.01 DIR-2010-05 appeal OFFICE OF COMMLrNITY DEVELOPMENT
,
CTTY HALL
10300 TORRE AVENIJE • CUPERTINO, CA 95014-3255
� u P � �� � � � (408) 777-3308 • FAX (408) 777-3333 • plannulgOcupertino.org
PLANNING COMMISSION STAFF REPORT
Agenda Item No. �- Agenda Date: Tuly 27, 2010
Application: DIR-2010-05
Applicant: Bradley Head, NSA Wireles:; for Clearwire
Appellant: Norman & Ione Yuen
Application Summary: Appeal of a Director's Minor Modification decision to allow the
installation of a personal wireless service i acility on the roof of an existing church,
consisting of three panel antennas and thr�e microwave dish antennas screened by a
faux cupola and a base equipment enclost_re at 6191 Bollinger Road.
RECOMMENDATION:
Staff recommends that the Commission u��hold the Director's decision (Attachment 1).
BACKGROUND:
On May 27, 2010, the Director of Community Development approved a Director's
Minor Modification to allow a Clearwire ��ersonal wireless service facility on the roof of
the West Valley Presbyterian Church loc�ated at 6191 Bollinger Road (Attachment 2).
The Planning Commissioners, Council mE�mbers and property owners within 1,000 feet
of the project property (365 residents) were mailed notices of the Director's action. An
appeal was filed on July 10, 2010 by Mrs. Yuen residing at 6352 Myrtlewood Drive
(Attachment 3). The Commission hearing was originally scheduled for a mid-July date,
but was postponed to July 27� to accommodate the appellant's vacation plans.
DISCUSSION:
The appellant's appeal is based on the following points (staff responses to each of the
points are in italics):
1) The cu�ola design coverin� the antenna is visually awkward.
Staff examined three design aspects that rnay create a visually awkward church design:
Compatibility with the church archit.�cture
The cupola is a common architectural fea� ure of churches. Often, they are elaborate in
design and size and are the dominant arciiitectural element of the church. In the case of the
West Valley Presbyterian Church, the building design is relatively simple and the dominant
1-1
DIR-2010-OS July 27, 2010
6191 Bollinger Road Page 2
architectural feature is the large and expansive roof. The new cupola has been designed to be
compatible with the architecture of the ch�.crch.
Proportion to the church structure
The proposed cupola is sized to accommoc�'ate the screening of the antennas.� The cupola
element overlaps with the roof but adds 8'-9" to the height of the church (about a 16 %
increase). The cupola is not disproportior�ate in size (see Attachrnent 2 photo simulation)
compared to the rest of the church structure.
Compatibility of materials and color::
The proposed cupola uses building materials and colors that match the materials and colors
of the church. The faux brick base matches the brick buttresses of the church. The white
cupola columns and frim matches the trir,i and siding of the church. The roofing materials
of the proposed cupola and church will m�ttch in material and color (See photo simulation in
Attachment 2).
2) The residential placement of the prop �sed Wimax antenna is ina�propriate next to
a middle school.
The appellant provided two emails with links to numerous websites that contain
information that may or may not pertain to the project (Attachment 4). One weblink
discussed a San Francisco law requiring c;ellular Telephone Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
disclosures on cell phones. Other websites display international efforts, urging precaution
in the use and expansion of wireless techr.ologies. Another link talks about the City of
Huntington Beach relocating a wireless fitcility on City property that was near a school
after public outcry; and an Oregon school board decides not to renew a cell site lease.
WiMAX is defzned in Attachment 5. It i:: basically a telecommunications protocol that
provides fixed and fully mobile internet a�,cess.
Cupertino follows U.S. law in regulating personal wireless service facilities. Cell phone
technology (mainly wireless Personal Cornmunications Services - PCS) and WiMAX
(Broadband Radio wireless service) have ihe same public exposure limit promulgated by the
Federal Communications Commission (F��C) which is 1.00 milliwatt per centimeter squared
(mW/cmz). The limit applies to continuo:.cs exposures and is intended to provide a prudent
margin of safety for all persons, regardles> of age, gender, size or health. The Hammett and
Edison report states that the maximum a�nbient radio frequency energy exposure at ground
level due to the Clearzuire facility (including the microwave antennas contribution) is
calculated to be 0.0027 mW/cm which i� 0.27% of the applicable public limit (Attachment
2).
Federal law, the 1996 Telecommunicatior s Act- Section 704, subsection 7(D), states:
"No state or local governmental entity m�zy regulate the placement, construction, or
modification of personal wireless service j�cilities on the basis of environmental effects of
radio frequency emissions to the extent that such emissions comply with FCC regulations"
1-2
DIR-2010-OS July 27, 2010
6191 Bollinger Road Page 3
The demand for wireless communications technologies continues to rapidly expand among
our mobile, high technology population. ;�everal years ago, the City Council recognized the
lack of adequate wireless communications coverage as a public safety issue which is
reinforced by a recent letter from the Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office (Attachment 6).
Through the Wireless Facilities Master P,an and Wireless Communications Facilities
. Ordinance (CMC Section 19.108), the Ci ty strives fo provide adequate wireless
communications coverage in a manner th�zt is in compliance with federal law and mitigates
potentially visually intrusive effects of wireless infrastructure. To cover largely residential
areas of Cupertino, the Master Plan prefe �s public properties, churches, schools and existing
utility poles and towers to mount wireles:: antennas.
The proposed Clearwire facility is consist��nt with the City's Master Plan and Ordinance.
Conditions were added to the approval th�it duplicated what the Planning Commission
required for the recently approved Clearuire facility on the Church of the Nazarene located
on McClellan Road. The required conditicros include post-construction confirmation of radio
frequency emission and the disclosure of ihe personal wireless service facility to the �
church/school users (See Attachment 1).
3) The radio frequency study provided k�y the project is erroneous.
The equation to calculate power density i�z the Hammett � Edison, Inc. radio frequency
assessment is the same one recommended for use by the FCC Office of Engineering
Technology in its Bulletin No. 65.
A radio frequency engineer from the Harr mett F� Edison firm will be available at the hearing
to answer any questions regarding the pr��ject.
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS CONCERN S:
The appellant also expressed concerns that the principal of Hyde Junior High and the
pertinent parent teacher association have 1ot been properly made aware of the project.
It should be noted that the City has satisfi��d the legal noticing requirements for the
project (1,000 feet notice per the Ordinanc �). In addition, the Cupertino Union School
District has confirmed that the appropriate project notices were received. The school
district however has not expressed any comments or positions on the project.
1-3
DIR-2010-OS July 27, 2010
6191 Bollinger Road Page 4
Prepared by: Colin Jung, AICP, Senior Pl<<nner
Reviewed by: Approved by:
f
G �iao arti Shrivastava
City Planner Community Development Director
ATTACHMENTS:
Attachment 1: Model Resolution
Attachment 2: Director's Minor Modification Memorandum dated May 27, 2010
Attachment 3: Appellent's Appeal Form �ated June 10, 2010
Attachment 4: Emails from appellents da ted 6/ 15/ 10 and 6/ 23/ 10.
