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CC Resolution No. 24-093 adopting the 2023 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Volume 1 Base Plan and Volume 2 City of Cupertino AnnexRESOLUTION NO. 24-093 A RESOLUTION OF THE CUPERTINO CITY COUNCIL ADOPTING THE 2023 SANTA CLARA COUNTY MULTIJURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN VOLUME 1 BASE PLAN AND VOLUME 2 CITY OF CUPERTINO ANNEX WHEREAS, all of Santa Clara County has exposure to natural hazards that increase the risk to life, property, environment and the County's economy; WHEREAS, pro-active mitigation of known hazards before a disaster event can reduce or eliminate long-term risk to life and property; WHEREAS, the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390) established new requirements for pre- and post-disaster hazard mitigation programs; WHEREAS, a coalition of several cities, towns, special districts, and the County of Santa Clara, with similar planning objectives, has been formed to pool resources and create consistent mitigation strategies within the Santa Clara County Operational Area planning area; WHEREAS, this coalition has completed a planning process that engages the public, assesses the risk and vulnerability to the impacts of natural hazards, develops a mitigation strategy consistent with a set of uniform goals and objectives, and creates a plan for implementing, evaluating, and revising this strategy; WHEREAS, the California Office of Emergency Services and Federal Emergency Management Agency officials have reviewed the Santa Clara County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) Volume 1 and 2 and approved it contingent upon this official adoption of the participating governing body; WHEREAS, upon adoption of Volume 1 Base Plan, and Volume 2 City of Cupertino Annex of the Santa Clara County Operational Area MJHMP Update of 2023 and subsequent approval of the said plan by CalOES and FEMA, the City of Cupertino will be eligible to apply for specified Hazard Mitigation Grants. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Cupertino hereby adopts the 2023 Santa Clara County Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Resolution No. 24-093 Page 2 Volume 1 Base Plan and Volume 2 City of Cupertino Annex. NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City’s Director of Emergency Services is authorized to make minor adjustments to this Plan as necessary and appropriate to satisfy changing conditions and needs without impacting any City Council Policy. PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Cupertino this 1st day of October 2024, by the following vote: Vote Members of the City Council AYES: Mohan, Fruen, Chao, Moore NOES: None ABSENT: Wei ABSTAIN: None SIGNED: Sheila Mohan, Mayor City of Cupertino Date ATTEST: Kirsten Squarcia, City Clerk Date 10/10/2024 10/10/2024 SANTA CLARA COUNTY MULTIJURISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN Volume 1: Base Plan 2023 Office of Emergency Management County of Santa Clara 55 W. Younger Ave., San Jose, CA Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan This work was sponsored by the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management. The research was conducted by IEM, incorporating data provided by Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management. IEM is a global consulting house for safety, security, strategic performance, and sustainability. We combine objective, scientific analysis with a broad spectrum of experience to provide practical, effective solutions for public and private sectors. IEM ’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2023 IEM IEM documents are protected under copyright law. http://www.iem.com (800) 977-8191 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acknowledgements i Acknowledgements County of Santa Clara Core Planning Team  Dr. Parastou Najaf, Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management, Senior Emergency Manager – Mitigation/Recovery  Magdalena Sta Maria, Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability, Sustainability Analyst  Samuel Gutierrez, Santa Clara County Department of Planning and Development, Principal Planner Planning Partners  Michael Alvarez, County of Santa Clara, Principal Development Services Engineer/ Floodplain Administrator  Dan Livingston, City of Campbell, Captain of Support Services Division, Police Department  Ron Taormina, City of Campbell, Acting Superintendent  Bob Lennen, City of Campbell, Building Official  Meredith Albert, City of Cupertino, Emergency Management Analyst  Thomas Chin, City of Cupertino, Emergency Manager  Andre Duurvoort, City of Cupertino, Sustainability Manager  Susan Michael, City of Cupertino, Capital Improvement Program Manager  Jimmy Tan, City of Cupertino, Assistant Director of Public Works  Chad Mosley, City of Cupertino, Acting Director of Public Works  Jennifer Chu, City of Cupertino, Senior Civil Engineer/City of Public Works  Esther Kwon, City of Cupertino, Public Information Officer  Andrew Young, City of Gilroy, Emergency Services and Volunteer Coordinator  Sharon Goei, City of Gilroy, Community Development Director  Daryl Jordan, City of Gilroy, Public Works Director/Floodplain Administrator  Kathryn Krauss, City of Los Altos, Captain of Operations, Police Department  Vency Woo, City of Los Altos, Management Analyst  Irene Silipin, City of Los Altos, HR Manager  Marisa Lee, City of Los Altos, Transportation Services Manager  Veronica Tinoco, City of Los Altos, Building Official  Stephanie Williams, City of Los Altos, Planning Services Manager/ Floodplain Manager  Franklin Wong, City of Los Altos, Public Works. CIP Manager Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acknowledgements ii  Vivian Chu, City of Los Altos, Finance Manager  Manny Hernandez, City of Los Altos, Parks and Rec Director  Jon Maginot, City of Los Altos, Assistant City Manager  Angela Averiett, City of Los Altos, Police Chief  June DU, City of Los Altos, Finance Director  Sonia Lee, City of Los Altos, Public Information Officer  Nick Zorner, City of Los Altos, Development Services Director  Brian Glass, City of Los Altos, Assistant Fire Chief  Ann Hepenstal, Town of Los Altos Hills, Emergency Management Consultant  Woojae Kim, Town of Los Altos Hills, Public Works Director/ Floodplain Administrator  John Chau, Town of Los Altos Hills, Associate Engineer  Elaine Ling, Town of Los Altos Hills, Senior Planner  Jeremy Loh, Town of Los Altos Hills, Associate Planner  Jonathan Fox, Town of Los Altos Hills, Assistant Planner  Gerry Igtanloc, Town of Los Altos Hills, Building Technician  Cody Einfalt, Town of Los Altos Hills, Management Analyst II/ Interim Assistant to the City Manager  Nicolle Burnham, Town of Los Gatos, Director of Parks and Public Works  Holly Young, Town of Los Gatos, Senior Analyst  Toni-Lynn Charlop, City of Milpitas, Office of Emergency Management Coordinator  Elaine Marshal, City of Milpitas, Deputy Director, Public Works  Jay Lee, City of Milpitas, Principal Planner  Bill Tott, City of Milpitas, Building Official  Arthur Belton, City of Milpitas, Fire Marshal  Michael Silveira, City of Milpitas, CIP Manger  Samantha Vergara, City of Milpitas, Special Projects/Drought & Climate Change  Brian Petrovic, City of Milpitas, Floodplain Administrator  Jennifer Ponce, City of Morgan Hill, Emergency Services Coordinator  Hilary Holeman, City of Morgan Hill, Administrative Analyst  Scott Creer, City of Morgan Hill, Floodplain Administrator  Robert Maitland, City of Mountain View, Fire Department Public Information Officer, Office of Emergency Services Coordinator  Eric Anderson, City of Mountain View, Advanced Planning Manager  Nena Bizjak, City of Mountain View, Chief Building Official  Renee Gunn, City of Mountain View, Associate Civil Engineer/ Floodplain Administrator Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acknowledgements iii  Ken Dueker, City of Palo Alto, Office of Emergency Services, Chief  Nathan Rainey, City of Palo Alto, Office of Emergency Services Coordinator  Karin North, City of Palo Alto, Assistant Director of Public Works, Environmental Services  Holly Boyd, City of Palo Alto, Assistant Director of Public Works, Engineering  Rajeev Hada, City of Palo Alto, Floodplain Administrator  Chitra Moitra, City of Palo Alto, Planner  Christine Luong Manager, City of Palo Alto, Environmental Control Program – Sustainability  Ray Riordan, City of San Jose, Director of Emergency Management  Jay McAmis, City of San José, Deputy Director of Emergency Management  Mariana Chavez-Vazquez, City of San Jose, Assistant Director of Environmental Services Department  Rajani Nair, City of San Jose, Deputy Director of Environmental Services Department  Jennifer Brown, City of San Jose, Division Manager of Environment Services Department  Jennie Loft, City of San Jose, Public Information Manager of Environmental Services Department  Kat Estrada, City of San Jose, Program Manager of Environmental Services Department  Sean Monlux, City of San Jose, Analyst II  Kendra Yarn, City of San Jose, Program Manager/ Parks Recreation & Neighborhood Services  Torie O’Reilly, City of San Jose, Division Manager/Parks  Olympia Williams, City of San Jose, Division Manager/ Beautify  Sara Sellers, City of San Jose, Acting Deputy Director  Paul Lim, City of San Jose, Emergency Response program Manager  Steve Choy, City of San Jose, Acting Division Manager/ Division Manager Capital Improvement Project Program Manager  Samuel Young, City of San Jose, Division Manager Development Services  Norman Mascarinas, City of San Jose, principal Engineer Transportation and Hydraulics Services  Sanhita Ghosal, City of San Jose, Planner IV/Supervising Planner/ Floodplain Administrator  Jennifer Guzman, City of Santa Clara, Emergency Management Analyst  Gary Welling, City of Santa Clara, Director of Water and Sewer Services  Shilpa Mehta, City of Santa Clara, Assistant Director of Water and Sewer Utilities  Craig Mobeck, City of Santa Clara, Director of Public Works  Michael Liw, City of Santa Clara, Assistant Director of Public Works  Falguni Armin, City of Santa Clara, Principal Engineer  Manuel Pineda, City of Santa Clara, Chief Electric Utility Officer  Kevin Kolnowski, City of Santa Clara, Electric Utility Chief Operating Officer  Andrew Crabtree, City of Santa Clara, Director of Community Development/ Floodplain Manager Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acknowledgements iv  John Davidson, City of Santa Clara, Principal Planner  Armand Lobao, City of Santa Clara, Building Official  Ruben Torres, City of Santa Clara, Fire Chief  John Madden, City of Santa Clara, Deputy Fire Chief  Jeremy Ray, City of Santa Clara, Deputy Fire Chief  Dennis Yee, City of Santa Clara, Fire Captain  Wahid Kazem, City of Santa Clara, Assistant Police Chief  Cuong Phan, City of Santa Clara, Police Lieutenant  Michelle Templeton, City of Santa Clara, Sustainability Manager  David Knight, City of Santa Clara, Communication Management Analyst  Aaron Yuma, City of Saratoga, Building Official  Neil Valenzuela, City of Saratoga, West Valley Patrol Commander  David Dorcich, City of Saratoga, Associate Civil Engineer. Floodplain Administrator  Jason Falarski, City of Saratoga, Deputy Chief  Thomas Scott, City of Saratoga, Facilities Manager  Crystal Bothelio, City of Saratoga, Assistant City Manager  Trudi Ryan, City of Sunnyvale, Director, Community Development  Ramana Chinnakotla, City of Sunnyvale, Director, Environmental Services  Sean Smith, City of Sunnyvale, Street Operations Manager  Mary Jeyaprakask, City of Sunnyvale, Senior Planner  Suzanne Park, City of Sunnyvale, Chief Building Official  Daniel Moskowitz, City of Sunnyvale, Lieutenant, Office of Emergency Services, Department of Public Safety  Louay Toma, Santa Clara County Fire Department, Senior Program Specialist  Dennis Lollie, Santa Clara County Fire Department, Deputy Chief  Juan Ledesma, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Program Administrator Supervisor, Office of Emergency Services  Andres Acevedo, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Senior Management Analyst  Jack XU, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Senior Engineer/ Hydra, Hydro & Geo  Liang XU, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Hydro, Hydra & Geomorph Manager  Jay Lee, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Watershed Field Ops Manager  Devin Mody, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Ops & Maintenance Engineer Support Manager  Greg Meamber, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Senior Engineer/ Operations & Maintenance  Nina Merrill, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Senior Water Resources Specialist  Steven Wu, Santa Clara Valley Water District, Senior Engineer/ Geotechnical Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acknowledgements v  Brandon Stewart, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Lands and Facilities Department Manager  Korrine Skinner, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Public Affairs Manager  Matt Anderson, MidPeninsula Regional Open Space District, Chief Ranger and Visitor Services Manager  Hillary Stevenson, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, General Counsel  Jane Mark, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Planning Manager  Jason Lin, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Engineering and Construction Manager  Deborah Hirst, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Grants Program Manager  Brad Bartholomew, IEM, Project Manager  Jessica Mason, IEM, Leader Planner  Kate Smith, IEM, GIS/Hazus Specialist  Carron Day, IEM, Planner  Casey Garnett, IEM, Planner  Krystian Murray, IEM, Planner  Alayna Payne, IEM, Planner  Sabrina Lunsford, IEM, Planner Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acronyms vi Acronyms AB Assembly Bill ABAG Association of Bay Area Governments ADA Americans with Disabilities Act AELR Annualized Earthquake Loss Ratio AFN Access and Functional Needs APA Approvable-Pending-Adoption APG California Climate Adaptation Planning Guide ARES Amateur Radio Emergency Service BAWSCA Bay Area Water Supply Conservation Agency BRIC Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities CAL FIRE California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Cal OES California Office of Emergency Services CALGreen California Green Building Standards Code Caltrans California Department of Transportation CARAS Community Agency for Resources, Advocacy, and Services CCR California Code of Regulations CDBG-DR Urban Development Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery CDBG-MIT Community Development Block Grant Mitigation CDC U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CERCLA California Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act CERT Community Emergency Response Team CFR Code of Federal Regulations CGS California Geological Survey C-MIST Communication, Maintaining Health, Independence, Safety, Support Services, and Self- Determination, and Transportation COOP Continuity of Operations Plan COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease of 2019 CPAD California Protected Area Database CPUC California Public Utilities Commission CRS Community Rating System CSZ Cascadia Subduction Zone CWA Clean Water Act CWPP Community Wildfire Protection Plan CWSRF Clean Water State Revolving Fund CZM Coastal Zone Management DFIRM Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security DMA Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 DR Disaster Declaration DSOD Division of Dam Safety Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acronyms vii DSOD Division of Safety of Dams DWR Department of Water Resources DWR Department of Water Resources EAP Emergency Action Plan EBB Earthquake Brace + Bolt Program EIR Environmental Impact Report EM Emergency Declaration EMAP Emergency Management Accreditation Program EOC Emergency Operations Center EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESA Endangered Species Act FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FHSZ Fire Hazard Severity Zones FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map FIS Flood Insurance Study FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance FMAG Fire Mitigation Assistance Grants FRMP Flood Risk Management Program GIS Geographic Information Systems HHPD High Hazard Potential Dam HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HMGP-PF Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Post Fire HMP Hazard Mitigation Plan HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Hwy Highway IBC International Building Code ICARP Integrated Climate Adaptation and Resiliency Program IED Improvised Explosive Device IEM Innovative Emergency Management IID Improved Incendiary Device IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IT Information Technology JTTF Joint Terrorism Task Force LEWS Landslide Early Warning Systems LOMA Letter of Map Amendment LOMR Letters of Map Revision MJHMP Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NBS Nature Based Solutions NCRIC Northern California Regional Intelligence Center NEHRP National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHD Natural Hazard Disclosure NID National Inventory of Dams Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Acronyms viii NIMS National Incident Management System NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NRCS Natural Resources Conversation Services NSI National Structure Inventory NTHMP National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program NWS National Weather Service OA Operational Area OEM Office of Emergency Management PAL Provisionally Accredited Levee PCA Project Cooperation Agreement PDM Pre-Disaster Hazard Mitigation PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Risk MAP Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning SAFRR Science Application for Risk Reduction SAR Suspicious Activity Report SCCFD Santa Clara County Fire Department SCCOEM Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management SCVWD Santa Clara Valley Water District SEMS Standardized Emergency Management System SFHA Special Flood Hazard Area SHMO State Hazard Mitigation Officer SHMP State Hazard Mitigation Plan SR State Route SRA State Responsibility Area STORM Safeguarding Tomorrow through Ongoing Risk Mitigation SVACA Silicon Valley Animal Control Authority TRI Toxic Release Inventory USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USDM U.S. Drought Monitor USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey VHF Viral Hemorrhagic Fever VTA Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority WHO World Health Organization WNV West Nile Virus WUI Wildland Urban Interface WVFPO Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations Program Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary ix Executive Summary Hazard Mitigation Planning Background Hazard mitigation involves the use of long-term and short-term policies, programs, projects, and other activities to alleviate the death, injury, and property damage that can result from a disaster. Santa Clara County and a partnership of local governments and special districts within the county have developed a multijurisdictional hazard mitigation plan to reduce risks from natural disasters in the Santa Clara County Operational Area (OA)—defined as the unincorporated county and incorporated jurisdictions within the geographical boundaries of the county. The plan reaffirms the planning partners commitment to implementing cost-effective, environmentally sound, technically feasible mitigation actions. It also complies with federal and state hazard mitigation planning requirements to establish eligibility for funding under Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) grant programs. The whole community of the Santa Clara County OA—including individual and families, businesses, community and nonprofit organizations, schools and academia, and all levels of government —is the ultimate beneficiary of this MJHMP. Implementing the plan will reduce risk for those who live in, work in, and visit the OA. The plan provides a viable planning framework for natural hazards of concern for the area. Participation in development of the plan by key stakeholders helped ensure outcomes will be mutually beneficial. The resources and background information in the plan are applicable across the OA, and the plan’s goals and recommendations can lay the groundwork for the development and implementation of local mitigation activities and partnerships for years to come. History of Regional Planning Efforts for Hazard Mitigation The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) provides communities in the San Francisco Bay area with planning and research resources related to land use, housing, environmental and water resource protection, disaster resilience, energy efficiency, hazardous waste mitigation, risk management and financial services. In 2004, ABAG led a regional effort to address hazard mitigation planning for Bay Area jurisdictions. ABAG’s regional template was used by numerous counties and cities to meet federal hazard mitigation planning requirements. The ABAG process enabled individual planning processes to meet local government needs, while pooling resources and eliminating redundant planning efforts. In 2010, ABAG conducted its second regional planning effort. Municipalities that used the 2010 updated ABAG tools to meet federal hazard mitigation planning requirements included the County of Santa Clara and the cities of Campbell, Cupertino, Gilroy, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Los Gatos, Milpitas, Monte Sereno, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, Palo Alto, San José, Santa Clara, Saratoga, and Sunnyvale. ABAG discontinued its full support of the regional planning concept in 2015, so jurisdictions that were covere d under the regional plan must initiate individual or reformed multijurisdictional planning efforts to continue to comply with federal mitigation planning requirements. In 2016, Santa Clara County, the Santa Clara County Fire Department, and all incorporated cities in Santa Clara County teamed together to prepare an updated Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan tailored to the local needs and capabilities of the Santa Clara County Operational Area. The planning partnership developed a new plan from scratch, using lessons learned from the earlier ABAG planning efforts. Compared to previous planning efforts, the plan focused on more localized concerns, newly available data and tools to enhance the risk assessment, considering FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS) for flood insurance, and identifying cost-effective actions. