car share services, which are becoming increasingly more prevalent in the Bay Area. These types of services include corporate offerings (e.g., ZipCar, City Car Share) and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., RelayRides, Getaround) to serve as transit connectors and single occupancy vehicle substitutes. These staples of the newly-emerging sharing economy are thriving due to growing Generation Y workers dependency, as they often seek lower impact urban, and often car-free, lifestyles. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Conduct feasibility study that evaluates potential for community Sustainability& A shuttle between Cal Train,Civic Center,major employment/ Economic Divisions retail centers in Cupertino,and DeAnza Community College Research possible funding strategies with business B improvement districts,major employers,community Sustainability Division organizations,and other appropriate partners 0 Support further development of private car share options for residents and daytime employee population,such as through C efforts to identify adequate parking locations for shared Sustainability Division vehicles(e.g.,ZipCar)or working with local business 0 community to increase knowledge of available options s MEASURE C-T-5 TRANSIT PRIORITY Improve transit service reliability and speed. Supporting Measure – Not Quantified M-0 Building an efficient transportation system can improve traffic flow and reduce congestion- related transportation emissions. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) incorporate traffic signal synchronization on major roadways to reduce instances of "stop-and-go" traffic and vehicle idling. Specific types of ITS can help to better facilitate transit service, particularly at congested intersections. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Transit Signal Priority Transit signal priority (TSP) operational strategies can improve the reliability and efficiency of transit service, especially in areas with heavy traffic congestion, by prioritizing transit vehicles in and around designated intersections. TSP are often incorporated into the design of bus rapid transit (BRT) networks to maintain the faster vehicle travel times associated with those systems. VTA is currently planning for the Stevens Creek BRT project, which would provide bus rapid transit along a nearly 9-mile stretch of Stevens Creek Boulevard from De Anza College to the Transit Mall in downtown San Jose. The project would incorporate TSP to provide faster travel times for the BRT vehicles. The City will continue to work with VTA in developing the Stevens Creek BRT project, and consider land use-related planning opportunities around the designated BRT stops as part of a transit-oriented development strategy (see Measure C-T-6). Transit Intersection Queue Jumps Similar to TSP, queue jumps also facilitate the movement of transit vehicles through congested intersections. Transit intersection queue jumps are a type of roadway configuration that gives preference to buses at intersections. The jumps consist of a short stretch of additional travel lane at the approach to a signalized intersection, allowing higher-capacity transit vehicles to jump to the front of the queue, reducing the delay caused by traffic signals, and improving the operational efficiency of the transit system. The lanes are often accompanied by a separate traffic signal allowing transit vehicles a head start through the intersection. Queue jumps can also be incorporated into BRT system design, particularly in areas where a dedicated BRT lane cannot be provided. The City can work with VTA to identify potential opportunities for queue jumps within the City along primary bus corridors. oJiT -A Action Status Responsibility Timeline Transit Signal Priority Work with VTA to identify local roadways on which traffic A congestion frequently leads to impacted transit reliability or Transportation Division timing 0 Consider opportunities for transit-priority signal integration 4 B along these routes that would not further contribute to Transportation Division congestion problems Transit Intersection Queue Jumps Based on work with VTA to identify congestion problems along A C primary transit routes,also investigate opportunities for Transportation Division integration of intersection queue jump lanes(in conjunction with priority signals)to further facilitate on-time transit service ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES i �F_ A MEASURE C-T-6 TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT Continue to encourage development that takes advantage of its location near local transit options (e.g., major bus stops) through higher densities and intensities to increase ridership potential. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified R—w mou . 13 0 Transit-oriented development (TOD) places higher density and intensity development within walking distance of primary transit stops. This approach brings residents and jobs closer to transit opportunities, providing additional ridership for the public transit system. Successful TOD can take various shapes, depending on the character of the community. TOD can focus on increasing employment near transit stops, typically within a '/2-mile radius, provided adequate pedestrian connectivity is available for riders to then reach their jobs. It can also focus on increasing residential densities near transit stops, usually within a '/4-mile radius. TOD can also include a mix of uses (e.g., residential, office, retail) when the goal is to develop a more complete neighborhood center. Community opposition to increased densities or intensities may hinder local efforts to encourage TOD. Local land use and development policies may also pose a barrier. Parking standards that ignore the potential for reduced automobile trips in TOD may inhibit development due to the high cost of providing parking. The City currently considers parking reductions for projects that provide for shared parking in certain TOD or mixed-use developments. Within Santa Clara County, the Cores, Corridors, and Station Areas Priority Development Area PDA encourages high-density development around important transit areas. This includes portions of De Anza and Stevens Creek Boulevards in Cupertino. In addition, VTA developed a Community Design and Transportation (CDT) Manual with a compilation of transportation and land use "best practices" intended to enhance the way communities are planned, designed, funded, and built. The CDT program provides capital grants intended to help VTA member agencies, cities, towns, and the County of Santa Clara, design and build transit- and pedestrian- friendly projects, and include these elements in capital projects related to transit facilities, streets, and core areas such as downtowns. As part of its ongoing planning efforts toward transit-oriented and mixed-use development as expressed in the General Plan Amendment, the City will continue to plan for areas that can support a net increase in population or employment and are located within walking distance to major transit stops. The City will also continue to consider the infrastructure capacity of these development areas with respect to their ability to support increased levels of development. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Action Status Responsibility Timeline Through City's General Plan process,identify areas that could A support net increase in population or employment through land Planning Division use changes within 1/4 mile walking distance of priority transit stops Planning Department 0 Evaluate infrastructure capacity for higher-density/intensity B development in transit areas,and develop prioritization and Planning Division funding strategies to complete necessary improvements 0 Continue to consider off-street parking requirements for transit- om oriented and mixed-use developments,for developments C providing shared parking,and for developments that Planning Division 43 incorporate travel demand management measures MEASURE C-T-7 COMMUNITY-WIDE ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES Encourage community-wide use of alternative fuel vehicles through expansion of alternative vehicle refueling infrastructure. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 2,850 MT COZe/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 10,225 MT COZe/yr a ED H (D One of the key challenges to adoption of alternative-fueled vehicles, specifically those powered by natural gas, hydrogen fuel, and electricity, is the limited refueling infrastructure available to support a broad range of vehicles. However, developing the required refueling infrastructure to encourage the use of low- or zero-emissions alternative fuel vehicles will be necessary to support the state's long-term emission reduction efforts. To advance work in this space, Cupertino is teaming up with four other cities and the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability to launch its "Driving to Net Zero: Decarbonizing Transportation in Silicon Valley" project, which was recently awarded a $550,000 grant from the California Strategic Growth Council (SGC) for an innovative regional alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) planning effort. This effort, which includes elements of policy, codes and permitting, technical and cost issues, public-private partnerships, and coordination of AFV infrastructure, will be a catalyst for growth in this sector locally and serve as a model for other regions throughout the state and country. Tools and findings from this project will inform Cupertino- • COMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES specific activities to expand alternative fuel infrastructure in our community and is anticipated to further accelerate alternative vehicle procurement of personal and fleet vehicles across our City. Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging / Refueling Infrastructure The City of Cupertino provides an EV Charging Station and Alternative Transportation Resources webpage to share information related to alternative fueling infrastructure in the community. The City has already installed a publicly available dual-plug charging station through a contract with ChargePoint and recently received a grant to install four additional public charging stations throughout the City The charging station is located on Rodrigues Avenue adjacent to the Civic Center parking lot entrance. The broader ChargePoint Network allows registered users to review charging station availability and to make reservations. Although Cupertino's station is not available for reservation at this time, this could become an option in the future based on demand. There are nearly 100 private home-based and commercial EV chargers located throughout the city, some of which may be available to the public. The City's webpage provides links to the Silicon Valley Energy Map and Department of Energy EV Station Location Map, charging station planning resources, and alternative vehicle resources including a buying guide. In addition to EV charging stations, the City is supporting a developer +" - di proposal to site a fuel cell refueling station for public use on Stevens �`� " -aw; Creek Boulevard. Fuel cell vehicles are electric vehicles powered by hydrogen. They provide refill times similar to combustion vehicles (e.g., gasoline and diesel vehicles), with .. zero emissions and power -' - characteristics of battery electric vehicles. Cupertino's station is expected to be operational by the summer of 2015. While not yet as common as electric vehicles, additional fuel cell passenger vehicle models are being introduced to the market, and broader construction of refueling stations is underway across the state. Compressed natural gas (CNG) represents another alternative-fuel technology that requires special refueling infrastructure. CNG vehicles are more common in large vehicle fleets, such as municipal bus fleets or delivery vehicle fleets, because they provide significant emissions reductions over diesel engines and currently provide fuel price savings as a result of increased domestic natural gas production. There are also CNG passenger vehicle and light-duty truck models available for use by the general public. PG&E currently operates a CNG refueling station in Cupertino on N. Blaney Avenue that is open for public use with a pre-arranged PG&E City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 account. The City may also want to consider the role of CNG vehicles in the future within the municipal fleet, to determine if a CNG refueling station at the City's Corporation Yard could support a long-term emissions reduction strategy. EV Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Residential Construction The majority of EV charging occurs at home, where vehicles can be left to charge overnight to take advantage of utility time-of-use pricing discounts. However, most existing construction was developed prior to consideration of vehicles' charging needs in a garage or carport. Depending on the age of the building, its electrical system, and the design of the garage, electrical retrofits to accommodate an at-home EV charging unit could cost several hundred to several thousand dollars. Increasingly, pre-wiring to accommodate the future installation of EV charging systems is being designed into new residential and commercial construction. The City of Cupertino has already adopted EV charging unit pre-wiring requirements for certain types of new construction, such as residential and small businesses, to help support this important infrastructure in the future. As part of the City's involvement in the Santa Clara County "Driving to Net Zero" SGC Grant project noted above, Cupertino will explore additional building and zoning code revisions that expands electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) installations throughout the community. In addition to the existing pre-wiring requirements already adopted in our jurisdiction, this project will evaluate charging station requirements for new or renovated multi-family commercial development, preferential parking requirements for new commercial development, and compliance with other regulations (e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act) and pursue expedited permitting processes for EVSE integration in new and existing development. A T - J �h ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program To encourage further adoption of alternative fuel vehicles in the community, the City will continue to share information on local and regional alternative fueling infrastructure, considerations when purchasing an alternative fuel vehicle, the City's EV charging policy, and other relevant information on its website. The City will share information regarding its efforts to reduce emissions from operation of the municipal fleet, including the incorporation of alternative fuel vehicles and plans for additional public refueling infrastructure. Here also, the "Driving Net Zero" SGC Grant project will enable Cupertino's access to free consulting services to evaluate incentives that facilitate community alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) adoption. Incentives being evaluated through this effort are those often applied in the early stages of the adoption curve, which can be gradually retired after AFVs have achieved market momentum. Local incentives to be reviewed include public parking policies that provide preferential or free parking for AFVs, reduced parking requirements for private developments that implement shared-parking and car-sharing systems in tandem with EVSE integration, and reduced on-street parking permit fees for AFVs (where applicable). In addition, the project will assess the potential for reduced EV charging and CNG fueling prices. It will also share guidance on local jurisdiction financial incentives for AFV purchases by residents and businesses, and offer funding mechanisms to incentivize expansion of charging stations to further open access to private infrastructure. Measure C-T-7 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Alternative Fuel Vehicle Charging/Refueling Infrastructure Continue to explore cost-effective ways to increase alternative vehicle charging/refueling infrastructure within City for public A use; review permitting and inspection process to identify © Transportation Division potential barriers to installation and define strategies to reduce 0 or remove barriers through SGC grant or other means Develop Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Siting Plan focused on strategic development of EV charging stations and municipal CNG fueling stations based upon demand analyses and B feasibility studies;EV station siting plans will identify Sustainability& appropriate locations for Level 1 (slow charge), Level 2(fast Transportation Division charge),and Level 3 and DC(rapid charge)charging stations in community and will analyze different models for charging station ownership/management(i.e., public vs.private sector) Work with MTC and Bay Area local governments to develop C informational brochures and technical support for developers/ Sustainability Division contractors interested in providing public electric vehicle(EV) charging ports in new projects Identify regional partners for collaboration on multi-family EV D charging station retrofit program to develop strategies for Sustainability&Planning installing EV chargers in existing multi-family Division buildings/apartment developments City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 EV Charging Station Pre-wiring Requirements for New Residential Construction(SFR and MFR) Continue to enforce pre-wiring for at-home/business electric E vehicle charging ports in new construction per City's existing Planning Division ordinance and evaluate additional building code and zoning code revisions recommended through SGC Grant Alternative Fuel Vehicle Public Outreach Program Pursue local incentives,partnerships,and funding F mechanisms guided by SGC Grant; Provide links on City's Sustainability Division website to sources of cash rebates or other financial incentives for purchase and/or lease of alternative fuel vehicles 0 G Continue to provide links to existing maps identifying Bay Area Sustainability Division alternative fuel charging and refueling infrastructure Share information regarding City's efforts to transition its H municipal fleet towards alternative fuel vehicles,including Sustainability Division plans for additional installation of recharging/refueling infrastructure that would be open to public use Progress Indicators Year Community-wide motor vehicle profile shifts as follows: 5%of gasoline passenger vehicles shift to plug-in hybrid electric(PHEV); 5%of diesel passenger vehicles shift to PHEV; 5%of gasoline light-duty trucks shift to PHEV; 2020 3%of gasoline heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 3%of diesel heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 40%of diesel buses shift to CNG,20%shift to PHEV Community-wide motor vehicle profile shifts as follows: 8%of gasoline passenger vehicles shift to plug-in hybrid electric(PHEV);2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5% shift to CNG 8%of diesel passenger vehicles shift to PHEV;2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5%shift to CNG 2035 8%of gasoline light-duty trucks shift to PHEV;2%shift to battery-electric(BEV);5%shift to CNG 25%of gasoline heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 25%of diesel heavy-duty trucks shift to CNG; 45%of diesel buses shift to CNG,30%shift to PHEV ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 0 4- 4L- 1 kir s + �•' ^ - - _ t. Goal 3 — Conserve Water Promote the efficient use and conservation of water in buildings and landscapes. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 On September 30, 2014, California ended one of the driest water years on 2010 Baseline Emissions record (note: California's water years 1.5%, _0.4% run October 1 through September 30). ■� With the recent drought spanning the Energy previous three years, there is no Transportation guarantee that the 2015 water year will I Off-Road Sources be any wetter. Given this Solid Waste unpredictability, it is more critical than ever that water conservation efforts be ■Wastewater enhanced to sustain this vital resource. ■ Potable Water Water-related GHG emissions are primarily a result of energy used to pump, transport, and treat potable water and wastewater. Emissions associated with this sector accounted for approximately 2% of the community-wide GHG inventory (see pie chart), which indicates a relatively small contribution for water conservation in the City's emissions reduction strategy. This is due to the fact that much of Cupertino's water supply is delivered through gravity-fed systems that use relatively less energy than systems relying on industrial pumps to transport water across the state or western United States. However, with water supplies expected to continue declining, water conservation strategies have the additional benefits of aligning demand with future water availability. This strategy area considers emissions reductions resulting from local implementation of statewide water conservation legislation. It considers opportunities for future recycled water use in irrigation within the community to further conserve potable water supplies as well. The total GHG emissions reduction potential of the Water Strategy is 325 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 375 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 2% of total local CAP measure reductions. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-W-1 SB-X7-7 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 325 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 375 MT CO2e/yr 63 0 OM Implement water conservation policies contained within Cupertino's Urban Water Management Plan to achieve 20 percent per capita water reductions by 2020. The state has made water conservation a priority through adoption of SB X7-7 in 2009, which requires California to achieve a 20% reduction in urban per capita water use by December 31, 2020. The state is required to make incremental progress toward this goal by reducing per capita water use by at least 10% by December 31, 2015. SB X7-7 requires each urban retail water supplier to develop both long-term urban water use targets and an interim urban water use target. This law creates a framework for future planning and actions for urban and agricultural users to reduce per capita water consumption 20% by 2020. The San Jose Water Company and California Water Service Company are the major water suppliers within the city's boundaries. Both have adopted UWMP's that identify best management practices in water conservation, which are being implemented to achieve the state's water conservation goals. These conservation strategies include: ■ Residential water surveys ■ Customer rebates, vouchers, retrofits, and conservation kits ■ Customer water loss audits ■ Residential landscape surveys, large landscape conservation programs, and irrigation retrofits ■ Metering and residential conservation pricing ■ Public information and education programs ■ Full-time water conservation supervisor In addition to these water-conserving activities led by the water suppliers, the City has also shown initiative in incorporating conservation strategies into municipal landscaping practices and building operations. The City highlights its myriad efforts on its website (see: Cupertino.org/savewater), including use of drought tolerant plants, adjustments to lawn mower blade heights, reduced water schedules and installation of climate-sensitive irrigation systems, installation of water-efficient fixtures in major City facilities, and active monitoring of fixtures and City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 water bills to support early leak detection. In addition to municipal water conservation practices, the City also offers its GreenBiz and Green@Home programs, which provide free indoor and outdoor water assessments and equipment upgrades (e.g., faucets, showerheads, toilets) to residents and local businesses. These highly successful programs have saved 5.5 million gallons of water to date, and saved participants $100,000 from water and energy savings. While the City already highlights these accomplishments on its website, community participants in the CAP's public outreach activities expressed a desire for more publicity regarding the City's sustainability program successes, such as online walking tour maps to visit xeriscape projects or other water-conserving landscape installations. The City will continue to promote its own water conservation activities as well as programs available for community participation. Measure C-W-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Develop public information campaign that highlights/advertises A City projects and landscaping practices that conserve water (e.g.,drought-tolerant landscaping,efficient irrigations Sustainability Division systems) 0 Work with local water providers to identify opportunities for water use data tracking and reporting at community-wide level; B if successful,share this information through CAP's annual Sustainability Division progress reporting procedures,aligned with required General 0 Plan implementation annual reports Partner with community/neighborhood groups to promote C existing water conservation programs and participation in Sustainability Division voluntary turf-removal programs 0 Progress Indicators Year 15%per capita water use reduction of 2010 baseline use 2020 15%per capita water use reduction of 2010 baseline use 2035 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES r' MEASURE C-W-2 RECYCLED WATER IRRIGATION PROGRAM Supporting Measure — Not Quantified 0 ff 10 Explore opportunities to use recycled water for irrigation purposes to reduce potable water demands. The City currently does not have access to recycled water, which could offset potable water use in large, irrigated landscapes. There have been discussions of a possible connection between the San Jose and Sunnyvale recycled water systems, which could bring necessary infrastructure inside of Cupertino's boundary to service Apple's campus"' However, expanding this infrastructure for broader residential, commercial, and municipal use has not yet been prioritized. As an initial step to developing a recycled water use plan, the City could prepare a feasibility study to identify potential recycled water users within the City, including their location and potential recycled water demand. The City should continue to monitor regional discussions for expansion of existing recycled water systems, and include recycled water as a priority within forthcoming revised service agreements with its two water retailers. Given the process of producing and transporting recycled water that is safe for landscape application, it is possible that replacing potable water with recycled water for irrigation in Cupertino could result in a net emissions increase. As an alternative to recycled water use (since Cupertino currently has no access), small-scale, on-site rainwater catchment systems could be installed to better utilize natural precipitation for irrigation purposes, as opposed to use of scarce potable water resources. The City will develop a demonstration project on municipal property to promote voluntary adoption of such landscaping techniques community-wide. The project should be designed as an educational tool to show-case water-efficient landscaping design and alternative irrigation strategies. The project could include a rain barrel catchment system connected to a climate-appropriate demonstration garden to show how drought-tolerant plant options can be supported without use of traditional irrigation systems. Alternatively, the City could identify a high-visibility location to install a rain garden connected to a building's downspout, or construction of a bioswale adjacent to a parking lot or roadway. Both of these options can incorporate drought-tolerant plants, and contribute to natural stormwater management to improve water quality. The environmental benefits associated with conserving potable water sources would undoubtedly outweigh a relatively minor emissions increase associated with potential future recycled water use. However, in the meantime, other options are available to reduce potable water use in irrigation, which could be applied broadly in the community. If the City decides to 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 pursue recycled water infrastructure development in the future, it will need to include these additional emissions in future emissions inventory updates. Measure C-W-2 Implementation Table 'F r M, Action Status Responsibility Timeline Conduct feasibility analysis to determine potential for recycled A water systems in Cupertino;map locations of large irrigation AIM& Grounds&Fleet water users(now and likely future users)to identify feasible Division extent of new system B Continue to monitor regional discussions regarding expansion Sustainability Division of existing recycled water systems in neighboring jurisdictions Identify City-owned site to install educational demonstration C project that showcases water-efficient landscaping strategies, Sustainability,Grounds alternative irrigation options,and/or low-impact landscape &Fleet Divisions design techniques 0 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 0 Goal 4 — Reduce Solid Waste Strengthen waste reduction efforts through recycling and organics collection and reduced consumption of materials that otherwise end up in landfills. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Waste disposal creates emissions when organic waste (e.g., food scraps, 2010 Baseline Emissions yard clippings, paper and wood products) is buried in landfills and anaerobic digestion takes place, Energy emitting methane. Additionally, Transportation extracting and processing raw Off-Road Sources materials for consumer products, ■Solid Waste distributing them to consumers and Wastewater disposing them creates GHG emissions. In Cupertino, approximately Potable Water 2% of GHG emissions are associated with solid waste generation and disposal in landfills (see pie chart). Recent efforts to reduce long-term waste generation have incorporated the principle of zero- waste, with the goal of being able to recycle, reuse, or compost all waste products. Implementation programs to achieve zero-waste can include community-wide recycling, organics collection (e.g., food scraps, compostable paper), and green design to minimize construction-related waste. Business procurement policies can also be developed to give preference to materials that support a zero-waste goal. Paperless office policies can incorporate technological hardware and software to minimize office paper waste. Manufacturing processes can be designed to eliminate supply stream waste and reduce operating expenses. A combination of these practices can potentially lead to lower landfill-related emissions, and help to extend the useful operating life of local landfills. The measures included within the Solid Waste Strategy provide total GHG emission reduction potential of 275 MT CO2e/yr in 2020, and 1,300 MT CO2e/yr in 2035. This represents approximately 2.0% of total local CAP measure reductions. It should be noted that a growing number of public agencies are supplementing sector-based emissions inventories, the tool used to conduct Cupertino's inventory that is described in detail in Chapter 1, with a "consumption-based" approach to estimate those emissions that arise from the lifecycle of goods and services utilized within a community. This lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions accounting evaluates and reports the full lifecycle of emission associated with the raw materials extraction, manufacturing or processing, transportation, use, and end-of-life management of a good or service, regardless of which sector produces these emissions." The Environmental Protection Agency has developed the Waste Reduction Model (WARM) to help solid waste planners and organizations track and voluntarily report greenhouse gas emissions reductions from several different materials management practices (see: htti):Her)a.aov/er)awaste/conserve/tools/warm/). While this lifecycle inventorying approach is not yet the industry standard practice, the City will continue to monitor the evolution of climate change planning and emissions inventory methodologies as part of its on-going CAP revisions process. If in the future it becomes standard practice to assess total lifecycle emissions (as ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES opposed to annualized emissions inventories that are currently industry standard), then the City will incorporate this practice into its future inventory updates. Cupertino will consider using the WARM tool, paired with the EPA's Re-Trac, which was deployed as part of the City's award- winning Food Recovery Challenge launched to help local grocery stores and markets reduce food waste through effective inventory management, new donation agency partnerships, and expanded composting services (learn more at: httiDs://connect.re-trac.com/reqister/ei)afrc). MEASURE C-SW-1 ZERO WASTE GOAL Maximize solid waste diversion community-wide through preparation of a zero-waste strategic plan. Supporting Measure— Not Quantified 0 13 90 Zero waste is a philosophy that reimagines the resource cycle to allow reuse of all products by diverting materials from the landfill or incinerators. The purpose of a zero waste strategic plan is to shift consumption patterns, manage purchases more carefully, and establish the infrastructure and informational resources necessary to achieve broad community support. In 2001, California was the first state to adopt a zero-waste policy, noting that the public, industry, and government will work together to reduce, reuse, or recycle all solid waste materials. AB 939 mandates local jurisdictions to meet numerical diversion goals. Although landfill capacity is no longer considered the statewide crisis it once was, waste diversion from landfills protects public health and safety and the environment by reducing landfill methane emissions and groundwater contamination associated with faulty landfill membranes, as well as conserving natural resources. In its efforts to exceed the diversion goals established in AB 939, the City incorporated a zero-waste goal into its waste-hauling contract with Recology South Bay. The City's contract provides curbside recycling and garbage services to all businesses and residents in Cupertino, as well as curbside organic waste services for residents and relevant businesses. To gauge progress toward its zero-waste goal and identify additional material diversion opportunities, the City should prepare residential and commercial waste characterization studies. These studies, which could be offered as a GreenBiz Cupertino service, are conducted to determine the types and amounts of materials in a community's waste stream, which can be used to support development of an overarching strategic plan to reduce waste. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 It is widely understood that achieving P "zero waste' in our communities will require a dramatic shift away from our current "end of life" focus on recycling, composting, and landfilling to one based upon the modern-era materials management hiearchy: first prevent " �? waste, next reduce and reuse, and T / finally recycle and compost. To that end, Cupertino will expand it's current HIRAM 112M.