Attachment 5: WiMAX definition
Attachment 6: Letter from the County Sheriff's Office dated June 23, 2010
Attachment 7: Emails from concerned re:�idents
G:planning/pdreport/Appeals/2010/DIR-2010-0!i appeal.doc
1-4
Attachment 1
CITY OF CUPERTINO
10300 T��rre Avenue
Cupertino, (�alifornia 95014
RESOL�JTION NO.
OF THE PLANNING COMMIS� ION OF THE CITY OF CUPERTINO
RECOMMENDING DENIAL C►F AN APPEAL OF A DIRECTOR'S
MINOR MODIFICATION ALL OWING A PERSONAL WIRELESS
SERVICE FACILITY ON THE I;OOF OF AN EXISTING CHURCH,
CONSISTING OF THREE PANEL A NTENNAS AND THREE MICROWAVE
DISH ANTENNAS SCREENED BY A F AUX CUPOLA AND A BASE EQUIPMENT
ENCLOSURE AT 6"�91 BOLLINGER ROAD
SECTION I: FINDINGS
WHEREAS, the Planning Commission of :he City of Cupertino received an appeal of a
Director's Minor Modification application, file no. DIR-2010-05, as described in Section II of
this Resolution; and
WHEREAS, the necessary public notices ha��e been given in accordance with the Procedural
Ordinance of the City of Cupertino, and tlie Planning Commission has held one or more
public hearings on this matter; and
WHEREAS, the project changes are deemed minor in nature; and
WHEREAS, the faux cupola is compatible with the design of the church, in that the
architectural feature is common and conlpatible to the overall church design; is not
disproportion in size compared to the church; and uses building materials that are consistent
with the church's building materials; and
WHEREAS, the personal wireless service facility is not located in an inappropriate location,
in that the facility meets federal safety limits for radio frequency energy exposure for onsite
and nearby land uses, such as a school; and �hat the facility is sited in an appropriate location
and designed in accordance with the City's Wireless Master Plan and Wireless
Communications Facilities Ordinance; and
WHEREAS, the methodology to calculate r�idio frequency power density is not wrong as it
uses the equation prescribed by the Federal Communications Commission, the agency that
promulgates the rules that regulates radio fr �quency energy exposure.
1-5
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED:
That after careful consideration of maps, facts, exhibits, testimony and other evidence
submitted in this matter, the appeal of Dirf�ctor's Minor Modification, file no. DIR2010-05 is
hereby recommended for denial; and
That the subconclusions upon which the fin3ings and conditions specified in this resolution
are based and contained in the public hearvig record concerning Application No. DIR-2010-
05 as set forth in the Minutes of the Planning Commission Meeting of July 27, 2010, and are
incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
SECTION II: PROTECT DESCRIPTION
Application No.: DIR-2010-05 (appeal)
Applicant: Bradley Head, NSA Wir �less for Clearwire
Property Owner: West Valley Presbyteria�l Church
Location: 6191 Bollinger Road
SECTION III: CONDITIONS ADMINISTER:�D BY THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
DEPT.
1. APPROVED EXHIBITS
Director's Minor Modification Appro��al Memorandum, file no. DIR-2010-05 with
attachments A through D dated May :?7, 2010.
2. NOTICE OF FEES, DEDICATIONS, RESERVATIONS OR OTHER EXACTIONS
The Conditions of Project Approv,�l set forth herein may include certain fees,
dedication requirements, reservation requirements, and other exactions. Pursuant to
Government Code Section 66020(d) (�.), these Conditions constitute written notice of a
statement of the amount of such fees, and a description of the dedications,
reservations, and other exactions. �'ou are hereby further notified that the 90-day
approval period in which you may ��rotest these fees, dedications, reservations, and
other exactions, pursuant to Governn.ent Code Section 66020(a), has begun. If you fail
to file a protest within this 90-day p��riod complying with all of the requirements of
Section 66020, you will be legally barred from later challenging such exactions.
3. ABANDONMENT
If after installation, the aerial is not used for its permitted purpose for a continuous
period of 18 months, said antennae and associated facilities shall be removed. The
applicant shall bear the entire cost of �iemolition and removal.
4. EXPIRATION DATE
This Director's Minor Modification sr_all expire ten (10) years after the effective date of
the permit. The applicant may apply for a renewal of the minor modification at which
time the Director of Community L►evelopment may review the state of wireless
2
�-6
communication and camouflage techrtologies to determine if the visual impact of the
personal wireless facility can be reduc �d.
5. POST-CONSTRUCTION RADIO FRE��UENCY ENERGY EXPOSURE TESTING
Prior to the commercial operation of t]Zis facility, the applicant shall submit a field test
report on the radio frequency ene��gy emissions to the Director of Community
Development confirming that public exposures to generated radio frequency energy
(measured at full power) complies w!th federal safety standards at ground level and
nearest residential property line (mea��ured at second floor level).
6. DISCLOSURE OF PRESENCE OF PEF:SONAL WIRELESS SERVICE FACILITY
Upon construction of the project, thf� property owner shall disclose the presence of
� personal wireless service facility to u:;ers and expected users of the school operations
and provide a copy of such notice to t]ie Director of Community Development.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 27th day of ;(uly 2010, at a Regular Meeting of the Planning
Commission of the City of Cupertino, State oE California, by the following roll call vote:
AYES: COMMISSIONERS:
NOES: COMMISSIONERS:
ABSTAIN: COMMISSIONERS:
ABSENT: COMMISSIONERS:
ATTEST: APPROVED: �
Aarti Shrivastava Paul Brophy, Chair
Director of Community Development Cupertino Planning Commission
g:/planning/pdreport/res/2010/DIR-2010-05 res APPEAL.doc
3
�I-7
pttachment 2
CITY OF (:UPERTINO
10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertin��, California 95014 (408) 777-3308
To: Mayor and City Council Members
Chairperson and Planning Commiss: oners
From: Aarti Shrivastava, Director of Community Development�
Prepared by: Colin Jung, Senior Plar►ner
Date: May 27, 2010
Subject: Director's Minor Modification, DIR-:'.010-05, to allow the installation of a personal
wireless service facility on the roc�f of an existing church, consisting of three
panel antennas and three microwave dishes screened by a faux cupola and a
ground level equipment cabinet a t 6191 Bollinger Road.
Chapter 19.132 of the Cupertino Mitnicipal Code allows for administrative
approval of minor changes in a projec :. The Director reports his decision to the •
City Council, Planning Commission �nd property owners within 1,000 feet to
afford interested parties time to appE�al the decision within fourteen calendar
days.
BACKGROUND:
The applicant, Bradley Head, of NSA Wireless, representing Clearwire, is proposing to install a
personal wireless service facility on the roofto�� of the West Valley Presbyterian Church at 6191
Bollinger Road. The personal wireless service :=acility consists of three panel antennas and three
rooftop microwave dishes mounted on the roc�f, and an equipment cabinet located in an
� enclosure at ground level. Clearwire is a subs :diary of Sprint/ Nextel, that will provide Sprint's
4G (4� generation) technology.
