CC 11-16-2021 Study Session Item No. 2 Climate Action Plan (CAP) Update - Supplemental Staff Report to Council Inquiries_Desk Item
CITY COUNCIL STAFF REPORT
November 16, 2021
Subject
Consider Climate Action Plan Update draft measures
RESPONSE TO COUNCIL INQUIRIES
Recommended Action
No City Council action required, although the Council may “accept,” “acknowledge,” or
“receive” the report.
Discussion
This is a supplemental report provided in response to Council inquiries. Inquiries have
been consolidated and simplified for clarity.
1. What is the rationale for each of the target percentages and the target year for
each measure?
The percentages associated with the high‐impact measures need to be reinforced
with evidence that they can be achieved by the target years indicated. Through
initial calculations, there is evidence that these high‐impact measures can be
achieved as they are currently drafted.
To calculate the percentages in the buildings sectors, the consultant used data
from Silicon Valley Clean Energy1 to assume a percentage of natural gas that is
used for heating, water heating, etc. and estimates on the life span of typical
natural gas equipment for the commercial sector.
To calculate the percentages in the transportation sectors, the consultant used
similar data from regional sources to assume a percentage of existing low‐
emissions vehicles.
1 Building Decarbonization Joint Action Plan, Silicon Valley Clean Energy. November 2020. Accessed
11/15/2021. https://www.svcleanenergy.org/wp‐content/uploads/2020/02/Building‐Decarbonization‐
Joint‐Action‐Plan_011821‐web.pdf
2. Regarding the electrification of residential and commercial buildings: There
are some items where the residential percentages are different from
commercial percentages. What’s the rational for such differences?
Existing building electrification in the residential sector is further along in
technology and options than the commercial sector. As of now, it is much more
feasible to electrify residential homes than commercial buildings. This is
primarily due to the fact that the residential sector has simpler solutions that
have been the focus of the electrification industry. The commercial sector still
needs technology advances and market development for appliance replacements
and retrofits. Without these advancements we cannot provide substantial
evidence that more commercial electrification can be achieved for existing
buildings.
In addition, there are roughly three times more residential permits than
commercial so the residential sector would likely result in more opportunities for
electrification on existing buildings.
Going beyond the percentages in this measure would mean that we would
require businesses to update their existing natural gas equipment be replaced
early, rather than at the time of replacement. There are some actions that the City
can consider that would pursue this; however, we would have a difficult time
demonstrating that the actions would be implementable based on the case
studies and current evidence on hand.
The rationale is based on Cupertino‐specific data and understanding of which
opportunities are available for decarbonization in the residential and commercial
sector. In general, there are more case studies and known state‐level support for
decarbonization projects in the residential sector, and more aggressive targets
there are more readily supported than in the commercial sector, where project
pilots are not as advanced and fewer studies have been conducted.
The electrification goal percentages are estimated based on carbon emissions
reduced, which ultimately will be achieved through retrofitting gas systems,
such as HVAC and water heaters. For example, the 24% electrification target for
commercial buildings in 2030 means that 24% of final energy used is electric
rather than gas. The existing model does show a significant number of
commercial building systems being subject to electrification, specifically 52% of
commercial domestic hot water systems and 29% of commercial HVAC systems
electrified by 2030 (see below for estimates).
Measure 2030 2040
Electrify Existing Residential Buildings 49% 86%
Domestic Hot Water Systems 66% 94%
HVAC Systems 36% 89%
Electrify Existing Commercial Buildings 24% 49%
Domestic Hot Water Systems 52% 86%
HVAC Systems 29% 77%
3. Regarding some of the stretch actions such as requiring subgroups of building
owners to electrify their natural gas appliances by a target date: How do we
require only a subgroup of building owners with a more strict timeline?
These are listed as “stretch” actions to solicit Council and public feedback about
actions that may be needed if there is a desire to pursue a more aggressive
carbon emissions mitigation plan. Given there is a wide range of gas use
intensities across commercial sectors and different types of residential buildings
(e.g. townhomes vs apartments or single‐family), if this action were included in
the Climate Action Plan it would need to specify a sector‐specific plan be
developed based on local conditions in Cupertino, and which types of buildings
would offer the best carbon benefit from early retirement of fossil fuel
equipment. Any specific regulatory measures would require review for
feasibility and compliance with regulatory requirements.
4. Regarding the carbon sequestration potential of expanding the tree canopy in
Cupertino, do we have that much space for 24,000 new trees? What kind of
trees fit Cupertino best, considering the current and future water shortages?
A proposed action under the urban canopy measure is the development of an
Urban Forestry Management Plan. This plan would build on the tree canopy
assessment completed in 2018 to identify areas to plant the 24,000 additional
trees. In the 2018 assessment, the City has 1,983 acres of plantable space which
would be enough to double our tree canopy (1,684 acres). The plan would
include a list of the most appropriate tree species for Cupertino’s climate zone,
under the direction of the City arborist and in alignment with current best
practice. Elements such as biodiversity benefits and drought tolerance will be
considered during the development of this list. Biodiversity and resiliency
benefits of trees and other nature‐based solutions will be added to the CAP
through the adaptation and resiliency section, currently under development.
