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VI. AlternativesVI. ALTERNATIVES CEQA requires the analysis of a reasonable range of alternatives to the proposed project, or to the location of the proposed project, which would feasibly attain most of the proposed project's basic objectives and avoid or substantially lessen any of the significant effects of the proposed project. The range of alternatives required in an EIR is governed by a "rule of reason" that requires the EIR to set forth only those alternatives necessary to permit a reasoned choice. CEQA states that an EIR should not consider alternatives "whose effect cannot be ascertained and whose implementation is remote and speculative." The proposed project and its objectives are described in detail in Chapter III, Project Description, and the potential environmental effects of implementing the proposed project are analyzed in Chapter V, Setting, Impacts and Mitigation Measures, with an emphasis on significant impacts resulting from the project and mitigation measures recommended to avoid these impacts. The following discussion is intended to inform the public and decision -makers of the relative impacts of four potentially feasible alternatives to the proposed project. A discussion of the environmentally superior alternative is also provided. The four alternatives to the proposed project that are discussed in this chapter include the following: The No Project alternative assumes that the existing buildings on the site would be maintained in approximately their current condition and would be fully occupied such that the site would contain approximately 9,800 employees. Pruneridge Avenue would remain a public road. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative assumes that, similar to the proposed project, Apple would develop a new campus on the site comprising 3,420,000 square feet of office, research, and development uses; 245,000 square feet of auditorium, fitness center, and Valet Parking Reception uses; 92,000 square feet of utility plants; and parking and ancillary buildings (such as security receptions and landscape maintenance buildings). However, Pruneridge Avenue would remain a public road, which would reduce the amount of open space on the campus and require the implementation of separate security mechanisms on the portions of the campus north and south of Pruneridge Avenue. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would also require the reconfiguration of buildings on the site, changes to the size and shape of some buildings, modified access points and other changes to reflect a divided campus. Changes to the project grading and excavation plan would also be required, resulting in a greater volume of off -hauled materials compared to the proposed project. • The Reduced Construction alternative assumes that the same amount of developed square footage would be constructed on the project site but with a different campus configuration and design that would resemble a traditional office complex with multiple office buildings. The Reduced Construction alternative would require substantially less 1 CEQA Guidelines, Section 15126.6. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIR\Public\6-Alte.a[ives.doc(06103113)PETB%IL' REvlEWDRAFT 597 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES excavation and grading activities during project construction, as well as a shortened construction timeline. Under this alternative, a new campus would be developed consisting of four- to five -story buildings, surface parking lots, two four- to six -level above -grade parking garages, and a reduced open space area. Similar to the project, the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site would be vacated for site security reasons. The project site also would have multiple access points along North Wolfe Road, East Homestead Road, and North Tantau Avenue. The Reduced Density alternative assumes development of a smaller campus on the site comprising approximately 2.2 million square feet of office, research, and development space. This space, in addition to utility and ancillary space, would accommodate 8,000 Apple employees, for a total headcount lower than the No Project alternative. Similar to the project, the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site would be vacated, allowing for the development of a unified campus. For each alternative, a brief discussion of its principal characteristics is followed by an analysis of anticipated environmental impacts. The emphasis of the analysis is on the alternative's relative adverse effects compared to the proposed project and a determination of whether or not the alternative would reduce, eliminate, or create new significant impacts. The analysis also considers each alternative's potential achievement of project objectives. In general, impacts are considered without mitigation. Table VI -1 summarizes the alternatives. Table VI -1: Summary of Principal Characteristics of Alternatives a Gross floor area excludes parking garages and Central Plant. Source: LSA Associates, Inc., 2013 P:\COC1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) PETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 598 Gross Floor Area Office, Research/ Building Development Open Space/ Pruneridge Construction Footprint Space Landscaping Parking Avenue Off -Haul (sq. ft. (sq. ft.)' Employees acres Spaces Vacated? cubic yards Proposed 1,001,880 3,420,000 14,200 102 10,980 Yes 150,000 Project No Project Alternative _ 2,657,000 9,800 43 9,220 No 0 Pruneridge 850,000 3,640,000 14,200 97 10,980 No 900,000 Alternative Reduced Construction 1,455,000 3,600,000 14,200 64 10,980 Yes 0 Alternative Reduced Density 1,000,000 2,200,000 8,000 102 6,186 Yes 0 Alternative a Gross floor area excludes parking garages and Central Plant. Source: LSA Associates, Inc., 2013 P:\COC1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) PETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 598 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES A. NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE 1. Principal Characteristics The No Project alternative assumes that the site would generally remain in its existing condition. As shown in Figure VI -1, the site would remain developed with low-rise buildings (comprising approxi- mately 2,657,000 square feet of building space) used for office and research and development uses. Apple employees would ultimately occupy all buildings within the project site, and since some existing buildings are only partially occupied, the number of employees on the site would increase from approxi- mately 4,844 under existing conditions to approximately 9,800 (a net increase of 4,956 employees). No major construction projects would occur on the site, although minor building renovations could occur in the short-term to change the configuration of interior building space. None of these renovations would substantially increase the employee capacity of the site. The amount of surface parking (9,220 parking spaces) and open space (approximately 43 acres) on the site would remain the same as existing conditions under the alternative, and Glendenning Barn would remain at its present location. In addition, the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site would not be vacated by the City and would remain a public right-of-way. No new security fence would be developed around the perimeter of the site (a portion of the site is already bounded by fencing), although security mechanisms may be implemented around individual buildings or groups of buildings. In addition, no changes to off-site roadways (including North Wolfe Road, East Homestead Road, and North Tantau Avenue) would occur. None of the requested entitlements sought as part of the proposed project (including General Plan and Zoning Ordinance amendments) would be required as part of the No Project alternative. The No Project alternative would not achieve any of the City's project objectives, which are as follows: • Encourage the retention of Apple's corporate headquarters in Cupertino within a world class corporate campus. • Allow for the expansion of Apple's operations while enhancing the physical environment of the project area and being sensitive to community needs. • Allow for the location and design of Phase 2 of the project in a way that is sensitive to surrounding neighborhoods. • Preserve the City's existing and planned park space. • Preserve and enhance the historic integrity of Glendenning Barn and provide for its adaptive reuse and relocation. • Protect the riparian zone around Calabazas Creek. • Enhance environmental features within the project area, including storm water quality within the City storm drain system and receiving water bodies. • Maintain consistency with Cupertino's 2000-2020 General Plan and further General Plan goals and strategies for economic development, neighborhood connectivity, and urban conservation. P:\COC1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) PUBLIC REVIEW DRAFT 599 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES • Provide connections and enhance walkability/bikeability between the project site and surrounding areas, while promoting the mobility of Apple employees and the public throughout the Vallco Industrial Park and the greater region. • Improve traffic circulation, traffic volumes and level of service (LOS) through a combina- tion of consolidation of office locations and additional TDM measures. • Increase the use of landscaping compared to paved parking and thereby enhance the urban environment, reduce impervious surfaces, and reduce storm water runoff. Retain and improve bike and pedestrian connectivity between the project site and surround- ing areas. • Avoid additional fiscal impacts to the City from the project by cost reimbursement and the collection of fees covering the City's actual costs. Encourage public art placed in locations visible to the public. Increase City revenues from the project in order to enhance the City's general fund. The No Project alternative would not achieve any of the project sponsor's objectives, including the following: Primary Objectives: • Create an innovative and beautiful campus near Apple's Infinite Loop facility that consoli- dates many of Apple's engineers and support personnel in a single distinctive office, research and development building, and supporting facilities. The purpose of consolidation is to promote shared creativity and collaboration and spur invention of the next several generations of Apple products. • Achieve the security and privacy required for the invention of new products by eliminating any public access through the site, and protecting the perimeters against unauthorized persons. Secondary Objectives: Maximize green space, and design this space in accordance with the climate and history of the area. • Provide on-site amenities for Apple's employees in order to promote employees' health and well-being and reduce off -campus travel. • Provide an on-site venue for the introduction of Apple's new products that will generate surprise and delight, and enable the products to be introduced at Apple's corporate home. • Create a physically unified campus community that improves internal circulation and eliminates unnecessary access points by consolidating the existing properties within one campus. • Create a campus plan that incorporates flexibility to respond to Apple's future business needs. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P UBLIC REVIEW DRAFT 600 L S A FIGURE VI -1 NOT TO SCALE Apple Campus 2 Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, 2013. Conceptual Plan for No Project Alternative I:ACOC1101 Apple Campus 21figures\Fig_VIl.ai (5/20/13) LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 This page intentionally left blank. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Altematives.doc (06/03/13) P UBLIC REVIEW DRAFT 602 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES • Achieve a net zero energy development by constructing energy-efficient buildings and generating a significant amount of the campus' energy from on-site renewable sources, and developing partnerships with renewable energy providers for grid -purchased renewable energy. • Minimize use of potable water through the use of drought tolerant landscape, water efficient fixtures, and recycled water, if available as a result of projects now under consideration, and improve runoff quality by increasing permeable surfaces. • Enable a commuting culture where thoughtful site planning and regional connectivity coupled with a robust TDM Program prioritize transit and active commute modes. • Improve traffic circulation while avoiding measures that would unduly restrict employment growth within the project site. • Exceed economic, social, and environmental sustainability goals through integrated design and development. • Enhance the City's tax base. • Create a campus that reflects Apple's business and design practices, and allows for a long- term presence in Cupertino. 2. Analysis of the No Project Alternative The potential impacts of the No Project alternative are described below. a. Land Use and Planning Policy. The No Project alternative would avoid the significant land use and planning policy impacts associated with the project. Because Pruneridge Avenue would remain open to the public, the portion of the site designated Parks and Open Space would not be re- designated, and Glendenning Barn would not be relocated, the alternative would avoid Impacts PLAN -1, PLAN -2, PLAN -4, PLAN -5, and PLAN -6 (relating to not fully implementing policies in the General Plan pertaining to parks/open space, bike and pedestrian access, and the identification of historic sites). The No Project alternative would not result in the development of a trail along Calabazas Creek or a park on the project site, but the alternative would not preclude future develop- ment of a creekside trail or park, as would the project. For similar reasons, the No Project alternative would avoid Impact LU -1 (relating to not fully implementing policies in the General Plan adopted to avoid or minimize environmental impacts). b. Aesthetics. The No Project alternative would avoid visual changes to the project site and would introduce no new light sources to the site. However, the project would result in no significant aesthetics impacts. C. Population, Employment, and Housing. Although no new development would occur on the project site under the No Project alternative, the on-site employee population would increase as partially -occupied buildings are fully occupied. The number of employees on the site would increase from 4,844 to 9,800 (a net increase of 4,956). Similar to the project, these employment numbers would exceed short-term employment projections for the smaller cities in the area (including Cupertino), but would be consistent with longer-term regional projections and would result in no significant direct or indirect impacts related to population growth or housing/population displacement. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 603 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES d. Biological Resources. Because existing vegetation on the site would remain as part of the No Project alternative, and no large-scale tree removal would occur, the alternative would avoid Impacts BIO -1 (related to the destruction of bird nesting/nursery sites) and Impact BIO -3 (related to the removal of protected trees). In addition, the alternative would not result in the development of new buildings with substantial glazing and thus would avoid Impact BIO -2, which relates to building/bird collisions. The alternative would result in the retention of the 4,506 trees on the site in the short-term (although in the long-term some of these trees may be removed and replaced due to poor health), but would not increase the overall number of trees on the site to at least 7,000, similar to the project. e. Cultural Resources. Because Glendenning Barn would remain in its current location as part of the No Project alternative, Impact CULT -1 (relocation of the historic resource) would be avoided. However, the barn would continue to exist in a location (characterized by corporate office space) which compromises its historic integrity, and that is not accessible to the public, although it is partially visible from Pruneridge Avenue even though obscured by trees. In addition, the alternative would result in no ground disturbance on the site, thus avoiding Impacts CULT -2, CULT -3, and CULT -4 (impacts to as -yet -unidentified archaeological and paleontological resources, including human remains). L Geology, Seismicity, and Soils. Although the No Project alternative would not increase the employee population of the project site to the extent of the project, additional employees would still be exposed to seismic hazards (Impact GEO-1). In addition, existing buildings on the site would likely be subject to continued effects related to expansive and corrosive soils (Impact GEO-2). Further, because the existing buildings are of an older vintage, the exposure to seismic hazards may be greater under the No Project alternative than under the proposed project. g. Hydrology and Water Quality. Because the No Project alternative would avoid major con- struction activity on the site, it would not result in degradation of water quality associated with the construction period (although such impacts associated with the project would be avoided through adherence to existing water quality regulations). Operation of the site as a corporate campus would avoid localized flooding impacts within North Wolfe Road, north of Pruneridge Avenue, as no stormwater infrastructure would be rerouted for The Hamptons from Pruneridge Avenue to North Wolfe Road (Impact HYD -1). Because the No Project alternative would maintain the existing pattern of impervious surfaces, stormwater quality and quantity would remain unchanged, and in the absence of extensive open space on the site and stormwater best management practices, water quality may be of lower quality than the proposed project. h. Hazards and Hazardous Materials. The No Project alternative would not result in construc- tion and demolition activities that could result in the potential release of contaminated soil, ground- water, and building materials (including in the vicinity of schools), and thus would avoid Impacts HAZ-1 through HAZ-4. However, hazardous materials on the site would remain in situ and would not be remediated. i. Transportation and Circulation. The No Project alternative would avoid the vacation of Pruneridge Avenue, and would reduce the number of daily and peak hour vehicle trips generated from the site when compared with the project, although it would increase daily and peak hour vehicle trips when compared to the baseline traffic generated by 4,844 employees. The alternative would result in similar freeway impacts as the project, but would avoid impacts to the following intersections: North P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 604 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES Tantau Avenue/Homestead Road; North Tantau Avenue/Vallco Parkway; and Tantau Avenue/ Stevens Creek Boulevard. The alternative would avoid several of the significant impacts of the project related to transit access; impacts to bike and pedestrian access; and access to The Hamptons. However, similar to the project, vehicles exiting the project site could create challenging conditions for pedestrians and bicyclists. j. Noise. Because the No Project alternative would retain the existing buildings on the site and would avoid extensive construction activities, it would avoid a temporary change to the noise environment and would not exceed the standards in the Municipal Code for temporary noise events (Impact NOI- 1). The No Project alternative would also avoid the project's significant contribution to traffic roadway noise levels on East Homestead Road from North Wolfe Road to North Tantau Avenue. However, the significant contribution to traffic roadway noise levels on North Wolfe Road between Pruneridge Avenue and I-280 would still occur under the No Project alternative. k. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainability. The No Project alternative would worsen operational period GHG emissions compared to the project, as the existing buildings on the site would not be as energy-efficient as proposed buildings, and the campus would not contain the numerous green features proposed as part of the project (including extensive open space and the use of renewable energy or participation in the State of California Direct Access Program, followed by, if needed, market purchase of renewable energy credits from new sources that are Green e -certified). 