DISCUSSION:
Screening
Visible rooftop equipment must be screened Erom public street view. The equipment has been
enclosed in a faux cupola constructed of radio transparent materials that do not interfere with
the radio signals (Attachment A). The fau�: cupola has been designed to complement the
design of the church, matching the roof materials and the brick columns at grade, enhancing the
appearance of the church.
Radio Frequency Energy (RFE) AssessmE�nt
An RFE assessment was commissioned by thE applicant to evaluate the RFE exposure from the
personal wireless service facility against national safety standards . The study concluded that
the potential exposure from RFE, at ground 1EVe1 and from the second floor elevation of any
1-8
DIR-2010-05
6191 Bollinger Road Page 2
nearby building, are well below federal safety standards (respectively, 0.27% and 0.14% of the
applicable public limit - see Attachment B).
Technology, Information and Communicatioris Commission (TICC) Review
The Cupertino Technology, Tnformation and Communications Commission (TICC) reviewed
the proposal and commented that the propc�sed facility will provide adequate coverage to
nearby residents, workers and businesses. T] CC did not have any concerns about the visual
effects or RFE of the antennas (Attachment C).
ACTION:
T'he Director of Community Development dee�ns the modification minor and approves the
wireless facility with the following conditions ��f approval. State law requires a m;nimum 10-
year permit for personal wireless service facilities.
1. APPROVED EXHIBITS
Approval is based on Exhibits titled: "CA-`�JC0140B/6191 Bollinger Road/Cupertino, CA
95014 prepared by CDG: Connell Design �iroup, LLC dated 03/04/10 and consisting of
„
four sheets labeled T1, A1, A2, and A3, exc�pt as may be amended by the conditions
contained in this resolution.
2. NOTICE OF FEES, DEDICATIONS, RESEI:VATIONS OR OTHER EXACTIONS
The Conditions of Project Approval set forth herein may include certain fees, dedication
requirements, reservation requirements, and other exactions. Pursuant to Government
Code Section 66020(d) (1), these Conditions constitute written notice of a statement of the
amount of such fees, and a description of �he dedications, reservations, and other exactions.
You are hereby further notified that the 90-day approval period in which you may protest
these fees, dedications, reservations, and other exactions, pursuant to Government Code
Section 66020(a), has begun. If you fail to file a protest within this 90-day period complying
with all of the requirements of Sectior� 66020, you will be legally barred from later
challenging such exactions.
3. ABANDONMENT
If after installation, the aerial is not used Eor its permitted purpose for a continuous period
of 18 months, said antennae and associatE�d facilities shall be removed. The applicant shall
bear the entire cost of demolition and rem�val.
4. EXPIRATION DATE
This Director's Minor Modification shall �xpire ten (10) years after the effective date of the
permit. The applicant may apply for a re newal of the minor modification at which time the
Director of Community Development may review the state of wireless communication and
camouflage technologies to determine if the visual impact of the personal wireless facility
can be reduced.
6. POST-CONSTRUCTION RADIO FREQUF NCY ENERGY EXPOSURE TESTING
Prior to the commercial operation of th.s facility, the applicant shall submit a field test
report on the radio frequency energy emissions to the Director of Community Development
confirming that public exposures to ger�erated radio frequency energy (measured at full
I-9
DIR-2010-05
6191 Bollinger Road Page 3
power) complies with federal safety star�dards at ground level and nearest residential
property line (measured at second floor lev �l).
7. DISCLOSURE OF�PRESENCE OF PERSON AL WIRELESS SERVICE FACILITY
Upon construction of the project, the prope��ty owner shall disclose the presence of
personal wireless service facility to users �nd expected users of the school operations and
provide a copy of such notice to the Directc r of Community
Development.
This Director's approval is effective May 27, 2010. The fourteen calendar day appeal period will
expire on june 10, 2010.
Enclosures:
Attachment A: Photosimulation
Attachment B: Statement of Hammett & Edisc�n, Inc., Consulting Engineers, on compliance
with FCC standards for RFE exposure for the Clearwire, LLC Proposed Base
Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140F�), 6191 Bollinger Road, Cupertino, California".
Attachment C: Emails from TICC Commissior iers
Attachment D: Plan Set
- �._�._._�,-___.___ ----�.._
�OT('i '
Attachments are available in the Planning De� artment file and may be viewed at the City's
website at www.cu�ertino.or�. Select the lin�: to Public Records and select file number DIR-
2010-05.
1-10
. ... ,. , ...,. , . , .. ._.. . . _ . . ..
� } K y �� G �� � _ 4 ,�� . . . . _ -
':-� � K�� t'�a�`� ���'���'���. —
i ,- �` "� � �(�'
1 �-�, � 5.:. « _�..r.- � . s
4,
���: ��'��T�i�a:o :�..��_
. . i�`L � ..��t..1� ' . �Ei�. �
l �
_
,_ . �
� �.
. .�
1 ,���:; - ..� � � ; ���
`� . .'� �:� } •_ , j !
I - . y ';'►�� ' � �` ' °� t
- ... �. '�. ' t '�•�r � } ' ' 4 ��
•�' �a��,' ; �, ,,`, t ' - , ._/�^' i - Y � � •
..
...
' ` �r
• °t
`' ' " ' - -
...
...� ,� .
� ' � � � �-• ,� � � �.:��"�*'" _.. ---- - _. .. _ . _ '�'' � ; i ��S` '' t ° �*° ' '` "� s � •
�' ,t : � ��� .._ � r
. ..
. , •
,. � . ��. � .� 1� - __ . . _ s :�
� - e . .,�- ,_ :t n x , . � __ �., .� = � ,
„ ; � � � — `��; �) . - .. �� 'y° � • �{' '�`,
�� _ .R. ��` V 5 , y . ...t � �'�.R �. -1 ,, ' � �{'. �'"' • `+ .r4
�. �}� � �:�1/l. •I'"�Ia� `� ••�
� . ° i �' � � � 1 / .�' b .. ,�` �, `� '►. , : ..: 4
as:; , � �:.'. 'r. � ti� �,...+," - :�, � �;., ,.�'. ��
�. i� � i
, .'i .,� I f�R ;' i ;, � � �r _ t
,,
� � � �� , � � � � � � ,� - � �y� . � �
. µ
1 _
._.` s ' . + ��.FJ' 1 .�.��.'::. J 5 • � •'� r �S�t; '.. _ .. �--� .. � �.jR. .
� ' .. 'Y� 1tZ_v � . . .� ..� a.:: l�hdAi+� " ._ � i _. ... � �• .... . � ' S..'r
.
� • .
.
• - ' . w
. . . .� i -... _.
.� . . -.. � . . .�..,.. ....Y-.. "'" _ ' .�ti�.�..�.—
' • �' �r`'�' '. � � __. . . - .�"—. . `- ��� _ _ .. -t� ._..