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary x The 2023 Santa Clara County Operational Area Planning Effort In 2022, Santa Clara County reconvened the planning team and a consultant was hired to support the planning process. This allowed participants to focus on ongoing hazard events including multiple atmospheric rivers and a winter storm while ensuring that mitigation planning effort continued moving forward. Additional ways the 2023 plan differs from previous plans includes:  The risk assessment includes further considerations of emerging hazards, like the impact of wildfire smoke, which have recently threatened the OA.  A concentrated effort to ensure plan integration between the County Community Wildfire Protection Plan and County Safety Element of the County General Plan updates as well as other approved plans.  The incorporation of the additional special district planning partners of Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, Santa Clara County Fire Department, and Santa Clara Valley Water District, which are involved in hazard mitigation in the OA.  The plan was developed in accordance with EMAP standards.  The risk assessment has been formatted to provide information on risk and vulnerability that will allow a measurement of cost-effectiveness.  Mitigation goals and objectives and criteria for mitigation action item prioritization have been updated to include climate change, resiliency, and benefits to populations that are underserved and/or socially vulnerable.  The update gave the planning partners an opportunity to engage residents, particularly those who are underserved and/or socially vulnerable and gauge their perception of risk and support for risk reduction through mitigation.  The update also gave planning partners an opportunity to engage community stakeholders, particularly those that assist underserved and/or socially vulnerable and gauge their perception of risk and support for risk reduction through mitigation.  Climate change has been added as a hazard for the planning area.  Each planning partner has a minimum of one mitigation action per a hazard that can impact them.  Expanded information about planning partner participation and compliance in the National Flood Insurance Program. Plan Development Approach Phase 1: Schedule of Work A Core Planning Team consisting of staff from the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management, Office of Sustainability, and Department of Planning and Development, and a contract consultant, Innovative Emergency Management (IEM), was assembled to facilitate the update of this plan. This team then formed a planning partnership with local governments, special districts, and other County departments within the OA. Planning partners were also requested to identify additional stakeholders, both internal and external to their community or organization, were invited to participate in the planning process. Some of types of stakeholders identified by partners included representatives from academia, nonprofits, businesses, and other agencies involved in Hazard Mitigation like the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES). The Core Planning Team oversaw the plan update, compliance with FEMA hazard mitigation planning guidelines, and the plan update schedule. Stakeholders were frequently engaged through meetings, one-on-one calls, and emails including meeting notes to ensure they understood their role in the plan update. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary xi The plan schedule was updated to reflect the needs of the stakeholders and committing priorities as multiple disaster events occurred during the update process. This phase also included a review of the existing MJHMP, the current and draft California statewide hazard mitigation plan, and other existing programs and resources that support hazard mitigation actions in the OA. Phase 2: Determine the Planning Area and Resources The scale of the plan can determine the level of detail that may be included. In this case, the County lead a county-wide planning effort. Planning partners were provided the space to input even more localized data in their sections of the plan as well. New and updated resources and data sources were identified throughout the planning process. FEMA’s Hazus tool for natural hazard analysis was utilized where possible to assess risk and estimated building damage impacts. Phase 3: Build the Planning Team The Core Planning Team invited stakeholders to participate in a series of planning meetings on each of the components of the planning process. After each meeting, planning partners had the opportunity to add their input through forms such as Capability Assessment, Risk Assessment and Mitigation Project Worksheet. The planning team update was additionally supported by input from the public. This input was garnered through several collaborative public meetings, a digital survey, and the utilization of social media and a project website. Phase 4: Create an Outreach Strategy The opportunity for public participation is an important step of the hazard mitigation planning process. For this plan update, the Core Planning Team developed and implemented a whole community, multi-lingual, in-person, and virtual approach to public outreach. Since the County was already working on updating the County’s Safety Element, which includes different but similar hazard risk and disaster response and recovery considerations, the two planning teams collaborated to share information on th is Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP). Two in-person listening sessions were held and one virtual town hall meeting was held to inform the public about the Safety Element and MJHMP update and to garner feedback about hazards of concern and levels of preparedness in the community. The Santa Clara County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) was also being updated simultaneously with the MJHMP, and the two project teams collaborated to share information. Four in- person meetings were held to share information about the CWPP and MJHMP and solicit feedback from the public about the plans. The County and planning partners also requested public participation through a digital survey posted on the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management’s website available in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Tagalog. This survey received almost 600 responses. Finally, the public was provided the opportunity to review and provide input on the draft MJHMP. Phase 5: Review Community Capabilities A thorough understanding of community capabilities can help decision makers identify feasible hazard mitigation actions. The planning team evaluated each jurisdiction ’s existing authorities, policies, programs, and resources including staff and funding resources. Applicable opportunities to expand upon on and improve these policies and programs were identified in the Mitigation Strategy. The main point of contact for each planning partner successfully engaged and utilized their planning teams as subject matter experts and planning support throughout the MJHMP process. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary xii Phase 6: Risk Assessment Risk assessment is the process of measuring the potential loss of life resulting from natural hazards, as well as personal injury, economic injury, and property damage, in order to determine the vulnerability of people, buildings, and infrastructure to natural hazards. The risk assessment provides the scientific basis for mitigation actions. It begins with hazard identification and profiling. Each ha zard that may impact the planning area was profiled utilizing the best available data from local, state, and federal resources including other plans, studies, and databases. Each hazard profile includes risk information such as the location, extent, previous occurrences, future probability of each hazard, and estimated cost of potential damage. Furthermore, a vulnerability assessment was incorporated into each profile to show the expected impacts on people, buildings, critical infrastructure, and future development. The role of climate change and potential cascading impacts is also described. As part of a comprehensive risk assessment, planning partners used a hazard risk index to evaluate the probability of occurrence, potential life impact, property impact, percentage of planning area impacted, and extent for each applicable hazard. The overall hazard risk index results based on an average of partner indices is shown in Table 1. These results show which hazards pose the highest overall risk to the Operational Area. Table 1: Average Overall Hazard Risk Index Results Hazard Risk Order Hazard Average Overall Hazard Risk Index Result 1 Earthquake 2.13 2 Wildfire, wildfire smoke, and air quality 1.71 3 Heavy precipitation, heavy winds, extreme temperatures 1.45 4 Drought 1.25 5 Climate change, including sea-level rise 1.19 6 Dam and levee failure .83 7 Flood .79 8 Landslide and mass movement .41 9 Tsunami .03 Based on the average overall hazard risk index results from planning partner risk indices:  The earthquake hazard has the highest risk results, followed by wildfire/smoke/air quality.  The inclement weather, drought, climate change hazards were a moderate risk to the Operational Area.  The dam failure, flood, and landslide/mass movement hazards were a lower risk to the Operational Area.  The tsunami hazard poses the lowest risk to the Operational Area, as not all planning partners can be impacted by this hazard due to geographic location. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary xiii Phase 7: Develop a Mitigation Strategy The Mitigation Strategy is often referred to as the heart of the plan, or the blueprint for breaking the cycle of disaster response and recovery. A risk-based, capabilities-informed mitigation strategy outlines the framework for short-term and long-term community resilience. A guiding principle as well as overarching goals and objectives were established for the Mitigation Strategy. In order to facilitate this important part of the plan update, a Mitigation Projects Working Group was convened. This group wa s responsible for coming up with suggestions for mitigation actions and reviewing and updating the 2017 Goals and Objectives to align with the changed hazard landscape and the new guidelines. Other plans previously approved by the planning partners were also evaluated for potential mitigation actions. Planning partners then assessed their mitigation actions from the past plan and updated them where needed as well as developed new mitigation actions. These actions were then compiled in their annexes in an ac tion plan which included information on the time, cost, funding source, and lead agency. Phase 8: Draft Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan with Public Input and Maintenance Procedures The Core Planning Team and Working Group assembled a document to meet federal hazard mitigation planning requirements for all partners. The updated plan contains two volumes. Volume 1 contains components that apply to all partners and the broader Operational Area and the unincorporated areas of the County. Volume 2 contains all components that are planning partner specific. Each planning partner has a dedicated annex in Volume 2. A plan maintenance strategy which included annual progress reporting, a strategy for continued public involvement, a commitment to plan integration with other relevant plans and programs, and a recommitment from the planning partnership to actively maintain the plan over the five-year performance period. The Planning Team and the pu blic were each provided opportunities to review the draft plan and inputs were incorporated into the final draft. Phase 9: Develop and Adopt Final Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan The final draft will be submitted to Cal OES and FEMA for approval. Once pre-adoption approval has been granted by the California Office of Emergency Services and FEMA Region 9, the final adoption phase will begin. Each planning partner will individually adopt the updated plan. Plan implementation will occur over the next five years as the planning partners begins to implement the countywide and jurisdiction-specific actions identified in this plan. Each planning partner main point of contact is responsible for the maintenance of their annex and partner-specific information in this MJHMP. This includes documenting successes and lessons learned, researching new or updated data, laws, policies, regulations, or initiatives t hat can contribute to future iterations of the MJHMP, reviewing potential funding availability, and monitoring and tracking the progress of action items identified in their annex and submitting a status summary to the County ’s project manager annually. Mitigation Goals and Objectives Hazard mitigation plans must identify goals for reducing long-term vulnerabilities to identified hazards (44 CFR Section 201.6(c)(3)(i)). A guiding principle, a set of goals and measurable objectives for this plan were reviewed and approved by the larger Planning Team based on data from the preliminary risk assessment and updates to mitigation priorities since the previous MJHMP. The guiding principle, goals, objectives, and actions in this plan all support each other. Goals were selected to support the gui ding principle. Objectives were selected that met multiple goals. Actions were prioritized based on the action meeting multiple objectives. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary xiv Guiding Principle A guiding principle focuses the range of objectives and actions to be considered. This is not a goal because it does not describe a hazard mitigation outcome, and it is broader than a hazard -specific objective. The guiding principle for this MJHMP is as follows: To equitably reduce risk and increase resilience by establishing and promoting a comprehensive mitigation program and efforts to protect the Whole Community and environment from identified natural and human- induced hazards. Goals The following are the mitigation goals for this plan: 1. Actively develop community awareness, understanding, and interest in hazard mitigation and empower the Operational Area to engage in the shaping of associated mitigation policies and programs. 2. Minimize potential for loss of life, injury, social impacts, and dislocation due to hazards. 3. Minimize potential for damage to property, economic impacts, and unusual public expense due to hazards. 4. Minimize likelihood and impact of hazards causing environmental damage or damaging open space/nature preserves in the County and preserving ecological connectivity in the region and by working with residents to help build community capacity to respond and adapt to hazards and emergencies. 5. Effectively deliver essential information to the whole community that promotes personal preparedness and includes advice to reduce personal vulnerability to hazards. 6. Encourage programs and projects that promote community resiliency by maintaining the functionality of critical Operational Area resources, facilities, and infrastructure. 7. Pursue feasible, cost-effective, grant eligible, and environmentally sound hazard mitigation measures. 8. Increase adaptive capacity to reduce risk from hazard impacts that stem from a changing climate. 9. Remove barriers for local governments to access mitigation funding (broad vs. specific) and reduce the administrative pain points to recipient agencies during the project deployment and auditing phases. The effectiveness of a mitigation strategy is assessed by determining how well these goals are achieved. Objectives Each selected objective meets multiple goals, serving as a stand-alone measurement of the effectiveness of a mitigation action, rather than as a subset of a goal. The objectives also are used to help establish priorities and have been reviewed and approved by the Mitigation Strategy Working Group, and the larger Planning Team. The objectives are as follows: 1. Establish and maintain partnerships in the identification and implementation of mitigation measures in the Operational Area. 2. Implement hazard mitigation programs and projects that protect life, property, and the environment. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Executive Summary xv 3. Develop and provide updated information about threats, hazards, vulnerabilities, and mitigation strategies to state, regional, and local agencies, as well as private sector groups, community - based organizations, and non-profits. 4. Improve understanding of the locations, potential impacts, and linkages among threats, hazards, vulnerability, and measures needed to protect life, property, and the environment. 5. Encourage the incorporation of mitigation best management measures into plans, codes, and other regulatory standards for public, private, and non-governmental entities within the Operational Area. 6. Inform the public on the risk exposure to natural hazards and ways to increase the public ’s capability to prevent, prepare, respond, recover, and mitigate impacts of these events. 7. Advance community and natural environment sustainability and resilience to future impacts through preparation and implementation of state, regional, and local projects. 8. Reduce repetitive property losses from all hazards. 9. Where feasible and cost-effective, encourage property protection measures for vulnerable structures located in hazard areas. 10. Improve the process on how public agencies select systems that provide warning and emergency communications for a broad array of agencies. This includes improving the selection process and ensuring warning and emergency communications processes are effective and accessible. 11. Partner with educational institutions that provide research, case studies and the like to help bolster agency communication that demonstrates the value of hazard mitigation. Implementation Full implementation of the recommendations of this plan will require time and resources. The measure of the plan’s success will be its ability to adapt to changing conditions. The County of Santa Clara and its planning partners will assume responsibility for adopting the recommendations of this plan and committing resources toward implementation. The framework established by this plan commits all planning partners to pursue actions when the benefits of a project exceed its costs. The planning partnership developed this plan with extensive public input, and public support of the actions identified in this plan will help ensure the plan’s success. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xvi Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why Prepare This Plan? ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 The Big Picture .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Purposes for Planning ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Who Will Benefit from This Plan?.............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Contents of This Plan ................................................................................................................. 3 1.3.1 Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP)........................................................ 3 2 Plan Update: What Has Changed ........................................................................................................ 4 2.1 The Previous Plan ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Why Update? ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Federal Eligibility ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Plan Integration ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Changes in Development .......................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Why Update? — What is Different? ........................................................................................... 6 3 Planning for Climate Change and Equitable Outcomes ................................................................. 10 4 Plan Update Approach ....................................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Grant Funding............................................................................................................................ 12 4.2 Formation of the Core Planning Team .................................................................................... 12 4.3 Defining Stakeholders .............................................................................................................. 13 4.4 Establishment of the Planning Partnership ........................................................................... 17 4.5 Defining the Planning Area ...................................................................................................... 21 4.6 Review of Existing Programs................................................................................................... 21 4.7 Public Involvement ................................................................................................................... 22 4.7.1 Strategy ................................................................................................................................... 22 4.7.2 Public Involvement Results ..................................................................................................... 27 4.8 Plan Development Chronology and Milestones ..................................................................... 31 5 Santa Clara County Operational Area Profile .................................................................................. 33 5.1 Geographic Overview ............................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Historical Overview ................................................................................................................... 33 5.3 Major Past Hazard Events ........................................................................................................ 35 5.4 Physical Setting ........................................................................................................................ 36 5.4.1 Geology and Topography ........................................................................................................ 36 5.4.2 Soils ......................................................................................................................................... 36 5.4.3 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 37 5.5 Development Profile ................................................................................................................. 38 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xvii 5.5.1 Land Use ................................................................................................................................. 38 5.5.2 Critical Facilities, Infrastructure, and Assets ........................................................................... 38 5.5.3 Future Trends in Development ................................................................................................ 41 5.6 Demographics ........................................................................................................................... 42 5.6.1 Population ............................................................................................................................... 42 5.6.2 Age Distribution ....................................................................................................................... 43 5.6.3 Race, Ethnicity, and Language ............................................................................................... 45 5.6.4 Education ................................................................................................................................ 45 5.6.5 Individuals with Disabilities or with Access or Functional Needs ............................................ 46 5.6.6. Social Vulnerability ..................................................................................................................... 46 5.7 Economy .................................................................................................................................... 49 5.7.1 Income ..................................................................................................................................... 49 5.8 Industry, Businesses, and Institutions ................................................................................... 50 5.8.1 Employment Trends and Occupations .................................................................................... 50 5.9 Laws and Ordinances ............................................................................................................... 52 5.9.1 Federal .................................................................................................................................... 52 5.9.2 State ........................................................................................................................................ 60 5.9.3 Local ........................................................................................................................................ 67 6 Identified Hazards of Concern and Risk Assessment .................................................................... 70 6.1 Identified Hazards of Concern ................................................................................................. 70 6.2 Hazard Risk Index ..................................................................................................................... 71 6.2.1 Average Overall Hazard Risk Index Results ........................................................................... 74 6.3 Risk Assessment Tools ............................................................................................................ 74 6.3.1 Mapping ................................................................................................................................... 74 6.3.2 Hazus ...................................................................................................................................... 75 6.4 Risk Assessment Approach ..................................................................................................... 75 6.4.1 Earthquake and Flood ............................................................................................................. 76 6.4.2 Drought .................................................................................................................................... 77 6.4.3 All Other Assessed Hazards ................................................................................................... 77 6.5 EMAP Consequence Analysis ................................................................................................. 77 6.6 Sources of Data Used in Hazus Modeling .............................................................................. 78 6.6.1 Building and Cost Data ........................................................................................................... 78 6.6.2 Hazus Data Inputs ................................................................................................................... 78 6.6.3 Other Local Hazard Data ........................................................................................................ 78 6.6.4 Data Source Summary ............................................................................................................ 79 6.7 Limitations ................................................................................................................................. 80 7 Earthquake .......................................................................................................................................... 82 7.1 General Background ................................................................................................................. 82 7.1.1 Damage from Earthquakes ..................................................................................................... 83 7.1.2 Earthquake Classifications ...................................................................................................... 83 7.1.3 Ground Motion ......................................................................................................................... 85 7.1.4 Effect of Soil Types ................................................................................................................. 87 7.2 Hazard Profile ............................................................................................................................ 88 7.2.1 Past Events ............................................................................................................................. 88 7.2.2 Location ................................................................................................................................... 90 7.2.3 ShakeMaps ............................................................................................................................. 94 7.2.4 Frequency ............................................................................................................................. 100 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xviii 7.2.5 Severity ................................................................................................................................. 101 7.2.6 Warning Time ........................................................................................................................ 102 7.3 Cascading Impacts ................................................................................................................. 103 7.4 Exposure .................................................................................................................................. 103 7.4.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 103 7.4.2 Property ................................................................................................................................. 104 7.4.3 Loss Potential ........................................................................................................................ 104 7.4.4 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 108 7.4.5 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 109 7.5 Vulnerability ............................................................................................................................. 109 7.5.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 110 7.5.2 Property ................................................................................................................................. 111 7.5.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 112 7.5.4 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 116 7.5.5 Economic Impact ................................................................................................................... 116 7.6 Future Trends in Development .............................................................................................. 117 7.7 Scenario ................................................................................................................................... 118 7.8 Issues ....................................................................................................................................... 119 8 Wildfire ............................................................................................................................................... 122 8.1 General Background ............................................................................................................... 122 8.2 Hazard Profile .......................................................................................................................... 123 8.2.1 Past Events ........................................................................................................................... 123 8.2.2 Location ................................................................................................................................. 126 8.2.3 Frequency ............................................................................................................................. 131 8.2.4 Severity and Impacts ............................................................................................................. 133 8.2.5 Warning Time ........................................................................................................................ 134 8.3 Cascading Impacts ................................................................................................................. 134 8.3.1 Smoke and Air Quality .......................................................................................................... 136 8.4 Exposure .................................................................................................................................. 137 8.4.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 137 8.4.2 Property ................................................................................................................................. 139 8.4.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 140 8.4.4 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 142 8.5 Vulnerability ............................................................................................................................. 143 8.5.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 143 8.5.2 Property ................................................................................................................................. 144 8.5.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 146 8.5.4 Wildlife and Livestock ............................................................................................................ 146 8.6 Future Trends in Development .............................................................................................. 146 8.7 Scenario ................................................................................................................................... 147 8.8 Issues ....................................................................................................................................... 148 9 Inclement Weather ............................................................................................................................ 150 9.1 General Background ............................................................................................................... 150 9.1.1 Heavy Precipitation/Atmospheric River ................................................................................. 150 9.1.2 Extreme Temperatures ......................................................................................................... 154 9.1.3 High Winds ............................................................................................................................ 156 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xix 9.1.4 Space Weather ...................................................................................................................... 159 9.2 Hazard Profile .......................................................................................................................... 163 9.2.1 Past Events ........................................................................................................................... 163 9.2.2 Location ................................................................................................................................. 169 9.2.3 Frequency ............................................................................................................................. 169 9.2.4 Severity ................................................................................................................................. 169 9.2.5 Warning Time ........................................................................................................................ 170 9.3 Cascading Impacts ................................................................................................................. 170 9.4 Exposure .................................................................................................................................. 170 9.4.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 170 9.4.2 Property ................................................................................................................................. 171 9.4.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ....................................................................................... 171 9.5 Vulnerability ............................................................................................................................. 171 9.5.1 Population ............................................................................................................................. 172 9.5.2 Property, Critical Facilities, Infrastructure ............................................................................. 172 9.5.3 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 173 9.5.4 Economy ............................................................................................................................... 173 9.6 Future Trends in Development, Scenario, Issues................................................................ 174 9.7 Issues ....................................................................................................................................... 174 9.8 Consequence Analysis ........................................................................................................... 174 10 Drought ........................................................................................................................................ 176 10.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 176 10.1.1 Monitoring and Categorizing Drought ................................................................................ 176 10.1.2 Normal Precipitation in California ...................................................................................... 178 10.1.3 Water Supply Strategy ...................................................................................................... 179 10.1.4 Water Supply Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 181 10.2 Hazard Profile ...................................................................................................................... 183 10.2.1 Past Events ....................................................................................................................... 183 10.2.2 Location ............................................................................................................................. 