The Council is not expected to identify specific tree species at this time, only to
provide feedback on the direction of these measures.
5. What is the current Silicon Valley Clean Energy opt‐out rate?
All customers in Cupertino are automatically opted‐in to SVCE which provides a
higher mix of Renewable Portfolio Standard‐compliant clean energy. SVCE
delivers 52% renewable electricity supply in 2020 compared to 31% renewable
supply for electricity supplied by PG&E.2
Residential customers may elect to opt‐out, in which case their electricity supply
is provided by PG&E rather than from SVCE. The residential opt‐out rate in
Cupertino in 2018 was approximately 3%.
Commercial customers may elect to opt‐out, in which case their electricity supply
is provided either by PG&E or by a third‐party electricity supplier under the
Direct Access program. The Direct Access program is a common choice for
corporate buyers who which to enter into contracts for electricity supply directly
with a developer or energy broker. In this case, the electricity supply could be
any mix of sources that complies with or is more renewable California’s RPS
rules. The commercial opt‐out rate in Cupertino in 2018 was approximately 14%.
6. In Cupertino, we donʹt have viable transit options. Most of the destinations
people need to go cannot be reached with a viable bus route within a
reasonable amount of time. Some of the stretch actions, particularly regarding
transportation and parking, may not work in a city like Cupertino?
The list of actions to support the high‐impact measures are not finalized at this
time as we are still collecting input from the public. Actions in Attachment A that
are highlighted red are stretch actions meaning that if implemented, they would
achieve carbon emission reductions above and beyond what is needed for our
draft goals. In order to be comprehensive, during the development of measures
and actions, we have included a variety of best practices in each sector in order
consider a broad range of possibilities the city could pursue. Some of the actions
are more suited for larger cities and may not be as appropriate for Cupertino as
others. These will be filtered out during the public engagement process but were
included in case there was interest, in which case we would explore how to
adapt the action for Cupertino.
2 2020 California Renewables Portfolio Standard Annual Report, November 2020. Accessed 11/15/2021.
https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/‐/media/cpuc‐
website/files/uploadedfiles/cpuc_public_website/content/utilities_and_industries/energy_‐
_electricity_and_natural_gas/2020‐rps‐annual‐report.pdf
7. There are specific percentage goals in the high‐impact measures. What are the
existing percentages for comparison
The following baseline estimates for the current percentages and values are
based on preliminary data and analysis provided by provided by Rincon
Consultants.
Proposed Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures Baseline
Estimates
2030
Goal
2040
Goal
Building Energy
Increase participation rates in Silicon Valley Clean
Energy (SVCE)
Reduce SVCE opt‐out rate to 2% for residential by 2030
and maintain through 2040 3% 2% 2%
Reduce SVCE opt‐out rate to 10% for commercial by 2030
and maintain through 2040 14% 10% 10%
Electrify existing buildings
Electrify 49% of existing residential buildings by 2030 and
86% by 2040 <1% 49% 86%
Electrify 24% of existing commercial buildings by 2030
and 49% by 2040 <1% 24% 49%
Transportation
Implement programs for active transit that reduce
vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
Achieve 15% of bicycle mode share by 2030 and 25% by
2040 1% 15% 25%
Implement programs for shared transit that reduce
VMT
Achieve 35% of public and shared transit mode share by
2030 and 40% by 2040 2% 35% 40%
Increase zero‐emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption
35% of passenger cars are zero‐emission vehicles by 2030,
and 100% by 2040 7% 35% 40%
20% of commercial vehicles are zero‐emission vehicles by
2030, and 100% by 2040 <1% 20% 100%
Waste
Reduce community‐wide landfilled organics 80% by 2025
and 90% by 2040 compared to 2018 levels 75%
80% (by
2025) 90%
Reduce community‐wide landfilled inorganics 35% by
2030 and 90% by 2040 compared to 2018 levels 15% 35% 90%
Proposed Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures Baseline
Estimates
2030
Goal
2040
Goal
Off-road
Off‐road equipment such as construction machinery and
landscaping tools are 25% electric by 2030, and 100%
electric by 2040
10% 25% 100%
Carbon Sequestration
Double the urban tree canopy by 2030 to absorb more
carbon from the air and provide resiliency benefits 1,684 acres 3,368 acres 3,368 acres
Sustainability Impact
The acceptance of this report will have no sustainability impact.
Fiscal Impact
The acceptance of this report will have no fiscal impact.
_____________________________________
Prepared by: Andre Duurvoort, Sustainability Manager
Reviewed by: Katy Nomura, Deputy City Manager
Approved by: Greg Larson, Interim City Manager