.__.�_. � .��, ..��. _ , '. �.,. .
.-
— .s: ^ "'� _ _ !
. "'�� . _ y. . . _
. �''�:�;t..,s . ' . . ,.-: ,.. . . . ._ •�".`='?h._. � ' �.
. -._.. _ ......._ .-. .
.�.r^ t � :. �'N 4•A ,(. J � f � .. � Y' ♦
� ^: .:. ." � ..:,-_' � 1 {� � b 5 , .
, , r,� a'� '� ,
x ,t �.h 1 r�X `- 44 � {.�� d � '7Y � � h f .� . . ti ,w �.
t' r�v,�, �v �M r, f ^� ' � � �� t K .'�"t .: 5r
!IST�a. ,6R� i ,� 'Y+�'�.. , .,� .��.t ♦ .7 F . � � : x l s .�1 1 . V `.� ��2 °�' ._
. � , r. 'wn��r. � . .y..
. -. s' �- .. . .. .. -.� . i � ..
1
� < ~.���� .�
. _ _ �..__ ,T�
��,, � . �r�:- �,,r
� .; .���, . �M , _ . . _ . , .
�; i.: ;:, ' . �.' . � . �'- ' �:. .
t ...
, , _ +�°'�'.�'�s.u
. t . ,. . ..,. . . ... � . , .. . , . .. ,_n.. - ... , .. _ . ., .. . . .. . . .. .�_ . . . . - .,.. ... � . .
.�
i,
i —
�. � �-
��`�.
;—
F K
. � �ri �'��
�1' ' , . , _ �°` •�.
� � {
r � i ;'\ � � � Pr� .. 1 �` � , �� 1 �
� --..�_ w . .. . t � �� ,�� � j �y ;�^
: +� . ;
� ,� .j'� '� �'}+' t r
. � i i �' . ,� . r � y�. : .• :,:3
,:' �,: ��
. �� . . �, : ,.t ��. ��! � _ .f K. .. .. ��� r� � y.r . �► � ' � w 7 j
1 `�� �', ±�"� � �f"�� , �; � V�� � • l � .e�
.
�. �, �` .t - ..: . _ f� � � �i �`(
M , + `,'� ; � -.��___..__._._�. _ •.��� s'.
� • f� { � . � . � �y+" 1 � !J" .�.. .. _. . � .'� • t •� � "
� Y .,� ,��, � � ,,.,✓�r� V � p :7� ; `� . "•.A . � �. '� l ` � .
L� 3 . l' � �:� ��, �� `- Y +C.`t.{� +d ' ' 1 t . ' ' -- .. � ,� �� � - �~�'.: 1 ' . ,.. "�. . t
� . +��•� '•� �� ` � �{ ♦ iS. � �' .l y � �
� � .1 d�'� t� .`�-�s� .�l.°� �.. �• , a , f .. ..� r
^�-�.,_. . � � � .� - i • . } ., �� �r' . �. � `. �• 't
�
. �
� .�_b.4.:_ �.k r . .,. � � _`✓^
— � .. � �� .. 1 � °t � `� . � " .__ 6 � �
���.:� ' . . .. :, .� r _ �_'_ Q �^ - �fi5
• / . w �. . n -7 � �1. p
��; ' • �. �,- i � _ ;t+dl �.�:i:.'�.tt:�� � � { t�.�:... �� . -- -°.. _ _ . I �� __
_ - _____"""�_ _ �
; - �..�- - • - � -- ---s--
�.. ��� _ - . - .
� � `
.a
�_ �
�i . ... .. � " ` �� .. j � ���'
� � _ y � T �ri�.� .�(�� , 1 �-�g�� � 1 � � �� �,� � � .
' �.k Y ��S4.F 111Y z.A" . t ; �j' 'r o .`.F� { T �" 31 R�- ` E..�� i � Y ' � E � d � f i.P(�k f.d'�W '�S�
y w"k� . � .�?.. ��.� ��, s r .r�i, ��� fi�.s.+'� ".�.. '�`° k .l: 5 �'' �-...� .: ��
-. � a-y
T �" ! � m "
�' r. i�f�3.S�i . �� 3� '� ., a �
`h
rR � '.W������
.� �i �R' � � '�+r �`�.�/�` � � ..- . ... � '_ _3'.e-�:,.L:.�;Y".r'�• ...y y ..!
. �. .. . . _. .w��....._..,. . "' . • - .
clear :�:� ��� �:= West Valley Presbyterian Church Site # CA-SJC0140B Looking Southeast from Miller Avenue
6191 Boliinger Road
5f20/10 CupEltlflo, CA 95014 �—� 1 Applied Imagination 5109i4-0500
� �t : ' _ _ ,. . .. .. . . ,
i 1C "��LI� ' � .. � ' .
��e r�:a�`�`�►� �►��`s�� ���r
�±�� � ��. ,...,..._�.... F �� (�
,.,¢ ,� ,4; , '„ �_.` II ;
�- G.r..� ...
,C,� � :.a�'�;=, t �.1: � a,.. . „�.. .,.. �- C� I � ,
, � ?., ri �. r; t � `� �. ( � , �°, ` �} 1 ..
, �,�y � . , , . � �,s�� �.� �� . �
�.
:,.. , .� , ., -. .
� ._ y._ ._ . _ .
..
:, .
_�----
�-
__ J --_ -_
_,_ . ._
_ - � - --
: - _-= —�
- -
, ; _ -f
_ �t � ��' . J 1 .. ;:.
�
i . .� � :�,� � + ; '.y J _ � „� F ��� ' ..
� ' �c ; 'Y ! - �r^"..��. ^�... � � '.
�_„�['+�,` �A � ^L�. '"�_ +.^' �"��y-��.
t 'a � - C .....-'_::.
�t" -��� ; �ri ,.,�+ r Y � -+'•. `._ , _ .-_�-' _
+ j k' " a� � •r.. - _., ' �• �---. .:—��� - +.-. Y• .
� 'l j -, '� _ X '^ � �, `+�� x � �._--•-^"'".` y - :` --- . . ' .. :? + ;� ' `� + .
� � � ' n. - �I ' `*�� Z'.�.. t1 �� ` _— �___�.. �.........-. I'�, L
'��. t '� f=� � �� t � 4 � `( � . i� '. - "'' � . V Y . '
'�� • �
"F . [" T-+. � 7 � � .��, +� ', . � C � e ��.. . � ... . ��. . �. � 7/ ,` �. �y , j� ��
^,�:� '!�'•.�", :,�., _ � � �, �' _ ,....�,_� _ _.- ` . , , � ,. . . �^ , �
�� y' �,j' .''�:�'` �� �, ' �'�\•. � .. _ � _ _ _- ..�. � � � 5 .. �•� • rY.�:' � r � �� r
��, +�• � q �� ,� � . « ----- _ _^ . � @� , ` � �_ t � y'; ' � 1
�• � � .