1. Air Quality. Because the No Project alternative would retain the existing buildings on the site and would avoid extensive construction activities, it would avoid the generation of substantial volumes of construction -related pollutants. The No Project alternative would avoid air quality standards violations during the construction period (Impact AIR -1) and would not expose sensitive receptors to construction -related pollutants (Impact AIR -4). However, operational period impacts to air quality would be similar to those that would occur with implementation of the project (Impacts AIR -2 and AIR -3), as the 9,800 occupants of the site would generate new vehicle trips that emit regional air pollutants. In. Public Services and Utilities. Although the number of new employees that would occupy the site as part of the No Project alternative would be lower than the number of employees generated by the proposed project, increased demand for fire and emergency services would likely compromise the ability of the SCCFD to maintain its response time standards. Therefore, similar to the proposed project, the alternative would result in Impact PSU-1. The alternative would retain the Parks and Open Space designation on the site and thus would not contribute to the shortage of park and open space in the City, although no park would be developed as part of the alternative (as none has been constructed under the current use of the site), and no trail would be developed along Calabazas Creek (Impact PSU-2). B. PRUNERIDGE AVENUE ALTERNATIVE 1. Principal Characteristics The Pruneridge Avenue alternative is intended to allow for the development of a new corporate campus while preserving the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site as a public right-of-way. As shown in Figure VI -2, the site would shrink by approximately 4.6 acres, in order to exclude the P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 605 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES Pruneridge Avenue right-of-way. Under this alternative, the preservation of Pruneridge Avenue would require adjustments to the security program, transportation logistics, utility infrastructure, employee and building services operations, building configuration and location, open space provision, access points, construction logistics, and many other elements of the proposed project. The alternative would allow for the development of the same buildings and the same overall square footage (3,420,000 square feet of office, research, and development uses; 245,000 square feet of auditorium, fitness center, and Valet Parking Reception uses; 92,000 square feet of utility plants; and parking and ancillary buildings) that would be developed as part of the project. However, buildings on the site would be reconfigured to preserve the Pruneridge Avenue right-of-way, allow for required building setbacks, and minimize the security and safety challenges of Apple employees crossing Pruneridge Avenue. The alternative would have one of the following design implications for the Main Building: 1) the Main Building footprint would be reduced, resulting in an increase in building levels from four to five stories (with a maximum height of 60 feet, requiring a General Plan amendment); or 2) the Main Building would be moved north and closer to East Homestead Road, allowing for less screening from the nearby public right-of-way. Although the Corporate Auditorium could remain in place, it would be disconnected from the Main Building by Pruneridge Avenue, and therefore secure crossings over or under Pruneridge Avenue would be required. For purposes of this analysis, it is assumed that the Corporate Auditorium, Main Parking Structure, and Central Plant would remain in approximately the locations proposed as part of the project, which would require a design allowing for the safe crossing of Pruneridge Avenue and the implementation of appropriate security measures. These design changes would affect grading and excavation, resulting in approximately 900,000 cubic yards of off -haul. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would require Apple to address the security needs associated with a public right-of-way extending through the project site. This would require more security along Pruneridge Avenue and careful design to allow for access between the Main Parking Structure and Main Building. Utility connections from the Central Plant to the Main Building would require a crossing of Pruneridge Avenue, also necessitating careful design to address security needs. The site circulation system would be adjusted to account for the continued presence of Pruneridge Avenue. Key adjustments that would be required include: 1) relocation of the North Wolfe Road employee site access point to Pruneridge Avenue; 2) relocation of the North Tantau Avenue employee site access point to Pruneridge Avenue; 3) separation of parking operations north and south of Pruneridge Avenue; 4) creation of new connections between the Corporate Auditorium operation and the Main Building; and 5) reconfiguration of the on-site pedestrian and bicycle circulation system to allow for north -south crossings of Pruneridge Avenue. The retention of Pruneridge Avenue would require additional crosswalks and signalization to allow for north -south crossings, although such changes would be designed to reduce impediments to east/west travel along Pruneridge Avenue. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 606 L S A FIGURE VI -2 NOT TO SCALE Apple Campus - Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Pruneridge Avenue Alternative I 'COCII01 Apple Campus 21,figures',Fig V12.ai (5/20/13) 11 Development Summary m. Site Area 100% Imperrneable 34% NirnasWri 66% Off-Haul 900,000 es Requirements cubic yards Employees usling capacity 9,8010 Existingoccupancy 4,844 Proposed Ckxupancy 14,200 Not Change +9,356 Gross Floor Area III (onluding Parking Garages and Central Plant) Usling 2,657,000a.f, Propowd Not Change + 943,000 sf uuuuuuuul Parking Spaces Exisfing 9,220 Proposed 14,984 Not Change + 1,760 60,;000 ad. CENTRAL Building Footprint PLANT ors 'wr8t7d aLalls Foisting 1,400,000, B.P. S7RWCWR.,., NMI Proposed 850,000 &f. Net Change -550,00081 Green Area Existing 441 acres 2-3,floora Proposed > TAN*AU, 00,000`R 1, 97 acres �ESEARCH ACILITISS Met Change + 84 axxos NMIGreen Area Fence Line Pru�ne�rldqe Avenue Alternative Crosswalk 0 Additional Security Access L S A FIGURE VI -2 NOT TO SCALE Apple Campus - Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Pruneridge Avenue Alternative I 'COCII01 Apple Campus 21,figures',Fig V12.ai (5/20/13) LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 This page intentionally left blank. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Altematives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 608 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES The amount of landscaping and open space on the project site would be reduced by more than 4.6 acres to allow for the Pruneridge Avenue right-of-way and other circulation, security, operations, and building reconfigurations. The open space on the site would also be separated into two sites, north and south of Pruneridge Avenue. The landscaping, grading, drainage and other open -space elements would be redesigned to respond to a divided campus, and the number of trees planted would likely be reduced slightly compared to the project. As with the project, Glendenning Barn could be relocated either off-site or on-site. This alternative would require 900,000 cubic yards of soil off -haul from the site, an increase over that associated with the proposed project. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would generally require the same entitlements that would be requested as part of the project, with the exception of those entitlements that would be required to vacate Pruneridge Avenue (including amendments to the General Plan). Such entitlements and General Plan amendments would not be required as part of this alternative, although a General Plan amendment would be required if the Main Building were to have a height of 60 feet. Contrary to the City's objectives, the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would discourage the retention of Apple's corporate headquarters if Apple would not proceed with the alternative. The loss of Apple would also result in an adverse fiscal impact on the City. Otherwise, the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would substantively achieve the City's objectives for the project. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would achieve all the project sponsor objectives for the project, except for the following: Primary Objective: • Achieve the security and privacy required for the invention of new products by eliminating any public access through the site, and protecting the perimeters against unauthorized persons. Secondary Objectives: • Create a physically unified campus community that improves internal circulation and eliminates unnecessary access points by consolidating the existing properties within one campus. • Create a campus that reflects Apple's business and design practices, and allows for a long- term presence in Cupertino. In addition, the following project sponsor objectives would be achieved, but to a lesser extent than the proposed project: Primary Objective: • Create an innovative and beautiful campus near Apple's Infinite Loop facility that consoli- dates many of Apple's engineers and support personnel in a single distinctive office, research and development building, and supporting facilities. The purpose of consolidation is to promote shared creativity and collaboration and spur invention of the next several generations of Apple products. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 609 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES (Although the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would allow Apple to consolidate many of its engineers and support personnel in a single distinctive office, research and development building, and support facilities, the unified open space is an important part of creating an environment that promotes shared creativity and collaboration. Dividing the campus with Pruneridge Avenue would impede that aspect of this Primary Objective.) Secondary Objectives: Maximize green space, and design this space in accordance with the climate and history of the area. • Exceed economic, social, and environmental sustainability goals through integrated design and development. 