- outreach and educational efforts . through green@schools, GreenBiz and Green@Home to help residents R-1o9Y and businesses prevent waste in the -- a„s`s;os,on first place by supporting their efforts to buy less and reuse what they already do have. One emerging tool to faciliate this is the growing sharing economy, which enables consumer access to _ products and services via peer-to-peer Maw networks versus the traditional ownership model. Cupertino can accelerate interest in this ; "collaborative consumption” model by sharing resources through its civic media assets. In addition, the City will work to grow extended producer responsibility to manage materials efficiently and expand take-back materials (packaging and products) from consumers after they have reached the end of their useful life to reincorporate these materials into the manufacturing cycle. Finally, the agency will continue its work to offer effective and widely understood and utilized composting and recycling services. The City will continue sharing informational resources and presenting these programs through its neighborhood leader- focused Growing Greener Blocks initaitive, which will also ensure residents' understand how to safely handle toxic products, such as batteries, paints, pesticides, and other hazardous materials. ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Measure C-SW-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline A Continue to implement City's goal to divert 75%of community- Environmental Division wide solid waste through franchise waste hauling contract 0 Prepare residential and commercial waste characterization studies to identify Cupertino-specific opportunities for additional waste diversion; use study results to develop B outreach campaigns that increase participation in City's Environmental Division existing waste management programs,targeting specific waste types and/or sources Establish timeline and funding mechanism to perform periodic 'q C Waste Characterization Study updates to evaluate efficacy of Environmental Division new outreach programs Develop robust outreach campaign to ensure community-wide 4q understanding of materials management service offerings, drive behavior change focused on lifecycle of materials(i.e., D source reduction,materials reuse,end-of-life),and facilitate Environmental Division access to emerging materials management support tools(i.e., those focused on sharing economy and collaborative consumption) MEASURE C-SW-2 FOOD SCRAP AND COMPOSTABLE PAPER DIVERSION Continue to promote the collection of food scraps and compostable paper through the City's organics collection program. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 150 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 750 MT CO2e/yr CHQ 19 Food scraps are unwanted cooking preparation and table scraps, such as banana peels, apple cores, vegetable trimmings, bones, eggshells, meat, and pizza crusts. Compostable paper, sometimes called food-soiled paper, usually comes from the kitchen and is not appropriate for paper recycling due to contamination. Materials such as stained pizza boxes, paper cups and plates, waxed cardboard, used coffee filters, paper food cartons, napkins and paper towels are all compostable paper. Diverting these organic items from the landfill helps to reduce methane gas generation from anaerobic decomposition, and helps to prolong the operable life of a City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 landfill. Composting of organic materials, such as food, is one method of managing these materials and diverting them from landfills. Recology South Bay provides residential food scrap collection services, providing Cupertino households with a single food waste and yard waste bin to collect yard clippings; food scraps such as bones, fruits, and seafood; and other organics including soiled paper products, coffee grounds, and pizza boxes. Free compost, made from this collected yard and food waste, is available for any Cupertino resident to pick up at the Stevens Creek Quarry from March through October each year (learn more at www.cupertino.ora/compost). Cupertino also distributes food scrap recycling information via the City website and newsletter, and provides links to the County of Santa Clara Recycling & Waste Reduction Commission composting workshops. In 2013, Cupertino received the U.S. EPA national award for innovative food waste reduction efforts for its three-year effort to work with grocers, residents, and businesses to divert food from landfills. Their efforts included providing workshops for local grocers and markets on ways to reduce waste, and helping businesses develop better food recovery methods. Currently the City also conducts outreach to food businesses such as grocers and restaurants in order to encourage the expansion of commercial organics collection in the community. Moving forward, the City will leverage outreach channels available through its GreenBiz program and partner with the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce and Recolgy South Bay to encourage additional voluntary participation in organic waste collection from local businesses. This partnership could focus on providing technical assistance based on best practices to overcome challenges posed by organic collection bin storage and management. The City will use the results of the waste characterization studies described in Measures SW-1 to assess the efficacy of its residential organics collection program, and develop program alterations if additional food waste diversion opportunities are identified. The City can also expand its green@schools work with local elementary schools to incorporate food waste composting into their existing recycling programs and curriculum. By building this knowledge base with children first, Cupertino households will gain a stronger understanding of the existing program's services. Measure C-SW-2 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue to implement the City's organics collection program 400 outreach campaign,including outreach to Cupertino's business A community regarding upcoming commercial food waste Environmental Division ordinance Provide information to local elementary schools on existing B organics collection program for incorporation into on-going Environmental Division recycling program curriculum Work with franchise waste haulers,the Cupertino Chamber of Commerce,and other local business organizations to increase C voluntary participation in City's organics collection program; Environmental Division provide technical assistance based on best practice examples 4L to overcome collection bin storage/placement barriers ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Progress Indicators Year Households divert 40%of food scraps and compostable paper; 10%of businesses divert 20%of food scraps and compostable paper; 2020 Households and businesses divert 85%of yard waste Households divert 60%of food scraps and compostable paper; 30%of businesses divert 20%of food scraps and compostable paper; 2035 Households and businesses divert 90%of yard waste MEASURE C-SW-3 CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE DIVERSION PROGRAM Continue to enforce diversion requirements in City's Construction & Demolition Debris Diversion and Green Building Ordinances. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 125 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 550 MT CO2e/yr CH4 D According to California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery's (CalRecycle's) 2008 Statewide Waste Characterization Study, construction and demolition (C&D) materials account for almost 29 percent of the waste stream in California. Many of these materials can be diverted from landfills for reuse and recycling, including concrete, bricks, metal, drywall, and lumber. Lumber is an organic material, and therefore generates methane emissions through anaerobic decomposition in a landfill. Reusing and recycling C&D materials conserves natural resources and diverts material from landfills, while also reducing greenhouse gasses and conserving landfill capacity. The California Green Building Code, effective January 1, 2011 and subsequently amended, requires the diversion of at least 50 percent of construction waste materials generated during most new construction, including all new residential and commercial projects, with few exceptions. The City has exceeded this statewide requirement through adoption of its own Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance, which requires applicable construction projects to divert 60% of construction waste. This ordinance applies to all construction, demolition, and renovation projects that are 3,000 square feet or larger. Prior to receiving a final building inspection, a construction recycling report must be submitted to show the tons recycled and disposed by material type. Implementation and monitoring challenges can limit full participation in the City's C&D diversion efforts, even though the requirements are codified in the Cupertino Municipal Code. Some communities have addressed the issue of compliance through development of a C&D diversion City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 deposit program, in which the project applicant pays a deposit (as a percentage of total project costs or on a square foot basis) in exchange for a building permit. The deposit is reimbursed to the applicant upon submittal of appropriate documentation that outlines what level of diversion was achieved by the contractor or waste hauler. The program could also be structured to forgo deposit requirements if applicants provide a signed contract with an authorized C&D collector that clearly states the level of diversion to be achieved. The City will continue to implement its Construction and Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance, and work with franchise waste haulers to evaluate opportunities for increased C&D diversion capabilities. The City could consider increasing its C&D diversion requirements in the future as green building practices continue to evolve and as area landfill operators and waste haulers become accustomed to higher diversion rates. The City could consider developing a C&D debris deposit program if it identifies opportunities for improving compliance with the existing diversion ordinance as well. Measure C-SW-3 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue to implement City's 60%C&D diversion requirement A for applicable projects as defined in City's Construction and Q Environmental Division Demolition Debris Diversion Ordinance Work with franchise waste haulers to evaluate capability of B area landfill operators to maximize C&D waste diversion(e.g., O Environmental Division 75%diversion) 0 Consider increasing City's diversion requirements to 75% C diversion to support zero-waste goal(see SW-1);alternatively, O Environmental Division only target scrap lumber with 75%diversion requirement,if found to be feasible Consider developing Construction and Demolition Debris 414 Diversion Deposit Program to help enforce C&D ordinance,in D which deposit is paid to City prior to issuance of building permit Environmental Division and refunded to applicant following submittal/approval of applicable waste diversion documentation Progress Indicators Year 60%of construction and demolition waste diverted, per City's ordinance—approximately 2,600 tons/yr 2020 75%of construction and demolition waste diverted—approximately 3,500 tons/yr 2035 ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ��'tL. i I '.,�• .,'�� 1. u 44 Goal 5 — Expand Green Infrastructure Enhance the City's existing urban forest on public and private lands. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Green space consists of a variety of places that, when integrated within an urban environment, provide valuable recreation, ecological, and public health services to the community. In Cupertino, green space includes the urban forest, parks, landscaped medians and parkways, and natural stormwater-absorbing landscapes. Healthy and robust green infrastructure systems can mitigate the urban heat island effect, lower building energy use, provide natural stormwater management and wildlife habitat, improve local air quality, and increase community pride. As one component of the green infrastructure network, urban forests provide shade and can reduce the heat island effect, which causes temperatures to increase in areas with concentrations of exposed pavement and rooftops. These higher temperatures can lead to increased air conditioner use, which increases energy consumption and can strain utility infrastructure at peak hours of the day. Urban forests also provide a visual amenity for residents and habitat value for wildlife. The City also recognizes other beneficial aspects of trees. Trees beautify neighborhoods, increase property values, reduce noise and air pollution, and create privacy. Additionally, trees gain carbon-sequestering biomass in their trunks and roots as they absorb carbon dioxide from the air to grow. The measure in this section seeks to enhance Cupertino's already well- established urban forest through partnerships with residents, businesses, and community and neighborhood groups. The total GHG emission reduction potential of the Green Infrastructure Strategy is 200 MT CO2e/yr in 2020 and 725 in 2035. This represents about 1.4% percent of total 2020 reductions anticipated from local CAP measure implementation. RPM iAr— r .• yam, ♦�� •'tR' J a- �.Mj �,,.�.. t•*Vit! II � R+ � r � - c. ry r .w. p ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES MEASURE C-G-1 URBAN FOREST PROGRAM Support development and maintenance of a healthy, vibrant urban forest through outreach, incentives, and strategic leadership. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 200 MT CO2e/yr 2035 GHG Reduction Potential: 725 MT CO2e/yr 13 13 M C3 The urban forest contributes to Cupertino's quality of life and attractiveness as a place to live, work, and visit. Trees are a valuable role in the identity of a city because they strengthen a community's image, encourage pedestrian activity, and develop inviting public and private spaces. Trees also perform important environmental functions such as removing air and water pollutants, providing wildlife habitat, and capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Approximately 2,400 net new trees will be planted as part of the Apple Campus 2 project to further enhance the City's urban forest. The City can partner with other local businesses, neighborhood groups and residents, and other community organizations to encourage additional voluntary tree planting on private property within Cupertino. The City could request technical support from PG&E to provide basic tree planting guidelines, so when the trees are full grown, they will provide shade to homes and businesses and help to lower air conditioner use during peak periods. Management of an urban forest can sometimes require the support of more than just the City's Public Works staff. There may be opportunities for community partners to assist the City in the management and maintenance of street trees planted within the public right-of-way. The City should consider developing a long-range forestry plan to identify policies and strategies that proactively manage the City's urban forest for future generations while minimizing maintenance conflicts with overhead and underground utility infrastructure. This urban forest should also expand to the City's parks and medians, both in terms of expanding the City's urban canopy, but also by prioritizing drought-tolerant native plants and demonstration gardens (noted both as a General Plan policy and among the Local Government strategies described in Chapter 4) as well as community-wide rooftops. The City should incentivize Green roofs for their role in "protecting water resources adversely impacted by climate change by reducing electricity usage and improving air quality.,,viii Staff will also consider opportunities to stretch its current ordinances and codes to prioritize cool roofs and cool pavements to reduce local impacts from the urban heat island effect. Over 60% of urban surfaces are covered by roofs or pavement,`which are typically dark and absorb 80% City of Cupertino CAP i December 2014 of sunlight, thereby exacerbating the warming effects of climate change. Though not technically a green infrastructure item, cool roofs and cool pavement can further support the beneficial outcomes provided by a healthy, robust urban forest. In addition to trees, other types of landscaping and vegetation can help to enhance ecological functions of the City's green infrastructure. Community and school gardens can help to build a personal connection to, and ultimately ownership of, the places we seek to protect. These local spaces offer a retreat from the noise and commotion of our daily lives, and can impart a stewardship ethic among gardeners and adjacent property owners alike. They also allow families and individuals without land of their own to produce food, build skills, and share knowledge. Further, community gardens can provide access to fresh, nutrient-rich produce that localizes the traditional commodity chain, reducing associated transportation emissions and eliminating packaging lifecycle impacts. School gardens further these gains by serving as outdoor classrooms where learning happens through hands-on trial and error, and students are empowered as food and plant scientists to apply lessons learned indoors. Cupertino is currently home to one over-subscribed 60 acre organic garden located at McClellan Ranch Preserve, a recently opened small working garden at the adjacent Blackberry Farm that supplies produce to the cafe, and a 5.1 acre orchard on its Stocklmeir Ranch. Each of these sites is part of the Stevens Creek Corridor, a natural park setting with extensive creek restoration projects and a host of trail and park amenities, which are the current focus of a Master Planning Proiect that will define its future use (e.g., "legacy farm" creation, garden expansion). Beyond City properties, local schools host a variety of edible schoolyards, butterfly, or native plant gardens, and complimentary compost programs, many of which have launched or expanded in partnership with the City's green@school program or via funding made available through the Rotary Club of Cupertino. To foster a deeper connection to these natural community assets and strengthen our environmental legacy, which in turn can transform other climate-tied emissions reductions activities among those engaged, these urban green spaces should be expanded throughout the City and across our school campuses and coupled with ancillary naturalist education and volunteer opportunities, such as the City's current GreenFingers habitat restoration program. Action Status Responsibility Timeline Continue implementing landscaping requirements in City's ` A Development Standards,Design Guidelines,and other Planning Division regulatory documents G -I-- Partner with neighborhood groups,community organizations, 4 and business community to encourage voluntary tree planting B on private property within Cupertino;identify opportunities for Sustainability Division such organizations to assist City with maintenance of street trees planted within public rights-of-way ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES Consider developing strategic,long-range plan to identify Trees&Right of Way C policies and strategies to proactively manage and grow the City's street tree population Division Evaluate opportunities to expand current ordinances and Sustainability Division; D codes to prioritize expansion of City's green and cool roofs,as Planning Division well as pervious and cool pavement 4L Assess opportunities to expand Cupertino's network of community gardens,demonstration gardens,and edible Recreation and E schoolyards through Stevens Creek Corridor Maser Plan Community Services process,targeted Green@Home or Green@School campaign, Department 4L and strengthened Rotary Club partnership Expand community and school gardens,and evaluate Recreation and F opportunities to develop prevalent demonstration garden that Community Services incorporates water-sensitive design and advanced irrigation Department control technology(if irrigation system is necessary) 4L, Pair expanded garden network with new naturalist and Recreation and G education programs and trainings to build community Community Services knowledge of gardening techniques and associated health, Department environmental,and financial benefits 4L Install informational placards or signs at new gardens that Recreation and H quantify emissions reductions from local food sources and Community Services water saving potential from native plants and refer public to Department additional informational resources 4LL Progress Indicators Year 2,500 net new trees planted in the city from 2015 onward 2020 2,800 net new trees planted in the city from 2015 onward 2035 City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Target Achievement PROGRESS TOWARD 2020 TARGET The reduction measures described above combined with the statewide actions described in Chapter 2 and the municipal operations reduction measures included in Chapter 4 have the potential to reduce community-wide emissions by 95,661 MT CO2e/yr from projected 2020 levels. This progress exceeds the City's 2020 reduction target of 15% below 2010 levels, representing a 15.4% reduction in baseline emissions. Figure 3.5 shows the additive impact of statewide actions and local actions that will achieve the City's 2020 target. The dashed red line illustrates community-wide BAU emissions, with the gray line showing ABAU emissions (i.e., BAU emissions minus statewide reductions). The teal line shows a trajectory towards the 2020 target from the 2010 baseline level, and the pink link appearing just beneath the teal target line represents the level of emissions reductions that could be achieved following implementation of the CAP measures presented in this chapter. Figure 3.5—2020 Community-wide Target Achievement 370,000 350,000 ♦ ♦ ♦ 00 330,000 ♦ 00i o" 310,000 00 290,000 270,000 250,000 2010 2020 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES 0 PROGRESS TOWARD 2035 TARGET As shown in Figures 3.6 and 3.7, the most important driver for long-term target achievement is statewide action. As described in Chapter 2, the future impact of statewide actions is currently difficult to predict because the Scoping Plan only quantifies emissions reductions through the 2020 horizon year. This CAP estimated the future impact of statewide actions in two different ways. The first method, illustrated in Figure 3.6, is more conservative in its scope and is based on continued implementation of the known statewide actions (as described in Chapter 1) as they are applied to future growth in Cupertino. For example, as more houses are built, these homes will be subject to the 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. As more employees move to Cupertino, these drivers will be using vehicles with higher fuel efficiency and cleaner fuels as a result of Pavley I and II and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard. Under this estimation method, there is no expansion of the scope of statewide actions to make them more stringent in the future, they are simply applied to a larger population group (i.e., community-wide population and employment growth). Based on these estimates, Cupertino would achieve community-wide emissions levels of 284,722 MT CO2e/yr by 2035, representing a 7.3% reduction below baseline levels; far short of the City's target of 49% below baseline levels. Figure 3.6—2035 Community-wide Target Progress 450,000 400,000 350,000 1 0 300,000 — g 250,000 = 1 200,000 150,000 2010 2020 2035 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target The second method for estimating future reductions (beyond 2020) from statewide actions assumes that the level of reductions from statewide actions in 2020 would remain constant through the future horizon years. In 2020, statewide actions provided 85% of the reductions needed to achieve the City's target. If statewide actions continued to provide this level of reductions in 2035, the City would achieve an emissions level of 164,480 MT CO2e/yr, or 46.5% below baseline levels. As shown in Figure 3.7, this is much closer to the City's target of 49% below 2010 levels. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 3.7—2035 Target Progress with Alternative Statewide Reduction Estimates 450,000 ; I I oo I I 400,000 I = 1 1 � I I � I 1 1 00 I 350,000 I I cm _ I 0 300,000 ' I C I � G 250,000 ' I I I I I I I I 200,000 ' � I I I 150,000 i 2010 2020 20'35 — — BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Target The following measure commits the City to regularly monitoring the actual reductions attributed to these statewide actions in the future to ensure that the reductions scenario shown in Figure 3.7 is realized and that the CAP's actions are modified in response to any potential shortcomings that are identified. MEASURE 2035-1 LONG-TERM TARGET MONITORING Regularly monitor progress made towards City's 2035 and 2050 targets through inventory updates and review of implementation success related to statewide actions. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified It is likely that the state will continue to develop actions and programs that will support achievement of its 2050 statewide reduction target, such as development and implementation of zero-net energy building requirements. However, at this time the potential future impact of those actions is unknown. Therefore, the City will continue to monitor the state's efforts designed to achieve its long-term 2050 reduction target. Should additional statewide actions be developed, or existing actions enhanced, that would have local application to Cupertino, then the City will analyze their local reduction potential and incorporate those reductions into future CAP updates. The uncertainty regarding the future impact of statewide actions is only one of several variables that could influence the City's ability to achieve its longer-term targets. New technologies that further reduce energy or transportation-related emissions (e.g., more efficient appliance standards, fuel-efficient vehicles) may be developed between now and 2035. Further, existing ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES technologies may also become more effective or financially viable, which could accelerate their purchase and use within the community. One example is the cost and ubiquity of solar photovoltaic panels, which have experienced exponential market growth during the last few decades. To that end, increased residential and commercial renewable energy deployment could be a large source of future emissions reductions when compared to current conventional grid-sourced energy resources. Additional local CAP measures may also be developed during future plan updates, or CAP measures may be implemented at higher rates than previously estimated. The 2035 reduction estimates are based on the best available data and assumptions, but the future is difficult to predict accurately. Regular emissions inventory updates will be the best predictor of future target achievement, and will help the City to identify emissions sectors that need additional attention. They will also help to maintain future CEQA streamlining benefits by demonstrating that the City remains on a trajectory towards the CAP's long-term emissions reduction targets. Similarly, future target achievement is based on numerous growth estimates, including future year population and employment levels envisioned in the General Plan Amendment, which may or may not be accurate. If the City grows faster than anticipated in the emissions inventories, it will become harder to achieve long-term targets without deeper implementation of CAP measures. However, if the City grows more slowly, so too will its emissions; potentially making future targets easier to achieve through implementation of this CAP. All of these uncertainties illustrate the need for regular monitoring and revisions to the CAP, the City's emissions inventories, and reduction strategies. See Chapter 7 for further discussion of how the City should ensure the CAP's relevance in the future. Measure 2035-1 Implementation Table Action Status Responsibility Timeline Prepare emissions inventory updates on 2-3 year cycle to ensure real progress is being made towards reduction targets; prepare updates in 2020,2035,and 2050 to correspond A directly with target years;during each inventory update year, Sustainability Division consider need for implementation of long-term reduction opportunities described in following section(future statewide actions may make some of these strategies redundant) Develop process for updating statewide reduction estimates as B part of future inventory updates to show actual BAU and ABAU Sustainability Division emissions levels achieved,which can be compared to estimates described in Chapter 2 of this CAP If discrepancy is discovered between actual reduction results and estimated levels due to fewer reductions from statewide C actions,identify which statewide actions are not performing Sustainability Division optimally and strengthen related local CAP measures or develop new local actions to close reductions gap Incorporate updated BAU and ABAU inventories into regular CAP implementation progress reports to ensure most current D information is considered during these status meetings when Sustainability Division developing future courses of action City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 LONG-TERM REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES As part of the CAP development process, several measure options were considered that would provide long-term reduction opportunities and would require regional collaboration for successful implementation. These additional measures could be applied to the estimated statewide and local actions included in this CAP to demonstrate a pathway towards future target achievement. However, these options were not developed with the same level of detail as the local CAP measures included in this chapter and are provided here for informational purposes only for future CAP update consideration. Rough estimates of future emissions reduction potential were calculated using readily-available data and studies. Additional analysis will be required to ensure their feasibility for local implementation, and should be developed during future CAP updates. These measures are included here so that conversations with regional partners and local residents can begin early, with the hope that some or all of the measures are ready to begin implementation by 2020. PG&E Green Option 2035 Reduction Potential (Municipal participation at 100%): 869 MT CO2e/yr 2035 Reduction Potential (10% community-wide participation): 4,750 MT CO2e/yr PG&E is in the process of finalizing its proposed Green Option Program, which will allow customers to voluntarily purchase up to 100% renewable electricity (learn more at: http://www.pge.com/greenoption/). The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) still needs to respond to PG&E's proposed program before implementation can occur. If approved, PG&E expects the program to be available for subscription within a few months following approval. The program is currently expected to be capped at 272 MW of demand and for a five-year pilot program. It is currently unknown how participation will be granted should the program become fully-subscribed. The City could consider participating in this program so that 100% of municipal electricity is generated from renewable sources. Though municipal emissions only represent a fraction of total community-wide emissions, this program provides an opportunity to demonstrate regional leadership in renewable energy procurement and emissions reductions. Residents and local businesses will be able to voluntarily participate in this program. A similar program offered by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District currently has an approximately 10% voluntary participation rate. City Actions to Consider ■ Conduct feasibility study of PG&E Green Option financial costs (per kilowatt hour (kWh) costs have not been finalized yet as part of program development) for City to purchase part or all of its electricity from renewable sources ■ Evaluate benefits to City participation ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES ■ Develop resolution to opt into PG&E Green Option program for municipal electricity purchases (Note: program is currently capped at 272 MW and as 5 year pilot program; it is currently unknown how enrollment decisions will be made should program become fully subscribed ■ If pursued, advertise the City's voluntary participation to encourage local residents and businesses participation Community Choice Energy Option 2035 Reduction Potential (75% community-wide participation): 56,875 MT COze/yr This option is included above as a stand-alone measure to highlight its importance for long-term target achievement. As described in Measure C-E-7, community choice energy allows a city or cities to supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a CCE. CCE's are typically designed as an opt-out program, meaning that all residents and businesses within its boundaries are automatically enrolled in its service with the ability to opt out and remain with PG&E as their utility provider. This type of enrollment is one reason that CCE programs enjoy high participation rates. For example, Marin Clean Energy began serving customers in May 2010, and currently procures electricity for 75% of electric customers in Marin County. The City could consider participating in regional conversations regarding opportunities and challenges to establishing a regional CCE district. Strategies that decrease electricity-related emissions, such as a CCE or the PG&E Green Option program will have a direct impact on the reductions associated with energy-conservation measures described throughout this CAP. For example, if Cupertino were to purchase 100% clean electricity for municipal operations, then there would be no additional emissions reductions associated with high-efficiency lighting retrofits. The electricity used by the lighting would already be emissions-free, so using that electricity in a more efficient manner would have no additional impact on the City's emissions. The City could see reductions in operation and maintenance costs related to reduced electricity use though, which might substantiate additional energy-conservation projects under that type of scenario. Because these clean electricity- related strategies have such overlap with other CAP strategies, the reduction estimate presented for the CCE option cannot simply be added to the other 2035 reduction estimates presented in this chapter. Additional analysis would be required to determine the level of overlap among CAP strategies, and what continued role, if any, the state's RPS would play in achieving Cupertino's reduction targets. City Actions to Consider ■ Collaborate with regional partners to evaluate feasibility for CCE development (e.g., start-up costs, funding sources, legal considerations, participation estimates) ■ If deemed viable, create or join a CCE development program to expand grid-tied renewable energy options for municipal facilities, homes, schools, and businesses City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Alternative Fuel Vehicles 2035 Reduction Potential: 15,850 MT CO2e/yr (Note: this is in addition to reductions estimated from Measure C-T-7) Advancements in alternative fuel vehicle technologies make long-term market adoption seem likely. As described in Measure C-T-7 above, there are actions the City can take to facilitate this market transition, including pre-wiring requirements in new construction for electric vehicle charging stations, additional installation of public charging/refueling infrastructure, and dissemination of information on alternative fuel vehicles. The reduction potential shown above is dependent upon decreasing vehicle costs resulting from further technological advancement and increasing market adoption that brings to bear economies of scale in automotive manufacturing. This estimate includes a transition away from gasoline and diesel vehicles to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery-electric vehicles, and compressed natural gas vehicles throughout the range of vehicle class categories (e.g., passenger cars, light duty trucks, buses). As the use of electric vehicles increases, it will become more important to clean the electricity grid in order to maximize the emissions reductions associated with this type of alternative fuel vehicle. City Actions to Consider ■ Research best-practices in facilitating market shift towards alternative fuel vehicles through local policies ■ Participate in regional collaboration on alternative fueling infrastructure procurement and policy-setting ■ Explore opportunities to transition municipal fleet vehicles to alternative fuel vehicles Figure 3.8 shows that development and implementation of these measures (excluding the PG&E Green Option to avoid double-counting with the CCE program) would exceed the 2035 target. Combined with the reduction estimates in Table 3.1, these additional measures would achieve an emissions level of 91,755 MT CO2e/yr, or approximately 70% below baseline levels. As shown in Figure 3.8, this would put the City's emissions on a downward trajectory towards the 2050 target, though the overlapping impact of the reduction estimates was not forecasted through 2050 as part of this project, and would be highly speculative at this point. Figure 3.8 incorporates the more aggressive statewide reduction estimates described above. It is likely that there will be substantial overlap between the state's enhanced actions to achieve such reduction levels and the two additional reduction opportunities described in this section. When planning for deep emissions reductions, as would be required to achieve the 2050 reduction target, strategies need to focus on the energy and transportation sectors by necessity, as they represent 88% of the community's total emissions. It is likely that in pursuit of its long-term targets, the state will increase the requirements of the RPS or develop additional policies or programs that achieve the same result: zero emissions in the electricity grid. Similarly, no long- term target can be achieved without aggressively addressing vehicle-related emissions, either ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES through substantial efficiency improvements, broad shifts towards emissions-free technologies, or both. The state is likely to pursue these types of strategies in the future, which would have an overlapping effect on the reduction estimates presented here from implementing a CCE and supporting widespread community shifts towards alternative fuel vehicles. The City will need to monitor the status of future state-level efforts and their impact on the City's reduction strategies as part of the CAP's ongoing maintenance. As the direction of new state action becomes clear, the City can identify any remaining local reduction opportunities for consideration. Alternatively, the state may make significant strides toward its long-term target (i.e., through enhanced actions/programs or development of new ones) such that local emissions reduction planning becomes less important. At the very least, Figure 3.8 provides a framework to demonstrate what it will take to mirror the state's aggressive long-range targets at the local level. The largest reduction opportunities, known at this time, are likely to come from cleaner electricity sources and a large-scale shift towards alternative-fuel vehicles, which couples well with these long-term measures provided here for the City to track during future CAP updates. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 3.8— Long-Term Reduction Options 500,000 i 00 � 1 � i 1 450,00000 I ; i 00 00; 00 400,000 s i i i ; 350,000 ' 00 , 1 � , 1 � , 1 1 1 1 � 300,000 1 N , ' 0 , 1 U 250,000 I 1 , 1 , 1 , I , 1 , 200,000 ' I , I , 1 , I , 150,000 I , I , 1 , I , I , 100,000 I , I , 1 , I , I , 50,000 2010 2020 2035 2050 BAU Emissions ABAU Emissions CAP Reductions Clean Electricity Alternative Fuel Vehicles Target ChapterCOMMUNITY-WIDE REDUCTION MEASURES • • • 19 s . WI Sk.. tri>' f i'• } S 1 1 t , b •1 '1 , 1 •. . j� ' i ��y� �� X11 "i` mo-' , t ',5� , f•� �'" 1 • j �/ IL NEW- This chapter describes the measures and actions that the City could implement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve its municipal operations targets. The chapter provides a description of the CAP measure development process, a summary of the emission reductions anticipated from implementation of each proposed measure, a discussion regarding estimated achievement of the City's 2020 emissions reduction target, and recommendations for putting the City on a pathway toward reaching its 2035 and 2050 targets. The remainder of the chapter provides detailed descriptions of the individual measures and implementation actions. Purpose of the Municipal Operations Strategy The City of Cupertino has a long tradition of leading by example. This section presents municipal operations strategies that define actions for City leaders, department managers, and staff to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from internal operations (i.e., government buildings, facilities, and vehicle fleet). In addition to the emission reduction benefits, implementation of the measures contained within this chapter will lower energy, water, and fuel costs; reduce exposure to future energy cost increases; and improve government service delivery. City staff assisted in development of the CAP to identify priority actions and implementation steps, key performance targets, and departmental responsibility for its implementation. Measure Development Process The purpose of the municipal operations measures is to define future actions and implementation steps that the City could take to reduce its own emissions. The City conducted the following steps to develop the measures and actions contained within this chapter: Reviewed Reviewed strategies Developed .. . proposedCalculated existing and municipal best compatible preliminary greenhouse gas policies)past City efforts practices with Council actions and reduction strategies, (i.e.,programs, nationally,and and steps to carry potential actions,steps, As part of the Santa Clara County-led regional climate planning project, City staff were provided a list of GHG reduction best management practices (BMP) developed from a review of regional, national, and international cities (see Appendix D). Staff first identified which projects, policies, or practices from the BMP list were already in place and/or planned for near-term implementation in Cupertino. Measures were also reviewed with residential and business stakeholders as part of the City's community-wide CAP planning efforts, to gauge their priorities for future agency operations. Preliminary measures were then refined based on perceived political, technical, and financial feasibility (see Figure 4.1). Finally, each selected measure was evaluated to gauge its relative effectiveness by calculating GHG emissions reduction benefits, and developing implementation timelines, departmental responsibility, and additional benefits (i.e., "co-benefits") that will arise from implementing the measures. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 4.1 — Municipal Operations Measure Development Considerations MIT Projects Wipll Services Eqprr"W Political Financial IMPLEMENTATION GHG Reduction Timeline Responsible Agency Co-Benefits Performance Indicator During the development of the CAP, staff identified a wide range of efforts the City has already implemented to reduce energy and water use, improve vehicle efficiency, and reduce solid waste. These existing and past efforts provide a foundation for the development of additional future actions, and were reviewed to identify opportunities for expanded implementation and development of new actions. Some existing actions have the potential for expansion or increased adoption within the City's operational framework, and are included in the CAP's measure discussion below, such as shifting the municipal fleet towards alternative vehicles. Some past actions may not be candidates for expansion at this time, but are still briefly described in the CAP text and have been quantified to take credit for their ongoing emissions reduction contributions, such as the City's initiative to retrofit its streetlights to high-efficiency technologies. And finally, some past actions were taken prior to the CAP's 2010 baseline year and cannot be included as reductions for purposes of this plan, such as the retrofit of traffic signals. However, these pre-2010 actions led to lower 2010 baseline emissions than would otherwise have been possible without their implementation. Therefore, while this CAP and the City's emissions reduction targets are based on the most current municipal operations inventory for 2010, the City's past actions have already set it on a path towards mirroring California's statewide reduction targets. This CAP can capture the reduction potential of City actions taken since 2010 and those estimated for future implementation, but falls short of documenting the full impact of the City's efforts towards reducing emissions through improved operational services prior to 2010. Table 4.1 lists the City's past and existing actions that were considered during CAP development. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.1 Existing City Emissions Reduction Initiatives FACILITIES Existing Building Energy and Water Retrofits Green Building Standards Advanced Lighting Controls/Monitoring Systems Building Energy Benchmarking Building Systems Retrofits (e.g., HVAC) Building Energy Audits Building Envelope Retrofits Indoor Building Lighting Retrofits Low-Flow Fixtures/Low-Flow Toilets at Public Exterior Building Lighting Retrofits Facilities New Building Energy Performance Green Building Standards Building Energy Use Benchmarking Conservation/Energy Management through Behavior Energy Efficient Procurement Policy—ENERGY Energy Consumption Data Collected per Building/ STAR Appliances Facility Energy Management Systems—Office Equipment Employee Information/Education Public Realm Lighting Efficiency Traffic Signal Retrofits Parking Lot Lighting Retrofits Street Light Retrofits Park Facility Lighting Retrofits Landscape Water Conservation Water Conservation Plan for Public Parks Advanced Irrigation Training for Parks Staff Climate-Sensitive and Water Efficient Irrigation Green Grounds Policy(e.g.,Watering Schedules, Technology Plant Selection) Efficient and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Fuel Efficient Vehicle Procurement Policy Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Behavior/Fuel Conservation Anti-Idling Driver Policy �SOLID WASTE Waste Reduction Green Procurement Specifications Zero Waste Strategy Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals Waste Audits/Surveys and Diversion Tracking at Paperless Office Policy/Program Municipal Facilities Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion Municipal Collection and Composting Program Landscape Waste Diversion On-Site Landscape Waste Reduction Program Waste Management Training for Park Department Municipal Landscape Waste Composting Program Staff/Groundskeepers Construction and Demolition (C&D)Waste Diversion C&D Waste Diversion Ordinance—50% Diversion City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Reduction Strategies The municipal reduction strategy is designed to achieve the City's 2020 target for emissions reductions 15% below its 2010 baseline level, as described in Chapter 2. As with the community-wide strategy presented in Chapter 3, the municipal operations strategy is organized into strategy areas with goals, measures, and actions. In this chapter, the high-level goals correlate to three reduction sectors: Facilities, Vehicle Fleet, and Solid Waste. It should be noted that no separate Water goal is included due to the relatively low emissions reduction potential associated with water conservation and the fact that the primary purpose of a CAP is to identify emissions reduction opportunities. However, a measure that addresses water use in landscaping is included within the Facilities sector (see Measure M-F-7). Within the three strategy areas, reduction measures define a pathway for achieving the overarching goals. Actions then describe the specific steps the City will take to implement each measure. Cupertino's BOLD municipal operations reduction goals are: GOAL 1 —IMPROVE FACILITIES: Transform facilities into models of technology demonstration and conservation. S GOAL 2 —CONVERT VEHICLE FLEE' Pursue employee commute and fleet alternatives to encourage multi-modal mobility and support a community- " • i wide shift toward alternative fuel vehicles. GOAL 3 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Effectively manage materials to shift behavior, consumption, and lifecycle impacts. MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTION MEASURES This chapter presents 15 municipal operations reduction measures, which are grouped according to the three municipal operations goals. As with the community-wide strategy, the majority of the City's measures are focused on the energy and transportation via the Facility and Vehicle Fleet strategies because, as shown in Chapter 2, as these represent the greatest emissions sources in the City and therefore provide the best opportunities for deep emissions reductions. Figure 4.2 illustrates the interlocking municipal operations reduction goals and their corresponding measures. The "M" in the measure numbers indicates it is a municipal operations LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 measure (as opposed to "C" for community-wide as is used in Chapter 3), while the next letter(s) identifies with which goal the measure is associated. Figure 4.2— Hierarchy of Goals, Measure, and Actions GOALS MEASURES Goal 1- I m prove Facilities Goal 2- ==0001'01 M-VF-2 2111 Convert Vehicle Fleet Goal 3 - Reduce Solid Waste Summary of Reductions Figure 4.3 illustrates the relative magnitude of each goal in terms of its emissions reduction potential by 2020. As shown, Facilities measures contribute nearly 80% of the total reductions estimated to occur by 2020 as a result of CAP implementation. The Vehicle Fleet and Solid Waste measures each contribute approximately 10% of total reductions. This breakdown corresponds with the City's emissions inventory that shows energy-related emissions contributing nearly 70% of total municipal emissions, as well as with the technological and financial realities inherent in attempting to shift towards cleaner vehicle fleet options in the near term. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Figure 4.3— Municipal Reduction Measures Contribution by 2020 Goal 1 - Facilities Goal 2 - Vehicle Fleet Goal 3 - Solid Waste Table 4.2 presents an overview of the 14 proposed municipal CAP measures (including one statewide measure) that are presented in greater detail later in this chapter. Where possible, emissions reduction estimates have been provided. In some instances, it was not possible to calculate the specific impact of implementing certain measures, even though those measures are important to the overall success of the City's CAP. These measures have been identified as "Supporting Measures" in Table 4.2 and throughout this chapter (sometimes referred to as Supporting Actions depending on the context), and are treated with the same level of detail and importance as the quantifiable actions within this chapter. To illustrate the measures' relative contribution towards the City's target, the column titled Contribution to 2020 Target was calculated based on the City's BAU emissions forecasts and targets described in Chapter 2. At the bottom of the table, the identified reductions are compared to the amount needed to achieve the City's 2020 target. As shown, this CAP estimates that the City will achieve its 2020 municipal operations reduction target with a 34.9% reduction below 2010 levels. Further discussion of near-term target achievement and the pathway towards long-term target achievement are presented at the end of this chapter. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.2 No Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions ohk_Reduction Goals and Measures 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target IMPROVE FACILITIES 552 160% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 31% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 26% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 12% M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 36% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 0% Statewide Actions 1862 54% CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET 66 19% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 14% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 5% REDUCE SOLID WASTE 82 24% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 18% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 4% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 1% TOTAL 2020 CAP REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15% below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 IMPACT OF PAST CITY ACTIONS Some of the existing City initiatives shown in Table 4.1 appear in Table 4.2 as well. These include the actions implemented after the CAP's 2010 baseline year. Since future year emissions forecasts are based on the baseline inventory, the emissions-reducing impact of these past actions would not be represented in the baseline inventory or emissions forecasts, and can therefore be counted towards achievement of the 2020 reduction target. The City has monitored the results from several of these actions, and was able to quantify their associated reductions. Incorporation of these reductions helps to provide a comprehensive representation of what additional actions will be required of the City to achieve its 2020 target. Table 4.3 presents the reductions and contribution towards the 2020 target for those past City actions that have sufficient implementation data and a methodology for calculation. The most significant past action to achieve municipal emissions reductions was the City's upgrade of municipally-owned streetlights to higher efficiency technologies. This action provided one-third of all reductions needed to achieve the 2020 municipal operations target. Other actions included retrofitting parking lot and park path lighting, installing weather-based irrigation controllers, replacing older municipal vehicles with hybrid-electric models, and implementing the state's construction and demolition diversion requirements. The total impact of these past actions contributes nearly 50% of reductions needed to achieve the 2020 emissions target. Table 4. Impact of Past City Actions 2020 Reductions Contribution to Reduction Measure I Action (MT CO2elyear) 2020 Target IMPROVE FACILITIES 167 48% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit A. Building Retrofits 41 12% M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency A. Street Light Retrofits 115 33% B. Parking Lot and Park Facility Lighting Retrofits 10 3% M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation A. Irrigation System Improvements 1 0% CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET 5 1% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles A. Strategic Vehicle Fleet Transition Plan 5 1% REDUCE SOLID WASTE 1 0% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion A. C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects 1 0% TOTAL REDUCTIONS from PAST CITY ACTIONS 173 49% Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' As previously mentioned, the City has long been a leader in resource efficiency and has taken many actions beyond the few that are shown in Table 4.3. Some of these actions were undertaken prior to the 2010 baseline year, and their results are reflected in the CAP's baseline inventory. Others lack data to be accurately quantified or their results cannot be separated from the broader municipal emissions trends in the inventory, such as the City's energy efficient procurement policy or advanced irrigation training for Park Department staff. In any case, the most efficient way to track the success of the City's actions is to regularly update its municipal inventory to verify that emissions are, in fact, trending lower in the future, and collect metrics on its program and project achievements to further inform this effort. IMPACT OF NEW MUNICIPAL REDUCTION ACTIONS Table 4.2 and Figure 4.3 both show that the Facilities measures have the largest emissions reduction potential for 2020, which corresponds to its share of the emissions inventory (e.g., 70% of total emissions in 2010). Figure 4.4 below shows the relative impact of the specific quantified actions presented later in this chapter. Facilities sector measures are anticipated to reduce emissions by approximately 550 MT CO2e/year. This estimate surpasses the 2020 target, and represents nearly one-third of reductions needed to achieve the City's 2050 target. Though not included in the 2020 total reduction estimate, the actions associated with Measure M-F-1 would result in cleaner electricity used in municipal operations, and provide the greatest opportunity for large-scale emissions reductions. The Solid Waste measures contribute approximately 90 MT CO2e/year, or one-quarter of the 2020 target. The Vehicle Fleet sector measures are anticipated to reduce emissions by approximately 50 MT CO2e/year, or 13.0% of total reductions needed by 2020. Figure 4.4— Comparative Emission Reduction Potential of CAP Actions (2020) M-F-1 A.Utility-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio M-F-1 B.Community Choice Aggregation M-F-2 A.Solar PV Installations on City Buildings/Property M-F-3 A.Advanced Energy Efficiency Analytics M-F-4 A. Bulding Retrofits M M-F-6 A.Street Light Retrofits M-F-6 B. Parking Lot/Park Facility Lighting Retrofits M-F-7 A. Benchmark&Track Water Use M-VF-1 A.Strategic Vehicle Fleet Transition Plan M-VF-3 A.Telematics M-SW-1 B. Paperless Office Policy/Program M-SW-2 A. Municipal Collection and Composting Program II M-SW-3 A.C&D Diversion Policy for Municipal Projects 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 MT COZe/yr City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Emissions Reduction Measures The remainder of this chapter presents the municipal operations goals, measures, and actions organized by strategy area (i.e., Facilities, Vehicle Fleet, Solid Waste). Each strategy area section begins with an overview of the corresponding measures and actions. Then, each measure is presented individually, with a narrative describing the details of the measure and supporting action(s), including related past actions taken by the City. Each measure concludes with a detailed implementation table that: ■ lists the implementation steps and their current implementation status, ■ identifies the City department responsible for implementation, ■ provides the emissions reduction potential and performance indicator upon which the emissions reductions were calculated (where applicable), ■ highlights co-benefits related to the action's implementation, and ■ suggests an implementation timeframe for the action. Figure 4.5 illustrates the relationship of the goals, measures, actions, and implementation plans. Several of these implementation table features are described in more detail below to introduce the icons and terminology used throughout this chapter. Figure 4.5— Reduction Strategy Hierarchy • A MEASURE ACTION IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION STEPS, STATUS, AND DEPARTMENT RESPONSIBILITY Implementation steps identify how the City will advance each action. The implementation table also identifies responsible departments that would be best positioned to lead or provide essential input for implementation of certain tasks. Key implementing departments and divisions include the following (highlighted in green below): • 1 Division i r Economic Manager Sustainability Public Affairs City Clerk Development Community Housing Planning Building Development Services Capital Grounds& Trees& Public Works Improvement Facilities Fleet Streets Transportation Right of Program Way Recreation & Facility& Community Community Neighborhood Senior Sports& Youth &Teen Services Events Services Programs Fitness Programs Admin Services Human Finance Resources The status column indicates whether an implementation step is an existing City priority or a new item proposed by the CAP. Measure status is indicated with the icons shown below: Ir Existing City Actions Proposed New Actions GHG REDUCTION POTENTIAL The estimated annual emissions reduction potential of each quantifiable action is provided for 2020 in MT CO2e/yr. Measures or actions identified as "Supporting" contribute to GHG reductions and are an important component of this CAP, but currently lack a methodology to quantify their individual emissions reduction potential. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 PROGRESS INDICATORS Progress indicators describe the specific action that is being quantified to estimate the reduction potential. These indicators enable City staff, the City Council, and the public to track implementation and monitor overall CAP progress. Progress indicators are provided for 2020, and are specifically described when possible (e.g., 100% of municipal electricity comes from a portfolio of 75% renewable sources). Progress indicators are not provided for supporting measures, which do not have quantifiable emissions reductions. CO-BENEFITS As previously described in Chapter 3, the co-benefits identified in this CAP highlight the various additional outcomes that could occur as a result of measure implementation, beyond emissions reductions. The same co-benefit icons from Chapter 3 are used here to illustrate these overlapping outcomes. Figure 4.6 shows the co-benefits and their corresponding icons used throughout this chapter. Figure 4.6— Municipal Operations Measure Co-Benefits Improves air quality Increases natural habitat Reduces energy use Creates local jobs Reduces vehicle fuel Reduces waste; consumption Extends landfill lifespan Reduces water use; Improves local energy Extends community water independence supply Provides long-term savings Increases operational knowledge; from municipal operations Raises community awareness Conserves natural resources Reduces landfill methane Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE Timeline icons used in the implementation tables indicate when each implementation step should occur based on the following four timeframes: 'mp On-going items are actions the City already performs or programs the City already offers that should be continued in the future. Ar Near-term items are those that should be pursued immediately, within a 1-2 year timeframe following CAP adoption. Medium-term items will help to achieve the 2020 reduction target, and should be pursued within 3-5 years following CAP adoption. Long-term items will help provide broader measure implementation, but are not critical to immediate success; these items include actions that can be started now and will take 5+ years to complete, or can be actions that do not require implementation consideration for at least 5 years. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 �a GOAL 1 - IMPROVE FACILITIES : Transform facilities into models of technology demonstration and conservation. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Facility sector emissions represented approximately 70% of total municipal emissions in 2010. Energy emissions arise from the electricity and natural gas used to power the City's buildings and facilities. Electricity from the public utility grid is generated from a variety of sources, including natural gas and coal power plants, hydro-electric generators, wind farms, and large- scale solar facilities. The mix of energy sources used to supply the grid is one factor used to calculate the City's energy-related emissions. Electricity powers the City's building and facility lighting, air conditioning, computers, and other office equipment that support daily operations. Electricity is also used to power the City's public lighting, including streetlights, traffic lights, municipal parking lot lights, and park and recreational lighting. Energy-related emissions also include natural gas used for indoor space heating and hot water use, heating public pool water, and other operations. The City has already taken a number of steps to reduce energy emissions through energy- efficiency improvements. Existing buildings and facilities have been made more energy-efficient with indoor lighting retrofits, lighting occupancy sensors, office equipment energy management systems, and streetlight and traffic signal retrofits. The City has also reduced landscape irrigation water use with the installation of weather-based sprinkler systems, which help prevent the overwatering of parks, medians, and other public landscape areas if the soil is already wet or rain is expected. Ongoing planning for municipal solar photovoltaic systems could provide opportunities to meet a portion of the City's electricity demand from clean, renewable, and local sources. The City has also demonstrated a leadership role through policy and operational guidance, including adoption of its Green Building Ordinance, which requires new construction and significant retrofits in the City (including municipal buildings) to meet established green building standards. A municipal purchasing policy directs use of ENERGY STAR-rated appliances and equipment to increase operational efficiency. This sector includes seven measures that expand upon the City's previous successes in energy efficiency improvements to help achieve its 2020 target, and establish a framework for achieving its 2035 and 2050 targets. The following measures will provide emission reductions through cleaner grid electricity; renewable energy development; additional existing building retrofits; enhanced standards for new building energy performance; operational improvements; lighting retrofits; and enhanced landscape irrigation. Goal 1- Improve - Improve Facilities City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Implementation of several Facilities measures would have overlapping influence on the City's emissions reduction potential. Measure M-F-1 describes two approaches to achieve the same goal of reducing electricity-related emissions (i.e., low-carbon electricity options), and it is assumed that the City would not pursue both of these actions simultaneously (see Measure M- F-1 discussion next). Similarly, implementation of actions that would result in cleaner electricity sources would have the dual effect of lowering the emissions reduction potential of other actions that reduce municipal electricity use. The result of using cleaner electricity in City operations means that electricity-conserving measures, such as lighting efficiency improvements, contribute relatively less to emissions reductions because these measures would result in lower consumption of already low-emissions or zero-emissions electricity. For purposes of this CAP, it was assumed that the City would not pursue implementation of the low-carbon electricity option described in Measure M-F-1A prior to 2020 because the sum of past and anticipated future City actions, combined with the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard, will achieve the near-term 2020 reduction target. However, PG&E's Green Option Program is expected to be approved and implemented prior to 2020. If the City chooses to voluntarily participate in this program to purchase clean electricity for municipal use, the emissions reductions identified for M-F-1A could be realized and included in support of the City's 2020 target achievement. Conversely, it is unlikely that a local community choice energy district would be developed and fully implemented by the 2020 target year, preventing the City from achieving the reductions estimated for Measures M-F-1 B. Should this assumption prove incorrect, the City could achieve greater emissions reductions in 2020 than conservatively estimated here. If the City pursues Measure M-F-1 to purchase 100% of municipal electricity from clean sources, it would reduce emissions by approximately 875 MT CO2e/yr. If Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 are pursued instead, their total reduction potential would be approximately 550 MT CO2e per year (including reductions from the Renewable Portfolio Standard). MEASURE M-F-1 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PORTFOLIO Procure low-carbon electricity through utility-based programs or participation in a Community Choice Energy District. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: Up to 869 MT CO2e/yr (Note: Not included in progress toward 2020 target calculations) The greenhouse gas emissions attributed to electricity use are a direct result of the energy- generating sources contained within the electricity grid's portfolio. Shifting the grid's portfolio to cleaner energy sources (e.g. wind, solar, geothermal) will reduce emissions related to building energy use, such as lighting, mechanical systems, and office equipment. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) currently provides electricity and natural gas to all City buildings and Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 facilities, and is responsible for determining the grid's energy portfolio (note: The City also participates in ABAG POWER to purchase natural gas). This measure presents the City's opportunities to influence the portfolio mix of energy sourced and consumed to meet municipal energy demands. There are two options to implement this measure, described as Actions A and B below, including purchasing cleaner electricity directly from PG&E through its forthcoming Green Option Program (i.e., Action A) or partnering with other area jurisdictions to develop a community power-purchasing energy district that can independently buy cleaner electricity (i.e., Action B). These actions are not necessarily mutually exclusive; though it is likely the City would not opt to pursue both. A potential third option would be for the City to develop its own grid-scale renewable energy projects (e.g., 5 megawatt (MW) solar PV system). However, this alternative was omitted during the CAP development process due to limited City-owned space for such a large installation, the feasibility of which was analyzed during Cupertino's recent involvement in two regional renewable energy procurement projects. Measure M-F-1 would be further supported by other CAP measures and existing City actions that reduce electricity demand, either through energy-efficiency improvements or educational programs that promote energy conservation. Total reductions in electricity demand would lower the cost to participate in Actions A or B since the City would be purchasing less electricity at a premium price (e.g., the additional cost to purchase cleaner electricity from PG&E). Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by as much as 869 MT CO2e/year in 2020, depending on which measure the City selects and what proportion of clean electricity it chooses to buy. However, since the City's past actions combined with the Renewable Portfolio Standard are estimated to provide reduction levels that achieve the 2020 target it is assumed the City will not pursue implementation of Measure M-F-1 prior to 2020. However, a phased approach could be taken in which the City pursues M-F-1 Action A (i.e., participation in PG&E's Green Option program) in the near-term, while working on the longer-term implementation of M- F-1 Action B (i.e., development of a local Community Choice Energy program). The emissions reduction potential of the two actions is provided for informational purposes, and illustrates how effective clean electricity sources are at achieving reduction targets. While emissions reduction associated with this measure are not needed to achieve the City's near-term reduction target, access to clean electricity will play a primary role in the City's ability to achieve its longer-term reduction targets. In addition, pursuit of Community Choice Energy (CCE) could be a lengthy process (i.e., approximately 8 years to study, form JPA, procure energy, offer service to customers in Marin County). If the City selects this approach to help achieve its longer-term reduction targets, there are early implementation steps that could be taken between now and 2020 to lay the foundation for this as a future option. It should also be noted that the CCE action has the potential to provide significant energy sector reductions at the community-wide level as well, which could help the City to achieve its long-term community- wide emissions reduction goals. The implications of pursuing this measure by 2050 are described at the end of this chapter in the section title Trajectory towards 2035 and 2050 Targets. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Action A. Support Utilitv-Enhanced Clean Generation Portfolio PG&E is in the process of finalizing its proposed Green Option Program (see: http://www.pge.com/greenol)tion/), which would allow customers to voluntarily purchase 100% renewable electricity. If approved, PG&E expects the program to be available for subscription in 2015, within a few months following approval. The program is currently expected to be capped at 272 MW of demand and for a five-year pilot program. It is currently unknown how participation will be granted should the program become fully subscribed. The City should begin to explore the potential feasibility of this program, including cost implications, as information becomes available from PG&E, so that a decision to participate can be made shortly following CPUC approval. SupportM-F-1 Action A. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Conduct feasibility study of PG&E Green Option financial costs (per kilowatt hour(kWh)costs have not been finalized yet as part of program development)for City to purchase part or all of its electricity from renewable sources Sustainability Develop resolution to opt into PG&E Green Option program for municipal Division electricity purchases(Note: program is currently capped at 272 MW and as 5 year pilot program; it is currently unknown how enrollment decisions will be V made should program become fully subscribed) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 100%of municipal electricity use in 2020 comes from 75% renewable 651 (or zero carbon)sources via PG&E Green Option Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action B. Create Communitv Choice Enerqv Option Assembly Bill 117, which was signed into law in 2002, enables California cities and counties to individually or collectively supply electricity to customers within their borders through the establishment of a Community Choice Energy District. Unlike a municipal utility, a CCE does not own the transmission and delivery systems, but is responsible for providing electricity to its constituent residents and businesses. The CCE may own electric generating facilities, but more often, it purchases electricity from private electricity generators. A key benefit of a CCE is that the participating jurisdictions can determine the amount of renewable energy procured for its generation portfolio, allowing a CCE to exceed current state requirements directing California's utilities to provide 33% of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The program would be most effective if the City partnered with other Santa Clara County cities and the county government to jointly pursue a regional CCE program. The Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain View are currently cooperating on an initial CCE feasibility study. The image below illustrates the Marin Clean Energy program. �a< ■o■ Now RENEWABLE ENERGY SAME SERVICE AS ALWAYS YOUR COMMUNITY CHOICE Electric Generation Electric Delivery A Greener Electric Option MCE adds clean PG&E provides transmission, You can choose MCE for cleaner electricity to the grid_ repairs, billing and service. energy,stable prices,and local jobs. Source:httD://www.mcecleanenerav.ora/about-us/how-mce-works/ OptionM-F-1 Action B. Create Community Choice Energy Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to monitor CCE efforts within Santa Clara County, City of San Francisco, and East San Francisco Bay cities; if local support exists to further consider CCE options within Cupertino, pursue the following steps: o Identify potential jurisdictional partners for development of CCE (e.g., Sunnyvale, Mountain View) o Conduct feasibility study to assess viability of CCE program in Cupertino(can be conducted jointly with other jurisdictional partners) Sustainability Division o Based on results of feasibility study, pursue development of(or participation in)CCE per state requirements o Adopt resolution for City to participate in CCE o Determine feasibility of City to purchase electricity for municipal operations from CCE, based on approved CCE rate structure; CCE may provide options for level of participation (e.g., 50%clean electricity, 100%clean electricity) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 100%of municipal electricity use in 2020 comes from 100% renewable 869 (or zero carbon)sources via CCE program Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE M-F-2 RENEWABLE / LOW-CARBON ELECTRICITY GENERATION Develop renewable energy facilities at municipal buildings and facilities. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 108 MT COZe/yr The City has prepared several solar reports to study the viability of municipal buildings and facilities to host solar photovoltaic (PV) installations. These site-scale solar PV systems could help to offset building or facility-specific energy loads with locally-sourced renewable energy. Combined with energy-efficiency improvements (e.g., lighting retrofits, HVAC maintenance), appropriately-sized PV installations have the potential to offset the entire electricity load of certain buildings or facilities. Significant savings from solar installations have already been realized by varied members of Cupertino's community including De Anza College, the Cupertino Union School District, and the Fremont Union High School District. Through its most recent solar feasibility study, the City explored five installation locations: City Hall, Community Hall, Library, Service Yard, and the parking lots surrounding the Civic Center complex. The study considered the existing electricity demand of these buildings compared to the potential PV electricity generation that could be sited within each site. If all five sites are pursued, the City could install approximately 500 kilowatts (kW) of PV capacity with a generation potential of nearly 820,000 kWh/yr. This represents 17% of the City's 2010 electricity use. In pursuit of these renewable energy installations, the City has, and will need to continue to, considered the availability of financing options, including utility or government rebates, direct purchase with municipal funds, or use of power purchase agreements (PPA) through a solar service provider (PPA's allow a third-party developer to own, operate, and maintain the PV system, while the City would agree to host the system on its property and purchase the system's electric output from the solar service provider for a predetermined period). Cupertino's first solar installation, pursued through an Alameda County-led Regional Renewable Energy Procurement (R-REP) project, is advancing through direct purchase and is scheduled to offset all energy demands at its Service Yard beginning in the spring of 2015. This project represents a first step of the City "leading by example" to further encourage residential and commercial solar installations across our jurisdiction, which was ranked 18th in the Environment California Solar Cities 2012 Report for per capita installed solar capacity among cities with a population of 50,000 or more, over the cities of Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Davis, and Palo Alto. With 576 solar permits issued in Cupertino as of July 2014, the Service Center project will enable the City to join its community as a participant in achieving the more systemic sustainability and targeted renewable energy objectives defined in Council's Work Program, as a signatory to both the Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement and the Bay Area Climate Compact, and as a participant in the California Green Business Program and Network. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 The City also prepared a detailed energy audit as part of a Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant-funded energy service contract with Siemens. The audit considered the viability of solar thermal systems to offset the energy demand associated with hot water use at various municipal facilities, as well as other facility improvement measures (FIMs). The audit studied five locations for potential solar thermal system installations: City Hall Complex, Quinlan Community Center, Sports Center, Senior Center, and Blackberry Farm Pool. Of the five potential sites, the Sports Center and the Blackberry Farm Pool complex were identified as promising candidates. However, the audit did not recommend pursuit of solar thermal systems at that time, as other more promising, lower-cost improvement options were underway and will support the City's ultimate implementation. In the future, various factors could influence the cost-benefit analysis associated with pursuit of solar thermal systems at City sites, such as the cost of natural gas, the cost of solar thermal systems, or the City's volume of hot water use. To that end, the City should continue to monitor its expenditure on hot water heating at municipal facilities and the state of solar thermal rebates and financing to determine the future viability of this action. This CAP assumes that no solar thermal systems are pursued prior to 2020, but that this technology remains an option to support future target achievement. The following two actions help to outline a pathway towards increased use of building-scale renewable energy systems. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions nearly 110 MT CO2e/year by 2020. "► laic " Photo Credit:htte://www.ratcliffarch.com/content/Droiects/DeAnzaMLC/DeAnza MLC 6JDQ 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Action A. Install Solar PV Installations on Citv Buildings / Property As noted in the measure introduction, the City has already identified five potential sites for near- term solar PV systems. The City will continue to evaluate the best funding and least-risk mechanism to pursue these projects, including through future regional procurement efforts (see: jointventure.org/regionalenergyprocurement). Additional installation sites may become viable in the future, particularly after implementation of the City's Civic Center Master Plan. Build-out of this plan could result in several new buildings at the Civic Center, including a Teen Center, Sherriff's Office, and a new City Hall. Construction of additional buildings will lead to increased energy use (as estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2). According to the City's Green Building Ordinance, Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance, and new pre-wiring requirements these new buildings will be designed to achieve high levels of energy and water efficiency and support the installation of electric vehicle charging stations. These facilities should also be designed to support installation of renewable energy systems that can offset their electricity demand. PropertyM-F-2 Action A. Install Solar PV Installations on City Buildings/ Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Based on results of City's previous solar feasibility study, pursue PV installations at City Hall complex, Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Corporation Yard, and Civic Center carports through Santa Clara County Regional PPA or other financing option (e.g., City procurement, Capital Improvement lease-to-own) Program Division Review future potential for additional PV installations at sites associated with O implementation of Civic Center Master Plan (e.g.,Teen Center, new City Hall, Sheriffs Office) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes five solar sites are developed for total installed capacity of 508 kW 108 generating 818,000 kWh/yr Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action B. Install Solar Thermal Installations on Citv Facilities Solar water systems collect the heat generated from the sun to heat water, thereby replacing the more conventional use of natural gas or electric heaters. Solar thermal systems tend to be most cost-effective for large hot water consumers (e.g., shower facilities, public pools, laundry facilities) because the systems are currently expensive compared to the relatively inexpensive cost of natural gas. Through this high-level study and subsequent site visits by PG&E and PG&E direct installers, the City has considered all relevant sites, which identified several facilities that may be good candidates. However, as is common with most commercial and municipal property owners, it was determined that more cost-effective energy improvements should be pursued first. Future analysis of this opportunity may conclude that solar thermal projects are viable for installation at municipal facilities with high hot water heating loads, such as the Sports Center, Blackberry Farm Pool, or one of the new buildings envisioned in the Civic Center Master Plan. M-17-2 Action B. Install Solar Thermal Installations on City Facilities Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Following implementation of other energy audit improvement opportunities, conduct further feasibility analysis for primary solar thermal systems identified in audit(i.e., Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center) Identify funding/financing source to implement cost-effective solar thermal Facilities, Capital options at opportunity sites, either through ESCO contract or direct City install Improvement Program, and As part of the Capital Improvement Program (CIP), annually review hot water Sustainability usage at City buildings and facilities to identify additional cost-effective Divisions opportunities for solar thermal installations; City could additionally consider developing a Green CIP that aggregates findings and recommendations from this CAP into one document mirroring existing CIP process Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no solar thermal systems are pursued prior to 2020 0 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Dun 4q • City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE M-F-3 ADVANCE ENERGY MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Reduce energy consumption in existing municipal buildings through data analysis, interactive management systems, employee education, and building operation and maintenance policies. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 91 MT CO2e/yr Improving energy efficiency and management in existing buildings can provide the immediate benefits of reduced emissions and operational savings through utility cost savings, and potentially provide longer-term maintenance cost savings. Additionally, advanced analytic energy management systems offer another tool to achieve deep cost-effective energy savings across municipal facilities. Building efficiency and conservation improvements also support the City's plans for additional renewable energy generation. Energy efficiency has been identified by the state as the first enabling strategy in the "loading order" of energy improvement approaches, first adopted by California's energy agencies in the 2003 Energy Action Plan and reaffirmed by the energy sector provisions of CARB's AB 32 Scoping Plan. The order allows for accuracy and optimal effectiveness in energy use, and the right-sizing of solar PV systems to offset remaining electricity use. See Figure 4.7 for an illustration of the loading order model. Figure 4.7— Energy Strategy Loading Order Energy Analysis Energy Conservation Energy Efficiency V ime of Use anagement R pwable y Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The City already uses building energy benchmarking and energy audits to track and compare energy use and identify operational or mechanical problems and opportunities for system improvements. The actions included within this measure are intended to reinforce the City's previous energy efficiency activities, identify the next candidates for retrofit programs (see Measure M-F-4), facilitate scheduled collection of energy use data at a building or facility level, provide policy guidance for regular building system commissioning, and elevate energy conservation awareness across all levels of City employees. As with the previous measures, project financing is a primary consideration. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 90 MT COZe/year by 2020. Action A. Develop Advanced Enerqv Efficiencv Analvtics Analyzing building-specific energy use data can help to identify operational improvement opportunities or faulty mechanical systems, allowing facilities managers to more closely control operating costs. The advanced energy efficiency analytics process uses daily and hourly building energy meter data, weather data, GIS mapping, and other inputs to determine how a building uses energy. This type of data analysis allows for remote building audits that can often identify low- or no-cost operational improvements leading to greater building efficiency. Numerous third-party service providers offer advanced analytics services through software subscriptions or direct monitoring. The City should consider using an advanced analytics service to monitor its building energy use more conveniently, to identify and correct operational issues more quickly, and to track and quantify post-installation, measure-specific impacts. The City could pursue such a service on its own, or consider aggregating its building portfolio with other neighboring jurisdictions to negotiate a group rate. Results from an advanced analytics program could also inform the types of additional building retrofits the City should pursue (see Measure F-4). This approach has worked particularly well for the Cupertino Union School District, who utilizes the Cenergistic energy management tool to reduce and control utility costs across its 20 elementary and 5 middle schools. This tool has served as a platform to enable the District to achieve EPA ENERGY STAR Leaders Top Performer recognition for achieving a portfolio-wide ENERGY STAR energy performance score of 95 and reducing energy use across its portfolio of buildings. This represents an ongoing savings of $600,000 per year in avoided electricity, natural gas, sewer, and water costs for the District. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-F-3 Action A.Advance Energy Management Activities Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Identify appropriate energy analytics firm with which to partner; this could be regional implementation opportunity to secure discounted large group rate - consult other area jurisdictions when pursuing this option Facilities& Create operating framework that allows facilities managers to implement Sustainability findings into building operations Q Divisions Use high-resolution data from analytics(e.g., appliance end-use )to inform �';1 development of targeted energy efficiency retrofit programs[see M-F-4] 0 Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 14.5% reduction in 2010 baseline building electricity use (i.e.,410,000 91 kWh/yr saved)and 14.3% reduction in 2010 baseline building natural gas use (i.e., 6,900 therms/yr saved) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 1$ 4L Action B. Benchmark &Track Consumption Data Collected per Facilitv The ability to monitor and analyze energy use in City buildings and facilities is largely a function of the number and location of utility meters. For example, without dedicated meters, electricity used for a park's lights is not measureable if the park lights are on the same meter as an adjacent City building. Cross-metering is common, and makes it difficult to isolate opportunities for improvement or monitor the results of any installed retrofit programs. The City should partner with PG&E to install additional utility meters, or sub-meters, at City buildings and facilities to the extent that Facilities staff would be able to effectively monitor and analyze energy use trends at the building- or facility-level. This ability to disaggregate utility consumption at a finer-grain of detail would support the City's existing benchmarking program and help to remotely identify efficiency improvement opportunities (as described in Action A), without the need to physically audit each individual building. As a preliminary step, it is recommended that the City pursue ENERGY STAR certification for its facilities (see: httr)://www.energvstar.gov/buildings/about-us/energv-star-certification) to determine the current energy performance of its spaces and achieve AB1103 compliance (Nonresidential Building Energy Use Disclosure Program, see: energy.ca.gov/ab1103). Staff have evaluated the agency's operational practices using the California Green Business Program criteria, through which the City certified the energy, water, and materials conservation efforts across its eight major facilities (see: greenbusinessca.org). Cupertino has also previously worked with the Silicon Valley Energy Watch to benchmark all of its large and small facilities, allowing the agency to measure meter-level energy use, water use, and greenhouse gas emissions, but has not engaged a professional engineer or registered architect to verify its findings. This step would enable the City to capture metrics that assess the current performance of its buildings in advance of implementing future improvements and, perhaps, a next-step goal Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 of achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification through the US Green Building Council. M-17-3 Action B. Benchmark&Track Consumption Data Collected per Facility Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Work with PG&E to install additional electricity and gas meters (where applicable)to allow improved facility-level energy use analysis;when feasible, combine similar end uses into one meter(e.g., park unit's lighting combined into one meter, park unit's buildings provided on separate meters) to allow monitoring of specific energy efficiency improvements or comparison of annual energy benchmarking Facilities& After installation of additional meters, organize PG&E data by facility and Sustainability City department(e.g., Meters 1, 2 and 3 represent Memorial Park) Divisions Benchmark all eligible municipal facilities using ENERGY STAR Portfolio �';1 Manager Q Implement process to track and report municipal energy usage through quarterly or annual staff reports; explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline i /''� 4q Action C. Install Enerqv Management Svstems Energy management systems (EMS) can help conserve energy by automatically turning off building systems, equipment, or appliances after normal business hours or a period of inactivity. Automatic lighting controls are increasingly common, in which motion sensors detect activity within a room and automatically turn the lights off when a room is not in use. Installing an EMS in office environments can help reduce plug load electricity use associated with computers and monitors, personal space heaters, speakers, printers, fax machines, and other office equipment. The City has already worked with its Information Technology (IT) department to identify opportunities for workstation energy management systems, and has deployed a CASE application power setting on all desktops, and has deployed advanced plug-load controlling power strips across municipal offices. As these were early-stage technologies, implemented in 2011/2012, staff should revisit these systems' opportunities to increase employee comfort/use of the applications and further evaluate current technology effectiveness as compared to newer options. If the City pursues an advanced analytics service (see Action A), it could be used to help monitor the proper function of the City's existing advanced lighting control systems. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-F-3 Action C. Install Energy Management Systems Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Work with energy analytics firm and City IT department to identify additional opportunities for office system EMS to automate control and monitoring of office equipment(e.g., computers, monitors, printers), beyond those already installed, including strategy for advanced power strip purchases and use in Facilities& City buildings Sustainability Work with energy analytics firm to review existing advanced lighting controls/ Divisions monitoring systems (e.g., automatic dimmers), ensure proper operation, and identify opportunities for additional installations in other City buildings/facilities Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline J IBM Action D. Introduce Retro-Commissioninq Proqram Commissioning and retro-commissioning are the processes of verifying that building systems are operating at optimal efficiency as intended by building architects and engineers. The state's building code already requires commissioning in new construction, as do current LEED rating systems, through which the City would need to comply if building a new facility per its Green Building Ordinance. Development of a City policy that requires all major building systems (e.g., mechanical, electrical, ventilation) to be retro-commissioned at five-year intervals will help ensure optimal facility operations. This policy could also help extend the life of existing systems, defer expensive upgrades, and ensure timely identification of energy efficiency opportunities. This policy should be developed in a way to provide efficiencies and/or cost savings associated with the City's existing service agreements for regular maintenance of various City buildings. The policy and practice of retro-commissioning will be further informed if the City pursues Actions A, B, and C above, as a means of benchmarking the efficiencies achieved through this new practice over current efforts. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES • ' M-F-3 Action D. Introduce Retro-Commissioning Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Formalize program that requires all major systems(e.g., HVAC) in existing buildings/facilities to be retro-commissioned at 5-year intervals V Facilities& Sync regular retro-commissioning efforts with services provided by existing A Sustainability Divisions building systems maintenance contracts �1 Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ED 0 4L Action E. Desiqn / Implement Facilities & Equipment Enerqv Manaqement Policv Cupertino's facilities represent over 70% of the City's municipal greenhouse gas emissions, resulting from the ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. Therefore, BUILDINGS cal this CAP must prioritize reducing energy use across the olw nmens table t owtned cormmercial builage annual dings (any builds p g gY g �g)any building that is not residential,manu facturing or industrial or City's building portfolio to achieve the stated emissions agricultural) reduction targets. Measures to achieve this objective, consumption As � End Use (Trillion Btu), percentage thus far, focus on data collection and analysis and of Whole equipment installation and service schedules, which (Space heating 333 42 serve as critical first steps to setting more ambitious Lighting 120 15 municipal facility-oriented energy conservation goals. As Cooling 88 11 stated in the 2011 Environmental Protection Agency's Ventilation 8.3 10 Enerav Efficiencv in Local Government Operations Guide, Water heating 61 8 "saving energy through energy efficiency improvements Miscellaneous 56 a can cost less than generating, transmitting, and Refrlgemtiort 23 3 distributing energy from power plants, and provides Computers 21 3 immediate economic and environmental benefits". Office equipment 5 1 Recognizing this fact, Cupertino will formalize energy (Cooking 11 1 conservation goals, activities, and procedures for Total 800 100 maintenance staff and building occupants alike through .Data from the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy the implementation of this measure. The development of Consumption Information Survey ECBECS]eion JEIed by the p p Energy tnforma[ion Administration{EIW.The CBECS is such a policy is a growing practice among leading conducted every four years. "Figures are rounded to the nearest trillion Btu. environmental cities locally and throughout the United Source ErA.2008. States (e.g., San Jose, Seattle, Durham), and is often paired with a municipal enerav efficiencv revolving loan fund to prioritize future efficiency investments, as is suggested in this plan. The City's Utility Conservation Policy and Procedure will define opportunities to reduce energy and water use and hedge against rising energy costs of existing buildings, lighting, and 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 equipment while maintaining service to the public and comfort for City employees. To ensure these aims are met, staff will define employee responsibilities, equipment, and building automation system operating procedures (including temperature set-points), and purchasing guidelines within the Procedure, which will systematize efforts to retrofit existing buildings and define future efficiency-focused capital improvement projects. It is anticipated that adopting this policy will kick start a pathway for the City to achieve energy and water conservation targets aligned with both this Climate Action Plan, as well as third-party certification programs (e.g., LEED Building Operations & Maintenance Rating System, GBI's Green Globes, EPA ENERGY STAR) to acknowledge the City's leadership in this space. M-F-3 Action E. D• Policy Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research and collect facility-related energy conservation policies and O procedures from cities locally and nationally Develop draft Policy and Procedure that outlines facility energy and water conservation goals, employee responsibilities, operating equipment O procedures, and purchasing guidelines,to ensure consistency with City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy Facilities& Implement Procedure and track progress to achieve utility cost and resource Sustainability savings on periodic basis Divisions Adjust Procedure as best practices evolve and new technologies are introduced to achieve larger financial and utility conservation gains over time Identify third-party certification programs and rating criteria to recognize Cupertino's utility conservation efforts Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 0 Action F. Bolster Emplovee Behavior Chanqe throuqh Information / Education Providing employees with information about energy efficient policies and practices, as well as energy use within their buildings, can promote a culture of conservation within various departments. The City could leverage energy analytics tools (Action A) to host employee- focused dashboards on its intranet and consider using gaming techniques (i.e., applying game- design thinking to non-game applications) to engage employees in utility savings competitions across facilities or departments, a practice that has worked well in Palo Alto and San Francisco. This could include setting departmental energy use reduction targets and hosting staff training on day-to-day energy conservation practices and use of existing equipment's energy-saving settings. Additionally facilities staff will receive training on how to optimize building energy components through use of the City's building management systems. Public-facing opportunities to share the City's energy information and savings include, installing energy use dashboards in public areas of the City's primary buildings (e.g., City Hall, Library) Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 and connect the dashboards to its website for more visible tracking of energy use in specific buildings. This data should also be shared on the City's open data platform and integrated into its Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping applications. Different City departments or buildings (depending on the distribution of utility meters) could also set energy use reduction targets and encourage staff to help achieve them. This could include training on day-to-day energy conservation practices and use of existing equipment's energy-saving settings. Additionally Facilities staff will receive training on how to optimize building energy components through use of the City's building management systems. EmployeeM-F-3 Action F. Bolster Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Install energy use dashboards in City Hall and primary municipal buildings (e.g., public-facing and high energy use);work with PG&E to install individual building meters, as necessary,to allow building-specific energy use reporting (see M-F-3 B) Provide facility managers with training on advanced building operations systems in order to maximize effectiveness of City's building systems Set specific department-level energy use targets and encourage employees Sustainability in the buildings to participate in energy efficiency achievement(may need Division additional PG&E meters installed, per M-F-3 B,to accurately track this) Continue to distribute and refer staff to City's handbook with instructional guides to help implement ENERGY STAR purchasing requirements;existing handbook also serves as user-friendly resource to guide City purchases of "green"products, such as furniture, carpeting/flooring, paints, packaging materials, etc.,which further supports Measure M-SW-1 C Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline MEASURE M-F-4 GROW EXISTING BUILDING ENERGY RETROFIT EFFORTS Reduce energy consumption in existing municipal buildings through energy efficiency improvements. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 41 MT CO2e/yr As stated in Measure M-F-3, improving energy efficiency in existing buildings can reduce emissions and provide operational savings through reduced utility cost and maintenance needs. Prioritizing funding is often a challenge when pursuing building retrofit programs, as resources 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 are often limited and agencies must prioritize essential services first. As a means of identifying capital resources for CAP-aligned utility conservation efforts, the City will consider establishing a revolving loan fund for municipal retrofits or efficiency improvements. The City will also continue to discuss municipal efficiency opportunities and funding strategies with their PG&E account representative to ensure the City is taking advantage of all available financial resources. Prior to the CAP's baseline year of 2010, the City performed numerous facility-related retrofits, including low-flow toilet, faucet, showerhead and spray-valve installations at public facilities, mechanical building system retrofits (e.g., HVAC), citywide traffic light retrofits, and interior building lighting retrofits paired with advanced lighting control systems. In 2010, the City received a $526,200 Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that was used to initiate a competitively-bid energy savings performance contract with Siemens to identify additional energy efficiency improvement opportunities across seven City facilities, the citywide irrigation and street light system, and renewable energy generation opportunities. As a result of that contract, Siemens prepared a detailed energy audit that presented two packages of energy improvements. The packages analyzed energy savings from: ■ additional interior and exterior building lighting upgrades, ■ streetlight retrofits, ■ parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits at six City parks, ■ solar PV development, ■ irrigation efficiency improvements, ■ network power management, and ■ plug load controllers. The findings of the study were presented to City Council, who prioritized the upgrade of citywide irrigation controllers to evapotranspirative technology, which uses weather (e.g., precipitation, relative humidity) and plant data to determine watering needs and schedules. Council also prioritizes streetlight upgrades to induction technology in 2011. Findings from this project are being calculated and will be shared via future CAP reporting cycles. In addition, the City started to implement recommendations from the energy audit as funding allows, including interior building lighting upgrades and control systems, parking lot and pathway lighting upgrades at City parks, additional irrigation efficiency improvements, and plug load management within City buildings. Measure M-F-4 is closely associated with Measures M-F-1, M-F-2, and M-F-3, with each influencing implementation of the others. Building retrofits should be informed based on an analysis of existing building energy use to identify the most cost-effective opportunities, as described in Measure M-F-3. The successful implementation of retrofits will reduce building energy use, allowing for a greater share of that energy use to come from roof-mounted (or Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 carport mounted) solar PV systems or supporting the design of smaller PV systems, as in Measure M-F-2. And finally, the emissions from any remaining municipal electricity demand after building retrofits and solar PV systems are installed could be addressed through implementation of Measure M-F-1 to achieve zero net energy-related emissions from municipal operations. As previously stated, this CAP only quantifies the reductions associated with actions taken after the 2010 baseline year. The City's previous retrofit actions have certainly contributed to a lower baseline energy emissions inventory level than would have otherwise occurred, though their specific reductions are not identified in this plan. The City also implemented several policies that will result in lower building energy use in the future, such as the Green Building Ordinance, which went into effect July 1, 2013, that applies to new construction and building retrofits, as well as the City's Environmentally Preferred Purchasing Policy, adopted by Council in 2008. The impact of these actions is challenging to individually measure, but should continue to contribute additional reductions that will be reflected in future emissions inventory updates. The following four actions support implementation of this measure and build upon the City's past successes in building retrofits. This measure would contribute reductions of approximately 41 MT CO2e/yr by 2020. Action A. Complete Buildinq Retrofits Based on recommendations and analysis included in the City's Detailed Energy Audit, the City should continue to pursue implementation of the remaining retrofit opportunities. The City has already upgraded its irrigation system, retrofitted streetlights citywide, and retrofitted the majority of City park lights in parking lots and along walking paths. The City also installed PC power management software and plug load controller hardware in City buildings, as well made additional interior lighting retrofits combined with the installation of lighting control systems. These opportunities (along with the solar PV recommendations) represent the majority of emissions reductions identified in the energy audit. The remaining items will provide relatively lower emissions reductions, but nonetheless will help to support the City's goals for energy conservation and associated cost savings. The audit provided general recommendations based on observations made during the study phase that suggest potential savings from efficient motor upgrades or replacements and hot water boiler operation improvements. These opportunities were not quantified as part of the energy audit, but could become retrofit opportunities in the future. These two suggestions would likely also arise if the City were to pursue and advanced analytics program as described in Measure M-F-3. The City has made great progress in implementing recommendations included within the audit, and should plan to prepare another audit (or update the existing one) within the next five years to help identify additional efficiency opportunities. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-F-4 Action A.Complete Building Retrofits Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Use results from advanced analytics program (see M-F-3 A)to identify appliances and building systems that are underperforming from energy use perspective, and develop prioritization plan for equipment replacement/ building retrofits;work with PG&E to identify available rebates, incentives,or Facilities& on-bill financing opportunities for various improvements Sustainability Continue to make progress on implementing efficiency opportunity findings Divisions from City's Detailed Energy Audit; establish budget priority for Energy Audit update in next five years 43 Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 254,000 kWh/yr saved as result of interior lighting retrofits and 41 occupancy sensors, and 59,000 kWh/yr saved as a result of plug load controllers (assumed 200 controllers installed) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action B. Establish Enerqv Efficiencv Fund The establishment of an energy efficiency fund could provide a self-sustaining source of funding to support additional future retrofit programs. This type of revolving loan fund can often leverage matching funds from utilities or other sources to help offset total startup costs. The City of San Jose has such a fund that could be used as a model to establish a similar program in Cupertino. To ensure the fund's longevity, loan repayment parameters should be established that capture efficiency project utility cost savings and/or project rebates, depending on its goals, for a set number of years, after which additional costs savings accrue to the project's managing department. The Municipal Energv Efficiencv and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction: Financina and lmplementina Enerav Efficiencv Retrofits in City-Owned Facilities Report, drafted for the Environmental Protection agency, offers guidance on how to start this process. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES M-F-4 Action B. Establish Energy Efficiency Fund Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Evaluate the potential for and requirements (e.g., size,terms, etc.)of a self- sustaining City energy efficiency revolving loan fund to implement findings of various City energy efficiency and renewable energy development opportunity studies; City of San Jose used this approach as one source of multiple project financing sources Develop fund parameters that support continual replenishment of funding pool (e.g., 80%of cost savings resulting from project implementation are returned to fund for 5 years after which additional savings accrue to project's Sustainability implementing department) O Division Allocate or secure funding for long-term energy efficiency fund (from EECBG program, municipal bond, etc.) Assign manager to support and coordinate fund and its projects Discuss opportunities and potential program structure for regional revolving loan fund with neighboring jurisdictions,which could provide access to additional seed funding sources �I Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 40 Action C. Set Standards and Tarqets The City Council approved a citywide Green Building Ordinance that applies to new construction and retrofits, including municipal projects (see: Cupertino.org/greenbuilding). The ordinance directs minor renovations to comply with the CalGreen Building Code's minimum thresholds. Major renovations need to achieve Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, LEED Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (EBOM) certification, or an alternative reference standard. While the LEED certification program identifies minimum thresholds for various aspects of building design (e.g., energy and water use, indoor air quality, solid waste generation), its minimum energy requirements, in some certification programs, may currently be less stringent than those found in the CalGreen Code. To ensure that building energy and water conservation remain a priority in new City construction, the City could voluntarily strive to focus their LEED design points within the energy and water strategy areas, possibly by identifying a minimum number of energy and water points that municipal projects need to achieve. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-F-4 Action C.Set Standards and Targets Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Green Building Ordinance as it relates to municipal building retrofits Consider developing additional guidance for municipal building retrofits that Facilities&Planning encourages pursuit of energy-or water conservation-related points towards Divisions achievement of required LEED certification to prioritize these building efficiency outcomes;alternatively, City could define explicit energy efficiency performance levels or design feature expectations for new projects Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Aq Action D. Adopt a Demonstration Policy Serving as the cornerstone of the world's innovation center, Cupertino is home to start-ups and Fortune 500 companies alike, each working to design next-generation technologies that outperform current equipment and achieve dramatic efficiency increases. Often, these companies seek partners to test, evaluate, and/or demonstrate pre-market innovative solutions and the City may consider enabling their temporary use of City-owned land, facilities, equipment, rights-of-way, and data as an alternative form of local business support. To achieve that end, the City of San Jose, adopted a Demonstration Partnership Policy to facilitate these goals, and also provide financial assistance and/or absorb some costs for local technology project implementation, require agreement to non-disclosure statements, and request City Council to exempt the project from certain City policies (see: sanjoseca.gov). Cupertino will consider adopting a similar policy, which will enable access to new technology resources and aligned funding opportunities, as is currently available through the California Public Utilities Commission Electric Program Investment Charge (EPIC)(see: energv.ca.gov/research/epic/). This may also be considered as part of a Local and Small Business Preference Policy, if prioritized by the City's Economic Development Department. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action Adopt Demonstration Policy Steps Status Responsibility Draft City Technology Demonstration Policy to assist local businesses with testing and demonstrating functionality of emerging technologies Implement the policy and revise based on industry best practices and trends as they arise Facilities& Pursue grant opportunities that expand technology demonstration Sustainability opportunities in municipal facilities and through local business partnerships, Divisions coordinated with the City's Economic Development Office (e.g., CEC Electric Power Investment Charge Grants (EPIC)- httD://www.eneray.ca.aov/research/epic/) Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 4L, MEASURE M-F-5 EXPAND NEW BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE Establish energy efficiency targets for new municipal buildings. Supporting Measure — Not Quantified The City already adopted a Green Building Ordinance that requires all new medium and large municipal buildings to achieve LEED certification (LEED Silver for large buildings) or use of an alternative reference standard (e.g., ENERGY STAR, Living Building Challenge, Green Globes; see: httr)://www.wbdci.ora/resources/cibs.i)hi)). However, there are multiple pathways to achieve this certification, some of which emphasize indoor air quality, construction material reuse, energy and water conservation, or a blend of strategies. As with Measure M-F-4, Action C above, the City could informally pursue greater energy and water efficiency in its new buildings by placing an emphasis on those criteria, or "points", within the LEED rating system that achieve those objectives. While implementation of this measure supports the City's long-term emissions reduction goals by ensuring new construction is highly efficient, the exact emissions reduction potential is currently unknown because the size and design of future buildings are not yet known. Action A. Update Green Buildinq Standard — Enerav Performance Guidance The City will continue to implement its Green Building Ordinance and the state's CalGreen Code across municipal projects. The City should also consider prioritizing solar access, roof load capacity, and solar pre-wiring in its future building designs to allow optimal solar PV 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 installations. As new buildings are constructed to be increasingly efficient, the size of solar PV systems needed to meet their energy demands will decrease. New City buildings that are primarily designed for public use, such as the Teen Center envisioned in the City's Civic Center Master Plan, should also include an educational component that highlights the building's green design features. Public comments made at the community-wide CAP workshops identified a role for better advertisement of the City's sustainability-related actions. Public buildings provide a real opportunity to showcase new technologies or design strategies that community members can incorporate in their own homes and businesses. BuildingM-F-5 Action A. Expand New . Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Green Building Ordinance as it relates to new municipal building construction Consider developing additional guidance for new municipal building projects that encourages pursuit of energy-or water conservation-related points towards achievement of required LEED certification to prioritize these building efficiency outcomes; alternatively, City could define explicit energy Facilities, Capital efficiency performance levels or design feature expectations for new Improvement projects Program& Build recommendations into City's Capital Improvement Program O Sustainability Divisions Identify opportunities for passive solar design and consider solar orientation for active solar installments in new construction Consider including solar-ready construction requirements for new municipal buildings with appropriate solar orientation, roof size, etc. Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT COze/yr) All new municipal construction complies with the City's Green Building Ordinance _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline I Cha • LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' MEASURE M-F-6 COMPLETE CITYWIDE PUBLIC REALM LIGHTING EFFICIENCY Upgrade public realm lighting to more efficient technology. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 125 MT CO2e/yr Lighting efficiency upgrades typically represent one of the most cost-effective solutions for energy conservation, providing lower utility costs and, often, lower maintenance costs due to less frequent lamp replacements. Public realm lighting in Cupertino includes traffic and streetlights, municipally-owned parking lot lights, and public park lights. The City has already upgraded its traffic signal lights from incandescent bulbs to LEDs and retrofitted its streetlights to high-efficiency induction technology. The City also initiated parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits in various City parks. The actions implementing this measure take credit for past successes in lighting upgrades, and address the remaining opportunities in City-owned parking lots and public parks. Implementation of this measure would reduce emissions by 125 MT CO2e/year by 2020. Action A. Complete Street Liaht Retrofits As part of its energy performance contract with Siemens, City-owned streetlights were upgraded to high-efficiency induction technology between December 2010 and March 2011. The project retrofitted more than 2,900 streetlights, representing 99% of all City-owned streetlights, for electricity savings of 872,000 kWh/yr. An additional 400 streetlights in the City's jurisdiction are owned and/or maintained by PG&E. The City has inquired with PG&E about their purchase and/or retrofit, and should continue to prioritize this opportunity with the utility, as the agency is paying a cost premium to retain and use these outdated fixtures. new, Induction light old,high-pressure sodium City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 CompleteM-F-6 Action A. . Efficiency Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Consider best practices in lighting technology at time of bulb and/or fixture replacement or repair Streets Division Ensure that new street light installations achieve comparable or better efficiency level as achieved through previous street light retrofit program Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieved!—872,000 kWh/yr saved through street light retrofit program 115 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ED I Action B. Retrofit Remaininq Parking Lot and Park Facilitv Lightinq The City's Detailed Energy Audit identified electricity savings opportunities from lighting retrofits at the City's parks, specifically from parking lot and pathway lighting. The audit analyzed the savings potential from lights at nine of the City's fourteen parks. Since 2012, the City has been implementing these lighting retrofits, coupled with dimmers and motion sensor controls. To date, the City has made improvements to outdoor lights at seven City parks, as well as City Hall, the Quinlan Community Center, and the Senior Center. These improvements will save approximately 75,000 kWh/yr. The City's remaining seven parks may present a future opportunity for additional parking lot and pathway lighting retrofits, similar to those identified in the energy audit. There may also be opportunities for retrofits to F athletic field and tennis court lighting; provided a high-efficiency option is available that still achieves the lighting requirements for sports play. Additionally, there may be retrofit - opportunities at other City-owned parking lots (beyond the park units and Photo credit: httD://miaoertz.zenfolio.com/ima/v2/D975314228-4.iDa City buildings described here). These additional lighting retrofit opportunities could also be pursued through an ESCO, as with the street light retrofits, or pursued independently as funding permits. To support future energy conservation in public lighting, the City could also update its Standard Provisions for new public lighting to specify that new lights should be LED, induction, or an equivalent technology. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 CompleteM-F-6 Action B. . Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Identify City-owned parking lot lighting that has not yet been converted to LED, magnetic induction, or similar highly-efficient technology Identify park lighting (e.g., pathways, restroom facilities, area lighting, sport field lighting)that has not yet been converted to LED, magnetic induction, or similar high-efficiency technology Identify appropriate energy-efficient lighting technologies for sports fields/ courts that still provide lighting levels required for applicable sporting use Streets Division Develop implementation timeline and funding program; contact City's PG&E account representative regarding availability of rebate programs and/or on- bill financing options to cover retrofit program Consider updating City's Standard Provisions or other lighting guidance documents to specify efficiency levels to be achieved in new installations or lighting retrofit projects Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieved!—75,000 kWh/yr saved through park unit parking lot and pathway 10 light retrofit program Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 190 0 MEASURE M-F-7 CONSERVE WATER THROUGH EFFICIENT LANDSCAPING Implement best management practices in landscaping design and share City successes community-wide to lead by example in water conservation action. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 1 MT CO2e/yr Treating, pumping and distributing water throughout cities is often an energy intensive activity. However, the majority of Cupertino's water comes from the gravity-fed Hetch i Hetchy Reservoir system, and therefore has lower embodied energy related to its transport than other water sources. Regardless of the energy savings related to water conservation, the City believes water as a precious and finite natural resource should be conserved, which is highlighted to be of particular importance in light of recent drought r, 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 conditions statewide. The City has already made advances in landscape water conservation, achieving a 27% water use reduction in 2014 in response to Governor Brown's declaration of a Drought State of Emergency. The City now uses climate-sensitive and water-efficient irrigation technology to continually adjust landscape watering schedules and quantities based on data collected from local weather stations. In support of this technology, Grounds and Median Divisions staff are trained to adjust irrigation according to weather conditions, as well as trained in other landscape water conservation best management practices. The following actions describe a framework to support the City's water conservation practices and help identify additional opportunities. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 1 MT CO2e/year, though as previously stated, the real benefit will arise through the conservation of this limited resource. Action A. Utilize Weather-Track Svstem to Reduce Park & Median Water Use As part of its ESCO contract with Siemens, the City installed 92 irrigation controllers from September 2010 to March 2011. The project replaced existing irrigation controllers in most City parks, landscaped areas, and landscaped medians with new state-of-the-art weather-based controllers. The replacement controllers use weather-based evapotranspiration and moisture sensor technology along with centralized web-based software to optimize for weather, moisture, planting type, sun exposure, soil type, slope, and other variables. The software is easy to use, and allows for remote monitoring and control, and saves staff time by reducing field visits. Grounds and Median Divisions staff was also trained on the proper use of the new irrigation controller system. This project is anticipated to conserve approximately 19 million gallons of water per year; savings data will be shared with the community through future CAP reports. M-F-7 Action A. Utilize Weather-Track System to Reduce Park&Median Water Use Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to use weather-based irrigation technology in City irrigation practices to prevent unnecessary or excessive water in public spaces Grounds& Fleet Continue to provide training on the City's irrigation technology to existing and Division new staff to ensure proper use of the system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's goal for 20%water savings by 2018 over 1 2008 baseline Assumes 27.5 million gallons of water saved per year over 2008 baseline of 138 million gallons Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ism Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action B. Benchmark & Track Water Use per Meter Much like the process pursued to develop this Climate Action Plan; the City must also benchmark its municipal water use, establish water conservation targets, and develop water conservation measures to achieve those reduction goals over time. In realizing the importance of monitoring water use and costs for municipal facilities, medians, parks, and sports fields, staff recently developed a database to store water utility information collected from historic billing statements beginning in July 2008. Historic water use and cost-per-meter data can be used as a benchmark to measure against current use to demonstrate measureable improvements, as well as identify deficiencies in the City's water management strategies. This will allow for targeted strategy adjustments in the near- and long-term. This database can also be used to determine strategies to not only save water, but also hedge against rising utility costs associated with the City's water consumption. With appropriate and accurate record keeping, the City will have pertinent information readily available to review the efficacy of current water conservation strategies and efficiently identify meters in need of improvement; a critical tool during times of drought and foreseeable utility-focused budget constraints. M-F-7 Action B. Benchmark&Track Water Use per Meter Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish operational framework for tracking and reviewing water use at the meter level to allow identification of improper irrigation system use, leaks, or Sustainability, other wasteful water activities Grounds& Fleet Incorporate water use reporting into overarching annual CAP reporting Divisions procedure described in Chapter 7 Q Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT COze/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Z Action C. Adopt Water Budqet & Green Grounds Policv A Green Grounds Policy would enhance the previously adopted Parks & Recreation Green Policies, adopted in June 2009, and allow the City to formalize its existing water conservation practices to ensure broad and consistent application across all City-maintained and/or owned assets. If pursued, the policy will address items such as planting palettes, passive and active landscapes, irrigation system maintenance and training, water budgets, organic waste management, and community education and outreach. The City will also consider developing water budgets for each of its park units to ensure future landscaping practices consider water conservation in park design and operation. The City of Mountain View currently uses water budgets in many of its public parks, and could serve as a local example for program development. The Green Grounds Policy could incorporate the City's 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 existing strategies related to green waste collection in parks, medians, and other City-owned property to ensure this waste is either composted on-site for future City use or properly disposed of through the City's compostable collection program. Public education and outreach regarding the City's landscaping practices can help to disseminate these practices throughout the community. PolicyM-F-7 Action C.Adopt Water Budget&Green Grounds Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop landscaping policy that promotes efficient watering schedules, high- and low-priority water zones(for use during pre-drought conditions),water- efficient and climate-sensitive plant selection, and compost-friendly landscape maintenance Evaluate alternative or maintain existing water-efficient irrigation technology systems, particularly in areas of high irrigation use(e.g.,turf playing fields), Sustainability,Trees with ET sensors and integration with weather station data streams to & Right of Way, and automate watering schedules based on current and near-term Grounds& Fleet environmental conditions Divisions Train maintenance crews in use and maintenance of irrigation systems and implementation of Green Grounds policy Consider use of water budgets for irrigated landscape areas Create education stations or post information to City's website that describe City's green grounds practices Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline ARM 19 IV Action D. Use Bav-Friendly Landscaping Techniques across Parks & Medians; Install Demonstration Gardens Though only a small portion of the City's municipal greenhouse gas emissions arise from its water use, as California's drought continues to persist and as water utility rates continue to rise, efforts to foster a reliable water supply need to be prioritized by everyone, including our agency. Cupertino already has a rich history of operational and community-focused water conservation efforts, coordinated in partnership with its two water suppliers (San Jose Water and California Water Service Company). However, there is more that our City can do, starting with our point of highest use: irrigating our parks, medians, and fields. Measures in this Chapter focus on data collection and irrigation improvements to curb the City's consumption, but plant selection and placement can dramatically reduce site water use, maintenance, and pest-control demands, offering even greater environmental and financial gains. As such, the City will take advantage of Santa Clara Valley Water District rebates to convert water-intensive landscaping or turf with Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 native, drought-tolerant, Bay-Friendly landscaping to accelerate water conservation across our public spaces and serve as a model for residents and businesses to make similar conversions. M-F-7 Action D. Use Native, Drought-Tolerant, Bay-Friendly Landscaping Techniques Across Parks, Medians&Fields Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Adopt city-wide policy that requires specification of Bay-Friendly, drought- tolerant landscapes in any new City project or private project receiving City funds to include landscaped areas as project element Expand Parks&Recreation Green Policies,which focus on water-efficient landscaping, across all departments to prioritize Bay-friendly and efficient irrigation practices and technologies to maintain City's landscaped facilities, parks, medians, and streetscapes,and to become more resilient to water shortages; Couple implementation of these goals with projects that also minimize impervious surfaces and ensure adequate soil drainage Develop implementation and funding schedule to update public landscapes, including turf conversion and hydrozoning projects,to designs that more closely align with Bay-friendly landscaping techniques Provide maintenance specifications and procedures to support staff's Sustainability,Grounds pruning, pest-control, irrigation, and general oversight of these new plant &Fleet Divisions materials Pursue project third-party certification through Bav-Friendly Rated Landscapes, where applicable, or build landscaping water conservation initiatives into future site-wide comprehensive rating program applications (e.g., LEED, California Green Business Program) Install informational placards or signs at new landscaping installations that quantify water saving potential from new designs and refer public to additional informational resources Develop informational materials based upon City's practices and lessons learned to support effective implementation of Citv's Water Efficient Landscaping Ordinance Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT COze/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action E. Install Gravwater and Rainwater Catchment Svstems in New Construction and Maior Retrofit Proiects In the absence of access to utility-supplied recycled water in our community, Cupertino will strive to lead by example by installing graywater and rainwater catchment systems in new municipal construction and major retrofit projects. Graywater or rainwater can replace tap water for non-potable indoor or outdoor water needs, such as irrigation, thereby reducing the City's water expenditures and dependency on imported water in the future. These projects can also 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 serve as models for community members and businesses seeking to achieve the same environmental and financial benefits, and should be showcased to reconnect Cupertino's suburban residents to their backyard gardens and the natural water cycle. M-F-7 Action E. Install Graywater and Rainwater Catchment Systems in New Construction and Major Retrofit Projects Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Incorporate graywater plumbing and/or rainwater catchment systems in newO Facilities, Capital municipal buildings,where appropriate Improvement Develop public-facing informational placards/signs that explain these systems Program & and quantify their potable water-savings potential . Sustainability Divisions Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • do Action F. Recoqnize Staff "Water Wise" Practices Every employee contributes to the City's overall water use, whether they serve on a maintenance crew responsible for irrigation schedules or simply use office restroom facilities during regular business hours. In order to effectively promote water conservation as a collective and collaborative effort across all job classifications, the City will focus conservation efforts beyond data analysis and infrastructure upgrades to engage all employees in goal-setting, behavior change opportunities, and water use tracking efforts. The City will develop an incentive-based "Water Wise" rewards program to celebrate the accomplishments of City staff to conserve water across municipal facilities and grounds, which closely mirrors an energy conservation measure described earlier in this chapter. To launch this initiative, staff will research programs offered in adjacent jurisdictions and evaluate the following suite of ideas to motivate employee water use reduction, including, but not limited to: ■ a rewards day on World Water Day (March 22) in which staff members are nominated for their outstanding dedication and novel ideas to save water, ■ a competition between departments or facilities to save the most water indoors, and ■ a unified water conservation challenge where employees work towards an overall water reduction goal at work or in their homes. Each of these initiatives will require careful design to ensure that staff have the knowledge (both of water conservation practices and baseline water consumption data) and tools (including water use reduction measures and consumption tracking checklists) to effectively engage and become champions of this water savings campaign in the office and within their personal lives. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES M-F-7 Action F. Recognize Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research municipal operations-oriented behavior change and utility conservation incentives programs to create model for Cupertino Develop outreach and engagement tools to notify employees of campaign O and support their program enrollment and continued involvement Educate and train staff by sharing strategies to save water indoors and out so they may effectively participate in program Launch "Water Wise" program and offer ongoing coaching and support Sustainability Accept"Water Wise"nominations for leading practices and employees; Division Collect user-generated data(e.g., checklists)and City water utility data to inform awardee selection Recognize leaders and efforts through civic media assets, intranet, and through Council Proclamation Survey staff following distribution of rewards to determine what worked best and where improvements can be made;This could also serve to assess what conservation measures were most frequently taken Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 r • a ,I `YYy,` y� S III+ LeIV()LlAr4t. %.Woor r• GOAL 2 — CONVERT VEHICLE FLEET: Pursue employee commute and fleet alternatives to encourage multi-modal mobility and support a broad shift toward alternative fuel vehicles. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The City vehicle fleet sector is responsible for nearly one quarter of the City's greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from this sector are generated through the combustion of diesel and gasoline used to fuel the City's vehicle fleet. The fleet is used to perform a wide range of City services, such as, facilities and park maintenance, streetlight and traffic signal services, and community building inspections and code enforcement. The City has begun converting a portion of its fleet to more efficient, lower emission vehicle models. The City currently has five plug-in and hybrid-electric models, representing approximately 7% of its fleet. The City has also begun installing and planning for alternative fuel infrastructure, including a dual-port electric vehicle (EV) charging station currently installed at City Hall, with four more dual-port stations planned for installation through a recent California Energy Commission grant. During the procurement process, the City also looks for the most fuel-efficient vehicle available for a specific task and down-sizes vehicles when feasible. While the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule allows flexibility in vehicle purchase options, older vehicles will prioritize electric or hybrid-electric models based on a lifecycle cost assessment as directed by the City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, adopted in 2008. In addition to City-owned vehicles and equipment, Cupertino can leverage its contracting power to encourage partner companies to improve their vehicle fleets as well. The City's current waste collection agreement involves a fleet of 22 trucks working in Cupertino, and requires the replacement of one truck per year with a CNG model beginning in January 2015. This sector includes three measures that build upon the City's preliminary efforts to develop a more efficient, cleaner vehicle fleet. Measures address vehicle fleet efficiency, fuel types and refueling infrastructure, and fleet operational behavior. As with the Facilities sector measures, implementation of Measure M-F-1 will influence the reduction potential of Vehicle Fleet sector measures that include shifting portions of the municipal fleet towards electric or hybrid-electric vehicle models. Providing cleaner electricity as a fuel source for electric vehicles will improve the emissions reduction potential of Vehicle Fleet sector measures. Measures in this sector have the ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 58 MT CO2e/year. Goal 2- Convert Vehicle Fleet ' City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 S MEASURE M-VF-1 LOW EMISSION AND ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES a. Transition City vehicle fleet to fuel-efficient and alternative-fuel vehicle models. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 48 MT CO2e/yr This measure aims to reduce vehicle fleet fuel consumption through replacement of older, less- efficient models with zero-emission or low-emission models, and to increase the proportion of alternative fuel vehicles in the fleet. As a signatory of the Bay Area Climate Compact (BACC), the City is aiming to achieve the BACC's Action Area Goal #10 to "increase the number of zero emission and other advanced ultra-low emission light duty vehicles to 10% of municipal fleets by the end of 2013, and to 25% by the end of 2018." The City is actively working to institutionalize the vehicle lifecycle cost of ownership through its vehicle replacement process, and could make that a standard consideration as part the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule and Policy. Santa Clara County adopted a similar policy (Santa Clara County Policy 352) that requires preference be given to the lowest emission vehicles available. Development of a strategic vehicle fleet transition plan could also assist the City to achieve the BACC goal in a more cost-effective manner. Though the City maintains a list of all fleet vehicles, including their model, adding the purchase date age, annual mileage, and fuel consumption will help to prioritize vehicles for replacement and identify opportunities to retire underutilized vehicles. There are currently models of battery electric, hybrid electric, compressed natural gas (CNG), and fuel cell vehicles that can perform many of the functions required of municipal fleet vehicles. While electric and hybrid models of heavy-duty trucks are not yet widely available, CNG options are available that could be used as a bridge technology in the meantime to provide emissions reductions. The City is already investing in electric vehicle charging infrastructure and has plans for additional installations. It is also exploring the possibility of a fuel cell charging station. The action associated with this measure develops a framework to transition the City's fleet towards higher efficiency and lower emissions vehicles in the future. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by approximately 48 MT CO2e/year. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Action A. Update Green Purchasinq Policy and Vehicle Replacement Schedule to Prioritize Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Infrastructure The City should establish a long-term target for its municipal fleet that promotes an overall reduction in petroleum fuel consumption. Fuel-based reduction goals can be achieved with investments in alternative fuel vehicles and refueling technology, depending upon technological advancements and City budget considerations. The target will focus future fleet procurement objectives and guide long-term public infrastructure investments. Like other measures in this CAP, this measure can also be used to support a broad based, community-wide market shift that supports the City's long-range community emissions reduction targets if alternative fueling infrastructure is publicly accessible. The City of San Jose has adopted a similar fleet target, which promotes a shift to a public fleet with 100% alternative fuel vehicles by 2022. This will require the City to more consistently evaluate the quantity of fuel procured and consumed across the agency and each unique vehicle, an opportunity currently available through its fleet management and fueling station software (i.e., AssetWorks). Following establishment of a fuel reduction target, the City should create a strategic plan to achieve the target through replacement of non-emergency passenger vehicles and light duty trucks with alternative fuel vehicles, assuming they meet the operational needs of the organization. This assessment and resulting replacement criteria must be based upon vehicle age, mileage, service, reliability, maintenance and repair costs, and fueling costs to institutionalize future fleet lifecycle cost analyses to inform vehicle selection, leverage industry technological advancements, and mitigate vehicle-related environmental impacts. Success in implementing a vehicle fleet plan will depend on the City's ability to implement other actions described in this section. Assuming that refueling infrastructure can be installed, the City should develop specific vehicle fleet targets for various types of alternative fueled vehicles. For example, the City could establish a long-term target to replace all passenger vehicles with EV or hybrid-electric models at the time of replacement. The City could also establish targets to transition light-duty trucks from gasoline to hybrid, electric, and/or CNG models, gradually increasing targets as achievements are made. As described above, CNG vehicles can be used as a bridge technology to help transition the City's diesel heavy-duty trucks, which currently account for nearly one quarter of vehicle fleet fuel consumption. Incorporating CNG vehicles typically requires the installation of a CNG refueling station at a municipal corporation yard. The City currently has no plans for CNG refueling infrastructure, though has initiated conversations with PG&E who maintains local CNG refueling infrastructure to see if an opportunity for a joint-use agreement may be feasible. For purposes of this CAP, a transition to CNG vehicles is considered a long-term opportunity. The strategic fleet plan should be reviewed and revised annually to account for progress made, operating budgets, and emerging and evolving technologies. In addition, to ensure staff amenability to this proposal, it is recommended that this effort include the revision of the City's Vehicle Replacement Schedule to include vehicle features or design specifications (e.g., special storage for tools, body type). These specifications would be related 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 to each vehicle's necessary tasks by surveying all City drivers to identify the vehicles best suited to relevant job functions. This information will enable the right-sizing of vehicles for each task at hand. The absence of these specifications is predicted to serve as a barrier if not performed in unison. This should include criteria for permanent vehicle assignments among these positions to ensure pooling options are maximized, and evaluate if other transportation alternatives could be pursued (e.g., biking, walking). 1 Update AbobibinklWies and Infrastructure Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop municipal fleet low-carbon target; defined as A)Total vehicle fleet composed of X%zero-or lower-carbon vehicles; or, B)Total vehicle fleet emissions reduction target(can be achieved through combination of reduced VMT, vehicle technology, mode shift, etc.) Define vehicle fleet transition pathway to achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's Action Area Goal#10 to increase the number of zero emission and other advanced ultra-low emission light duty vehicles to 10%of municipal fleets by the end of 2013, and to 25%by the end of 2018;extend goal to 28% of municipal fleet by 2020 Review existing vehicle fleet lifespan to identify number and type of vehicles to be replaced by 2020, and which could be replaced with existing models of zero-or low-emissions vehicles At time of replacement, shift passenger vehicle purchases toward EV, hybrid- electric, hydrogen fuel cell, or CNG models; consider new vehicles'carbon emissions and fuel efficiency as regular procurement criterion Fully implement fleet management software to: o benchmark agency fleet size and composition; o track fleet vehicle fuel usage, mileage, location, maintenance schedule; �I o provide maintenance diagnostic data; and Grounds&Fleet o activate online reservation system to expand pool opportunities. Division Develop vocational specifications to pair with revised Vehicle Replacement Schedule and Policy Perform staff training needs assessment to support driver and mechanic transition to alternative fuel vehicles Prioritize funding for mechanic training in advanced fuel automotive technologies and offer trainings for drivers and first responders Confirm fleet-parking designations to mitigate staff concerns and maximize public parking opportunities in areas with high parking congestion; Designating locations for parking, as well as fleet vehicle charging,will create further staff-level efficiencies by enabling quick facility access upon returning from fieldwork Explore joint procurement options with other area jurisdictions to leverage regional shift towards cleaner municipal fleets into lower per vehicle costs;To facilitate this, reconnect with Public Fleet Supervisors Association as access �- point for piggybacking opportunities,competitive vendor pricing, and industry best management practices Note:Implementation of this action is budget-and technology-dependent,- emergency echnology-dependent;emergency vehicles could be excluded from fleet target calculations and progress monitoring Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Achieve Bay Area Climate Compact's goal for 25%of vehicle fleet to 48 comprise zero-or low-emissions light duty vehicles by 2018. Assumes the following vehicle replacements: 5 passenger vehicles replaced with hybrid-electric models; 12 light-duty trucks replaced with hybrid-electric SUV models; 2 heavy-duty trucks replaced with more fuel-efficient heavy-duty truck models; In addition to existing 3 hybrid-electric passenger vehicles, and 2 hybrid- electric SUVs Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline u Action B. Expand Citv Bike Fleet, Training, and Promotion In addition to increasing use of alternative-fuel and/or fuel efficient vehicles, the City will also continue to promote its existing municipal bike share program, which could allow the City to downsize part of its municipal fleet in the future. Approximately 80% of all City staff has attended the required Bicycle Safety Training, hosted in partnership with the County Sheriff's Office, allowing them to check out one of the City's five fleet bicycles at any time. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to pursue implementation of municipal bike fleet in instances where vehicle trips can safely and easily be replaced with trips via bicycle; Sustainability comprehensive bike fleet could result in opportunities to downsize municipal Division vehicle fleet or reduce VMT to help achieve fleet emissions target Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • mm • n ' City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Action C. Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to Citv-Sponsored Events As part of the community-wide measures, the City will evaluate opportunities to expand VTA's Cupertino's bus service network by creating "last mile" bike and free or low-cost shuttle connectors. This study may also include the use of feeder busses, bicycle sharing programs and infrastructure, and car sharing programs from existing transit hubs (i.e. VTA Light Rail and Caltrain Commuter Train Stations in Mountain View and Sunnyvale) into the City to support daily commutes and mitigate traffic impacts during city-sponsored special events (i.e. 4th of JUly Fireworks, Black Berry Farm Opening Day). Further, the City will continue to actively promote walking and biking to these events through its marketing channels and by embedding these goals into its Green Indoor and Outdoor Events Policies, relevant both for city-organized events and those hosted in city property by outside organizations. City-SponsoredM-VF-1 Action C. Promote Vehicle Alternatives to Reduce Car-Travel to Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to pursue implementation of municipal car share program,which like municipal bike fleet could allow City to downsize its municipal vehicle fleet Consider opportunities to expand municipal bike fleet and/or car share Sustainability, program as part of municipal fleet transition strategy and at time of regular Grounds&Fleet vehicle replacement(e.g., could tasks performed by retired vehicle be Divisions performed with shared vehicle?) Ensure that commmunity-wide shuttle,car share, bike share assessment includes considertion of City staff commutes and special-event opportunities Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • nmi • • LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' f rr MEASURE M-VF-2 INCREASE ALTERNATIVE FUEL INFRASTRUCTURE Increase availability of alternative refueling infrastructure to support municipal fleet transition. Supporting Measure - Not Quantified This measure supports Measure M-VF-1 by providing the alternative fueling infrastructure necessary to transition the municipal fleet towards zero- or low-emissions vehicles. To support the incorporation of alternative fuel vehicles in its fleet, the City will need to further develop its charging and alternative refueling infrastructure, including electric vehicle charging stations, and possibly a fuel cell and CNG refueling station. The City has already installed one dual-port electric vehicle charging station, with plans for four additional stations in the near-term. Cupertino could possibly host ten municipally-owned charging stations by 2020, if the Civic Center Master Plan is developed as currently envisioned. It is critical that the City consider this increased electricity load demand as part of this planning process, which is also reviewing solar energy installation opportunities that have the potential to offset this demand if accurately sized. The City is also exploring options for utilization of a fuel cell charging station proposed to be sited within the City boundaries. While fuel cell vehicles produce no emissions through their operations, life-cycle emissions for this technology depend on how the fuel is developed. There are currently limited selections in terms of fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) options, but as the technology is further developed and additional refueling infrastructure is developed FCVs could play a role in the City's fleet transition. Similarly, CNG vehicles can often perform the same tasks as diesel vehicles, with lower emissions. While CNG is still a carbon-based fuel, it can be used as a bridge technology to help cities transition from gasoline and diesel to alternative fuels. Low domestic CNG prices present an opportunity to reduce operating costs and fleet emissions simultaneously, provided access to a refueling station is available. To further enhance the emissions-reducing potential of electric and hybrid electric vehicle purchases, the City could implement Measure M-F-1 to provide cleaner electricity through refueling infrastructure. It should be noted that under the current scope, each of these measures will be achieved as part of the City's partnership with Santa Clara County to implement its proposed "Decarbonizing Transportation in Silicon Valley" grant through the Strategic Growth Council. Action A. Install Electric Vehicle Charqinq Stations As previously noted, the City has one electric vehicle charging station, with four more stations planned for installation as part of a recent California Energy Commission-awarded grant through the Bay Area Climate Collaborative. However, these five unique locations do not include the Cupertino Service Center, where the majority of the city's fleet vehicles are housed overnight. As such, this location should be evaluated as part of the City's Capital Improvement Program and/or future grant opportunities, which could enable access to funding to locate the station 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 adjacent to the Service Center on Mary Avenue, as these grants most often prioritize publically accessible stations. While the City anticipates incorporating primarily hybrid electric vehicles in the near-term, certain City functions may allow for the purchase of 100% electric models, such as in Parks Department applications. Properly functioning and accessible recharging infrastructure will be required to support use of these vehicles and mitigate staff concerns about procuring fully electric vehicles, as current public charging station demands are extremely high. Publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations can also support the City's longer-term community- wide emissions reduction goals by allowing community members to transition their personal vehicles to electric or hybrid-electric options. Given this proposed infrastructure expansion, the City recently developed an electric vehicle charging station policy and procedure to guide future charging station installation, but will expand this narrow scope to also include siting criteria to be defined through the "Driving Net Zero" Strategic Growth Council grant awarded to Santa Clara County to support its cities as described in Chapter 3. i■JAEJi;&b ta;t.tom_Voiiiyfi10Q[a.iidr.`WinalMtk+taFi Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Develop City-owned EV Charging Station Procedure to ensure proper finance,training, maintenance, and reporting functions are established for effective staff oversight Develop Alternative Vehicle Fueling Infrastructure (AVFI)standards and plan to define prospective locations and siting criteria (e.g., design guidelines, standard drawings,specifications)to facilitate on-street and off-street applications Transportation, Install additional electric vehicle charging stations for municipal fleet use; as Grounds&Fleet, share of electric vehicles in fleet increases, ensure adequate access to and Sustainability charging stations for municipal vehicles through additional installations or Divisions controlled access Install portion of electric vehicle charging stations in areas accessible to community members, such as Civic Center parking lots;consider new electricity load created from EV charging stations during building design phase of Civic Center Master Plan to provide opportunities to offset this increased load through additional installation of rooftop PV systems Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 10 dual-port electric vehicle charging stations installed Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline • nnu • U 0 0 4L Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 Action B. Evaluate Fuel Cell Fuelinq Station The City has begun exploring options to both promote and utilize a proposed fuel cell station. There are currently limited options in the passenger or light-duty truck fuel cell vehicle market, though hybrid fuel cell models are more common to help overcome the challenges presented by limited fueling infrastructure. Fuel cell vehicles also tend to be relatively more expensive than gasoline or even hybrid-electric vehicles. However, they do provide a good long-term opportunity for vehicle emissions reductions, depending on how the hydrogen fuel is produced. The City should continue to investigate costs and benefits associated with installing fuel cell fueling stations, track private-developer efforts to locate a station in the community (see: California Fuel Cell Partnership), and, in tandem, consider what role fuel cell vehicles might play in its municipal fleet in the future. As with CNG vehicles discussed below, the transition to or incorporation of fuel cell vehicles is likely to occur outside of the CAP's 2020 planning timeline. However, fuel cells do present a potential action to help achieve the City's longer-term reduction targets. vf-W-2 &ctio-f R. Evaluate Fuel Call Fuel ggaawwl Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue exploring opportunities to develop local fuel cell fueling station for municipal and community use Share information with neighboring jurisdictions to determine interest and feasibility of joint procurement through local vendors Transportation & Due to current limited vehicle model availability, consider model types and Sustainability cost when estimating fuel cell vehicles'future role in municipal fleet transition Divisions strategy(see M-VF-1 A) Pending feasibility analysis, construct fuel cell fueling station for municipal and/or community-wide use Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no fuel cell fueling stations installed prior to 2020 _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline f , J Action C. Evaluate CNG Fuelina Station The City is not yet considering near-term opportunities to convert diesel vehicles to CNG models. While there are currently five CNG refueling stations in the county, and a sixth in the planning phase, the City could consider developing its own station for convenient, local access. As with the electric charging stations, a publicly accessible CNG station could also help support a communitywide shift towards CNG vehicles in the long-term. Opportunities may exist for funding partnerships with other local governments, regional agencies, or local businesses that operate their own vehicle fleets. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-VF-2 Action C. Evaluate CNG Fueling Station Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Research opportunities for development of municipal CNG refueling station; look for partnerships with neighboring cities or local employers with large vehicle fleets for cost-share opportunities of joint-use facility Pending results of CNG feasibility study, identify funding and pursue Transportation& development of CNG refueling station for municipal and public use;transition Sustainability municipal fleet diesel vehicles to CNG, as appropriate, as bridge technology Divisions until cleaner heavy-duty vehicle models become widely available for integration into fleet; if better heavy-duty vehicle options become available before development of CNG station, reconsider if there is long-term role for CNG vehicles in municipal fleet Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes no CNG fueling stations installed prior to 2020 _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 09 0 S MEASURE M-VF-3 PROMOTE BEHAVIOR/ FUEL OPTIMIZATION Encourage and promote fuel efficient driving. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 19 MT CO2e/yr Reducing vehicle fleet fuel use translates directly into emissions reductions. To accurately strategize and implement policies for promoting fleet efficiency, it is important to have accurate data about the fuel efficiency of vehicles and driver behaviors. Telematics systems installed on fleet vehicles can help optimize routes, enable managers to accurately track and monitor fuel efficiency, and positively influence driver behavior. Honoring department managers and operators who model fuel-efficient practices can raise awareness of positive behaviors and encourage more widespread fuel savings. Similarly, while the City performs regular maintenance on all vehicles, it will need to consider formalizing these practices. According to the Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), a regularly maintained fleet can save 12-18% in long-term maintenance costs compared to reactive maintenance programs." Operational and maintenance behaviors, such as proper tire pressure inflation, regular vehicle inspections, timely repairs, and fuel-efficient driving techniques can extend the operating life of fleet vehicles and improve fuel efficiency by approximately 19% (FEMP). Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' ' The following actions would further support the City's goal to reduce vehicle fleet emissions by ensuring that the necessary use of municipal vehicles occurs in a safe and efficient manner. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by up to 19 MT CO2e/year. Action A. Implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Optimization Telematics systems can empower fleet managers and operators to quickly identify fuel- consumptive maintenance issues and inefficient driving patterns or excessive vehicle idling. Accurate telematics data provide documentation to enable confident decision-making when identifying potential vehicles for replacement and transitions to more fuel-efficient and alternative fuel vehicles. The system also enables staff to dispatch help more promptly to stranded vehicles. The City already employs telematics practices to optimize routes for Building Department inspections and reduce vehicle miles traveled, and could potentially further expand this program to other departments. Telematics program examples from other cities have shown to produce fuel savings of 10-20% per year. OptimizationIVINF-3 Action A. implement Telematics to Improve Route and Fuel Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue use of route optimization practices by Building Department for inspections Evaluate opportunities for additional route optimization of municipal vehicles Grounds&Fleet, that have standard operating routes(e.g., Parks Department landscaping Sustainability crews); identify VMT reduction potential through new routes Division Develop telematics program (e.g.,vehicle tracking)for City fleet to optimize vehicle operations Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 10%fuel savings over 2010 baseline for all passenger and light- 19 duty trucks(i.e., 2,100 gallons of gasoline saved per year);assumes full implementation of Measure VF-1,Action A assumptions Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline S J Action B. Update Vehicle Use Policv to Prioritize Fuel-Efficient Operations and Maintenance The City currently adheres to an informal set of fuel-efficient driving and maintenance practices, including an anti-idling policy and regularly scheduled preventative maintenance. Formalizing these practices by embedding it within the City's Vehicle Use Policy could help prioritize these actions for the City's maintenance staff and vehicle operators. The policy could be developed to document existing maintenance activities and tune-up schedules, require fuel-efficient driver training, and raise awareness among all City employees about fuel-saving priorities. Training sessions should engage fleet staff, maintenance shop managers and staff, and City vehicle operators and drivers. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-VF-3 Action B. Update Vehicle Use Policy to Prioritize Fuel-Efficient Operati ons and Maintenance Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish vehicle fleet efficiency policy(i.e., operation and maintenance)that includes formal vehicle maintenance check-list targeting fuel efficiency tune- ups and fuel-efficient driving training (e.g., no speeding, idling, excessive tools/gear in vehicles);fuel-efficient driving could be monitored through vehicle fleet telematics program Grounds&Fleet, Continue implementation of City's anti-idling policy(with exemptions for Sustainability emergency vehicles) Division Provide anti-idling outreach city-wide through partnership with neighborhood and community groups,with specific campaigns targeting idling in School Zones; partner with Cupertino Chamber of Commerce on anti-idling campaign in commercial districts Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline am • mn� • Action C. Expand Commuter Benefits Program Typically, employee commute emissions are excluded from a municipal emissions inventory, as was the case in Cupertino. This is due to the fact that they are designated as a Scope 3 emissions source in the LGOP guidance used to develop the baseline inventory (see Chapter 2 for further description on the City's emissions sources). Scope 3 emissions can be optionally included, although the City does not have direct financial or operational control over these vehicles, so they are not included within the City's municipal fleet emissions calculations. Some jurisdictions voluntarily report these emissions, though it is understood that the accuracy of Scope 3 emissions is typically lower than that for Scope 1 or Scope 2 emissions because data availability and reliability are diminished (i.e., cities have greater access to emissions data for sources over which they have operational or financial control, like energy use or annual municipal fleet mileage). According to a 2012 survey, 83% of Cupertino employees drive alone to work. Additionally, nearly the same amount of emissions comes from the City's municipal fleet as are estimated to result from City employee commutes (i.e., 424 and 463 MT COZe/yr, respectively). This presents an opportunity for the City to demonstrate another leadership role in emissions reductions, even if those reductions are not counted towards the City's target achievement since employee commute emissions are not included in the municipal operations inventory. The City can influence this source of emissions by expanding existing commuter benefits in a way that encourages employees to commute using alternative modes other than single occupancy vehicles. In accordance with SB 1339 requirements, Cupertino already provides a suite of alternative commute benefits to its employees, marketed through a flyer and benefits trainings, Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 and has a designated Human Resources Department Commuter Benefits Coordinator. The most widely used City benefit is the Alternative Work Schedule, or the 9/80 schedule, that affords many full-time employees two Fridays off per month, avoiding commutes on those days. In 2013, Cupertino instituted a pre-tax transit benefit, up to the allowable IRS limit, to incentivize and financially reward employees that commute by transit. Cupertino also provides bikes for employee use during the work day as an alternative to fleet vehicles. This action proposes the City create additional benefits to further encourage employees to pursue alternative commuting, and unites these benefits under a formalized commuter benefits program. The following elements are recommended as additions to the existing program, and were selected from numerous options as the most cost-effective and applicable to Cupertino: 1. "Last mile Connector" or Carpool Van: This van would establish one of the City's underutilized pool vans as a bridge to transit services that are difficult for employees to reach without a vehicle. 2. Carpool Matching: Cupertino can promote matching services through 511.org and other no-cost avenues so that employees can easily find convenient carpool-to-work options. Cash incentives for carpooling could also be offered. 