� �_ f� ��� `� w � '`;,
: � , _ •. ,
,
_ � �` � , '�'�5;3 ,•- , .. ,�i
� �� M .� 'tY, ��� i .. � ..� - : � ' . 1 � � .I,"Y r >Y - �
1 ;J'y ':�{ �' f � s . � Y� i < , � y ... .,L .+A� - �•�� .� �� Y
`± �. &'; !�� � ` k . � x - �'U' /''' :if i r '�`j� n , � j
- T: •, :t � - � ",;,r � �'+ . e '`� , t.�A., • ' } A . y'. .�h�i�� y . -
, �' 7'r ,- �+�' ��`` � '� �'�r'� + yj ��� � ° r _' ffi' :t��:r' ''1
� 1 �� . k .��7� r` ; i. Y �,� ��.��w
��Y . '_'_' ' .
♦ � .J , +" 'if � � � ..
�` � � �,� __ ' '��• '����
! I .t 1 ,� -N ;.��f;
�
. �'�'!
- " _
. � +^ �
, .�..«�..-: �• . . . .e.?" ..r
...
. »...�;e �'�`�. � a�
^ ..-'
i
., . .. a .._.._ <+.•�il� _. � -s^ �� . ' �►-. �..,.. t
,.
�'�"��. � �� �.wmav�c' . .. . _ � _ ...:-'•��_ . .... . . � � � � � " ��' . , 1��, �
'�''!.^�SEr� . _ _ .. .'_ . ' . .....'w'!"... _..... �w!�i...�� _ � ..�... . . ._f�.-r....._a....._�.�..........
-�.�._„_, � .. , - - -
-^-...�.�...�.. � � .. . _ . .
�.-...,.,�.,,,,,_�� � - - � � - . � . .
`. � ... • ' y..... �....'..-..-.- ' ' . _.. _ .� . '___
�_+, � 'twe`�`��Mt... _' ���� � ". _. .. . .. , . . . '"+�+-...`w.'�'.""...!�l1w.�we. .. �+,�p. .� � ��+` .. ,`�a�+W ,.j��
2wr�c� ^ r � �r
y��...�
_
_. ...:;.«•�.; __ _y _
. :,��.�---= "". _ _
� - - -
.
��
{ t ` t ! �: � - � �-� t - P " i► :. i
1 �`.7t 'fP ' e^,' .� _.n , , .0 . � f. �+� 7 ,. . � - -'� :. ' . . .. .
.,. ' , - �. � }, N •4^, . � . . . S .P_L t. 4 y � . i .. ... . '
. . � :�} �t [� ` � � . . . , -^ . . .
"'�.� �a-�`�1::; { ' � � �� ..� .
' �,� �— f'' � � _ � '
� � �' " _' " —' - -� . "
� � -� iz: : � - -
� �� � � , � � � '`� � J � - _ . - -_�",�,� �� � .�.
� . � '•. Y -. _ . y ����� ��.,�..
'Y, . - - � � t �' '�; � ' �;r , . - "' r � - .
� `':�" ` -i : }, ti '' � � l __.�- - ""'
� �T S � ���� ��.''��y. r• _ r } � � ' ' .. � 1•• �. `�^ .i+�^M . - . i \ �,� � .
� } �-�I °..' "� '+ � '�L i �}�'ilY � "�.� `?,. ,�,,.. - � _ . . ��.i .� l M : .
i`T 1:'f' .�.i s + � .}.. ! �' 7 C �' j�.�'` fi'k,j, ��.5�'i,. ..�'' f '' � . �':'� � . . . '-�_ �
T " ^X a: � T - ; l �. . ._.�.• ,;_. „ J- - . ` . ' r` , 'M1 .
w :�� Yrl6� - � _ :,: � . - r _� ��� - V � � - � ' h ��, ,,. , ,+*; ..
� t ^� . '�'� '� j K `� �� _ -: .1�' � _ �...�, �... � , _ { �•'..� �y � u +h^ .
� r � � �y ' t . �(, ,�j � 7 Y'y ' bJ . . . . . »� ' �, � � �.t
d' 1 �V� _� .M ��. ....� '�'�„�-�� _. t�. ��'�'�'. . j
, A' ,y 7 :' . �-,,,,....�.w _ .. ... 'c� ��' � R � J 'r
�J��� �� ' _ � - , ' 'g �,� �, . ' � . �, ' � �� �•� � • .
.,. � �` N �J�• ' f f `�r''�.r'� . � s _. � �'�'� `�� �^ �. t_ �
� r w^ ;1. y ' : Y�:Y`. <� a -._-- .._ .... . � � �.'�; .�. }' 'wK' k,.�
i ` r � , � } '� , � #}. ' ; �. J.}S '' '` _.����
r � � �� �-�" , vti �d� � � � g^ +v-
`� � p' �'�./� w�r' . � g��: 1 i 7 �� � .� I ^3 X. �~ `�' . .
r �•�' 7i.f.?.' � � `, �iY .X���`.. • . �, ��
+ , f„�: s���r.�'. �i � r ;,` I , ;s
.ft 4 � � L � ��`': i: F�'� .��� ��`��! ��
.
"� •
. , .R - , i,� r , �� � � ._... . ..✓..� __.. <.... ---. . , � •�'.r �. .. +, � �
�� "�i �,. . ` �^ 1 � � ,�'� `��.
I � r4 . _ 4` .` ` � . . .. r . � ' i �.2
�� .�!/r�.ra .. . ... t r'�wi1° - ? � �- 6. -. i/1l� .� ` � .. . 1 � 'n.��" _J+A�� , `: •
_ .�1�' _.__ ._ ��" _ ...-, " ..._ ._. . ... .-�. , �".� .__,.���..� . - -- '• .�_....._�.�_.��:. :
V .�.��,-�' ' . .. � _
.
. . _. . _
'_""_'�.--�..._ -
� •— - �•-f....�„�,,,�� . . .
^----._... _ . _ � -_ . _
...-- --- --
•��....i.�.r' "s.--�-- � .
� �" �"�. ..� :-� � -- k_.. - - -�-.__._. �_„� _
._.----=-�;..r- ..�.� _
_._ -
clear�� ��� "� West Valley Presbyterian Church Site # CA-SJC0140B Looking Northwest from Boliinger Road
6191 Bollinger Road
5/20/10 Cupertino, CA 95014 1 2 Applied imagination 510 914-0500
Clearwire, LLC � Proposed L'�ase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B)
6191 Bollinger Rcad • Cupertino, California
Statement of Hammett & E:dison, Inc., Consulting Engineers
The firm of Hammett & Edison, Inc., Consult ng Engineers, has been retained on behalf of Clearwire,
LLC, a personal wireless service provider, :o evaluate the base station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B)
proposed to be located at 6191 Bollinger Road in Cupertino, California, for compliance with
appropriate guidelines limiting human exposu:•e to radio frequency ("RF") electromagnetic fields.