187 10.2.3 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 187 10.2.4 Warning Time .................................................................................................................... 188 10.2.5 Extent ................................................................................................................................ 188 10.2.6 Severity and Impacts ......................................................................................................... 189 10.2.7 Responses to Recent Drought .......................................................................................... 191 10.3 Cascading Hazards ............................................................................................................. 192 10.3.1 Drought and Wildfire ......................................................................................................... 192 10.3.2 Drought and Extreme Heat ............................................................................................... 192 10.3.3 Drought and Flooding ........................................................................................................ 192 10.3.4 Drought and Landslides .................................................................................................... 193 10.4 Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................... 193 10.4.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 194 10.4.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 195 10.4.3 Critical Facilities ................................................................................................................ 195 10.4.4 Environmental Impact ....................................................................................................... 195 10.4.5 Economic Impact ............................................................................................................... 198 10.5 Future Trends in Development .......................................................................................... 198 10.6 Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 199 10.7 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 199 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xx 11 Climate Change ........................................................................................................................... 201 11.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 201 11.1.1 Climate Change Indicators ................................................................................................ 203 11.1.2 Projected Future Impacts .................................................................................................. 204 11.1.3 How Climate Change Impacts Hazard Mitigation ............................................................. 207 11.2 Responses to Climate Change .......................................................................................... 210 11.3 Vulnerability Assessment – Hazards of Concern ............................................................ 211 11.3.1 Earthquake ........................................................................................................................ 211 11.3.2 Wildfire .............................................................................................................................. 212 11.3.3 Inclement Weather ............................................................................................................ 213 11.3.4 Drought .............................................................................................................................. 214 11.3.5 Dam and Levee Failure ..................................................................................................... 216 11.3.6 Flood ................................................................................................................................. 217 11.3.7 Landslide ........................................................................................................................... 219 11.3.8 Tsunami ............................................................................................................................. 219 11.3.9 Extreme Temperatures ..................................................................................................... 220 11.3.10 Sea Level Rise .................................................................................................................. 222 11.4 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 227 12 Dam and Levee Failure ............................................................................................................... 229 12.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 229 12.2 Causes of Dam and Levee Failure ..................................................................................... 229 12.2.1 Causes of Dam Failure ..................................................................................................... 229 12.2.2 Causes of Levee Failure ................................................................................................... 230 12.3 Hazard Profiles .................................................................................................................... 230 12.3.1 Past Dam Failure Events .................................................................................................. 230 12.3.2 Dam Location and Extent .................................................................................................. 234 12.3.3 Levee Location .................................................................................................................. 236 12.3.4 Frequency of Dam and Levee Failure ............................................................................... 245 12.3.5 Severity ............................................................................................................................. 245 12.3.6 Warning Time for Dam Failure .......................................................................................... 245 12.3.7 Warning Time for Levee Failure ........................................................................................ 246 12.4 Exposure .............................................................................................................................. 247 12.4.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 247 12.4.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 247 12.4.3 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 247 12.5 Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................... 247 12.5.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 248 12.5.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 249 12.5.3 Critical Facilities ................................................................................................................ 249 12.5.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 249 12.6 Cascading Hazards ............................................................................................................. 251 12.7 Regulatory Oversight for Dams ......................................................................................... 251 12.7.1 National Dam Safety Act ................................................................................................... 251 12.7.2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Dam Safety Program ....................................................... 251 12.7.3 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Dam Safety Program ....................................... 251 12.7.4 State of California .............................................................................................................. 252 12.7.5 Santa Clara Valley Water District ...................................................................................... 253 12.7.6 Regulatory Oversight for Levees ...................................................................................... 254 12.8 Future Trends in Development .......................................................................................... 254 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxi 12.9 Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 254 12.10 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 254 12.11 Consequence Analysis ....................................................................................................... 255 13 Flood ............................................................................................................................................. 257 13.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 257 13.1.1 Measuring Floods and Floodplains ................................................................................... 258 13.1.2 Floodplain Ecosystems ..................................................................................................... 258 13.1.3 Effects of Human Activities ............................................................................................... 259 13.1.4 Federal Flood Programs ................................................................................................... 259 13.2 Hazard Profile ...................................................................................................................... 265 13.2.1 Types of Flood-Related Hazards ...................................................................................... 266 13.2.2 Principal Flooding Sources ............................................................................................... 268 13.2.3 Past Events ....................................................................................................................... 269 13.2.4 Location ............................................................................................................................. 273 13.2.5 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 274 13.2.6 Severity ............................................................................................................................. 275 13.2.7 Warning Time .................................................................................................................... 288 13.3 Cascading Impacts ............................................................................................................. 288 13.4 Exposure .............................................................................................................................. 289 13.4.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 289 13.4.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 290 13.4.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 292 13.4.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 296 13.5 Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................... 297 13.5.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 298 13.5.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 300 13.5.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 307 13.5.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 309 13.5.5 Economic Impact ............................................................................................................... 309 13.6 Future Trends in Development .......................................................................................... 310 13.7 Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 310 13.8 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 311 14 Landslide/Mass Movement ......................................................................................................... 313 14.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 313 14.1.1 Landslide Types ................................................................................................................ 313 14.1.2 Landslide Modeling ........................................................................................................... 315 14.1.3 Landslide Causes .............................................................................................................. 316 14.1.4 Landslide Management ..................................................................................................... 317 14.1.5 Land Subsidence Effects .................................................................................................. 317 14.2 Hazard Profile ...................................................................................................................... 318 14.2.1 Past Events ....................................................................................................................... 318 14.2.2 Location ............................................................................................................................. 327 14.2.3 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 330 14.2.4 Severity ............................................................................................................................. 330 14.2.5 Warning Time .................................................................................................................... 330 14.3 Cascading Impacts ............................................................................................................. 331 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxii 14.4 Exposure .............................................................................................................................. 331 14.4.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 331 14.4.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 332 14.4.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 333 14.4.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 336 14.5 Vulnerability ......................................................................................................................... 336 14.5.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 336 14.5.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 337 14.5.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure ................................................................................... 337 14.5.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 338 14.6 Future Trends in Development .......................................................................................... 338 14.7 Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 338 14.8 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 338 15 Tsunami ........................................................................................................................................ 341 15.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 341 15.1.1 Tsunami ............................................................................................................................. 341 15.1.2 Seiche ............................................................................................................................... 343 15.2 Hazard Profile ...................................................................................................................... 343 15.2.1 Past Events ....................................................................................................................... 343 15.2.2 Location ............................................................................................................................. 343 15.2.3 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 344 15.2.4 Severity ............................................................................................................................. 345 15.2.5 Warning Time .................................................................................................................... 345 15.2.6 Extent ................................................................................................................................ 346 15.3 Cascading Impact................................................................................................................ 348 15.4 Exposure and Vulnerability ................................................................................................ 348 15.4.1 Population ......................................................................................................................... 348 15.4.2 Property ............................................................................................................................. 349 15.4.3 Critical Facilities and Infrastructure .................................................................................... 349 15.4.4 Environment ...................................................................................................................... 349 15.5 Future Trends in Development .......................................................................................... 349 15.6 Scenario ............................................................................................................................... 350 15.7 Issues ................................................................................................................................... 350 16 Other Hazards of Interest ........................................................................................................... 353 16.1 General Background ........................................................................................................... 353 16.1.1 EMAP Consequence Analysis .......................................................................................... 354 16.2 Intentional Hazards ............................................................................................................. 355 16.2.1 Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction ................................................................... 355 16.2.2 Active Threat ..................................................................................................................... 361 16.2.3 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 363 16.2.4 Cyber Threats .................................................................................................................... 366 16.2.5 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 369 16.3 Technological Incidents ..................................................................................................... 370 16.3.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 378 16.3.3 Utility Failure, Power Outages, and Public Safety Power Shutoff ..................................... 379 16.3.4 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 382 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxiii 16.4 Epidemic and Pandemic ..................................................................................................... 384 16.4.2 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 391 16.5 Fog ........................................................................................................................................ 392 16.5.1 Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................... 393 16.6 Identified Needs................................................................................................................... 394 16.7 Related Plans ....................................................................................................................... 396 17 Mitigation Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 397 17.1 Goals and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 397 17.1.1 Guiding Principle ............................................................................................................... 397 17.1.2 Goals ................................................................................................................................. 397 17.1.3 Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 398 17.2 Mitigation Alternatives ........................................................................................................ 398 17.3 Santa Clara County 2023 Mitigation Action Plan ............................................................. 411 17.4 Financial Capabilities ......................................................................................................... 430 17.4.1 Federal .............................................................................................................................. 430 17.4.2 State .................................................................................................................................. 