2. Analysis of the Pruneridge Avenue Alternative The potential impacts of the Pruneridge Avenue alternative are described below. a. Land Use and Planning Policy. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would avoid planning policy and land use impacts related to the closure of Pruneridge Avenue. In particular, Impacts PLAN -2, PLAN -5, and PLAN -6 would be avoided. However, similar to the proposed project, the alternative would preclude the development of a future trail along Calabazas Creek and the portion of the site designated Parks and Open Space would be re -designated (thus not fulfilling policies related to trail access and the provision of adequate park space in Cupertino). Impact LU -1 would be reduced compared to the proposed project, but would still be significant (as the alternative would not fully promote policies in the General Plan related to the provision or trails and park space). The alternative could require a General Plan amendment if the Main Building were to be increased in height from four levels to five levels (with a maximum height of 60 feet), although this amendment would not result in a significant environmental impact. The alternative would require careful design to limit circulation impediments between the two parts of the project site (north and south of Pruneridge Avenue), meet Apple's security needs, and provide the necessary crosswalks and traffic signals to accommodate the large number of Apple employees crossing Pruneridge Avenue, particularly during commute hours. However, these design modifications would not result in adverse land use impacts. b. Aesthetics. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in a different configuration of buildings and site access points compared to the proposed project, with associated impacts to the aesthetic environment would be similar to the proposed project. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in changes to the visual character of the project site compared to the proposed project associated with the need for additional lighting and new security structures along Pruneridge Avenue. However, assuming lighting along Pruneridge Avenue is designed to be low -glare, similar to lighting proposed for other parts of the campus as part of the project, this alternative would not create substantial impacts related to light and glare. The taller Main Building would be more visible from off-site, and continuous fencing would be constructed along Pruneridge Avenue. These elements would affect the visual character of the area, but not in an adverse way, and would not substantially block scenic views or other scenic resources. C. Population, Employment, and Housing. The population, employment, and housing impacts of the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would be almost identical to those of the proposed project, as the alternative would result in the same on-site employee population (14,200) that would result from P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 610 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES the proposed project. Secondary impacts on housing supply and demand would also be identical to those associated with the proposed project, and would be considered less than significant. d. Biological Resources. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would reduce the provision of open space on the site by approximately 4.6 acres compared to the project, and the number of new trees on the site that would be planted would be proportionately reduced. Other trees elsewhere on the campus would be removed due to the reconfiguration of buildings on the site. However, the significant impacts to biological resources that would result from the alternative would be almost identical to those that would result from the project. Because the alternative would require the removal of a substantial number of trees, it would result in Impacts BIO -1 (related to the destruction of bird nesting/nursery sites) and Impact BIO -3 (related to the removal of protected trees). In addition, the alternative would result in the development of new buildings with substantial glazing and thus could cause bird mortalities (Impact BIO -2). e. Cultural Resources. The impacts to cultural resources that would result from the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would be identical to those that would result from the proposed project. L Geology, Seismicity, and Soils. The geology -related impacts that would result from the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would be identical to those that would result from the proposed project. g. Hydrology and Water Quality. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in patterns of ground disturbance that would be different than the patterns associated with the proposed project, because building locations would be shifted to allow for the preservation of Pruneridge Avenue as a public right-of-way. In addition, impervious surface coverage on the site would increase compared to the project to account for the retention of Pruneridge Avenue (stormwater runoff would also increase). However, the alternative would result in similar hydrology and water quality impacts as the proposed project, including localized flooding impacts due to inadequate storm drainage infrastructure within North Wolfe Road, north of Pruneridge Avenue (Impact HYD -1). h. Hazards and Hazardous Materials. Similar to the proposed project, the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in significant impacts related to construction and demolition activities that could result in the release of contaminated soil, groundwater, and building materials (including in the vicinity of schools), and associated Impacts HAZ-1 through HAZ-4. i. Transportation and Circulation. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would not result in the vacation of Pruneridge Avenue, and would result in almost identical impacts related to freeway and intersection level of service as the proposed project, as the total number of daily and peak hour trips would be the same as the project, and trip distribution would be approximately the same. However, with the retention of Pruneridge Avenue as a public right-of-way, the alternative would avoid several of the significant impacts of the project related to transit access; impacts to bike and pedestrian access; and access to The Hamptons. j. Noise. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative, which would add vehicle trips to area roadways, would contribute to cumulative roadway noise levels to the same extent as the proposed project, resulting in Impact NOI-2. On -campus noise levels would increase, but not to a significant level (assuming buildings are adequately buffered from vehicle noise along Pruneridge Avenue). Similar to P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 611 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES the proposed project, the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in extensive construction activities and construction noise -related impacts would be similar to impacts associated with the project (Impact NOI-1). k. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainability. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in operation -period greenhouse gas emissions that would be similar to those associated with the project. However, construction -period greenhouse gas emissions would be increased, due to the increase in soil off -haul. Compared to the project, the alternative would hinder pedestrian and bike mobility within the project site (for Apple employees), increasing safety risks and delay. Mobility for the general public would increase with the retention of Pruneridge Avenue as an east -west connector, and the provision of new signals and pedestrians crosswalks would aid pedestrian street crossings. Overall, the operational greenhouse gas emissions of the alternative would likely be similar to those associated with the project. 1. Air Quality. The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would result in air quality impacts that are similar to those that would result from the proposed project, as nearly the entire project site would be subject to construction activity (and associated emissions) and the number of operational vehicle trips would remain the same (although construction -period emissions would likely increase due to the increase in soil off -haul). The enhanced bike, pedestrian, and transit access that would result from the alternative would not improve regional air quality to a significant degree. In. Public Services and Utilities. Similar to the proposed project, the Pruneridge Avenue alterna- tive would increase employment on the site to 14,200 and would generate an identical increase in demand for utilities and services as the proposed project. Under the alternative, no relocation or abandonment of existing sanitary sewer lines, storm drains, water lines, or gas and electric lines within the Pruneridge Avenue right-of-way would be required. Like the project, the alternative would result in the diminishment of future park space in the City by re -designating the portion of the site designated for Parks and Open Space. Therefore, similar to the project, the alternative would result in impacts related to adverse effects to SCCFD response times (Impact PSU-I) and the provision of park and trail space in the City (Impact PSU-2). C. REDUCED CONSTRUCTION ALTERNATIVE 1. Principal Characteristics The Reduced Construction alternative is intended to allow for the development of a new corporate campus while reducing impacts related to short-term construction impacts associated with excavation. The Reduced Construction alternative assumes that the same amount of developed square footage would be constructed on the project site but with a different campus configuration and design that would resemble a traditional office complex, with multiple office buildings and minimal sub -grade building space. The Reduced Construction alternative is intended to allow for the development of an expanded corporate campus while producing substantially less short-term impacts related to noise, construction traffic, air quality, and grading and soil disturbance during project construction, compared to the proposed project. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 612 LSA NOT TO SCALE FIGURE VI -3 Apple Campus 2 Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Reduced Construction Alternative I:ACOCII01 Apple Campus 21figures\Fig VI-3.ai (5/20/13) Development Summary ��. S'plesArea 100% irnperxnera69e 65 Permeable 35% 4. friars 4 floofa Off -Haut 41 440M0 unlrrcE 0 4419 OM I. eFnlcs I Requirements cubic, yard's j 516'awa. 5'.900 stall® PARKING �....., .. STRUCTURE . IIII Employees 4 Capacity 4 fl-r.Existing 400,044 a f 4 INoarcB '340 9,,0 gfrP7C'E a A4p,ppp e I sITrlEss owxacE Existing occupancy �'; _. 4,B44 IN Proposed! Orcupaney 14,200 1 = Net Change +9.366 4liraora �N flavrg Gross Floor Area r?PF1liCE QPEdCE A47rAWTi1R1W � (ewcVudlovg Paring Garages i and Central (Plant) fExisting 2,657,000 s.d'. Proposed j 3,600,404 0, 4 flparm 4 flows l Net Change I gEF4CIE QPFICE + 943,400 e ,t. puuuuuuuuu uuuuuuuuuilVuuuuuuuul ma�mma�mm � � � Parki,n,g Spaces Exmting 9,224 Proposed 474EF s.N' . 14,980 CENTRAL PLANT Net Change 491eprs + 1,760 s%"4f �Isyl$s PARKING', BTdRIIC91Nd '; Building Footprint Existing 1,400,000 0, Proposed 1,455,044 s -d- J Net Change t +.55„040 sl. floors Green Area 40,040 s t iANT"AU Exdsting JESEARCH 43 acres r r 'FACILITIES Proposed 64 acres Net Change, Re Ju ed Construction Alternative + 21 acnes Green A,. --.e LSA NOT TO SCALE FIGURE VI -3 Apple Campus 2 Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Reduced Construction Alternative I:ACOCII01 Apple Campus 21figures\Fig VI-3.ai (5/20/13) LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 This page intentionally left blank. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Altematives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 614 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES Under this alternative, a new campus would be developed with the following components: four- to five - story 400,000 to 500,000 -square -foot buildings, associated surface parking lots generally located along the perimeter of site, one six -level above -grade parking garage (containing 4,600 parking spaces) located in the northwest portion of the site, one four -level above -grade parking garage (containing 2,240 parking spaces) located in the southern portion of the site, and a centralized, but reduced, open space area. Grading and soil disturbance activities would also be reduced. The reduced excavation and grading and more traditional campus design would reduce the expected construction period, in addition to construction noise and traffic, and associated construction -related air quality impacts to neighboring sensitive receptor sites. The overall square footage of office, research, and development building space would incrementally increase to 3,600,000 square feet (compared to approximately 3,420,000 square feet under the proposed project), and the site would have the same employee capacity (14,200 employees). Under this alternative, no underground parking would be developed. Of the 10,980 parking spaces provided on the site, 7,540 would be within the two parking garages and 3,440 would be provided within surface lots. By simplifying the campus design, it is expected that the construction period could be reduced by approximately six months. Similar to the project, the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site would be vacated for site security reasons. The project site would have multiple access points along North Wolfe Road, East Homestead Road, and North Tantau Avenue to better facilitate the flow of traffic and circulation. The Reduced Construction alternative would include the same or similar net zero energy strategy and TDM Program as the project. Compared to the proposed project, the Reduced Construction alternative would increase the footprint of buildings (as less interior square footage would be accommodated in sub -grade areas) and decrease the amount of available open space. Approximately 64 acres of open space would be provided on the site, compared to approximately 102 acres that would be provided as part of the project. Similar to the project, Glendenning Barn would be relocated either on-site or off-site. The Reduced Construction alternative would require the same entitlements that would be requested as part of the project, although a General Plan amendment for increased building height may be required. The Reduced Construction alternative would not achieve the following City project objectives: • Encourage the retention of Apple's corporate headquarters in Cupertino within a world class corporate campus. • Allow for the expansion of Apple's operations while enhancing the physical environment of the project area and being sensitive to community needs. • Allow for the location and design of Phase 2 of the project in a way that is sensitive to surrounding neighborhoods. • Enhance environmental features within the project area, including storm water quality within the City storm drain system and receiving water bodies. • Maintain consistency with Cupertino's 2000-2020 General Plan and further General Plan goals and strategies for economic development, neighborhood connectivity, and urban conservation. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 615 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES • Provide connections and enhance walkability/bikeability between the project site and surrounding areas, while promoting the mobility of Apple employees and the public throughout the Vallco Industrial Park and the greater region. • Improve traffic circulation, traffic volumes and level of service (LOS) through a combination of consolidation of office locations and additional TDM programs. • Increase the use of landscaping compared to paved parking and thereby enhance the urban environment, reduce impervious surfaces, and reduce storm water runoff. • Retain and improve bike and pedestrian connectivity between the project site and surrounding areas. The Reduced Construction alternative would not achieve many of the project sponsor objectives, including the following: Primary Objective: • Create an innovative and beautiful campus near Apple's Infinite Loop facility that consoli- dates many of Apple's engineers and support personnel in a single distinctive office, research and development building, and supporting facilities. The purpose of consolidation is to promote shared creativity and collaboration and spur invention of the next several generations of Apple products. Secondary Objectives: Maximize green space, and design this space in accordance with the climate and history of the area. • Create a physically unified campus community that improves internal circulation and eliminates unnecessary access points by consolidating the existing properties within one campus. • Enable a commuting culture where thoughtful site planning and regional connectivity coupled with a robust TDM program prioritize transit and active commute modes. Exceed economic, social, and environmental sustainability goals through integrated design and development. • Create a campus that reflects Apple's business and design practices, and allows for a long- term presence in Cupertino. Minimize use of potable water through the use of drought tolerant landscape, water efficient fixtures, and recycled water, if available as a result of projects now under consideration, and improve runoff quality by increasing permeable surfaces. Additionally, the following project sponsor objectives would be achieved, but to a lesser extent than the proposed project: P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 616 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES Primary Objective: • Achieve the security and privacy required for the invention of new products by eliminating any public access through the site, and protecting the perimeters against unauthorized persons. Secondary Objectives: • Provide on-site amenities for Apple's employees in order to promote employees' health and well-being and reduce off -campus travel. • Provide an on-site venue for the introduction of Apple's new products that will generate surprise and delight, and enable the products to be introduced at Apple's corporate home. • Create a campus plan that incorporates flexibility to respond to Apple's future business needs. 2. Analysis of the Reduced Construction Alternative The potential impacts of the Reduced Construction alternative are described below. a. Land Use and Planning Policy. The Reduced Construction alternative would result in land use and planning policy impacts that are similar to those associated with the project, including not fully implementing General Plan policies related to parks and open space, trails, mobility, and historic sites (Impacts PLAN -1 through PLAN -6 and LU -1). The more extensive impervious surface coverage on the site and reduced open space would also not fully implement other General Plan policies, beyond those identified for the project. In addition, the location of large surface parking lots along the site periphery (including adjacent to The Hamptons) could result in additional land use conflicts. In addition, if five -story structures are developed as part of the alternative (reaching 60 feet in height), a General Plan amendment would be required (although such an amendment would not result in significant environmental impacts). b. Aesthetics. The Reduced Construction alternative would result in taller buildings, additional above -ground building space, and less open space and landscaping on the site compared to the project. In addition, the site design would be characterized by extensive surface parking lots (a total of 4,000 spaces) located around the periphery of the site. Therefore, the alternative would degrade the visual environment to a greater extent than the project. Primary views into the site from North Wolfe Road, East Homestead Road, and North Tantau Avenue would be of expansive surface parking lots, with only a narrow landscaped area adjacent to the public right-of-way. The Reduced Construction alternative would result in increased impacts relating to the installation of additional