Prevailing 1=xposure Standards
The U.S. Congress requires that the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") evaluate its
actions for possible significant impact on th�: environment. In Docket 93-62, effective October 15,
1997, the FCC adopted the human exposure J imits for field strength and power density recommended
in Report No. 86, "Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic
Fields," published in 1986 by the Congressio ially chartered National Council on Radiation Protection
and Measurements ("NCRP"). Separate limi:s apply for occupational and public exposure conditions,
with the latter limits generally five times more restrictive. The more recent standard, developed by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics En�;ineers and approved as American National Standard
ANSI/IEEE C95.1-2006, "Safety Levels v��ith Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency
Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz," includes similar exposure limits. A summary of the
FCC's exposure limits is shown in Figure ". These limits apply for continuous exposures and are
intended to provide a prudent margin of s��fety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size, or
health.
The most restrictive FCC limit for exposures of unlimited duration to radio frequency energy for
several personal wireless services are as follc>ws:
Personal Wireless Service A rox. Fre uenc Occu ational Limit Public Limit
Broadband Radio ("BRS") 2,600 MHz 5.00 mW/cm 1.00 mW/cm
Advanced Wireless ("AWS") 2,100 5.00 1.00
Personal Communication ("PC5") 1,950 5.00 1.00
Cellular Telephone 870 2.90 0.58
Specialized Mobile Radio ("SNIR") 855 2.85 0.57
Long Term Evolution ("LTE") 700 2.33 0.47
[most restrictive frequency range] 30-300 1.00 0.20
General 1=acility Requirements
Base stations typically consist of two distin�;t parts: the electronic transceivers (also called "radios" oz
"channels") that are connected to the tradit ional wired telephone lines, and the passive antennas that
send the wireless signals created by the raC ios out to be received by individual subscriber units. The
transceivers are often located at ground lf;vel and are connected to the antennas by coaxial cables
� , HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. P �����Or� ��� Q CW0140B596.1
♦ CONSULTING ENGINEERS ��; : A . : ..i �� � � s�' h ��� ����� Page 1 of 4
SAN FRANCISCO �- R°,' - �'�d 7�� 0
,a 6 1 �.m
u. �a�;�'�.',j�,�� ��fV` F`J ` - r ��. ���.
I .�J,,�
•�.� �
v
Clearwire, LLC • Proposed Etase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B)
6191 Bollinger Rc�ad • Cupertino, California
about 1 inch thick. Because of the short wavelength of the frequencies assigned by the FCC for
wireless services, the antennas require line-of sight paths for their signals to propagate well and so are
installed at some height above ground. The antennas are designed to concentrate their energy toward
the horizon, with very little energy wasted tov��ard the sky or the ground. Along with the low power of
such facilities, this means that it is generall:� not possible for exposure conditions to approach the
m�imum permissible exposure limits withou�: being physically very near the antennas.
Compute � Modeling Method
The FCC provides direction for determining r,ompliance in its Office of Engineering and Technology
Bulletin No. 65, "Evaluating Compliance with FCC-Specified Guidelines for Human Exposure to
Radio Frequency Radiation," dated August 1997. Figure 2 attached describes the calculation
methodologies, reflecting the facts that a directional antenna's radiation pattern is not fully formed at
locations very close by (the "near-field" effe �t) and that at greater distances the power level from an
energy source decreases with the square of the distance from it (the "inverse square law"). The
conservative nature of this method for evalu�ting exposure conditions has been verified by numerous
field tests.
Site and 1=acility Description
Based upon information provided by Clearwire, including drawings by Connell Design Group, LLC,
dated July 28, 2009, it is proposed to mount three Kathrein Model 840-10054 directional panel BRS
antennas within a view screen enclosure to be constructed on the highly peaked roof of the West
Valley Presbyterian Church, located at 6191 Bollinger Road in Cupertino. The antennas would be
mounted with 2° downtilt at an effective hei�;ht of about 59 feet above ground and would be oriented
at about 120° spacing, to provide service in ;ill directions. The maximum effective radiated power in
any direction would be 1,260 watts. Also proposed to be mounted within the enclosure are three
microwave "dish" antennas, for interconnec;tion of this site with others in the Clearwire network.
There are reported no other wireless telecom�nunications base stations installed nearby.
Si:udy Results
For a person anywhere at ground near the site, the m�imum ambient RF exposure level due to the
proposed Clearwire operation, including the contributions of the microwave antennas, is calculated to
be 0.0027 mW/cm which is 0.27% of the �pplicable public limit. The maximum calculated level at
the second-floor elevation of any nearby building* is 0.14% of the applicable public limit. It should be
noted that these results include several "�vorst-case" assumptions and therefore are expected to
` Located at least 90 feet away, based on aerial phot��graphs from Google Maps.
�� , HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. �����p ��•-(�5 CW0140B596.1
CONSULTING ENGINEERS ! . _ , ; t �;: ' e . .
s.�v Fxnrrc�sm - Page 2 of 4
'�:�d� .�.. �.�'�7/'/D
:? �, :�: ;� ;�� � � s
-� �����"�':►...�? 1` �\/. �'E�.
Clearwire, LLC � Proposed E�ase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B)
6191 Bollinger Rcad • Cupertino, California
overstate actual power density levels. Levels may exceed the public limit on the roof of the building
in front of the enclosure, very near the antennas.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
Due to their mounting locations, the ClearwirE; antennas would not be accessible to the general public,
and so no mitigation measures are necessar}� to comply with the FCC public exposure guidelines.
To prevent occupational exposures in excess c�f the FCC guidelines, no access within 2 feet directly in
front of the antennas themselves, such as mi�;ht occur during maintenance work on the enclosure or
the top of the roof, should be allowed while t��e base station is in operation, unless other measures can
be demonstrated to ensure that occupational protection requirements are met. Posting explanatory
warning signst on the screens in front of thE- antennas, such that the signs would be readily visible
from any angle of approach to persons wh� might need to work within that distance, would be
sufficient to meet FCC-adopted guidelines.
C onclusion
Based on the information and analysis above, it is the undersigned's professional opinion that the base
station proposed by Clearwire, LLC at 6191 F�ollinger Road in Cupertino, California, will comply with
the prevailing standards for limiting public exposure to radio frequency energy and, therefore, will not
for this reason cause a significant impact on the environment. The highest calculated level in publicly
accessible areas is much less than the prevailing standards allow for exposures of unlimited duration.
This finding is consistent with measurement� of actual exposure conditions taken at other operating
base stations. Posting of explanatory signs is recommended to establish compliance with occupational
exposure limitations.
fi Warning signs should comply with OET-65 colo •, symbol, and content recommendations. Contact information
should be provided (e.g., a telephone number) to a�range for access to restricted areas. The selection of language(s)
is not an engineering matter, and guidance frorr the landlord, local zoning or health authority, or appropriate
professionals may be required.
�� , HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. _ P� IC — cz0 C U�J� ,_, CW0140B596.1
CONSULTINGENGINEERS �+ : a �R `"'' e :�``.�6-.
s,uv �nivc►sco � �; m � ,-- a � �o Page 3 of 4
- .-� - e ` _
� �:�.
4 � �.' q
� �J �. } !