437 17.4.3 Local .................................................................................................................................. 440 17.5 Action Plan Prioritization ................................................................................................... 440 17.5.1 Benefit-Cost Review .......................................................................................................... 441 17.6 Plan Adoption ...................................................................................................................... 442 17.7 Plan Maintenance Strategy ................................................................................................ 442 17.8 Plan Implementation ........................................................................................................... 443 17.9 Plan Maintenance Element ................................................................................................. 443 17.9.1 Plan Update ....................................................................................................................... 444 17.9.2 Grant Monitoring and Coordination ................................................................................... 445 17.9.3 Continuing Public Involvement .......................................................................................... 445 17.9.4 Incorporation into Other Planning Mechanisms ................................................................ 446 List of Tables Table 1: Average Overall Hazard Risk Index Results .................................................................................. xii Table 2: Summary of Changes in the 2023 MJHMP .................................................................................... 7 Table 3: External Stakeholders Invited to Be Involved in Planning Process .............................................. 13 Table 4: Planning Partner Main Points of Contact ...................................................................................... 17 Table 5: One-on-One Meetings with Planning Partners ............................................................................. 18 Table 6: Summary of Public Outreach ........................................................................................................ 29 Table 7: Plan Development Chronology and Milestones ............................................................................ 31 Table 8: Presidential Disaster Declarations8F ............................................................................................ 35 Table 9: Normal Precipitation and Temperatures in the Operational Area, 1981 –202210F ....................... 37 Table 10: Unincorporated County Land Use............................................................................................... 38 Table 11: Critical Facilities and Infrastructure in the Operational Area ...................................................... 39 Table 12: Recent Population Data13F ......................................................................................................... 42 Table 13: Hourly Living Wage Calculation for Santa Clara County, California (2022)23F .......................... 49 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxiv Table 14: Probability of Hazards ................................................................................................................. 72 Table 15: Hazard Risk Ranking by Jurisdiction .......................................................................................... 73 Table 16: Average Overall Hazard Risk Index Results ............................................................................... 74 Table 17: Hazus Model Data Documentation ............................................................................................. 79 Table 18: Mercalli Scale and Peak Ground Acceleration Comparison45F.................................................. 87 Table 19: National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program Soil Classification System46F ....................... 87 Table 20: Recent Earthquakes Magnitude 5.0 or Larger Within a 100-Mile Radius of the Operational Area .................................................................................................................................................................... 89 Table 21: Earthquake Probabilities for the San Francisco Bay Area Region, 2014–204368F .................. 101 Table 22: Earthquake Exposure by Jurisdiction........................................................................................ 104 Table 23: Loss Estimates for 100-Year Probabilistic Earthquake............................................................. 105 Table 24: Loss Estimates for 500-Year Probabilistic Earthquake............................................................. 105 Table 25: Loss Estimates for San Andreas Fault Scenario Earthquake ................................................... 106 Table 26: Loss Estimates for Hayward Fault Scenario Earthquake ......................................................... 106 Table 27: Loss Estimates for Calaveras Fault Scenario Earthquake ....................................................... 107 Table 28: Estimated Earthquake-Caused Debris ..................................................................................... 108 Table 29: Number of Critical Facilities Exposed to Earthquakes .............................................................. 109 Table 30: Estimated Earthquake Impact on Persons ............................................................................... 110 Table 31: Age of Structures in Operational Area ...................................................................................... 111 Table 32: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities from 100-Year Earthquake ......................................... 112 Table 33: Essential Facility Functionality in 100-Year Probabilistic Earthquake ...................................... 113 Table 34: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities from 500-Year Earthquake ......................................... 113 Table 35: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities from Hayward Fault .................................................... 113 Table 36: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities from San Andreas Fault ............................................. 114 Table 37: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities from Calaveras ........................................................... 114 Table 38: Damage to Potable Water Systems by Hazus Scenario .......................................................... 116 Table 39: Damage to Waste Water Systems by Hazus Scenario ............................................................ 116 Table 40: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Earthquake .............................................................................. 120 Table 41: Past Wildfire Events .................................................................................................................. 123 Table 42: Record of Fire Affecting Operational Area ................................................................................ 132 Table 43: Population Within Wildfire Hazard Areas .................................................................................. 138 Table 44: Exposure and Value of Structures in Moderate to High Wildfire Hazard Areas ....................... 139 Table 45: Land Within the Wildfire Hazard Classification Areas ............................................................... 140 Table 46: Critical Facilities within Moderate to High Wildfire Hazard Areas ............................................. 141 Table 47: Critical Facilities Within 100 Meters of Moderate to High Wildfire Hazard Areas ..................... 141 Table 48: Loss Estimates for Wildfire within Moderate to High Wildfire Hazard Class ............................. 145 Table 49: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Wildfire .................................................................................... 148 Table 50: NOAA Geomagnetic Storms Space Weather Scale and Potential Effects123F ........................ 160 Table 51: NOAA Solar Radiation Storms Space Weather Scale and Potential Effects 124F .................... 161 Table 52: NOAA Radio Blackouts Space Weather Scale and Potential Effects 125F ............................... 162 Table 53: 2001–2022 Heavy Rain and Hail Events .................................................................................. 163 Table 54: 2001–2022 Extreme Temperature Events ................................................................................ 166 Table 55:2002-2022 High Wind Events .................................................................................................... 167 Table 56: 1951–2022 Tornado Events ...................................................................................................... 168 Table 57: Population by Jurisdiction ......................................................................................................... 171 Table 58: EMAP Consequence Analysis Inclement Weather ................................................................... 174 Table 59: U.S. Department of Agriculture Disaster Declarations Including Santa Clara County, 2017 – 2022 .......................................................................................................................................................... 187 Table 60: Recent Federal and State Drought Responses ........................................................................ 191 Table 61: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Drought ................................................................................... 199 Table 62: Average Maximum Temperature – Santa Clara County187F.................................................... 205 Table 63: Number of Extreme Heat Days Per Year (Heat Is above 92.7 oF) Santa Clara County188F... 206 Table 64: Average Annual Precipitation – Santa Clara County189F ......................................................... 206 Table 65: Potential Direct and Related Climate Change Impacts in the Operational Area ...................... 208 Table 66: Climate Change Impacts on Natural and Other Hazards ......................................................... 209 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxv Table 67: Wildfire – Projected Santa Clara County Acres Burned ........................................................... 212 Table 68: Population and Buildings at Risk – Santa Clara County ........................................................... 213 Table 69: Silicon Valley 2.0 Santa Clara County Sea Level Rise Projections and Inundation Layers ..... 222 Table 70: Estimated Population Residing in Sea Level Rise Inundation Areas ....................................... 223 Table 71: Structure Type in Sea Level Rise Inundation Areas ................................................................. 224 Table 72: Structure and Contents Value in Sea Level Rise Inundation Areas ......................................... 225 Table 73: Structure and Contents Value in Sea Level Rise Inundation Areas, Unincorporated Santa Clara County ....................................................................................................................................................... 225 Table 74: Critical Facilities in Sea Level Rise Inundation Areas ............................................................... 226 Table 75: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Climate Change ...................................................................... 227 Table 76: Dams Classified as a High Hazard or an Extremely High Hazard Risk 217F,218F.................... 231 Table 77: Levees in Santa Clara County 224F .......................................................................................... 238 Table 78: Potential Downstream Hazard from Dams225F ........................................................................ 245 Table 79: Estimated Exposure and Value of Structures in the Dam Failure Inundation Area .................. 247 Table 80: Population in Dam Inundation Area .......................................................................................... 248 Table 81: Value of Exposed Structures in the Dam Inundation Area by Jurisdiction ............................... 250 Table 82: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Dam Failure ............................................................................ 255 Table 83: NFIP Status in the Operational Area ........................................................................................ 261 Table 84: CRS Community Status in the Operational Area246F ............................................................... 264 Table 85: History of Flood Events257F, 258F ............................................................................................. 270 Table 86: Crop Insurance Claims Paid from Excessive Moisture and Flood, 2003 -2022259F ................. 272 Table 87: Summary of Peak Discharges Within the Operational Area260F .............................................. 275 Table 88: Population Within the 10-Percent, 1-Percent, and 0.2-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Areas ......................................................................................................................................................... 289 Table 89: Value of Structures in the 10-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area .............................. 290 Table 90: Value of Structures in the 1-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area ................................ 291 Table 91: Value of Structures in the 0.2-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area ............................. 292 Table 92: Critical Facilities in the 10-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area .................................. 293 Table 93: Critical Facilities in the 1-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area .................................... 293 Table 94: Critical Facilities in the 0.2-Percent Annual Chance Flood Hazard Area ................................. 294 Table 95: Habitats Expected to Be Impacted by Riverine Flooding265F .................................................. 296 Table 96: Estimated Flood Impact on Persons ......................................................................................... 298 Table 97: Loss Estimates for 10-Percent-Annual-Chance Flood.............................................................. 300 Table 98: Loss Estimates for 1-Percent-Annual-Chance Flood ................................................................ 301 Table 99: Loss Estimates for 0.2-Percent-Annual-Chance Flood............................................................. 302 Table 100: Estimated Flood-Caused Debris ............................................................................................. 303 Table 101: Flood Insurance Statistics268F ................................................................................................ 304 Table 102: Date of Floodplain Management Regulation Adoption ........................................................... 305 Table 103: Repetitive Loss Properties ...................................................................................................... 306 Table 104: Substantial Damage/Substantial Improvement Implementation ............................................. 307 Table 105: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities and Infrastructure from the 10% Annual Chance Flood .................................................................................................................................................................. 307 Table 106: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities and Infrastructure from the 1% Annual Chance Flood .................................................................................................................................................................. 308 Table 107: Estimated Damage to Critical Facilities and Infrastructure from the 0.2% Annual Chance Flood .................................................................................................................................................................. 308 Table 108: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Flood ..................................................................................... 312 Table 109: Landslide Events in Santa Clara County277F, 278F, 279F, 280F, 281F ....................................... 319 Table 110: Population Exposed to Landslide Hazard ............................................................................... 331 Table 111: Exposure and Value of Structures in Moderate to High Landslide Risk Areas ...................... 332 Table 112: Acreage in Moderate to High Landslide Hazard Areas .......................................................... 333 Table 113: Critical Facilities and Infrastructure in Moderate to Very High Landslide Risk Areas ............. 335 Table 114: Loss Potential Based on All Building Stock in Aggregated Landslide Areas .......................... 337 Table 115: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Landslide/Mass Movement ................................................... 339 Table 116: Tsunami Intensity Scale297F ................................................................................................... 346 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxvi Table 117: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Tsunami ................................................................................ 351 Table 118: EMAP Consequence Analysis: Other Hazards of Interest ..................................................... 354 Table 119: Event Profiles for Terrorism301F ............................................................................................. 357 Table 120: Santa Clara County Hazardous Materials Spills 2019–2022323F .......................................... 372 Table 121: Corrosion Type........................................................................................................................ 375 Table 122: Leak Classifications ................................................................................................................ 377 Table 123: Electric Providers in Santa Clara County330F ........................................................................ 381 Table 124: Power Shutoffs Statewide331F ................................................................................................ 382 Table 125: COVID-19 Cases Countywide and by City of Residence336F ................................................ 386 Table 126: Disease Outbreaks Identified in Santa Clara County, 2018–2022343F .................................. 387 Table 127: Alternatives to Mitigate the Dam and Levee Failure Hazard .................................................. 399 Table 128: Alternatives to Mitigate the Drought Hazard ........................................................................... 400 Table 129: Alternatives to Mitigate the Earthquake Hazard ..................................................................... 401 Table 130: Alternatives to Mitigate the Flooding Hazard .......................................................................... 403 Table 131: Alternatives to Mitigate the Landslide/Mass Movement Hazard ............................................. 406 Table 132: Alternatives to Mitigate the Inclement Weather Hazard.......................................................... 407 Table 133: Alternatives to Mitigate the Tsunami Hazard .......................................................................... 408 Table 134: Alternatives to Mitigate the Wildfire Hazard ............................................................................ 410 Table 135: County of Santa Clara 2023 Action Items ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 136: FEMA Mitigation Funding Sources ......................................................................................... 431 Table 137: Additional Federal Funding Sources ....................................................................................... 434 Table 138: State Mitigation Funding Sources ........................................................................................... 