lighting within the site and associated effects to nighttime views. Increased surface parking and reduced open space (and additional lighting needs) would increase associated impacts on nighttime views to a significant level. C. Population, Employment, and Housing. The population, employment, and housing impacts of the Reduced Construction alternative would be almost identical to those of the proposed project, as the alternative would result in the same on-site employee population (14,200) that would result from the proposed project. Secondary impacts on housing supply and demand would also be identical to those associated with the proposed project, and would be considered less than significant. P:\COC1101Apple2Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIR\Public\6-Alte.a[Ives.doc(06/03113)PETB%ICREVIEWDRAFT 617 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES d. Biological Resources. The Reduced Construction alternative would reduce the provision of open space on the site by approximately 41 percent compared to the project, and the number of trees that would be preserved on the site would also be substantially reduced. Because the alternative would require the removal of a substantial number of trees and the construction of additional buildings compared to the project (which could increase bird collisions), it would worsen impacts 13I0-1 through 13I0-3. e. Cultural Resources. The impacts to cultural resources that would result from the Reduced Construction alternative would be similar to those that would result from the proposed project (as the alternative would require the relocation of the Glendenning Barn and extensive construction activities on the site could affect archaeological resources and fossils that may occur in the area). L Geology, Seismicity, and Soils. The Reduced Construction alternative would substantially reduce the amount of excavation and grading compared to the proposed project. However, like the project, the alternative would expose occupants of the site to seismic hazards (Impact GEO-1). In addition, buildings developed as part of the alternative could be damaged by expansive or corrosive soils (although the lack of sub -grade building space would incrementally reduce the latter impact) (Impact GEO-2). g. Hydrology and Water Quality. The Reduced Construction alternative would result in less excavation than the project but would substantially increase impervious surfaces throughout the site due to the increase in surface parking lot areas and above -ground building space. Because the alterna- tive would require extensive ground disturbance (to allow for the construction of above -grade struc- tures), construction -period hydrology impacts would be similar to the proposed project. In addition, compared to the project, the additional impervious surfaces associated with the alternative would incrementally reduce the quality (and increase the volume) of stormwater runoff from the project site. Localized flooding impacts (Impact HYD -1) would also worsen, and more extensive expansions of local stormwater infrastructure may need to be undertaken to accommodate increased runoff volumes. h. Hazards and Hazardous Materials. The Reduced Construction alternative would incremen- tally reduce the potential for the release of contaminated stormwater and groundwater compared to the project, as less excavation would be required during the construction period. However, the alternative would result in approximately the same hazards impacts identified for the project (Impacts HAZ-1 through HAZ-4). i. Transportation and Circulation. The Reduced Construction alternative would result in reduced construction -period traffic compared to the proposed project, as the construction period would be reduced. However, operational period impacts would be similar to the proposed project, although the increased number of site perimeter driveways would disperse traffic and incrementally reduce congestion on area streets compared to the proposed project. Although the increased perimeter driveways would disperse traffic, they may also increase the number of potential conflict points with pedestrians and bicyclists. j. Noise. Because the Reduced Construction alternative would eliminate a substantial number of truck trips during the construction period, it would reduce associated roadway noise compared to the project. Like the proposed project, construction activities could exceed noise level standards in the City's Municipal Code and create a noticeable change in the noise environment (Impact N01- 1); P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 618 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES however, the construction period would be shorter and thus the duration of increased noise levels would also be shorter. The contribution of the alternative to cumulative traffic noise levels (Impact NOI-2) would be the same as the project as the alternative would generate the same number of vehicle trips (and vehicle distribution on local and regional roads would be similar). The extensive surface parking lots around the perimeter of the site would increase ambient noise beyond that anticipated as part of the project. Thus, the sensitive residential receptors at The Hamptons could be exposed to increased noise levels compared to the project. Such impacts may require additional mitigation, such as berms or sound walls along the periphery of the site adjacent to sensitive receptors. k. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainability. Because the Reduced Construction alternative would allow for a reduced number of construction -period truck trips and a reduced construction period, it would generate smaller volumes of greenhouse gas emissions during the construction period. The Reduced Construction alternative would include the same or similar net zero energy strategy and TDM Program as the proposed project, so operational greenhouse gas emissions would be similar. However, the more suburban -style campus design (with increased surface parking and less open space) would make it more difficult to achieve the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas reduction objectives of the project. Increased surface parking, for instance, would tend to increase the "heat island" effect on the project site (under which paved areas emit absorbed heat and reflect heat into the environment), increasing cooling needs particularly during the day. In addition, reduced open space and vegetation on the site would tend to remove less carbon from the atmosphere. 1. Air Quality. Because the Reduced Construction alternative would reduce site grading and excavation (which involves equipment with high levels of emissions) and the construction duration, it would improve construction -period air quality compared to the project. Because the alternative would result in approximately the same operational vehicle trips as the proposed project, operational air pollutant emissions (and associated impacts) would also be similar. In. Public Services and Utilities. Similar to the proposed project, the Reduced Construction alternative would increase employment on the site to 14,200 and would generate an identical increase in demand for utilities and services as the proposed project. In addition, the alternative would result in the diminishment of future park space in the City by re -designating the portion of the site designated for Parks and Open Space. The alternative would also not include the development of a trail adjacent to Calabazas Creek. Therefore, similar to the project, the alternative would result in Impact PSU-1 (related to adverse effects to SCCFD response times) and Impact PSU-2 (related to the provision of park and trail space in the City). D. REDUCED DENSITY ALTERNATIVE 1. Principal Characteristics The Reduced Density alternative is intended to reduce the effects of the project on the transportation system (and achieve other environmental benefits) by reducing employment at the project site. As shown in Figure VI -4, under this alternative, the Main Building would be reduced in size and the project site would accommodate 8,000 Apple employees (6,200 fewer employees than would occupy the site as part of the project and 1,800 fewer employees than would occupy the site as part of the No Project alternative). This alternative would result in a total of approximately 2.2 million square feet of P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 619 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES office, research, and development uses (compared to approximately 3,420,000 square feet under the proposed project). Similar to the project, the segment of Pruneridge Avenue within the site would be vacated, allowing for the development of a unified campus. Overall building coverage would remain approximately the same as the project. To accommodate the 6,200 employees that would otherwise be located at the project site, Apple could construct one or more additional campuses at other locations. While no off-site locations have been identified at this time, a key consideration would be proximity to regional transit systems, particularly if the campuses are located in the Bay Area. For example, Apple could consider a location in San Jose (currently home to 24 percent of Apple's employees) along a light rail line or a location in San Francisco (currently home to 13 percent of Apple's employees) that is well -served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) or Caltrain. Greater proximity to regional transit systems would enable Apple to achieve a higher level of TDM participation than the level currently contemplated for the project. Furthermore, in developing any new campuses, Apple would retain its commitment to renewable energy and no net new greenhouse gas emissions. Under the Reduced Density alternative, the Main Building would be developed as a two-story, 1.4 million square foot building (including one basement level). Compared to the proposed project, the Main Building would shrink approximately 1.42 million square feet in size and approximately two stories in height. All other buildings on the site would remain in approximately their currently proposed locations. Security and campus operations systems also would be established in the same locations and site utility distribution from the Central Plant to the Main Building would remain the same. The number of parking spaces on the site would be reduced, in compliance with City requirements, to 6,186 parking spaces (compared to 10,980 parking spaces under the proposed project). Of the 6,186 parking spaces, 2,250 parking spaces would be located at the above -grade parking structure, which would also be reduced in size from four stories to two stories. The site circulation system would remain approximately the same as proposed for the project. Approximately 102 acres of open space would be provided on the site, the same as under the proposed project, and other on-site and off-site landscaping and roadway changes would remain approximately the same as under the proposed project. Glendenning Barn would be relocated on-site or off-site. The Reduced Density Avenue alternative would require the same entitlements that would be requested as part of the project. The Reduced Density alternative would not achieve the following City project objectives: • Encourage the retention of Apple's corporate headquarters in Cupertino within a world class corporate campus. • Allow for the expansion of Apple's operations while enhancing the physical environment of the project area and being sensitive to community needs. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 620 L S A FIGURE VI—A NOT TO SCALE Apple Campus 2 Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Reduced Density Alternative I:ACOCII01 Apple Campus 21,figures\Fig VI-4.ai (5/20/13) �I � Development Summary Site Area 100% Impermeable 32% Permeable 58 %dr cuff-I-lauii 0 IVIAfN BtJfLlbifNiG Req,Wroments cubic yards 1 twmpl Existing Capacity 9,800 Pxiisfing Occupancy 4,844 III III Proposed Occupancy 6,101 Nea. Change -3.156 21laanra Fl it 1111 I Gross FWepr Area (excluding Pawiang Garages and Cemmacd Plant) w ti Pxisaarag. ", 2,657,000 s.H. 1 Proposed y 2,200,000 0. Nei Change 1 457,000 0, parking Spares � Existing 9,220 F Proposed 6,186 Nei Change 60,000 " 3,1134 wrENTRAL m PUNT � _2;1 �250�Geits gal Idling ra %oat rtnt �aitlt4r� :. S�"1i0.1&OR ExistingP 1,400,000 s.t. Reposed 1,408„000 8.1. Net Change i 4,00 ma r s:l. f, Green Area Existing t 3 4Voars acres NTArt Proposed WiSU fACILITIIGS 1CH 'Nl:Y2 acres Nei Change `t + 59 acres Careen. Area. 11B tQ wl Density Alternative, Pence Line L S A FIGURE VI—A NOT TO SCALE Apple Campus 2 Project EIR SOURCE: APPLE, APRIL 2013. Conceptual Plan for Reduced Density Alternative I:ACOCII01 Apple Campus 21,figures\Fig VI-4.ai (5/20/13) LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 This page intentionally left blank. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Altematives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 622 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES The Reduced Density alternative would not fully achieve many of the project sponsor's objectives for the project, including the following: Primary Objective: • Create an innovative and beautiful campus near Apple's Infinite Loop facility that consoli- dates Apple's engineers and support personnel in a single distinctive office, research and development building, and supporting facilities. The purpose of consolidation is to promote shared creativity and collaboration and spur invention of the next several generations of Apple products. Secondary Objective: • Create a campus that reflects Apple's business and design practices, and allows for a long- term presence in Cupertino. The following project sponsor objectives would be achieved, but to a lesser extent than the proposed project: Secondary Objectives: • Create a campus plan that incorporates flexibility to respond to Apple's future business needs. Enhance the City's tax base. • Improve traffic circulation while avoiding measures that would unduly restrict employment growth within the project site. 2. Analysis of the Reduced Density Alternative The potential impacts of the Reduced Density alternative are described below. a. Land Use and Planning Policy. Similar to the proposed project, the Reduced Density alterna- tive would not fully carry out General Plan policies related to parks and open space, trails, bike and pedestrian access, mobility, and historic sites (Impacts PLAN -1 through PLAN -6 and Impact LU -1). In addition, the reduced employment on the site would not promote the objectives of the General Plan and other planning documents related to concentrating employment in the North Vallco area to the extent of the project. Because the General Plan identifies the project site as an appropriate place for concentrated employment, the alternative would represent a missed opportunity for growing the local employment base. b. Aesthetics. The Reduced Density alternative would result in a smaller ring-shaped building with a reduced height of two stories compared to the proposed project. Impacts to aesthetics associ- ated with the Reduced Density alternative would be similar to those associated with the project, even though building space on the site would be reduced (as views into the site, and associated lighting and glare, would be similar to the project). C. Population, Employment, and Housing. The population, employment, and housing impacts of the Reduced Density alternative would be reduced compared to the proposed project, as the P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IL' REVIEW DRAFT 623 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES alternative would reduce on-site employee population from 14,200 to 8,000 (a 44 percent reduction). Secondary impacts on housing supply and demand also would likely be substantially less than those associated with the proposed project, and (similar to the project) would be considered less than significant. d. Biological Resources. The Reduced Density alternative would slightly increase the provision of open space on the site compared to the project, and the number of trees that would be preserved on the site may also incrementally increase. However, the significant impacts to biological resources that would result from the alternative would be almost identical to those that would result from the project. Because the alternative would still require the removal of a substantial number of trees, it would result in Impacts BIO -1 (related to the destruction of bird nesting/nursery sites) and Impact 13I0-3 (related to the removal of protected trees). In addition, the alternative would result in the development of new buildings with substantial glazing and thus could cause bird mortalities (Impact 13I0-2). e. Cultural Resources. The impacts to cultural resources that would result from the Reduced Density alternative would be identical to those that would result from the proposed project, as the Glendenning Barn would require on- or off-site relocation and extensive ground disturbance could occur on the site, which may affect archaeological and paleontological resources, and human remains. L Geology, Seismicity, and Soils. The Reduced Density alternative would reduce the amount of excavation and grading required for the construction of the project since, due to the smaller scale of the proposed Main Building. However, similar to the project, the alternative would expose occupants of the site to seismic hazards (although fewer employees would be exposed to such hazards), and proposed buildings could be damaged by expansive or corrosive soils (Impacts GEO-1 and GEO-2). g. Hydrology and Water Quality. The Reduced Density alternative would require slightly less ground disturbance due to the reduced size of the Main Building. However, the alternative would result in hydrology impacts that are almost identical to the proposed project, including localized flooding impacts due to inadequate storm drainage infrastructure within North Wolfe Road, north of Pruneridge Avenue (Impact HYD -1). h. Hazards and Hazardous Materials. The Reduced Density alternative would result in hazards - related impacts that are similar to those that would result from the proposed project, as it could result in releases of contaminated soil, groundwater, and building materials during the construction period, including in the vicinity of sensitive receptors (Impacts HAZ-1 through HAZ-4). i. Transportation and Circulation. The Reduced Density alternative would reduce the number of daily and peak hour vehicle trips generated from the site. The same or similar freeway segments would still be impacted by this alternative, although to a lesser degree than with the project. The Reduced Density alternative would avoid impacts to the following intersections: North Tantau Avenue/Homestead Road; North Tantau AvenueNallco Parkway; Tantau Avenue/Stevens Creek Boulevard; DeAnza Boulevard/Homestead Road; and Lawrence Expressway/I-280 southbound ramps. While the other intersections would still be adversely affected, the Reduced Density alterna- tive would affect them less than the project. Impacts related to transit access, bike and pedestrian access, and access to The Hamptons would be similar to the project (as most of these impacts are P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 624 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES associated with the closure of a segment of Pruneridge Avenue, which would occur as part of the alternative). j. Noise. Although the construction activities associated with the Reduced Density alternative would be reduced compared to the proposed project, construction activities would create a temporary change to the noise environment and would exceed the standards in the Municipal Code for tempo- rary noise events (Impact NOI-1). However, with smaller buildings, the alternative would result in a shorter construction period and the exposure to excessive noise would similarly be reduced. Under the alternative, construction activities would occur in close proximity to sensitive receptors, such as the single-family residential uses to the east of the project site. The Reduced Density alternative would avoid Impact NOI-2, which relates to cumulative contributions to traffic noise levels. k. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sustainability. The Reduced Density alternative would generate incrementally fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the proposed project during both the construction and operation phases. The alternative may require the development of Apple campus facilities elsewhere, which could either result in reduced per capita greenhouse gas emissions if campus development were to occur in an area better -served by transit than the project site or increased vehicle trips and associated greenhouse gas emissions if built in an area with poor transit access or in a manner that requires greater trips between campuses. It is speculative to identify where or whether Apple would construct additional campus facilities. Because the Reduced Density alternative would include fewer employees and fewer project -related vehicle trips, it is considered to have fewer greenhouse gas emissions. I. Air Quality. The Reduced Density alternative would generate lower volumes of air pollutants during the construction and operation periods (as construction activities and long-term employment and associated vehicle trips would be reduced). In. Public Services and Utilities. The 8,000 employees associated with the Reduced Density alternative would likely result in fewer impacts related to service demand for fire and police protec- tion, schools, and utilities compared to the proposed project. Similar to the proposed project, the alternative would result in the diminishment of future park space in the City by re -designating the portion of the site designated for Parks and Open Space, and precluding the development of a creek - side trail. Therefore, similar to the project, the alternative would result in Impact PSU-2. E. ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED BUT REJECTED The following alternatives were considered but ultimately rejected from detailed analysis (per CEQA Guidelines §15126.6(c)): Reduced Site alternative. The project site would be reduced to exclude the Pruneridge Campus portion of the site and would comprise a total of 56 acres. Existing buildings on the smaller site would be demolished and one new building would be constructed that would accommodate 3,500 to 4,000 employees. Pruneridge Avenue would remain open. This alternative would not meet a primary objective of the project, which is to consolidate Apple employees on-site, and was thus rejected. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P ETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 625 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES • Hybrid Campus alternative. A modified project would be built that would retain and upgrade some of the existing Pruneridge Campus. Pruneridge Avenue would remain open. This alternative was rejected from detailed analysis because it would have a similar environmental outcome as the No Project alternative. • Vertical Development alternative. Campus buildings would be consolidated vertically, such that the overall building footprint would be reduced. This alternative was rejected because it would not substantially reduce the environmental effects of the project and because tall buildings would compromise the desired work environment and result in significant impacts similar to the project. Pruneridge Avenue Tunnel alternative. This alternative would involve the construction of the project as currently designed, but would include a tunnel under Pruneridge Avenue, allowing for continued motor vehicle, pedestrian, and bike access across the site. This alternative was deemed infeasible because it would interfere with a major sanitary sewer trunk line, would infringe on private property, could result in adverse visual impacts, and would incur significant costs. • On-site Housing alternative. This alternative would involve the construction of workforce housing on the site, with the primary objective of reducing vehicle traffic generated by the project. This alternative would conflict with the project sponsor's objectives, would require amendments to the General Plan and Zoning designations for the site, and would not substantially reduce the environmental effects of the project. Culvert Calabazas Creek alternative. This alternative would exclude the Pruneridge Campus portion of the site and would require the culverting of Calabazas Creek to increase the buildable area of the site by 7 acres. Pruneridge Avenue would remain open. This alternative was rejected because it would result in significant unavoidable effects to Calabazas Creek. Mobility and Park alternative. This alternative would allow for the development of a bike/pedestrian trail that would extend from North Tantau Avenue along Calabazas Creek through the project site and then along the southern boundary of the project site (providing a partial replacement for the removal of Pruneridge Avenue within the site). The Mobility and Park alternative would also allow for the construction of an approximately 1.1 acre publicly -accessible park east of Calabazas Creek. This alternative was rejected because it would not meet a fundamental objective of the project, which is to achieve security and privacy by eliminating any public access through the site. A public trail traversing the project site and Calabazas Creek would conflict with Apple's safety and security needs. Even with security and design measures such as fencing, a trail could still pose significant security concerns because Apple is under intense scrutiny. A publicly -accessible trail without clear visual connection to the street could be considered a potential security vulnerability. As aresult, the Mobility and Park alternative was rejected for further consideration. In addition, as part of Mitigation Measure PLAN -1, the project applicant would fund the acquisition and improvement of an off-site park space, or designate 1.1 acres of land elsewhere for Parks and Open Space uses, so this alternative does not provide a significant benefit to park impacts when compared to the project. P:\COC 1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) P UBLIC REVIEW DRAFT 626 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR JUNE 2015 VI. ALTERNATIVES F. ENVIRONMENTALLY SUPERIOR ALTERNATIVE CEQA requires the identification of the environmentally superior alternative in an EIR. The No Project alternative is considered the environmentally superior alternative in the strict sense that envi- ronmental impacts associated with its implementation would be the least of all the scenarios exam- ined, including the proposed project (although its traffic impacts would be greater than the Reduced Density alternative). To maintain the project site in an existing condition (although at full occupancy) would avoid many of the significant impacts that would result from the proposed project, although significant impacts would remain relating to traffic, air quality, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions due to the full occupancy of the buildings. However, while the No Project alternative would be environmentally superior in the technical sense that contribution to many impacts would not occur, the No Project alternative would also fail to achieve most of the project objectives. It would also fail to achieve objectives of the General Plan related to the intensification of employment on underuti- lized sites, and could require Apple to expand its office and research and development capacity in a more far-flung location where employee commutes would be longer. In cases like this where the No Project alternative is the environmentally superior alternative, CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.6(e)(2) requires that the EIR "also identify an environmentally superior alternative among the other alternatives." The Reduced Density alternative would be the environmentally superior alternative among the other alternatives. In particular, the alternative would avoid or reduce significant traffic, noise, and air quality impacts due to lower levels of employment on-site compared to the project. The Reduced Density alternative could also be constructed in a shorter timeframe than the project, resulting in reduced construction activity and reduced construction impacts related to traffic, noise, air quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. The reduction in operational traffic impacts is particularly important, since increased traffic affects most members of the community and was one of the key concerns identified by the community during the EIR scoping session. The Reduced Density alternative would reduce local employment growth by moving this growth elsewhere in the region. Although the growth not accommodated in Cupertino would also generate traffic, and associated air quality, noise, and greenhouse gas emission impacts, these impacts on a per capita basis could be reduced if Apple were to locate the additional employees in a transit hub like parts of San Jose and San Francisco. The other two alternatives are not environmentally superior to the Reduced Density alternative as summarized in the following bullet points: The Pruneridge Avenue alternative would avoid the policy and land use impacts related to the closure of Pruneridge Avenue. In addition, impacts related to pedestrian and bicycle access, and overall mobility would be reduced compared to the Reduced Density alternative as Pruneridge Avenue would continue to remain as an east/west connector between North Wolfe Road and North Tantau Avenue. In addition, no changes to transit access or access to The Hamptons would occur. However, unlike the Reduced Density alternative, the Pruneridge Avenue alternative would not reduce impacts to traffic, noise, air quality, housing/population, and public services or reduce construction -related impacts. P:\COC1101Apple2Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIR\Public\6-Alte.a[Ives.doc(06/03113)PETB%ICREVIEWDRAFT 627 LSA ASSOCIATES, INC. JUNE 2015 APPLE CAMPUS 2 PROJECT EIR VI. ALTERNATIVES • The Reduced Construction alternative would minimize excavation and construction -related impacts compared to the Reduced Density alternative, but because construction impacts are short term and its operational impacts would exceed those of the Reduced Density alternative, the Reduced Construction alternative is not considered the environmentally superior alternative. Because the Reduced Density alternative would minimize traffic and associated impacts, it is considered the environmentally superior alternative for the purposes of analysis under CEQA. P:\COC1101 Apple 2 Campus\PRODUCTS\DEIRT,ublic\6-Alte.atives.doc (06/03/13) PETBT,IC REVIEW DRAFT 628