�'� � ;y; �` ;�R � ;\� �� P. `�. u t �.
Clearwire, LLC � Proposed E3ase Station (Site No. CA-SJC0140B)
6191 Boilinger Rc►ad • Cupertino, California
A uthorship
The undersigned author of this statement i� a qualified Professional Engineer, holding California
Registration Nos. E-13026 and M-20676, which expire on June 30, 2011. This work has been carried
out under his direction, and all statements are true and correct of his own knowledge except, where
noted, when data has been supplied by others, which data he believes to be correct.
E
Q �F ��f
� �� .
�: E-i 3Q26 � � �
M William F. H tt, P.E.
December 22, 2009 E�' �-3 °-2°11
�t v
#
,�, �"��,, �
�� �
cp►V�'
�� HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. iD �� ��oro �5 CW0140B596.1
CONSULTING ENGINEERS � ` a ::. f:�G.^� � � j� � z�'�* ���„ Page 4 of 4
SAN FRANCISCO c ^.° �
.� �: - .m, ,� a[ .
�. � , .4 c
� .. � � {�
� '-` :: �, r c ., °a ,. .
.., -, _ . . _��a ..�.. ..
FCC Radio Frec�uency Protection Guide
The U.S. Congress required (1996 Telecom ��ct) the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC")
to adopt a nationwide human exposure standard to ensure that its licensees do not, cumulatively, have
a significant impact on the environment. The FCC adopted the limits from Report No. 86, "Biological
. Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields," published in 1986 by the
Congressionally chartered National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements ("NCRP").
Separate lunits apply for occupational and public exposure conditions, with the latter limits generally
five times more restrictive. The more recent standard, developed by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers and approved as American National Standard ANSI/IEEE C95.1-2006, "Safety
Levels with Respect to Human Exposure tv Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to
300 GHz," includes similar limits. These li�rits apply for continuous exposures from all sources and
are intended to provide a prudent margin of �afety for all persons, regardless of age, gender, size, or
health.
As shown in the table and chart below, sep:irate limits apply for occupational and public exposure
conditions, with the latter limits (in italics ancVor dashed) up to five tunes more restrictive:
Frec�uency Electroma�netic Fields �f is fre�uency of emission in MHz)
Applicable Electric Magnetic Equivalent Far-Field
Range Field StrengtY Field Strength Power Density
(MHz) (V�m) (A/Tn) (mW/cm
0.3 — 1.34 614 61 �� 1.63 1. 63 100 100
1.34 — 3.0 614 823.�3/f 1.63 2.19/f 100 180/f
3.0 — 30 1842/ f 823. 4/f 4.89/ f 2.19/f 900/ f 180/�
30 — 300 61.4 27. 5 0.163 0.0729 1.0 0.2
300— 1,500 3.54�f 1.59ff �f/106 'ff/238 f/300 f/IS00
1,500 — 100,000 137 61.4 0.364 0.163 5.0 1.0
1000 / Occupational Exposure
100 •� PCS
� �' � 10 �� FM Cell
U
�
� � ,
Q' Q 1 ,� I �����
� /' � � �
�.1
Public Ex osu�-e
0.1 1 � 0 100 10 10 10
Frequency (MHz)
Higher levels are allowed for short periods o E time, such that tota.l exposure levels averaged over six or
thirty minutes, for occupational or public se;ttings, respectively, do not exceed the limits, and higher
levels also are allowed for exposures to sniall areas, such that the spatially averaged levels do not
exceed the limits. However, neither of these allowances is incorporated in the conservative calculation
formulas in the FCC Office of Engineervig and Technology Bulletin No. 65 (August 1997) for
projecting field levels. Hammett & Edison has built those formulas into a proprietary program that
calculates, at each location on an arbitrary rE;ctangular grid, the tota.l expected power density from any
number of individual radio sources. The program allows for the description of buildings and uneven
tenain, if required to obtain more accurate p:-ojections.
�� , HAMMETT & EDISON, ING ��� `"� ��� 0 ' ^0 � FCC Guidelines
CONSULTING ENGINEERS � . - ' , ° = E' .. .?; "'. +^
sa.rr FxnNC�sco � . �—� 7—�o Figure 1
.�e, . �,, ..�9
� �`���. , .i� � - .
��-W`����°� '='i;a^�`� ,� �..,�� �
��
RFR.CALC Calculation Methodology
Assessment by Calculation of C�mpliance with FCC Exposure Guidelines
The U.S. Congress required (1996 Telecom A�;t) the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") to
adopt a nationwide human exposure standard to ensure that its licensees do not, cumulatively, have a
significant impact on the environment. The maximum permissible exposure limits adopted by the FCC
(see Figure 1) apply for continuous exposure;� from all sources and are intended to provide a prudent
margin of safety for all persons, regardless of ��ge, gender, size, or health. Higher levels are allowed for
short periods of time, such that total exp��sure levels averaged over six or thirty minutes, for
occupational or public settings, respectively, c.o not exceed the limits.
Near Field.
Prediction methods have been developed f��r the near field zone of panel (directional) and whip
(omnidirectional) antennas, typical at wirel�;ss telecommunications base stations, as well as dish
(aperture) antennas, typically used for microv��ave links. The antenna patterns aze not fully formed in
the near field at these antennas, and the FCC Office of Engineering and Technology Bulletin No. 65
(August 1997) gives suitable formulas for cal�;ulating power density within such zones.
180 0.1 x P net mw 2
For a panel or whip antenna, power density s= e x n x D x h'� /� �
Bw
O.1x16x�xPnet mW 2
and for an aperlure antenna, maximum power density s� = n x h '� /� '
where AgW = half-power beamwidtb of the antenna, in degrees, and
Pnet = net power input to the antenna, in watts,
D= distance from antenna. in meters,
h= aperture height of the :�ntenna, in meters, and
r� = aperture efficiency (u�iitless, typically 0.5-0.8).
The factor of 0.1 in the numerators converts � o the desired units of power density.
Far Field
OET 65 gives this formula for calculating po�✓er density in the far field of an individual RF source:
2.56 >:1.64 x 100 x RFF x ERP
power density S= 2 �� mW/�2�
4x.rcxD
where ERP = total ERP (all polarizatioi�s), in kilowatts,
RFF = relative field factor at the direction to the actual point of calculation, and
D= distance from the center of radiation to the point of calculation, in meters.
The factor of 2.56 accounts for the increase in power density due to ground reflection, assuming a
reflection coefficient of 1.6 (1.6 x 1.6 = 2.Sei). The factor of 1.64 is the gain of a half-wave dipole
relative to an isotropic radiator. The factor �f 100 in the numerator converts to the desired units of
power density. This formula has been built into a proprieta.ry program that calculates, at each location
on an arbitrary rectangular grid, the total e�cpected power density from any number of individual
radiation sources. The program also allows for the description of uneven terrain in the vicinity, to
obtain more accurate projections.