437 Table 139: Plan Maintenance Matrix ........................................................................................................ 443 Table 140: Survey Results Level of Hazard Concern ............................................................................... A-2 Table 141: Level of Concern for Climate Change Impacts ....................................................................... A-2 Table 142: Types of Stakeholders Represented ....................................................................................... A-3 Table 143: Public Comments .................................................................................................................... A-3 Table 144: General Feedback Received ................................................................................................ A-16 List of Figures Figure 1: Planning Partners Meeting .......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2: Planning Partners Mitigation Strategy Meeting ........................................................................... 21 Figure 3: Picture of Public Survey Announcement ..................................................................................... 23 Figure 4: Public Survey Media Announcement ........................................................................................... 24 Figure 5: City of Campbell Social Media Outreach ..................................................................................... 25 Figure 6: Hazard Exposure and Social Vulnerability Map for Santa Clara Valley ...................................... 27 Figure 7: Public and Stakeholder Meeting with 99 Participants .................................................................. 28 Figure 8: Public and Stakeholder Meeting with 104 Participants ................................................................ 29 Figure 9: Samples of Public Comment Period Advertisements .................................................................. 30 Figure 10: Santa Clara County Operational Area (Planning Area) ............................................................. 34 Figure 11: Critical Facilities in the Operational Area ................................................................................... 40 Figure 12: Critical Infrastructure in the Operational Area ........................................................................... 41 Figure 13: Overall Age Distribution in the Operational Area17F ................................................................. 44 Figure 14: Race Distribution in the Operational Area19F ............................................................................ 45 Figure 15: Santa Clara County Social Vulnerability Index .......................................................................... 47 Figure 16: Social Vulnerability Index Themes ............................................................................................. 48 Figure 17: Industry in Santa Clara County .................................................................................................. 50 Figure 18: Occupations in Santa Clara County........................................................................................... 51 Figure 19: California and Santa Clara County Unemployment Rate27F ..................................................... 52 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxvii Figure 20: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale42F .......................................................................................... 85 Figure 21: Peak Acceleration (%g) with 10% Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years 44F .......................... 86 Figure 22: Historic Earthquakes in the Operational Area ........................................................................... 90 Figure 23: Significant Known Faults in the Bay Area 56F ............................................................................ 92 Figure 24: 500-Year Probabilistic Earthquake Scenario Peak Ground Acceleration.................................. 94 Figure 25: Hayward Magnitude 7.0 Fault Scenario Peak Ground Acceleration ......................................... 96 Figure 26: Calaveras Magnitude 7.0 Fault Scenario Peak Ground Acceleration ....................................... 97 Figure 27: San Andreas Magnitude 7.8 Fault Scenario Peak Ground Acceleration ................................... 98 Figure 28: Liquefaction Susceptibility ......................................................................................................... 99 Figure 29: Peak Ground Acceleration with 10-percent Probability of Exceedance in 50 Years ............... 102 Figure 30: Highway Bridge Percentage Damage Exceeds Moderate: Calaveras Scenario ..................... 115 Figure 31: Hayward Fault Earthquake Scenario80F .................................................................................. 119 Figure 32: Air Tanker Dropping Fire Retardant on Lick Fire in Santa Clara County 86F ........................... 126 Figure 33: Fire Hazard Severity Zones (FSHZ) ........................................................................................ 128 Figure 34: Classified Wildfire Hazard ........................................................................................................ 130 Figure 35: Wildfire Risk to Structures ....................................................................................................... 131 Figure 36: Burned Hillslopes above Pulse Canyon near San Antonio Valley, SCU Lightning Complex, Santa Clara County94F ............................................................................................................................. 133 Figure 37: Post Fire Soil Erosion Potential ............................................................................................... 135 Figure 38: NOAA Atlas Intensity - Santa Clara, California ........................................................................ 151 Figure 39: Thunderstorm Life Cycle113F .................................................................................................. 153 Figure 40: National Weather Service Wind Chill Chart ............................................................................. 154 Figure 41: Winter Storm Severity Index .................................................................................................... 155 Figure 42: National Weather Service Heat Index Chart117F .................................................................... 156 Figure 43: National Weather Service Heat Index Classifications and Corresponding Effects on the Body118F ................................................................................................................................................... 156 Figure 44: The Beaufort Wind Scale121F .................................................................................................. 158 Figure 45: Palmer Drought Index from January 1, 2005, to May 20, 2023129F ....................................... 177 Figure 46: Palmer Hydrological Drought Index from January 1, 2005, to May 20, 2023130F .................. 177 Figure 47: Santa Clara Valley Water District System Water Supply 144F ................................................. 182 Figure 48: Hetch Hetchy Water System146F ............................................................................................ 183 Figure 49: U.S. Drought Monitor Time Series California 2000-2023 ........................................................ 188 Figure 50: U.S. Drought Monitory Map of California ................................................................................. 189 Figure 51: Reported Number of Drought Impacts by Category156F ......................................................... 190 Figure 52: CMRA Drought Hazard: Days without Precipitation Indicator for Santa Clara County ........... 194 Figure 53: Tier 1 Tree Mortality High Hazard Zones162F ......................................................................... 197 Figure 54: Tier 2 Tree Mortality High Hazard Zones163F ......................................................................... 197 Figure 55: Global Temperature 1880-2022171F ....................................................................................... 202 Figure 56: Global Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Over Time 174F .......................................................... 203 Figure 57: Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health190F ................................................................. 207 Figure 58: Location of Dams Impacting Santa Clara County221F ............................................................ 235 Figure 59: Dam Inundation Depth Grids ................................................................................................... 236 Figure 60: Levees in Santa Clara County223F .......................................................................................... 237 Figure 61: Risk Rating 2.0: Project Premium Changes for Santa Clara County244F ............................... 263 Figure 62: CRS Communities by Class Nationwide as of October 2022245F .......................................... 264 Figure 63: Watersheds in the Operational Area256F ................................................................................ 269 Figure 64: Mapped Flood Hazard Areas in the Operational Area ............................................................. 274 Figure 65: 100-Year Floodplain Area Land Cover266F ............................................................................. 297 Figure 66: Common Types of Landslides ................................................................................................. 314 Figure 67: Typical Debris Avalanche Scar and Track 272F ....................................................................... 315 Figure 68: A Santa Clara County Debris Flow Triggered by Winter Storms Following the Loma Fire, 2017282F ................................................................................................................................................... 326 Figure 69: SCVWD Historic Groundwater Conditions284F ....................................................................... 327 Figure 70: Deep-Seated Landslide Susceptibility in Santa Clara County ................................................. 329 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Table of Contents xxviii Figure 71: Potential Tsunami Travel Times in the Pacific Ocean, In Hours291F ...................................... 342 Figure 72: Tsunami Hazard Area .............................................................................................................. 344 Figure 73: Weapon Types Used in Terrorist Events in California310F ...................................................... 364 Figure 74: Targets of Terrorist Attacks in California311F .......................................................................... 365 Figure 75: Highly Populated Areas with Hazardous Material Incidents Within Santa Clara County 322F 371 Figure 76: Gas and Hazardous Liquids Pipelines in Santa Clara County 325F ......................................... 374 Figure 77: Santa Clara COVID Cases 2020–2023335F ............................................................................ 385 Figure 78: Weekly Percentage of Emergency Department Visits for Influenza -Like Illness in Santa Clara County, 2019, to February 22, 2023344F .................................................................................................. 388 Figure 79: Sample of Public Survey Advertisement ................................................................................. A-1 Figure 80: Sample Public Feedback on Hazard Impacts - Gilroy Meeting ............................................. A-14 Figure 81: Sample Public Feedback on Hazard Impacts - Campbell Meeting ....................................... A-15 Figure 82: Sample In-Person Feedback Option - Gilroy Meeting ........................................................... A-16 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 1: Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning 1 1 Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning 1.1 Why Prepare This Plan? 1.1.1 The Big Picture Hazard mitigation is a key component of community resilience. There is no one definition of resilience; however, the Urban Sustainability Directors Network defines resilience as the ability of people and their communities to anticipate, accommodate and positively adapt to or thrive amidst changing climate conditions and hazard events.0F0F 1 The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) defines hazard mitigation as any sustainable action that reduces or eliminates long-term risk to people and property from future disasters.1F1F 2 It involves long- and short-term actions implemented before, during, and after disasters. Hazard mitigation activities include planning and regulations, structure and infrastructure projects, natural system protection, and education and awareness programs as well as other steps to reduce the impact of hazards. For many years, federal disaster funding focused on relief and recovery after disasters occurred, with limited funding for hazard mitigation planning in advance. The Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA; Public Law 106-390), passed in 2000, shifted the federal emphasis toward planning for disasters before they occur.2F2F 3 The DMA requires state and local governments to develop hazard mitigation plans as a condition for federal disaster grant assistance. Regulations developed to fulfill the DMA’s requirements are included in Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44 CFR). FEMA advocates for a “whole community” approach to hazard mitigation. This approach calls for everyone, from private property owners to commercial interests to nonprofits and local, state, and federal governments to be involved in preparing the nation for the next disaster event. By going through the local planning process outlined in the DMA, communities are able to articulate their needs for mitigation more easily. based on their understanding of their capabilities and risk. This can enhance their ability to develop projects and take mitigation actions, resulting in faster allocation of funding and more cost - effective risk-reduction projects. The DMA also promotes sustainability in hazard mitigation. To be sustainable, hazard mitigation needs to incorporate sound management of natural resources and consider the wider social and economic implications. 1 Urban Sustainability Directors Network. (n.d.). Resilience Hubs. USDN%20Resilience%20Hubs%20Guidance%20Document 2 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (n.d.). Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grants. https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation#:~:text=FEMA%27s%20hazard%20mitigation%20assistance%20provides%2 0funding%20for%20eligible,cycle%20of%20disaster%20damage%2C%20reconstruction%20and%20repeated%20da mage. 3 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020, October 19). The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. https://www.fema.gov/blog/disaster-mitigation-act-2000-20-years-mitigation-planning Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 1: Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning 2 To further enhance the planning process and the guidelines set by DMA, the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management follows a specific emergency management planning process. This locally developed process incorporates various nationally recognized best practices and concepts, like the whole community planning approach, with standard program management principles that can be easily integrated into the County’s existing governmental structure. This process brings together stakeholders, builds lasting community relationships, and results in a stronger and more comprehensive mitigation plan. This process is key to building community resilience and was followed in the 2023 MJHMP update. 1.1.2 Purposes for Planning Hazard mitigation planning is the foundation for mitigation investments. Hazard mitigation plans are required to be updated, approved, and adopted every five years in order to maintain eligibility for multiple federal mitigation grant programs. Through the update process, mitigation actions are developed as a part of a community-based, risk-informed decision-making process.3F3F 4 Fourteen jurisdictions and three special districts within the Santa Clara County Operational Area (OA)— defined as the unincorporated county, incorporated jurisdictions, and special districts within the geographical boundaries of Santa Clara County—participated in the Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) prepared in 2023 by the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management with support from the consulting firm IEM. Participating jurisdictions and districts are referred to in this plan as planning partners. Elements and strategies in the MJHMP were selected because they meet a program requirement and because they meet the needs of the planning partners and their residents. One of the benefits of multijurisdictional planning is the ability to pool resources and support partnerships to reduce redundant activities within the OA that have similar risk exposure and vulnerabilities. FEMA encourages multijurisdictional planning under its guidance for the DMA. This MJHMP will help guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the OA. Additionally, it was developed to meet the following objectives:  Meet or exceed requirements of the DMA.  Comply with the requirements outlined in FEMA’s Local Mitigation Policy Planning Guide (April 2022), the requirements of which apply to all plans seeking agency approval on or after April 19, 2023.  Enable all planning partners to continue using federal grant funding to reduce risk through mitigation.  Meet the planning requirements of FEMA’s Community Rating System (CRS), allowing planning partners that participate in the CRS program to maintain or enhance their CRS classifications.  Utilize EMAP standards for strategic planning.  Coordinate existing plans and programs so high priority projects to mitigate possible disaster impacts have an increased opportunity to be funded and implemented. The planning partners discussed using this plan to meet Community Rating System (CRS) requirements as well. Ultimately, it was decided that Santa Clara Valley Water will lead the development of a separate Floodplain Management Plan specifically dedicated towards this goal, allowing planning partners that participate in the CRS program to maintain or enhance their CRS classifications. Relevant information from this MJHMP will be incorporated into the Floodplain Management Plan. 4 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2022, April 19). Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_local-mitigation-planning-policy-guide_042022.pdf Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 1: Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning 3 1.2 Who Will Benefit from This Plan? The whole community of the Santa Clara County OA—including individual and families, businesses, community and nonprofit organizations, schools and academia, and all levels of government —is the ultimate beneficiary of this MJHMP. Implementing the plan will reduce risk for those who live in, work in, and visit the OA. The plan provides a viable planning framework for natural hazards of concern for the area. Participation in development of the plan by key stakeholders helped ensure outcomes will be mutually beneficial. The resources and background information in the plan are applicable across the OA, and the plan’s goals and recommendations can lay the groundwork for the development and implementation of local mitigation activities and partnerships for years to come. Mitigation projects, particularly large projects with cascading impacts, will also benefit neighboring jurisdictions. 1.3 Contents of This Plan This plan has been set up in two volumes so that elements that are planning partner-specific can easily be distinguished from those that apply to the overall Santa Clara County OA:  Volume 1: Volume 1 includes all federally required elements of a disaster mitigation plan that apply to the OA and the unincorporated areas of the County. This includes the description of the planning process, public involvement strategy, goals and objectives, hazard risk assessment, mitigation actions, and a plan maintenance strategy.  