3. Walk/bike Matching: Cupertino can promote free walk/bike matching services through 511.org and other no-cost avenues so that employees can easily find walking or biking partners to join on commutes to work. Pre-tax incentives for walking and biking to work are also permitted by law. 4. Guaranteed Ride Home: This service provides employees that do not drive to work with a ride home in an emergency. Typically the employer will open an account with a rental car or taxi company, which is charged when employees use the service. 5. Flexible/Alternative Work Schedule: In addition to the 9/80 schedule that many Cupertino employees currently follow, other alternative schedules could be proposed where appropriate, as well as flexibility to accommodate carpooling and avoid traffic at peak times. 6. Telecommuting/Telework: New IT advancements can facilitate a formalized telecommuting policy, where employees forgo the commute on days agreed upon with their supervisors and according to the policies set forth by the City. The City may choose to expand the aforementioned short-term proposed commuter benefit offerings to include additional benefits in the future, such as shuttle services, parking cash-out, reduced cost transit passes, preferred parking for ride sharers, and achieving a bike-friendly workplace certification. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 M-VF-3 Action C. Expand Commuter Benefits Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Conduct employee commuter benefits survey to evaluate areas of priority and highest use Develop commuter benefits program expansion options, budget, and resource needs; Evaluate vendor proposals if applicable Sustainability& Create outreach plan and materials for communicating new unified program Human Resources and benefits to employees; Develop carpool/bike/walk matching activities; Division Design additional incentives (e.g., recognition program) Launch program, implement outreach plan, and track participation/employee feedback;Adjust as needed Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Actions A, B, and D Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline n • nail • i a M � 'rr LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action D. Introduce Fuel Savinq Recognition Proqram for Emplovees/Departments Establishing a program for recognizing employees and departments for reducing fuel usage and/or reducing vehicle miles traveled can raise awareness of exemplary behavior throughout departments. Identification of key performance indicators such as annual fuel use reduction compared to a historical baseline or a per employee efficiency average can promote engagement from all departments (Typically, emergency services are excluded from these types of programs). In addition, any opportunity to engage staff in fleet procurement efforts is strongly advised. Establishing vocational specifications, recommended above, will ensure vehicle designations match job functions moving ahead, but this is just a first step to ensure staff engagement in this new prioritization. The City should continue activities to involve departments in purchasing decisions and evaluations of vehicle replacement models, as was practiced during the FY13/14 Vehicle Replacement Schedule. The Sustainability Division hosted a ride-and-drive event for all employees to take electric and plug-in-electric hybrid vehicles for a test drive, since this fleet technology was new to the City. Staff was then surveyed to learn their preferences and concerns, which informed the Fleet Division's selection. This type of practice should be continued to increase driver comfort with transition from conventional to alternative vehicles. Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish inter-departmental fuel savings recognition program (excluding emergency vehicles)that tracks annual fuel use by department and provides departmental employee rewards for annual improvement(either total reduction compared to a department historic average or per employeeSustainability efficiency) Division Implement process to track and report municipal vehicle fuel usage through quarterly or annual staff reports; explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 1, t Ar a �c e " �' M r' i lit AL- g- e•r..wo,. -c GOAL 3 — REDUCE SOLID WASTE: Effectively manage materials to shift behavior, consumption, and life-cycle impacts. LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES The Solid Waste sector emissions are relatively small compared to Facilities and Vehicle Fleet, contributing approximately 5% of total emissions. The City's solid waste emissions are based on the disposal of waste generated from municipal activities, such as facility operations, park landscaping and maintenance, and other City activities. Waste disposal creates emissions when organic waste (e.g., food scraps, yard clippings, paper and wood products) is buried in landfills and anaerobic digestion takes place, emitting methane. Additionally, the extraction and processing of raw materials for consumer products, distribution to consumers, and eventual disposal of the products, creates emissions as well. A number of actions have been either planned or implemented to reduce City generated waste. The City has developed a zero-waste strategy with diversion goals and descriptions of diversion programs. Zero-waste strategies typically strive for 90% or greater diversion of waste from the landfill waste stream through recycling, material reuse, or composting. The Bay Area Climate Compact includes a solid waste diversion goal, which instructs signatories to "increase solid waste diversion from landfills to 75% by the end of 2013, and achieve zero waste by the end of 2020." One diversion strategy to that end has been implementation of the City's green procurement policy that encourages the purchase of recycled, recyclable, or compostable materials whenever possible. The City also administers a citywide residential and commercial compostable collection program, paperless office practices, on-site landscape waste reduction, and construction and demolition diversion at municipal project sites. Finally, the City has adopted a green indoor and outdoor events policy that defines materials management requirements (e.g., banning use of polystyrene and distribution of single-use bags) and goals for events hosted on city property by the agency or external partners. The City will continue its efforts to reduce the amount of waste generated from municipal operations, while diverting waste from landfills through composting, recycling, and reuse. This sector includes three measures that expand upon the City's existing efforts, including establishment of policies, goals, and audits to reduce waste; continuing organic waste diversion activities; and increasing construction and demolition waste diversion. When implemented, the Solid Waste sector measures have the ability to reduce emissions by approximately 80 MT CO2e/year. Goal 3- Reduce Solid Waste City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE M-SW-1 WASTE REDUCTION 11 Reduce municipal waste through procurement policies, waste diversion goals, and waste stream monitoring and analysis. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 64 MT CO2e/yr Cities can reduce their contribution of solid waste sent to landfills through careful consideration at the procurement phase of a product's recyclability, re-use opportunities, - useful life expectancy, and comparable substitutes. Green ;j procurement specifications can be enforced through incorporation of Citywide or departmental diversion goals that elevate these considerations during decision-making ,'' yA.- processes. Similarly, monitoring the implementation of these R, policies and goals is necessary to evaluate the success of a waste reduction program. This measure includes implementation of existing procurement guidance 1 `w documents and paperless office strategies, departmental waste diversion goals, and waste monitoring and tracking mechanisms to help the City achieve its zero-waste goal by 2020. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by 64 MT CO2e/year. Product Design and Source:West Coast Climate and Material Forum- httD://vosemite.eDa.aov/R10/ECOCOMM.NSF/climate+chanoe/wccmmf Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action A. Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Goals As a signatory to the BACC, the City has already established a zero-waste goal for itself, and has taken several implementation steps towards that goal including development of a Zero- Waste Strategy. The City (with input from its waste diversion staff) could also establish building or department-specific goals that would allow each department to determine the most efficient strategies for goal achievement. Implementation of this action would be enhanced with accurate municipal waste stream data as described in Action D, so building- or department-specific strategies can be developed based on the types of waste present in the dumpsters. To assist in emissions reductions, the Zero-Waste Strategy should include programs to address the remaining organic waste content of the municipal waste stream, including office paper and cardboard, food scraps and compostable paper (e.g., pizza boxed, soiled napkins), yard waste clippings, and lumber from construction projects. In particular, this effort should continue to develop employee training and outreach programs to increase participation in the City's existing organics collection service. F FIT CUPERTINO GREEN GoalsM-SW-1 Action A. Establish Stretch Waste Reduction and Diversion Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Establish specific zero-waste goal for municipal operations (target to be included in Zero Waste Strategy update)that achieves Bay Area Climate Compact's Action Area Goal#9 to increase solid waste diversion from landfills to 75% by end of 2013 and achieve zero waste by end of 2020; City's goal is to achieve 75%diversion by 2016 In conjunction with municipal waste audits (see M-SW-1 D), establish waste Environmental reduction/diversion goals by building or department(whichever is easier to Division track)as means to achieving overarching zero-waste goal; re-evaluate building or department goals as part of regular waste audits Implement process to track and report municipal solid waste generation through quarterly or annual staff reports;explore options to make information publicly available through an open data portal system Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 80% reduction in organic waste(e.g.,food scraps and compostable paper, landscape debris/trimmings, scrap lumber, paper/cardboard)from 2010 baseline;emissions reductions are shown next to actions that address specific organic waste sources(i.e., M-SW-1 B, M- SW-2 A, M-SW-3 A) Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline CH40 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Action B. Create Paperless Office Policv/Program Office environments typically generate substantial waste from white paper, mixed office paper, newspaper, and corrugated cardboard. Approximately 90% of all office waste is paper. Enhanced office paper recycling can help reduce emissions associated with organic landfill waste, and help to conserve raw materials. In addition to fully implemented recycling programs, "paperless office" policies can further reduce office waste and lower operating costs by reducing unnecessary printing, minimizing space needed for paper file storage, and improving file management efficiency. As a city in the heart of Silicon Valley, Cupertino should maximize its application of computer technology and digital systems in areas where it can lead to operational cost savings and resource efficiency. The City currently uses paperless practices in the Building Department for building permits and other forms and paperless agendas for its Council and Commissions, an effort led by the City Clerk. Expansion of paperless office practices will require Sustainability Division and IT staff to: investigate print-tracking software compliance problems, establish paper use reduction goals, and develop employee education programs about file management processes and paper use tracking. Paper reduction goals can be tracked through reduced procurement costs for paper, ink, and other printer-related costs, or through municipal waste audits. To ensure that recycled paper and cardboard can be re-used for their highest and best purpose, the City should maintain a "dry" recycling stream to avoid paper-product contamination from liquids and food scraps. M-SW-1 Action B.Create Paperless • Policy/Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement and monitor success of office paper reduction strategies Work with IT Department to install printer-tracking software that allows printer analytics Conduct analysis of paper use per department to establish data trends(e.g., reams used per year, pages printed per month) Sustainability& Establish City-wide paper use reduction goals based on printing analysis Environmental Meet with individual departments to discuss results of analysis and identify Division additional opportunities for printing reduction and/or conversion of some file types from hard copy forms to electronic Establish "dry"recycling collection for paper and cardboard products, as opposed to co-mingled collection for these items, to ensure highest value during recycling Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 80%diversion of municipal office paper over 2010 baseline levels 64 Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 0 13 IM 0 Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Action C. Revise Green Procurement & Event Specifications, Pair with Implementation Handbook Green procurement specifications are often developed to prioritize City purchases that generate lower waste across a product's lifecycle, allow local recycling or composting, incorporate recycled or re-used content, and support healthy working environments (e.g., low VOC paints and carpets). The City already has an Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy, adopted in 2008 and currently being revised to mirror industry advancements, and has developed a draft user-friendly handbook to support staff procurement decisions. The handbook incorporates previous research efforts on preferred products for use in daily operations or at City-sponsored events, with an emphasis on preference for recycled/recyclable products, compostable products, minimal packaging, and other low-waste options. Given that the agency does not have a single office or individual overseeing purchasing, this handbook can serve as a clearinghouse document for all City procurement policies related to resource conservation. As the City approaches its zero-waste goal, municipal waste audits (see Action D below) may provide insight into the types of materials that are most difficult to eliminate from the waste stream. Specific green procurement alternatives could be added to the handbook to target these specific types of waste. HandbookM-SW-1 Action C. Revise Green Procurement&Event Specifications, Pair with Implementation Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to implement City's Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy and refinement of staff handbook to serve as user-friendly resource to guide City purchases of"green"products, such as furniture, carpeting/flooring, paints, packaging materials, energy-efficient appliances, etc. Design purchasing specifications that give preference to recycled products, Sustainability and recyclable and compostable products, products derived from renewable Environmental materials, and other products that produce lower waste across the product's Division lifecycle Include reference to City's ENERGY STAR appliance procurement policy, or include as part of new Green Purchasing Guide to provide one comprehensive guidance document Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline Action D. Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion Analysis of municipal waste volume and composition can provide important data about diversion target feasibility and waste reduction opportunities, as well as provide measurement and verification to track progress of waste reduction/diversion goals described in Action A above. Waste audits and surveys at municipal facilities also provide opportunities to engage 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 department managers and employees regarding recycling and diversion efforts, potentially leading to higher participation rates and development of new strategies. The City already performs waste audits at municipal buildings and facilities as part of its Green Business Certification, but should increase the regularity and tracking of these efforts moving forward. Audit results could be used to develop a tracking/reporting mechanism to measure diversion target achievements per building or department, as described in Action A, or to help identify problematic waste materials as described in Action C. In order to monitor, track and evaluate effectiveness within each department, a central purchasing coordinator or analyst may be needed in the future. M-SW-1 Action D.Conduct Waste Characterization Audits and Track Materials/Diversion Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue to perform waste audits at various City facilities to: o determine type/quantity of waste being produced, o measure effectiveness of existing waste diversion practices, o identify opportunities for new waste diversion practices, Environmental o establish baseline data for measuring progress towards waste Division reduction and diversion goals using CalRecycle data or EPA ReTrac Tool Establish regular waste audit cycle to track implementation of various waste reduction practices Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Supports implementation of Action A _ Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline MEASURE M-SW-2 FOOD SCRAP AND COMPOSTABLE PAPER DIVERSION Continue to divert food scraps and compostable paper from municipal waste stream. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 16 MT CO2e/yr Food scraps account for approximately 16% of the overall solid waste stream, according to the state's most recent waste characterization survey.XX' The City already provides food scrap and compostable paper collection at all municipal facilities as part of its citywide organics collection program. Diverting these waste materials from landfills helps to reduce methane emissions LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES 0 created when organic material decomposes in landfill environments. Expansion of this measure could contribute reductions of approximately 16 MT COZe/yr by 2020. Action A. Expand Municipal Collection and Compostinq Proqram The City currently collects organic waste at all municipal facilities, with the most effectively implemented models at City Hall and Blackberry Farm. Expanding this collection service and staff engagement program to other municipal facilities, particularly public buildings with high visitation rates, would help to capture more of the organic waste stream, and support the City's zero-waste goal (see M-SW-1). The City could review its facility waste audits to identify the best candidates to further prioritize organics collection. If audits reveal that significant portions of organic waste are still being discarded at facilities with organics collection, the City could focus its efforts on educating City staff and the public on how the diversion program works. Publicly- oriented education campaigns could also serve to increase participation in community-wide organics collection at homes and businesses. M-SW-2 Action A. Expand Municipal Collection . Composting Program Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Continue implementation of food scrap/compostable paper collection program at municipal buildings As part of municipal waste audits(see M-SW-1 D), identify City buildings or facilities(e.g., parks)where substantial amount of compostable waste is still disposed of in general waste bins; develop additional employee educational ■ materials (or community materials in case of public facilities)explaining how Environmental composting program works,what items can be collected, and benefits of City Division action in this area If participation within City buildings indicates room for improvement, consider holding annual competitions(by building or department)to achieve lowest ■ amount of compostable waste in landfill waste bins;competition could be timed with waste audits Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes 90%diversion of municipal food waste and plant waste over 2010 16 baseline levels Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline 130 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 MEASURE M-SW-3 CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE DIVERSION Enhance construction and demolition waste diversion rates for municipal projects. 2020 GHG Reduction Potential: 2 MT CO2e/yr The California Green Building Code currently requires 50% diversion of construction and demolition (C&D) materials for all new projects, with few exceptions. Many construction materials can be diverted from the waste stream for reuse or recycling, including scrap lumber, concrete and asphalt, bricks, scrap metal, and drywall. As green building practices become more common in the region, landfill operators and contractors will improve their abilities to divert higher percentages of C&D waste in support of project documentation requirements for various green building certification programs (e.g., LEED, Green Point Rated). This measure quantifies the City's existing requirements to exceed the state's C&D diversion requirements. Implementation of this measure could reduce emissions by 2 MT CO2e/year. Action A. Set C&D Diversion Policv for Municipal Proiects The City already exceeds the state's C&D diversion requirements for applicable municipal construction projections through Municipal Code 16.72, which requires 60% diversion. As a longer-term strategy (e.g., by 2035), the City could consider increasing its C&D diversion target even further for municipal projects from 60% to 75%. Cupertino's Green Building Ordinance also requires achievement of LEED certification in most new municipal construction projects and major remodels. Similar to Measure M-F-4, which suggests specific energy-efficiency goals be established for new construction or substantial retrofits, this action could be implemented as part of the Green Building Ordinance as well, through voluntary pursuit of waste diversion- related design points. Both measures expand upon existing City actions with a focus on emissions reduction opportunities in construction projects. Prior to revising the City's existing 60% C&D diversion target, City staff should research opportunities and constraints to more stringent requirements, such as the ability of landfill operators to achieve higher diversion rates. The City currently has an agreement with Newby Island Landfill for the sorting and diversion of construction and demolition debris boxes. As of 2010, the facility was reporting diversion rates between 70-80% for C&D debris boxes from Cupertino. The City of San Francisco has required 65% diversion from C&D projects since 2006, also indicating feasibility in the Bay Area to further exceed current statewide requirements. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Action • Policy forMunicipal Implementation Steps Status Responsibility Consider amending Green Building Ordinance to require 75%diversion of C&D waste in all municipal construction projects and major retrofits (this would exceed state requirements of 50%diversion, and Cupertino's existing Environmental requirements for 60%diversion); discuss implementation feasibility with Division landfill operator Progress Indicator(2020) Reduction Potential (MT CO2e/yr) Assumes City continues to achieve 60%diversion of construction and 2 demolition waste from municipal projects Co-Benefits Implementation Timeline CHQ 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Reduction Target Achievement 2020 TARGET ACHIEVEMENT The purpose of the CAP is to identify measures and actions that the City could take to reduce municipal operation greenhouse gas emissions. This chapter has presented various measures the City could pursue (including continuation and expansion of existing City actions) to reduce its emissions through 2020. As shown in Table 4.4, the City could exceed its 2020 target through implementation of these CAP measures, and achieve reductions of approximately 700 MT CO2e/yr compared to its target of 346 MT CO2e/yr. This would represent an emissions level 35% below the 2010 baseline year. This achievement would put Cupertino on a trajectory towards its long-term emissions reduction targets for 2035 and 2050, though additional reductions would still be needed in the future. Figure 4.8 illustrates the City's 2020 business-as- usual (BAU) emissions forecast, reduction target, and estimated reduction level assuming implementation of these CAP measures. Table 4.4 Ell unicipal Operat' Reduction Strategies 2020 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2e/year) 2020 Target Facilities Strategy 552' 160% Vehicle Fleet Strategy 66 19% Solid Waste Strategy 82 24% TOTAL 2020 MUNICIPAL OPERATIONS REDUCTIONS 700 202% Reduction Target 15% below baseline Reductions Needed in 2020 346 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Figure 4.8— CAP Measure Emission Reduction Potential 2010 to 2020 1,900 1,800 — — — — — —� — — — — — — — —1,700 1,600 m 1,500 N v 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 2010 2020 — — BAU Emissions Reduction Target CAP Measures TRAJECTORY TOWARDS 2035 AND 2050 TARGETS This CAP was primarily developed to identify strategies to help the City achieve its near-term 2020 reduction target. Numerous assumptions go into preparing emissions forecasts and plausible reduction measure participation rates, which make it difficult to accurately predict the City's ability to achieve longer-term reduction targets. For example, if building-related energy emissions grow faster than estimated, additional reductions will be needed to achieve the targets. Similarly, if the City is successful at converting its entire municipal fleet to low-emissions vehicles, other reduction measures may become less important. It is also difficult to predict new technologies and their impact on municipal operations. Despite these various assumptions and unknowns, it is possible to conservatively estimate progress towards the 2035 and 2050 targets, and identify the general measures that would be required to support target achievement in the future. As shown in Table 4.5, if only the measures described in this chapter are pursued (and are not expanded beyond the implementation levels assumed by 2020), the City would achieve 66% of its 2035 target and 39% of its 2050 target. However, it is likely that additional implementation of these measures would occur after 2020, leading to greater emissions reductions. For example, this CAP assumes the installation of approximately 500 kW of solar PV by 2020. After build out of the Civic Center Master Plan, there may be opportunity to install additional PV systems on new City buildings and parking lots. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Table 4.5 Impact of 2020 Municipal Operations Reductions on Future Target Achievement Reduction Strategies 2020 2035 2050 (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) Total Municipal Operations Reductions 700 700 700 Reduction Target 15% below 49% below 83% below baseline baseline baseline Reductions Needed 346 1,064 1,774 Portion of Target Achieved 202% 66% 39% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding The measures and reduction estimates presented in this chapter are based on reasonable assumptions for what is possible and likely to occur between plan adoption and 2020, and have been vetted by City staff to refine their feasibility. However, as mentioned above, the accuracy of emissions projections and reduction estimates becomes less certain the farther into the future they are projected. This section presents a scenario demonstrating what level of City effort would be required in order to achieve the 2050 reduction target (i.e., 83% below 2010 levels). As shown in Table 4.6, actions that result in cleaner electricity would play an important role in long-term target achievement. Energy-related emissions are estimated to account for nearly 70% of the City's emissions in 2050, the majority of which are related to electricity use. This means that long-term target achievement will not be possible without significant reductions from the Facilities sector. Similarly, water-related emissions and solid waste-related emissions contribute relatively fewer emissions to the City's inventory; forecasted to be less than 6% of total emissions in 2050. This indicates that actions that address water conservation and solid waste diversion, while important for other ecological or financial reasons, cannot be the primary strategy for long-term emissions target achievement. The City's path to future target achievement is estimated to focus on the use of clean energy sources for building, facility, and vehicle needs. Table 4.6 presents one possible scenario for emissions reductions by 2050 that would achieve the City's long-term target. The table is organized similarly to Table 4.2 presented earlier in this chapter, though the scope of actual measures may differ as technologies change. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES Table 4.6 IN Municipal Operations Measures and Quantified Reductions Reduction Measures 7 2020 Reductions 2050 Reductions Contribution to (MT CO2elyear) (MT CO2elyear) 2050 Target FACILITIES STRATEGY 552 1,203 68% M-F-1 Sustainable Energy Portfolio -' 979 55% M-F-2 Renewable or Low-Carbon Electricity Generation 108 173 10% M-F-3 Advanced Energy Management 91 51 3% M-F-4 Existing Building Energy Retrofit 41 M-F-5 New Building Energy Performance Supporting Measure Replaced by reductions estimated in M-F-6 Public Realm Lighting Efficiency 125 Measures M-F-1 through M-F-3 M-F-7 Landscape Water Conservation 1 Statewide Actions 1862 VEHICLE FLEET STRATEGY 66 459 26% M-VF-1 Low Emission and Alternative Fuel Vehicles 48 459 26% M-VF-2 Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Supporting Measure Replaced by reductions estimated in Measure M-T-1 M-VF-3 Behavior/Fuel Conservation 19 SOLID WASTE STRATEGY 82 110 6% M-SW-1 Waste Reduction 64 89 5% M-SW-2 Food Scrap and Compostable Paper Diversion 16 17 1% M-SW-3 Construction and Demolition Waste Diversion 2 4 <1% TOTAL CAP REDUCTIONS 700 1,772 100% Reduction Target 15% below 83% below baseline baseline Reductions Needed 346 1,774 Estimated Reduction Level below 2010 Baseline 34.9% 82.9% Notes:Columns may not total to values shown due to rounding Emissions reductions associated with implementation of Measure M-F-1 were omitted from the Facilities Sector subtotal for 2020; See the Measure M-F-1 discussion for more information on its role in future target achievement. 2 The Renewable Portfolio Standard requires California's utilities to provide 33%of their electricity from renewable sources by 2020.Several CAP measures,if implemented,would result in lower municipal electricity use in 2020 than that estimated in the emissions forecasts shown in Chapter 2.To avoid double-counting the cumulative effects of each measure,this table presents the RPS reductions assuming full implementation of Measures M-F-2 through M-F-7 by 2020. If any of these measures are not fully implemented by 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would increase as a greater amount of electricity demand would be subject to the effects of this regulation.This table further assumes that Measure M-F-1 is not implemented prior to 2020. If Measure M-F-1 is implemented prior to 2020,then reductions associated with the RPS would decrease based on the level of clean electricity purchased as part of Measure M-F-1. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 This scenario presented in Table 4.6 assumes that 100% of the City's electricity use will come from emissions-free sources by 2050, and that existing solar PV installations on municipal buildings and facilities will be maintained for ongoing future use. If all electricity comes from clean sources, then building retrofits that conserve electricity no longer have emissions reductions associated with them (i.e., the electricity they save is already emissions free, so there is no net reduction in emissions). Therefore, Table 4.6 shows that emissions reductions associated with Measures M-F-4 through M-F-7 and the statewide reductions from the Renewable Portfolio Standard are supplanted by energy-related reductions in Measures M-F-1 through M-F-3. The 2050 reduction estimates are based on the same 2020 CAP measures described in this chapter, with increased implementation performance assumptions occurring between 2020 and 2050. Approximately 70% of the City's building-related energy use in 2010 was attributed to electricity use, while the remaining 30% was natural gas. Under the business-as-usual emissions forecast scenario described in Chapter 2, this ratio of energy use is assumed to continue in the future. That means that the 30% of future building energy use attributed to natural gas consumption will not be affected by clean electricity purchases or generation. Therefore, this scenario assumes the future installation of solar thermal systems at the Blackberry Farm Pool and Sports Center, as previously identified in the City's Detailed Energy Audit (see Measure M-F-2 Action B). In addition to significant emissions reductions from the Facilities sector, this scenario depends upon a widespread transformation of the City's municipal fleet towards alternative-fuel and low- emissions vehicles. This scenario expands upon the assumptions described in Measure M-VF-1 above, and demonstrates potential reductions resulting from a fleet that comprises 100% electric passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks, as well as a shift in heavy-duty trucks towards CNG and electric models. This scenario is dependent upon additional advancements in the vehicle market to provide alternative fuel vehicle models that can perform the tasks required of the municipal fleet. The remaining emissions reductions are based on an assumption that the City can achieve its zero-waste goal, such that no organic materials are sent to area landfills. This scenario assumes 100% diversion of office paper and paper materials, food scraps and green waste from landscaping activities, and organic components of construction and demolition debris. It is difficult to establish performance assumptions for horizon years far in the future given unknown budgetary conditions, emergence of new and evolving technologies, and potential state and federal actions. For this reason the CAP does not attempt to define specific municipal operations actions for 2035 or 2050. However, because the CAP is a living document that should be reviewed and revised on a regular basis, possibly in coordination with future General Plan revisions, performance indicators that align with the long-term emissions reduction strategies described here can developed gradually over time. Chapter4: LOCAL GOVERNMENT REDUCTION MEASURES ' Given the pathway described above for achievement of the City's 2050 reduction target, emissions reduction progress by 2035 will require implementation of actions at a level somewhere between what is described for 2020 in the measure descriptions earlier in this chapter and this general scenario described for 2050. Due to the numerous variables and unknowns of the future state of the City's emissions, these 2050 reduction estimates are provided for demonstrative purposes only. As described further in Chapter 4, the City will need to regularly assess the effectiveness of CAP measures to ensure future emissions levels are on track to achieve the 2050 target, as well as monitor any new future guidance from the Office of Planning and Research, BAAQMD, or other agencies on the role of local government action in supporting the state's reduction targets. Grades K;4 `Grades 5-8 Grade 1.12 A CLEANER CUPERTINO sludent n.