Volume 2: Volume 2 includes all federally required participant-specific elements, in annexes for each participating entity. It includes a description of the participation requirements established for participants in this plan. Both volumes include elements required under federal guidelines. DMA compliance requirements are cited at the beginning of subsections as appropriate to illustrate compliance. The following appendices provided at the end of Volume 1 include information or explanations to support the main content of the plan:  Appendix A: Public outreach information used in preparation of this update.  Appendix B: Plan adoption resolutions from planning partners. All planning partners will adopt the MJHMP once it has been reviewed by FEMA and reaches Approvable-Pending-Adoption (APA) status. 1.3.1 Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP) This plan incorporates elements of the Emergency Management Standard set by the Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP). A consequence analysis of the potential for detrimental impacts of hazards is included in this 2023 plan update for the EMAP. Each hazard identified in this plan is followed by the Consequence Analysis result. The methodology of this analysis and the results can be found in the Risk Assessment portion in Volume 1 of this plan. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 4 2 Plan Update: What Has Changed 2.1 The Previous Plan Santa Clara County, 15 jurisdictions, and the Santa Clara County Fire Department were covered under the 2017 Santa Clara County Operational Area (OA)Hazard Mitigation Plan. The planning process used to develop the 2017 plan was as follows:  Definition of the planning area and establishment of a working group of participating stakeholders which oversaw all phases of the plan update.  Promotion of focused outreach to individuals identified for the working group as well as other individuals, agencies, and jurisdictions that had a vested interest in the recommendations in the hazard mitigation plan.  Development of a strategy for public involvement in the plan update which included inviting members of the public to serve on the working group, conducting a public survey, utilizing multiple media avenues, and actively identifying and involving OA stakeho lders.  Assessment of existing programs including plans, studies, reports and technical information and all planning and regulatory, administrative, and technical, public outreach and education, and financial capabilities of planning partners to implement hazard mitigation actions.  Reevaluation of the 2010 plan update to ensure planning partners had the opportunity to provide comment. Santa Clara Valley Water District had a 2017 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan independent of the 2017 Santa Clara County Operational Area Hazard Mitigation Plan. The district joined the OA Mitigation Plan as part of the 2023 Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) update. The Midpeninsula Regional Open Space and Santa Clara County Fire Department also joined the 2023 plan update. 2.2 Why Update? 2.2.1 Federal Eligibility Hazard mitigation plans are updated on a five-year cycle. A jurisdiction or special district covered by a plan that has expired is not able to pursue elements of federal funding under the Robert T. Stafford Act for which a current hazard mitigation plan is a prerequisite. Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations (44 CFR) stipulates that hazard mitigation plans must present a schedule for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan. This provides an opportunity to reevaluate recommendations, monitor the impacts of actions that have been completed, and determine if there is a need to change the focus of mitigation strategies. This update meets the requirements for hazard mitigation plans in order to maintain the eligibility for federal grant funding for Planning Participants. Additionally, on April 19, 2022, FEMA updated the Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide. This means that all plans updated and approved after April 19, 2023, must adhere to the new mitigation planning policy requirements. The 2023 update of the Santa Clara MJHMP has incorporated all changes and is in compliance with all elements of the updated Local Mitigation Planning Policy Guide. The Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan is proud to be one of the only MJHMPs in the state to incorporate the updated guidance. Some of these elements include: Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 5  Incorporating a broad range of representatives in the planning process, including organizations that support underserved communities.  Incorporating the effects of climate change and future conditions in the risk assessment.  Emphasizing the importance of building codes, land use ordinances, and developmental regulations in local capabilities.  Emphasizing the alignment of FEMA related mitigation programs, such as the NFIP. 2.2.2 Plan Integration Since the last plan update, the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management has worked diligently to incorporate the 2023 MJHMP into other county wide planning initiatives. Santa Clara County Safety Element (the Safety Element): The County is undergoing the 2023 Safety Plan update, which is part of the Santa Clara County General Plan. The purpose of the Santa Clara County Safety Element is to identify and include safety considerations during the decision-making and planning process by establishing goals and policies as they relate to future developments within the County. These goals and policies aim to reduce personal injury and loss of life, prevent property destruction, and reduce environmental damage throughout the community. The Safety Element focuses on addressing potential hazards such as earthquakes, flooding, wildfire, and more. The Safety Element, which will be completed in the Fall of 2023, incorporates risk and hazard data developed during the 2017 MJHMP update. It also strategically aligns with the mitigation goals and actions from the MJHMP. Integration between the Safety Element and the MJHMP+ ensures the County is maximizing their future funding opportunities to reduce risk in the County and comply with Assembly Bill 2140 (2006), which affords the county additional benefits under the California Disaster Assistance Act. Santa Clara County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP): In addition, the Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management collaborated with the Santa Clara Fire Safe Council to integrate the MJHMP and the Santa Clara County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP). The CWPP identifies potential priority areas where mitigation measures are needed to protect from wildfire the irreplaceable life, property, and critical infrastructure within the County. The CWPP directly aligns with the MJHMP mitigation strategy and provides an even more in depth look at the County ’s wildfire risk. 2.2.3 Changes in Development Hazard mitigation plan updates must reflect changes in development within the OA since the previous plan (44 CFR Section 201.6(d)(3)). The plan must describe development changes in hazard -prone areas that increased or decreased vulnerability for each planning partner since the last plan was approved. If no changes in development impacted the partner’s overall vulnerability, plan updates may validate the information in the previously approved plan. The intent of this requirement is to ensure the plan ’s mitigation strategy continues to accurately address the risk and vulnerability of existing and potential development and takes into consideration possible future conditions that could impact vulnerability. According to data from the California Department of Finance, the OA decreased in population by .5 percent between 2015 and 2022.4F4F 5 The COVIID-19 pandemic, relocation of remote workers, and rising cost of housing likely contributed to some of this change. Other large urban centers around the nation experienced similar trends during the pandemic. 5 California Department of Finance. (n.d.). Demographic Reports. https://dof.ca.gov/reports/demographic-reports/ Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 6 Participating planning partners have adopted General Plans that govern land-use decisions and policymaking, as well as building codes and specialty ordinances based on state and federal mandates.5F5F 6 Information on planning partner-specific changes in development is included in the participant annexes in Volume 2. 2.3 Why Update? — What is Different? This update seeks to capitalize on some of the successes of the prior plan update, includ ing the good participation rates and format changes. The Santa Clara County OA ’s 2010 Hazard Mitigation Plan Update was prepared under the ABAG process however, the County OEM determined that the new format established in the 2017 multijurisdictional hazard mitigation plan update would be best to use moving forward as it better suits the needs and capabilities of the planning partners. The plan update process included a greater focus on public involvement that concentrated on targeted public engagement instead of simply opening technical workshops to the public. A renewed effort was made to establish a plan maintenance and implementation protocol that clearly defines ongoing commitment to the plan’s success. Some of the major differences between the current and previous plans are as follows: • The plan has been totally restructured as an Operational Area plan, focusing only on the geographic area of Santa Clara County. The risk assessment is not a subset of a larger regional effort. Instead, it is isolated to the Santa Clara County OA and focuses on the hazards of concern for the OA. • The risk assessment has been prepared to best support future grant applications by providing information on risk and vulnerability that will directly support the measurement of “cost - effectiveness” required under FEMA mitigation grant programs. • Newly available data and tools provide for a more detailed and accurate risk assessment using means such as FEMA’s Hazards U.S. (Hazus) Multi-Hazard computer model or new data such as FEMA’s countywide Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps. • The planning process creates the opportunity for all municipal planning partners to prepare to meet the requirements of California Senate Bill 379 during the next plan update. That bill will require integration of quantitative climate change risk assessment in the development of climate change related initiatives as part of the safety element of general plans. • The plan is more user-friendly because it is confined to one package. • The update created an opportunity for the County of Santa Clara, local cities and towns, and other planning partners to engage citizens directly in a coordinated approach to gauge their perception of risk and support of the concept of risk reduction throug h mitigation. 6 San José Spotlight. (2022, April 2). Silicon Valley Residents Left in Droves During Pandemic. https://sanjosespotlight.com/silicon-valley-san-jose-santa-clara-sunnyvale-residents-left-in-droves-exodus-during- covid-19-pandemic/ Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 7 • While priorities have remained the same, the plan’s goals objectives and actions are more clearly defined. The plan identifies actions rather than strategies as was the case with the prior plans. Strategies provide direction, but actions are fundable under grant programs. This plan replaces strategies with a guiding principle, goals, and objectives. The actions identified meet multiple objectives that are measurable, so that each planning partner can measure the effectiveness of its mitigation actions, which was difficult prior to this plan update. Below is a table comparing the 2017 MHJMP and 2023 MHJMP. Changes to the plan’s format and contents involved a multistep process that included best practices research and an assessment of jurisdiction and special district planning needs. Table 2: Summary of Changes in the 2023 MJHMP Changes Throughout the Plan • Comprehensive review and update of hazard history, risk and vulnerability data and information • New hazards of climate change, sea-level rise, wildfire smoke, and air quality added • Expanded outreach to vulnerable and historically underserved populations • Lens of planning for climate change and equitable outcomes used to create a comprehensive and inclusive plan • Integrated MJHMP planning process with the planning processes of the Community Wildfire Protection Plan and Safety Element of the General Plan update • It was determined that all CRS requirements will be met in a forthcoming floodplain management plan created by Santa Clara Valley Water District • City of Monte Sereno was not an active participant in this plan update, but is referenced in the plan as applicable • Santa Clara Valley Water District and Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District joined as Planning Partners • Plan was updated to meet 2023 FEMA hazard mitigation plan guidance and requirements Volume I: Base Plan Section Changes Section 1: Introduction to Hazard Mitigation Planning • Updated explanation of importance and purpose of hazard mitigation planning Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed • Summary list of plan changes and updates included Section 3: Planning for Climate Change and Equitable Outcomes • Section added to highlight Santa Clara County’s goal of continuing to integrate equity into all aspects of emergency management Section 4: Plan Update Approach • Information added to highlight the concentrated effort to ensure plan integration between the County Community Wildfire Protection Plan and County Safety Element of the County General Plan updates as well as other approved plans • Explanation of the ways planning partners engaged residents, particularly those who are underserved and/or socially vulnerable, Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 8 Volume I: Base Plan Section Changes and gauged their perception of risk and support for risk reduction through mitigation • Explanation of the ways planning partners engaged community stakeholders, particularly those that assist underserved and/or socially vulnerable, and gauged their perception of risk and support for risk reduction through mitigation • Updated plan development chronology and milestones Section 5: Santa Clara County Operational Area Profile • All information updated using the most recent data available Sections 6-16: Identified Hazards of Concern and Risk Assessment • The risk assessment includes further considerations of emerging hazards, like the impact of climate change, wildfire smoke, and air quality, which have recently impacted the OA with increasing frequency since the 2017 plan • Hazard risk ranking updated and is now hazard risk index criteria • Wildfire, drought, and climate change are now considered to have higher average overall hazard risk by Planning Partners when compared to their hazard risk ranking scores in the 2017 plan • Updated and expanded information on hazard history, location, extent, frequency, and severity; exposure, vulnerability, cascading hazards, and how climate change may impact the frequency, extent, and severity of each hazard • The risk assessment has been formatted to provide information on risk and vulnerability that will allow a measurement of cost- effectiveness • Severe weather terminology updated to inclement weather • Updated maps and graphics • Hazus data and findings updated • The plan was developed in accordance with the most recent EMAP standards • Latest disaster declaration data added • High Hazard Potential Dam Grant Program (HHPD) requirements were considered and referenced Section 17: Mitigation Strategy • Mitigation goals and objectives and criteria for mitigation action item prioritization have been updated to include climate change, resiliency, and benefits to populations that are underserved and/or socially vulnerable. • Expanded detail on plan monitoring, evaluating, and updating to include roles and responsibilities and description of specific methods and schedules Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 2: Plan Update: What Has Changed 9 Volume 2: Planning Partner Annexes • Each Planning Partner has a minimum of one mitigation action per a hazard that can impact them • Actions and project identified in the Santa Clara County Community Wildfire Protection Plan included in annexes, as applicable • Expanded information about Planning Partner participation and compliance in the National Flood Insurance Program • All data and information updated, including Local Planning Team members, jurisdiction or special district profile, capability assessment, opportunities to integrate the mitigation plan into other local planning initiatives, hazard event history, jurisdiction- or special district-specific vulnerabilities, future development trends, hazard risk index, future needs to better understand risk and vulnerability, status of previous action items, and maps. • Mitigation successes highlighted, as applicable • Risk and vulnerability assessment expanded to include climate change, wildfire smoke, and air quality • Local floodplain managers identified by name in each annex, as applicable • Development trends since the 2017 plan identified • Sea-level rise map added to the City of Palo Alto’s annex Appendices • Appendix B updated from progress report template to adoption resolutions from all participating jurisdictions. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 3: Planning for Climate Change and Equitable Outcomes 10 3 Planning for Climate Change and Equitable Outcomes Local jurisdictions have a responsibility to ensure that the plan’s mitigation strategy complies with all applicable legal requirements related to civil rights, to ensure nondiscrimination. Such compliance can help achieve equitable outcomes through the mitigation planning process for all communities, including underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations. To ensure that the planning process and outcomes of the local mitigation plan benefit the whole community, equity must be central in its development. Climate change increases the frequency, duration, and intensity of natural hazards, such as wildfires, extreme heat, drought, storms, heavy precipitation, and sea level rise. Communities are feeling the impacts of a changing climate now. Respecting and leveraging the diversity of cultures in Santa Clara County ensures that mitigation planning is fair and equitable by applying a race and social justice framework to analyzing situations, evaluating options, and implementing solutions. The Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management (SCCOEM) has adopted the FEMA’s equity definition of “the consistent and systematic fair, just and impartial treatment of all individuals.” In addition, SCCOEM acknowledges that historically underserved communities and individuals are often overburdened by systemic injustices/disparities, and these are amplified during the disaster cycle including mitigation. Therefore, the County of Santa Clara’s goal is to continue integrating equity into all aspects of emergency management by:  Leveraging the Access and Functional Needs (AFN) and Cultural Competency Working Group that regularly meets with members of the entire Operational Area, including the community.  Involving members from a variety of groups represent the diverse community living in the County, as well as representatives from historically marginalized groups in the planning process.  Conducting outreach events that focus on the county’s diverse population and most vulnerable community members like people with access and functional needs.  Providing multilingual outreach and communication to residents of the County.  Adopting Communication, Maintaining Health, Independence, Safety, Support Services, and Self - Determination, and Transportation (C-MIST) Framework. C-MIST is a function-based perspective composed of the five (5) functions that delineate areas where preparedness intervention can reduce disaster vulnerability and risk to the whole community.  Building, engaging, and sustaining partnerships with groups that have experienced inequities. For example, individuals experiencing communication, health, independence, safety, support services, self-determination, and transportation barriers during disasters.  Developing assessments and plans that prioritize assistance to those with the greatest needs and include vulnerable populations in the planning process.  Identifying needs and assets, as well as pre-existing vulnerability and resilience.  All community members can exercise their agency through free and informed choice(s). Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 3: Planning for Climate Change and Equitable Outcomes 11 Through these strategies, SCCOEM will continue to lay the foundation for closing gaps identified through lessons learned from previous EOC activations such as COVID -19, Wildfires, and Inclement Weather Episodes, and Active Shooter events that have impacted Santa Clara County. Mitigation decisions and actions strive to provide benefit for all residents equally. SCCOEM Mitigation Program is designed to identify and remove social and institutional barriers that hinder or preclude people with disabilities and all those in the community historically subjected to unequal treatment from full and equal enjoyment of the programs, goods, services, activities, facilities, privileges, advantages, and accommodations provided. Additionally, during mitigation planning and applying for mitigation funding, the County will identify opportunities to increase equity and create new opportunities for the post-disaster state of the County. An equitable community mitigation rests on the foundation of a “complete community” that applies equitable and fair practices in all the County’s planning and implementation. The concept demonstrates local government’s commitment to inclusion and fairness while managing a recovery process that links regional, state, and federal practices. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 12 4 Plan Update Approach This plan update process had the following primary objectives:  Secure grant funding.  Form a planning group.  Identify stakeholders.  Establish a planning partnership.  Define the Santa Clara County OA.  Identify and coordinate with other agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities.  Review and integrate existing plans, policies, and programs.  Engage the public. These objectives are discussed in the following sections. 4.1 Grant Funding This planning effort was supplemented by a FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) grant under DR-4569 California Wildfires. The County of Santa Clara Office of Emergency Management (OEM) was the sub-applicant for the grant. OEM applied in 2021 and was awarded the grant in 2022. It covered 75 percent of the cost for the development of this plan. 4.2 Formation of the Core Planning Team Santa Clara County OEM hired IEM to assist with the development and implementation of the plan. The lead IEM planner reported directly to the Santa Clara County Operational Area Mitigation Program Manager and the project manager for the plan update. Meetings were held on a weekly and biweekly basis to discuss the plan update status, outreach and engagement strategies, and planning milestones. A Core Planning Team was formed to lead the planning effort, made up of the following members:  Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management  Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability  Santa Clara County Department of Planning and Development  IEM This planning team—designated the Santa Clara County Operational Area Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan (MJHMP) Core Planning Team (or the Core Planning Team)—coordinated regularly over the course of this project to track plan development milestones, brainstorm outreach and engagement strategies, and identify meeting content to help with dev elopment of the update. The Core Planning Team also consisted of members of the County Safety Element update, ensuring visibility between plans. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 13 4.3 Defining Stakeholders For this planning process, “stakeholder” was defined as: any person or public or private entity that owns or operates facilities that would benefit from the mitigation actions of this plan, and/or has an authority or capability to support mitigation actions identified by this plan. This includes, but is not limited to, local and regional agencies involved in hazard mitigation activities, agencies that have the authority to regulate development, neighboring communities, representatives of businesses, academi c, and other private organizations such as those that sustain community lifelines, and representatives of nonprofit organizations including community-based organizations that work directly with and/or provide support to underserved communities and socially vulnerable populations. For the sake of clarity, when developing outreach materials, stakeholders were separated into two categories:  Internal Stakeholders: Stakeholders identified and engaged by participants to enhance the planning process and the update of the MJHMP. These stakeholders are subject matter experts within the participating jurisdictions or special districts who impact or may be impacted by a mitigation action or policy. This included people in positions who had the authority to regulate development of the plan. These stakeholders informed the planning teams about specific topics and offered different points of view while providing data, reviewing the MJMP draft, attending planning workshops, and advocating for mitigation measures. Internal stakeholders for each planning partner are identified in the participant annexes in Volume 2.  External Stakeholders: Planning partners identified stakeholders outside their jurisdiction or special district who impact or can be impacted by a mitigation action or policy. These stakeholders were not necessarily involved in all stages of the planning process, but as subject matter experts, they informed the planning teams on specific topics and offered different points of view while providing data, reviewing the MJHMP draft, and advocating for mitigation measures. At the beginning of the planning process, planning partners identified a list of stakeholders to engage during the development of the Santa Clara County Operational Area Hazard Mitigation Plan. The following stakeholders were invited to play a role in the planning process via email: Table 3: External Stakeholders Invited to Be Involved in Planning Process Agency or Organization Point of Contact American Red Cross Ann Herosy, Disaster Services American Red Cross – Silicon Valley Chapter Ginny Ortiz, Disaster Program Manager Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) Barton Smith, Coordinator Avenidas John Sink, Vice President CADRE - Collaborating Agencies’ Disaster Relief Effort Marsha Hovey, Executive Director California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) Victoria LaMar-Haas, Chief, Mitigation Planning Division Cal OES Brian Buckhout, Emergency Services Coordinator California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Edgar Orre, Division Chief California Department of Transportation Shawn Casteel, Acting Senior Environmental Supervisor Campbell Community Emergency Response Team Mark Dunkle, President Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 14 Agency or Organization Point of Contact Campbell Union School District Rosana Palomo, Director, Student Services Cattlemen’s Association Brent Kirk, President City of East Palo Alto Melvin Gaines, City Manager City of Menlo Park Justin Murphy, City Manager Cooper-Garrod Estate Vineyards Bill Cooper, Vintner Cupertino Sanitation District Benjamin Porter, District Manager Department of Homeland Security Staff, Transportation Security Administration Coordination Center Department of Toxic Substances Claude Jemison, Regulator for Los Lagos Golf Course and SAP Center (former landfill and cleanup site) Department of Toxic Substances Sagar Bhatt, Regulator for Watson Park (former landfill) Department of Toxic Substances Jovanne Villamater, Regulator for Vista Montana Parks Department of Toxic Substances Julie Pettijohn, Manager for all regulatory sites except Watson Park Downtown Streets Team Jim Rettew, Interim Executive Director Emergency Medical Services Michael Cubano, Duty Chief Emergency Services Volunteer Representative Annette Glanckopft, Volunteer Emergency Services Volunteer Representative Esther Nigenda, Volunteer Federal Aviation Administration David Zakaski, Airport Tower Manager Fellowship Plaza Shreya Shah, Senior Project Manager Foothill - De Anza Community College District Simon Pennington, Associate Vice President, College and Community Relations, Marketing, and Communications Foothill - De Anza Community College District Joel Cadiz, Executive Director, Facilities Foothill - De Anza Community College District Police Department Daniel Acosta, Police Chief Gavilan College Jaime Mata, Interim Vice President, Administrative Services Gilroy Unified School District Aurelio Rodriguez Coordinator, Safety and Emergency Preparedness Gilroy/Hollister California Highway Patrol Phil Cooper, Captain Google Katherine Williams, Corporate Communications Hidden Villa farm Lukas Wiborg, Assistant Property Manager Intel Corporation Stacy Sher, Crisis Manager Kaiser Permanente—Santa Clara Brendan Gadd, Safety Specialist Kaiser Permanente—Santa Clara Charles L. Smith, Support Services Administrator Life Moves Philip Dah, Opportunity Center Manager Loma Prieta Volunteer Fire Department Alex Leman, Chief Los Altos Hills County Fire District J. Logan, General Manager Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 15 Agency or Organization Point of Contact Los Altos Hills County Fire District Captain (Ret.) Denise Gluhan Los Altos Hills County Fire District Eugenia Woods, Programs, Planning and Grants Manager Los Altos School District Erik Walukiewicz, Assistant Superintendent, Business Services Loma Prieta Resource Conservation District Dina Iden, Executive Director Morgan Hill Unified School District Carmen Garcia, Superintendent Moffett Field Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Anastasiya Maynich, Emergency Management Specialist National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Brian Garcia, Meteorologist Pacheco Pass Water District Neelima Palacherla, Executive Officer Palo Alto Chamber of Commerce Charlie Weidanz, Executive Director Palo Alto Medical Foundation Richard Stilleke, Director, Environmental Health and Safety Palo Alto Planning and Transportation Commission Doria Summa, Vice Chair Palo Alto Unified School District Mike Jacobs, Emergency Manager Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Kevin Conant, Senior Public Safety Specialist Purissima Water District Phil Witt, General Manager Purissima Water District Anthony Stoloski, Operations Manager Ravenswood Family Health Center Daisy Garcia, Associate, Disaster Preparedness and Project Management Regional Water Quality Control Board Ava Castanha, Regulator, Environmental Innovation Center Regional Water Quality Control Board Celina Hernandez, Regulator, Fire Training Regional Water Quality Control Board Alyx Karpowicz, Regulator, Roberts and Story Road Landfills Regional Water Quality Control Board Vic Pal, Regulator, Singleton Landfill Rotating Safe Car Park Norman Puck, Program Director San Francisquito Creek Joint Powers Authority Margaret Bruce, Executive Director San José Water John Tang, Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Government Relations Santa Clara County CERT President Santa Clara County FireSafe Council Seth Schalet, Chief Executive Officer Santa Clara County FireSafe Council Amanda Brenner, Program Director, Hazardous Fuel Reduction Santa Clara County FireSafe Council Dede Smullen, 2nd Vice President Santa Clara County Local Oversight Program Gerald O’Regan, Regulator for Fire Training Santa Clara County Local Oversight Program Joe Muzzio, Regulator for Fire Station at 1138 Olinder Road Santa Clara County Local Oversight Program Shalom Marquardt, Regulator for Fire Station 8 Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 16 Agency or Organization Point of Contact Santa Clara County Parks Don Rocha, Director Santa Clara County Planning & Development Samuel Gutierrez, Principal Planner Santa Clara County Planning & Development Michael Alvarez, Deputy Director Santa Clara County Sheriff’s Office Neil Valenzuela, Commander, West Valley Patrol Division Santa Clara University Tyler Masamori, Emergency Planning Manager Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority Derek Newman, Manager, Field Operations Santa Clara Valley Open Space Authority Megan Robinson, Supervising Open Space Technician Santa Cruz County David Reid, Director, Office of Emergency Management Saratoga Amateur Radio Association Jack Griswold, President Saratoga Area Senior Coordinating Council Tylor Taylor, Executive Director Saratoga CERT Charles Rader, Volunteer Lead Saratoga Fire Protection District Commissioner Joseph Long Jr. Saratoga Fire Protection District Commissioner Ernest Kraule Saratoga Fire Protection District Commissioner Eugene Zambetti Saratoga Fire Protection District Trina Whitley, Business Manager Saratoga Retirement Community Sarah Stel, Executive Director Silicon Valley Animal Control Authority (SVACA) Heidi Springer, Executive Assistant Silicon Valley Clean Energy Girish Balachandran, Executive Director San José Fire Department, San José Mineta International Airport Brendan Buller, Battalion Chief San José Police Department, San José Mineta International Airport Jason Pierce, Lieutenant Spring Valley Volunteer Fire Department Mike Hacke, Chief St. Louise Hospital (Santa Clara County Hospital System) Geoff Tull, Emergency Management Coordinator Stanford Healthcare Kathy Harris, Emergency Manager Stanford Healthcare Laura Jackson, Senior Manager, Office of Emergency Management Stanford Healthcare Monica Plumb, Project Coordinator, Office of Emergency Management Stanford Healthcare Taylor Wyatt, Project Coordinator, Office of Emergency Management Stanford University Cody Hill, Associate Director, Stanford Resiliency and Emergency Response Stanford University Board of Trustees Staff, Board of Trustees Office Stanford University Office of Emergency Management Keith Perry, Assistant Director and Emergency Manager Stanford University, IT Facilities, Infrastructure, and Resilience Matthew Ricks, Senior Director Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 17 Agency or Organization Point of Contact Stanford University, Water Resources and Civil Infrastructure Tom Zigterman, Senior Director Stanford University/Real Estate Mark Smith, Manager Stanford University/Real Estate Ramsey Shuayto, Director, Asset Management The Villas Scott Clawson, Manager Valley Water Flood Information Team Greg Meamber, Senior Engineer Vista Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired Karae Lisle, Chief Executive Officer West Valley Clean Water Program Authority Sheila Tucker, Executive Director West Valley College Stephanie Kashima, President West Valley Sanitation District Jon Newby, District Manager Westwind Barn Tori Dye, Barn Manager 4.4 Establishment of the Planning Partnership Santa Clara County OEM opened this planning effort to all eligible local governments and special districts within the OA. Each jurisdiction or special district wishing to join the planning partnership was asked to provide a “letter of intent to participate” that designated a point of contact and confirmed the organization’s commitment to the process and understanding of expectations. All planning partners provided this letter of intent. The planning partners covered under this plan are listed below. Table 4: Planning Partner Main Points of Contact Planning Partner Main Point of Contact County of Santa Clara Dr. Parastou Najaf, Senior Emergency Manager – Mitigation/Recovery, Santa Clara County Office of Emergency Management City of Campbell Dan Livingston, Captain of Support Services Division, Police Department City of Cupertino Meredith Gerhardt, Emergency Management Analyst, Office of Emergency Management City of Gilroy Andrew Young, Emergency Services and Volunteer Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services City of Los Altos Kathryn Krauss, Captain of Operations, Police Department Town of Los Altos Hills Ann Hepenstal, Emergency Preparedness Consultant, Town of Los Altos Hills Town of Los Gatos Nicolle Burnham, Director, Parks and Public Works Department City of Milpitas Toni-Lynn Charlop, Manager, Office of Emergency Services City of Morgan Hill Jennifer Ponce, Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services City of Mountain View Robert Maitland, Emergency Services Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services City of Palo Alto Nathaniel Rainey, Emergency Services Coordinator, Office of Emergency Services Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 18 Planning Partner Main Point of Contact City of San José Jay McAmis, Deputy Director, Office of Emergency Management City of Santa Clara Jennifer Guzman, Emergency Management Analyst, Office of Emergency Services City of Saratoga Crystal Bothelio, Assistant City Manager, City Manager’s Department City of Sunnyvale Daniel Moskowitz, Lieutenant, Office of Emergency Services, Department of Public Safety Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District Brandon Stewart, Land and Facilities Department Manager, Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District Santa Clara County Fire Department Louay Toma, Senior Emergency Manager, Santa Clara County Fire Department Santa Clara Valley Water District Juan Ledesma, Program Administrator Supervisor, Office of Emergency Services One-on-one planning meetings were held with planning partners throughout the planning process . A total of 43 individual meetings were held with plan participants to gather information and to provide guidance for the jurisdictions and special districts throughout the planning stages. Each meeting is described in Table 5. Table 5: One-on-One Meetings with Planning Partners Planning Partner Date Discussion Topic(s) City of Campbell February 13, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment May 15, 2023  Planning documentation review City of Cupertino February 6, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment April 20, 2023  Mitigation strategy City of Gilroy February 14, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment City of Los Altos February 14, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment April 27, 2023  Capabilities assessment  Mitigation strategy May 9, 2023  Planning documentation review City of Milpitas March 17, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment  Risk assessment May 1, 2023  Risk assessment  Mitigation strategy City of Morgan Hill February 14, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan Section 4: Plan Update Approach 19 Planning Partner Date Discussion Topic(s) City of Mountain View January 31, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment March 15, 2023  Risk assessment April 13, 2023  Mitigation action items May 1, 2023  Mitigation strategy City of Palo Alto February 7, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment  Planning process timeline City of Santa Clara February 8, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment  Planning process timeline March 16, 2023  Risk assessment with local planning team March 17, 2023  Risk assessment with water and sewer team March 26, 2023  Mitigation strategy May 10, 2023  Planning documentation review City of San José February 13, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment April 27, 2023  Capabilities assessment  Mitigation strategy May 16, 2023  Planning documentation review City of Saratoga February 9, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment March 14, 2023  Risk assessment City of Sunnyvale January 26, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment March 3, 2023  Risk assessment April 7, 2023  Risk assessment  Mitigation strategy Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District March 6, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment  Risk assessment  Planning process timeline Santa Clara County and Santa Clara County Fire Department* February 10, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment March 2, 2023  Planning process contacts  Capabilities assessment March 8, 2023  Capabilities assessment  Risk assessment March 28, 2023  Capabilities assessment  Risk assessment  Mitigation strategy