-,conles� F `rusrb iaL City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 r . 1 P R CLIMATE ACTION : • ROLE? This chapter describes the myriad ways in which Cupertino's residents can take action to begin implementing the emissions-reducing concepts described throughout this CAP. It presents these opportunities within the framework of a Learn, Leverage, Lead approach to engagement, and provides examples of immediate action opportunities related to the City's Green@Home, Green@Work, and Green@School programs. Cupertino cannot achieve its ambitious emissions reduction targets without the support and enthusiasm of its residents and businesses. This chapter provides direction to the tools and resources available to take action today! Unmitigated climate change poses great risks to both Cupertino and our entire globe. It jeopardizes extensive, and often costly, efforts to enable food access and security, protect public health and safety, promote economic development and stability, and safeguard natural resources upon which our prosperity depends. Local changes in precipitation and temperatures will awaken new vulnerabilities for our residents and businesses. To abate these anticipated climate risks, predicted to intensify in the coming decades, requires initiative, imagination and ingenuity. It requires confident leadership and common-sense, crowd-sourced solutions. Most importantly, it requires collective action. This Plan focuses primarily on the emissions over which your City government has direct control and the greatest influence, whether through education and outreach channels, infrastructure projects, community programs, or codes and ordinances. At workshops held to collaboratively develop this CAP with the community, the City received feedback that many residents were not aware of City programs and services already available to assist them in growing greener; this chapter is included mitigation -• here to address that gap. Moreover, it seeks to emphasize rate as well as the magnitude of that everyday choices we make matter. Actions each of us warming, it also increases the takes at home, at work, at school, and in our community particulartime available for adaptation to a level will not only help reduce our community's total emissions, potentially , several decades. but - _,- but also make Cupertino a healthier, more resilient place Delaying mitigation actions to live, work, and play for current and future generations. reduce options f' This section shares a variety of ways you, as both a global resilientpathways and Cupertino citizen, can individually take climate action. Intergovernmental Panel The more we do as individuals, the greater our collective Climate Change Working emissions reductions will be, and the stronger our Group 2, 2014 Report community will be in the face of climate change. How Do I Contribute? Before introducing a sampling of direct climate actions each of us can take to support our shared environment, let's learn which of our daily activities have associated greenhouse gas emissions, and so, have a climate impact. Any time we use electricity or fuel for an activity, we are creating greenhouse gases. Driving to work or school, watching TV, charging a cell phone, powering a refrigerator or air conditioner, or taking a hot shower, are just a few of the countless things we do that support our lives, and all result in emissions. As you've learned in previous chapters, we even produce emissions indirectly as a result of waste disposal (through collection and landfill gas), water use (through pumping and treatment), and purchasing choices (through production, shipping, and disposal). We can reduce these emissions by thinking about how we get where we need to go, how well our homes and facilities function, and what kinds of goods and services we purchase. For example, take a look at the typical household energy expenditure in California (see Figure 5.1) — this can give us an idea of areas of opportunity to reduce energy consumption, 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 and thus greenhouse gas emissions. (Note: household energy use varies greatly by a number of factors, including geographic location, home size and age, and number and habits of family members). Figure 5.1 — Energy Consumption in California Homes ■Air conditioning 27% Space heating ■Water heating ■Appliances, electronics, lighting Source: EIA,2009 In California, we have a milder climate than in other parts of the country, so we expend less energy on heating and cooling than homes elsewhere in the US (lucky us!). So comparatively, the largest portion of our energy use goes toward electricity use for appliances, electronics, and lighting. This indicates that reducing plug load in our homes by installing efficient lighting, buying energy efficient appliances, turning off electronics and appliances when not in use, and other actions can especially reduce our home's emissions. This picture does not capture, however, energy use and emissions associated with personal transportation, waste we create, and items we buy. Figure 5.2 (on the following page) seeks to shift the conversation to also include the impacts of our daily choices, activities, and habits. To get a more complete estimate of your own personal emissions, and to see where the most important areas for action are, check out the CoolCalifornia Carbon Footprint Calculator. Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? Figure 5.2—Average California Household GHG Emissions (COze) Home construction. 3% Services, 16% ,- Autos, 26% l Other goods, 5% Clothing, 4°° _ Furniture, ;° Air travel, 9 appliances,6% i' , / 1. Public transit, 1% Other foods, 5% 1 '—Electricity, 5% Cereals. 2° Natural gas, 5% � Dairy, 3/o Fruits,v , 2% ° Water&sewage, 3% Meat. 5% Source:CoolCalifornia What Can I Do to Help? Given that each of our daily activities result in emissions (i.e., the average emissions of a Cupertino resident is 5.27 MT ' • . • ' ' . • CO2e/yr), the City needs your help to meet its climate action goals. There are innumerable actions small and large that you can take to help our community become more resilient and reduce emissions. This section provides resources to Learn more about climate change, shares a few recommended actions to Leveraqe in your own life to help, and connects you to tools to help you Lead by example to inspire others to act. Take a look below and decide which actions are feasible for you or your family to take. Remember this is just a sampling of the many things you can do. It is okay to start small: pick one action to take today, two to prioritize next year, and/or a suite of actions to make happen five years from now, and create your own personal climate action plan! 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 The following list of resources can help you to become a climate change guru! Arm yourself with background knowledge on the causes of changes to our climate, the potential risks to our planet and people, and additional tips you can share with family and neighbors. ❑ ICLEI, Local Governments for Sustainabilitv ❑ Get Involved ❑ Interaovernmental Panel on Climate Chanae OPCCI United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Chanae ❑ NASA United States Environmental Protection Aaencv L_j California Climate Chanae Portal 11-1 Union of Concerned Scientists Li Actions to Adapt ❑ Solutions u What You Can Do ❑ Sustainable Steps ❑ Action Center Oil IN • Climate Action: What's My Role? Leverage Take advantage of the City's existing programs designed to ensure our community is a sustainable place to live, learn, work, and play by providing tools to encourage action among all of our residents! This section presents information on the City's Green@Home, Green@Work, and Green@School programs. Learn more about our environmental work, or source additional ideas for small changes that make a big difference, by visiting www.cupertino.orq/preen."Treat the Earth well. It is 1.3 not inherited from your •. it is borrowed from your • Kenyan proverb Green@Home ; , Source:Cupertino Patch,2013 Save Energy! ❑ Go Greene-Home— check out a Do-It-Yourself home energy efficiency and water conservation Toolkit at the Cupertino Library or build your own (see Appendix E). ❑ Grow Greener Blocks — schedule a neighborhood energy sweep and/or a presentation by the City's Sustainability Office at your next block party. Energv UDgrade! Source experts to help expand your home's efficiency, cost savings, and comfort. Get started with PG&E's income-qualified Enerav Savinq Assistance Proqram or the Rebate/Incentive Finder. Check your Thermo...STAT! Install a programmable thermostat. Set it no lower than 76°F for cooling. No higher than 68°F for heating (sweaters work wonders in the winter!). Ward off Vampires— Control phantom Ouq loads (appliances/electronics that use energy when "off"but still plugged in) by unplugging chargers, microwaves, computers and other electronics that are not in use. Use a smart power strip to help control plug loads. Low Lights—Turn off lights when not needed. Consider task lights vs. overhead lights. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Freezer Burn — Unplug or get rid of an extra refrigerator or freezer if you don't really need the extra storage space. Plug it in only when you need the overflow space. ❑ Turn down the heat— Set hot water heater no higher than 120°F and insulate the hot water tank and pipes (be mindful of insulating gas water heaters). Out with the Old...Replace incandescent light bulbs CFLs or LEDs. Lucky Stars — Purchase ENERGY STAR® rated appliances and save loads of energy on washer, dryer, TV and other appliance use. If your refrigerator is more than 10 years old, it's time to replace it with an ENERGY STAR model. Remodeling? Make sure you're up to speed with the City's Green Buildinq Ordinance. Use blinds and shades to let the sun's heat in or to keep it out to help heat or cool your home without changing your thermostat. Access PG&E Rebates to offset your cost! ❑ Cool Suds —Avoid hot water use by purchasing cold water detergent. Wash only full loads, and wear clothes more than once. Replace furnace filter regularly. Seal it Up—Air seal gaps, cracks, ducts in unconditioned spaces. Soak Up the Rays — Heat your water using a solar water heater instead of gas. Air it Out—Air dry your laundry on a clothes line instead of using a dryer (how eco-retro!). Sun Power! Assess the potential for solar energy at your home & pursue PVs (after ensuring your home is as energy efficient as possible, so you can "right size" your system!). Learn more about Cupertino's solar efforts by visiting our Solar Roadmap. Tr,qngfnrm Trnncnnrfnfinn1 Bike Cupertino— Use Cupertino's Bikeways Map to safely bike around town via dedicated bike lanes vs. driving. Travel Light—Walk, take public transit, or ride a bike instead of driving a car whenever �= feasible. Trip Link—Consolidate errands to make fewer car trips, saving time AND gas! Car-free Challenge! Challenge yourself to one car-free day each week, or to take an alternative form of transportation for any destination one mile or less away. d- Together is Better— Carpool to work or school to save money on gas and reduce your driving. Purchase a more fuel-efficient or electric vehicle. Travel Light— Hotels use a lot of water, energy, and resources. Consider traveling lighter with Air B&B or other homestay networks or share your own home. What's Our WalkScore — Cupertino has a vast network of bike lanes, bike racks, csidewalks, and alternative transportation options to encourage car-free trips (read more here). Where can we expand these tools? Check out our walkscore or conduct your own neighborhood walkability assessment. Share your findings: sustainability cDcuiDertino.orq. Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? 0 Get Water Wise! ❑ Get Water-Wise! Receive a free WaterWise House Call from the Santa Clara Valley Water District to help identify new ways to save water in your home with great rebates. Slow Your Flow— Install low-flow water fixtures (faucets, toilets, shower heads, etc.). ® Five-Minute Limit—Take shorter showers. Use a shower timer (your teen will thank you). Smart Water— Install a weather-based irrigation controller if you have irrigation. Set it to water at night or pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible. Desert Beauty— Replace your lawn with drouaht tolerant landscapina. Natural Sponge —Apply backyard or purchased compost to help soil hold more water. Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! Share! Offer to share items like tools, large appliances like lawn mowers or leaf blowers, and other items you use infrequently among neighbors. Use services like Yerdle or Craiaslist to facilitate the sharing or exchange of items of all shapes and sizes. oStop Junk Mail from reaching your home by registering with the Direct Marketing_ Association's Mail Preference Service or by utilizing this funk mail kit. Waste Not— Prevent food waste by composting,food scraps in your yard waste bin. Single Stream — Recvcle ALL plastics, clean paper and cardboard, glass, and metal in your single stream recycling cart. Compost Right at Home! Take a free class on backyard composting and get a free soil saver bin from the City. You'll make your own rich compost for a healthy garden and soil. oGet Creative — Reuse leftover materials for new projects and support upcycling by shopping at used goods stores and at CuiDertino's Citvwide Garage Sale in September. E] Don't Give Up, Give Away! Donate clothes and unwanted items to your local thrift store. Participate in the City's Garage Sale instead of sending usable items to the landfill. Reduce @ the Source — Purchase products with less nackagina or send it back. Buy Recycled — Choose paper, plastic, and other products produced with recycled content to reduce demand for and your use of new materials. City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Build Community! Support local! Shop at markets, restaurants, and food trucks that serve local food, or participate in community supported agriculture for fresh, healthy food that supports local businesses and doesn't have to travel far to reach your plate. Volunteer with organizations performing sustainability work. A few local places to start include Acterra, Sierra Club, Cool Cities. Find your neighborhood leader or become one and discover which of your neighbors is working to build safer, greener, more harmonious neighborhoods! Coordinate a garage sale and inform vour neighbors about Cupertino's own event. Organize! Find an issue of importance to your neighborhood and develop a roadmap for C] change! Apply for a Communitv Improvement Grant, start a petition, conduct a neiqhborhood needs assessment, visit City Council or a relevant Commission meeting, get in touch with City Staff—find an action and start a movement! doubtgroup of thoughtful, . -. Green@Work citizens can change the world. Margaret Mead Save Energy! Performance Review! Encourage your workplace to get an energy audit to understand owhich cost-effective opportunities are feasible for your facility. May utilities offer this service for free, or seek an auditor with access to rebates and financinq information to fast-track major upgrades. People First—Work on operational or behavioral changes first, since they are often no cost or low cost options: institute a shut-off policy for workstations and lights, close off unused rooms, unplug workstation electronics, etc. Bright Lights, Green City— Upgrade lighting for energy and cost savings, and better working light levels. Check for available rebates. Use task lighting instead of lighting an entire area with overhead lighting. Prioritize PACE —Asses facilities & access this new financing tool to make upgrades. Head Count— Use occupancy sensors for lighting and for heating/cooling. Work Flow — Regularly maintain HVAC system: look for leaks/efficiency improvements. Head in the Cloud — Consider switching some IT systems to cloud-based systems and applications to reduce need for energy-hogging servers (access EPA resources here). ® Rising Stars — Purchase ENERGY STAR® rated or EPEAT-certified office equipment to save big on plug loads. Assess solar feasibility at your workplace and install cost- • Climate Action: What's My Role? effective PV. Better yet, benchmark your facility or office using ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager to compare your energy use to others with similar operational and infrastructure characteristics, receive an energy rating, and learn new ways to save. Common-Area Conservation! — If you own a building, don't forget to prioritize energy ❑ conservation projects in common spaces. Parking lot and pathway lighting expenses can really add up! Contact Right Lights for a lighting assessment and cut costs today! Build Beyond Compliance — New construction and retrofit projects follow the City's Green Building Ordinance (based on Leadership in Enerqv & Environmental Desiqn ❑ (LEED) criteria) and the California Energv Code, among other requirements. As of January 2014, buildings over 5,000 square feet also follow the state's AB1103 Building Benchmarking Requirements. Shoot for the stars for your space by setting zero net energv goals and/or consider joining the Living Building Challenge. Trancf— Transportation! [ Cool your Commute! Offer your employees alternative commuting benefits like VTA's EcoPass, or pre-tax dollars for transit expenses to cut travel-related emissions. Turnover Time— Use EDF's Guide to replace fleet vehicles with fuel efficient/electric vehicles. i= Telework— Use teleconferencing and adopt a telecommuting policv to save miles. Bike to Work— Provide and maintain a bike fleet, and offer bicycle safety and maintenance trainings. Provide safe onsite bike storage. Employees: follow this bike commuting checklist! [ Charge it Up— Install an electric vehicle charging station for employees. Play Favorites —Offer preferential parking for carpools to facilitate employee carpooling. Get Water Wise! ❑ Be an H2O Pro! Install low-flow water devices (faucets, toilets, urinals, shower heads, etc.) to minimize your water usage. ❑ Dry Spell — Replace landscaping with drought tolerant landscaping for great-looking facilities that don't use a lot of water to maintain. Check for rebates. Water it Down — Install a weather-based irrigation controller and set it to water at night or ❑ pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible to reduce water use and cut your utility bill. ❑ Writing on the Wall — Post signs asking employees to conserve water near bathroom and kitchen sinks and report leaks if encountered here too. ❑ Common-Area Conservation! — If you own a building, don't forget to prioritize water conservation indoors and outdoors. Be mindful of watering in common landscaped areas. 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! ® Two-time it— Print double-sided and make it the default printer setting. Keep a stack of draft paper near the printer for reuse. Job Duties — Make recycling and composting mandatory for your workplace. Make sure ® each space has adequate bins for proper disposal and provide employee training to ensure everyone's onboard. Go Zero — Provide reusable dishware in the break room for employees and for events. Make zero waste events policv for company meetings and events and say no to foam! ® Buy Green —Adopt an environmentally preferable purchasinq policy that prioritizes recycled content products, reduced packaging, and recyclable/compostable products. 'It's not a choice between our environment and our economy; it's a choice between prosperity and decline. President ••, 11• Build Community! Get Certified! Join GreenBiz Cupertino to get certified as a green business: receive free r energy, water, and waste assessments, free equipment to help your business save water, free guidance to help you with the certification process, and recognition for your leadership. Checkout Appendix F to get started. Go Local! Prioritize restaurants and caterers that offer locally-sourced food. M�N Prioritize Green — Choose certified areen businesses when purchasing products and services. Promote Health — Expand health and wellness to employees, such as gym passes, weight loss workshops, etc. Host a Communitv Supported Aqriculture pickup site. Green Dream Team — Start a green team in your organization to assess your workplace's operations and engage coworkers in ways they can take action @ work and @ home. Take Stock— Complete a greenhouse gas inventory or carbon footprint calculator for your business or organization and identify ways to reduce identified emissions. Ready...Set...Green! Create a areen competition and award program that rewards environmental champions, energy or carbon savers in your organization. • Climate Action: What's My Role? Green@School Save Energy! EiTest Time! Encourage your school to get an enerciv audit to understand which opportunities to save energy are feasible for your school. EiClass Rules — Institute behavioral change focused school policies first: shut-off policy for computers and lights, close off unused rooms, unplug electronics, etc. ® Bright Lights — Upgrade lighting for energy and cost savings, and better light levels for more productive (zombie-free!) students. Fresh Air— Regularly maintain HVAC system for good air quality. Have your HVAC equipment check for leaks and opportunities to increase efficiency. Sunny Days —Assess feasibility for solar at your school. Transform Transportatior' WOW! Expand walking and biking programs for kids @ your school by joining the growing number of Cupertino schools participating in Walk One Week (WOW!) and the Boltacie rewards programs. Safe Routes to School — Grow existing walk/bike to school programs: Start with a walkabilitv assessment, encourage your school to adopt a Safe Routes Policv, etc. Safety in Numbers — Establish a "walking school bus" that can travel together to and from school for increased safety. Bike Party— Encourage your school to hold bike safety training and/or a maintenance workshop. Ensure your school provides safe and adequate bike storage onsite. r Co-Commute — Make transit and carpool information available to students and families to encouraging alternative (and perhaps more convenient!) ways of getting to school. SafeRoutes National Center for Safe Routes to School - - - I City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 Get Water Wise! Every Drop Counts — Identify opportunities at your school to conserve water. Campaign ❑ to eliminate plastic water bottles or to install a water-bottle refill station! Access free water conservation tools such as low-flow aerators to install in school bathrooms! ❑ Grow Greener— Replace landscaping with drought tolerant landscaping. Check for cost- saving rebates. Smart Water— Install a weather-based irrigation controller and set it to water at night or pre-dawn, and use shorter, repeated cycles rather than one long cycle. Use drip irrigation instead of sprinklers where possible. Cut Waste & Conserve Materials! ❑ Double Duty— Change your printer's settings to always print double-sided. Have a bin of draft paper on-hand to use for notes, printing or doodles! Become a Zero Waste School! Organize a recycling and composting program for your ❑ school if you don't already have both. Engage students in learning how to properly separate material, reduce waste, and make sure each area of the school has adequate bins for proper disposal. Shop Sustainable —Adopt an environmentally preferable purchasing policv for the ❑ school that prioritizes environmentally responsible products to encourage a healthy, vibrant environment at school. Build Community! Go green@school! Join the City's green@school program to help educate peers about ❑ sustainability and become a certified green school. Contact sustainabilitv(a�cupertino.orq. to enroll your school! Check out our program's checklist, to get started (Appendix G). ❑ Lunch Green —Start a school garden to provide healthy foods for school cafeteria and teach students about growing food and eating healthily. ❑ Eco Heroes— Create a green competition and award program that rewards environmental champions at your school. ❑ Enhance Your Performance — Learn how to become a California Hiah Performinq School (CHPS) to improve the learning and natural environment! Tag-Team It— Form a school green team to assess your school's operations and ❑ educate peers about projects proposed for your school. Learn how these projects can turn into grant opportunities! ❑ LEED the Way! Go above and beyond and strive for your school to pursue LEED certification to showcase the school's commitment to energy and environmental design. • Climate Action: What's My Role? 0 Always keep in mind that the City is your partner in climate action, as represented by the vast measures in this Plan that we'll be pursuing to protect our shared environment! Learn more about on actions to take, visit www.cupertino.ora/preen. RM. �V - . IMPACT CUPERTINO GREEN WAX, �t 1 � �o��.Qc�7� •I 11)��tl' 1 5� :J� t• Source: Nature.com • Even without the threat of climate change, many, if not all, of the personal actions presented here have additional (co)benefits for our health and our economy. It is often the case that when we implement a practice that reduces our environmental impact, we might also save money, improve efficiency, get more exercise, eat healthier, and so on. A truly sustainable community is one that preserves our environment, supports public health, addresses issues of equity, and supports economic development. The City of Cupertino embeds these values in all programs and services it designs and offers to our residents and businesses as a means of expanding these benefits to each group. For example, bringing farmers markets to the community provides better access to fresh, local, healthy foods for residents, and allows residents to choose foods produced with fewer emissions than other food choices. Pedestrian and 'T bikeways planning at the city level, in addition to maintaining open space and recreation facilities, supports an active lifestyle and carbon-free transportation. + Consider how your personal climate actions can benefit your home, your n4 family, your pocketbook, and your broader community as you plan your roadmap for change. Source:http://runkle-consulting.com 0 City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014 With all these programs, services, and ideas for action at your disposal, you are well-equipped to be a climate leader in our community. Stretch your climate actions to your family, neighborhood and community-at-large by using the tools below to make sure your voice is heard, connect with others on issues of shared importance, and access useful City information. Remember that these are just a few of the resources available to help you bring environmental change forward (checkout Collaborative Consumption to learn more about the growing shared economy and Code for America to find new civic engagement and technology tools). Access Cupertino— Need to contact City Hall but don't know where to start? This web and Application-based tool allows 24/7 access to City staff, services, and information. Why shop, when you can swap! Use Yerdle to trade goods online, from kids toys, to clothing, to home goods, and pickup locally. Consider craiaslist and freecvcle as well! Skillshare! Help your community not just by swapping ideas and goods, but also sharing skills with neighbors, friends and strangers alike. See. click. fix! — Find a pot hole, cracked sidewalk, broken fire hydrant? Report these issues for quick repairs and to create safer neighborhoods. Community Power—What's your community vision? Neiahborland is a collaboration tool to help residents voice concerns and prioritize actions to address local issues. Connect to your Neighbors — Nextdoor is a private social network for neighbors to L communicate online. It could be a forum for neighbors to connect on community issues, events, and more. Have efforts already underway, share your story with neighbors and become an ambassador of change (learn more at www.cuiDertino.ora/areenerblocks). Ei Power in the Palm of your Hand. Find local restaurants and street tree care guides using these two City Apps. Whether you use these tools, or advance your personal, family or neighborhood's efforts the old fashioned way, three cheers for you for committing to change for the betterment of our community, environment and climate! Now, let's get started! PROW Source:www.imgarcade.com Chapter 5: Climate Action:What's My Role? • • • J9 s 1i IN - f F ILi v r r } 1 Y _ • This chapter describes the role of climate change adaptation and resiliency planning in the context of Cupertino and other Bay Areas communities. Adaptation and resiliency describe the ways in which humans can survive and continue to thrive in spite of climate change-related impacts, such as increasing average annual temperatures, rising sea levels, riverine flooding, and reduced snowpack, among others. This is in contrast to the aims of the CAP to mitigate, or reduce, these potential impacts by reducing the GHG emissions that cause them. Mitigation and adaptation approaches each have a role to play in providing for a safe and healthy future. The City's Climate Action Plan thus far has focused exclusively upon steps our agency and community can take to reduce the sources of greenhouse gasses, termed mitigation (see graphic right).x" Acknowledging that climate change is happening, and will continue to happen for the foreseeable future despite efforts to mitigate emissions,"" our community needs to adapt to a warming planet. We must anticipate and minimize the risks associated with increasing temperatures and extreme weather events, shared in detail below, rather than focusing solely on curbing global warming in the first place." As noted in a 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, "adaptation is a necessary strategy at all scales to complement mitigation efforts." Climate change Gloms warming dhange mitigation Cities erWt GHGs inn the local cMirnate Climate change seeks to red",the sine atmosphere.These (temperature and adaptation amourvt of GHG Vap additional heat and precipitaUQxl)and drives seeks to ad ss the emissions from cities Cause jubal Warmingsea-level rise,which may impacm of climate to slow global — impact cares, changt on tit @& warming. r . r = �1 Source:CA Office of Planning&Research 0 City of Cupertino CAP December 2014 Extreme weather events are not unfamiliar to Californians, who have ' costs ' ' program they are far less than the long-range . costs historically combated wildfires, comfortableof floods, droughts, mudslides, crop failures and other disasters that — John F. Kennedy threatened our communities. Still today, these events take lives, destroy land and property, and cost residents and businesses billions of dollars. Informed by strong scientific research and consensus, communities are working to safeguard our collective future, economy, and civil society threatened by climate change-driven extreme weather events. Recognizing that the increasing impacts of climate change are coming requires our community to answer this critical question: "how can we strengthen our planning and preparedness efforts to ensure our City is safe and resilient to these emerging climate-driven vulnerabilities. XXL - - This chapter initiates Cupertino's answer to thatNI - . - question by following the 3L's framework of theP, subsequent chapter, detailing approaches the City �. . ' can take to Learn, Leveraqe and Lead its efforts to _ define an inclusive, impactful, and innovative resiliency agenda that safeguards the health of all members of its community and all natural resources upon which they rely. To achieve that objective, the text builds upon the vast work already underway in Source: Nickolay Lamm this space led by regional (i.e., Santa Clara County's Silicon Valley 2.0 Project, Joint Policy Committee's Climate and Energy Resilience Project) and state (i.e., California Energy Commission's Cal-Adapt) agencies. The collective works produced by Cupertino's network of partner agencies will assist our advancement as a globally replicable model of the way a small, yet smart and agile, city builds a blueprint for its long-term vitality. Read on to learn our approaches and proposed strategies to galvanize personal and citywide involvement in this critical issue. Leverage - . • ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCY ' As noted above, a multitude of research has already been conducted by scientists seeking to understand the climate-relative impacts currently experienced by our state and region, and those forecasted in the future. Extreme heat days, temperatures and drought are on the rise, placing our community's water supply and residents' health at risk. Fire season has increased by 78 days per year and a 99.7% chance of a 6.7 or greater earthquake within the next 30 years is predicted by the . . .- each Southern California Earthquake Center - reminding us that me - • I remember. Involve the atmosphere, our oceans and geosphere are inexorably e and intertwined and so equally susceptible to these new climate Benjamin Franklin - induced stresses and strains." Like many other communities, our backdrop is threatened by the geological and climate instability that has become the new normal. Impacts from climate change currently experienced and forecasted to surge in California are abundant and informed largely by the following recent works: ■ United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2014 Report: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ■ California Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's 2013 Report: Indicators of Climate Change ■ California Energy Commission's Climate Change Center's 2012 Report: Our Changing Climate: Vulnerability & Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California (note: 2014 update underway) ■ California Emergency Management Agency and California Natural Resources Agency's 2012 Adaptation Planning Guide: Planning for Adaptive Communities. ■ California Energy Commission's 2012 Report: Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in the Bay Area Note that these resources shared here are not comprehensive, as a large body of California- focused adaptation research exists and can be accessed via the state's Cal-adapt portal, but focus on those that most effectively inform Cupertino's understanding of adaptation impacts to our specific community. Generally, these vulnerability assessments and surveys predict the following direct impacts anticipated for California by 2050:XXv" City of Cupertino CAP I December 2014