Dl�i'-�u t0 -05
�� HAMMETT & EDISON, INC. �r�� ��_ �' �.,, a r ; �b �
� CONSULTING ENGINEERS ��� ,-� v • � '� �� �� � j'-'� Methodology
sa,rr �uvc�sco �l � � Figure 2
+ p ,x a.-
�.�. ( '..A i �1Y s "�F ° ! 1 '` . � \
�� � / •�
—]<</� ��:��iddi�sl Fr. LiOt�`•
U
}
Colin Jung
Subject: FW: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referrals: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01 Email 2
-----Original Message-----
From: Peter Friedland [mailto:peterfriedland@�;mail.com]
Sent: Wednesday, February 17, 2010 12:25 AM
To: Colin 7ung; Avinash Gadre
Subject: RE: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referral�,: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01 Email 2
Dear Colin,
My comments on the two proposed Clearwire app=.ications are as follows:
1 DIR the analysis of maximum pos�;ible radiation exposure appears technically
correct and well-supported. The installation provides good coverage for the wimax
frequencies. Esthetically the design seems nE�arly completely invisible to the casual
observer, although as noted by staff, the terri "cupola" to describe the enclosure is
incorrect.
2. U-2010-01: the analysis of maximum possil�le radiation exposure appears technically
correct and well-supported. The installation provides good coverage for the wimax
frequences. While the installation does subs change the look of the New Life
Church, it provides no indication that it is ��n electronic installation, and i find it a
clever way to blend into the existing church ;�rchitecture.
Peter Friedland
Vice-Chair, TICC
1� �� �lb�0�'
� .' '. . S � .. .. ' '�'a
�,,��� � �_,�.� -ro
� ' �R
4 a. i ♦ , a� � � �
� � � � Y fl : ; �\' � °i
'�-.•t,, �.. .�. 6., t �. � � �� . �t�..
1 �19
)
Colin Jung
Subject: FW: Two Clearwire Cell Site RE ferrals: DIR-2010-05; U-2010-01
_.
From: Avinash Gadre [mailto:avigadre@hotmail.com]
Sent: Tuesday, February 16, 2010 11:52 AM
To: Colin ]ung; Peter Friedland
Subject: Re: Two Clearwire Cell Site Referrals: DIR-2010-C 5; U-2010-01
Hi Colin
My comments -
DIR-201Q-05:
1. There are no technical concerns - antenna would p•ovide adequate coverage.
2. Based on calculations provided by Clearwire, there are no concerns of public exposure
3. Even though proposed design is acceptable aesthe1:ically, it is not cupola as described by the contractor.
U-2010-01:
1. There are no technical concerns - antenna would provide adequate coverage.
2. Based on calculations provided by Clearwire, there are no concerns of public exposure
3. Aesthetically, the design goes well with rest of the building. Even though size of the modified rooftop is
bigger compared the rest of the building, number of antennas are same as in proposal D!R-2Q10-05 (above).
Regards
Avinash
DI�-��►0--05
.,
� :` ,: �5:,.�:���� ,_
� � .,- � Y _ •�
�:� .s
� �(��-���r�i� �l. ��F�=
` 1
1-20
�
O� V� y �� 8 E! 6 L
ui +
�
L 4� '�� � k 7 OOOOUO � F ,
•� g� � I� §� � 41096 VO 'ON ld3dfl� Z N N N N N N �� J W m�
�p ��e g € aVOFJ FJ3�JNIT 09 LB L9 p k K K K K r= s
� �� ¢i� ���� �°000000 �� � W � 1
a� z �� ���; 8�1�1.���'S �d� � a��.�� �� _� F'
�W���
V � �_eE
g _....,.
o ��
��� Z
f S'c �
C �q
Z = � a � n �� �
_ N�
¢ ��'�� W ��� � ��" � �`
o �^ if +� C��
� = 5�
a � � ���g �€����'�N���� �� ��� � �� i�i
� 3�`�S w �
� � e y �
a �� J � S d€�KaaNa'A7�NC G3� ��� � Ys is$
� � C
� ���� � �s��� ��� �� ��� W �
��Y�s� ��g��s�� ���t��=�� Y44 0�
z
x o �� Z���� s:i��dd ��s���:3� �:c aa
w �
� a � p
Z N����� �- �� � �
� I a sN� 4
� o E � � 8 �
Z w " � g �� £�'��� � i� ��i � � �e�_
O Q r ��., m i�4 d� CC�98S 8����� �� ���� �.�C3�
w m
w
° �� y� i Q iY4 �� �g��� oa�a6� a�We�W =�gt a3�s�
=—z--c�
/ �
� /� AAC3 3�H3NMV7 Itl
1 � � g
� ��„ Q � � � � �
t � O �$ y �i 2
� $ � � Tir g � 'g
O W� � � � '
U Z� � ��
� J Z � 31Y tl7f7M o
//� � d' 6 � � a
� _ I m W � N � y�
4 r
� �U Ul O �3 � �
� ��) � a�ie rzNr 3o w ��� � �
v � � p � �����g�= � �
� �
� c� ��o °g�� a � 3
� � Z � n ��w� 3
4' �Y � 3
Z > � �� '�.��� �
� > o g ��sis��� � � � s a ` � � a ¢ �
� �
� U � �
�� � �
p� g
`�` � g �
n
�o � � �
��� " . �
� �g` � � . J €,. �� �� �
� / W� �d ' �� �� 4� ' . a� aY� b
� � �� gy5 �3 -�� �� F _�F py �
C `� � 3�� g�y '
Y° � ���W �e �1� �1� �3 �lc 4is o �
�6N$
� � ��g Yo ;� a �€ � �4 °€ °€ �` �€ _n�. � n
� � ; Q Z ��� ��°� �
Q -� ' / � O e" �3 �
1 � � � �� �
.�'r Q � �
� 0 / i � � �k� � � a :^-�€� S
�"" �� � � 1 � g�� : 9 Q $ 3 �
� � `�^ � W �
, �� � Z �� ��dm ��$3 ��e� Y H ��S a
� ' � U _ "�� 8g� � � � � � 3 r� � � 3 � U �G3E�� ■
q+;�: � o ��� ��� 4 � � � � � s � - � � 8 0 ������� �
's� ' �� � �9 � � � � � � � ° � I � ��� �ta3� Q
. �- a ��� �$`.-� � � 8 � � � � 'S ° � 3 a^ � � �€���a� 3
E
o /1 � �� � �.��3:3 ��
L �`� �� s y �NNNNN �� �
•� $ g �I ;ilE ���� 44046t/��ON1H3df10 cn N �
d ' ie� � aVOFi F�3�JNI7' 109 L6 L9 4� K K k K Y, K �� �� i �
(� 8 � 3 ��� $�� 1 � 0 00000 g7 N� i�
�, =r z} � ���� 80��0�1 S'�d� ��E��� �� "
� , �_��.a.
�_-�
�
��
r �_ .OftH � 1 I . I
I ' � � � � �Z[�j41YY
I I
by1 I C I '
I � '• I
I I I
I � ;
I I .. �
I � I
I ' � �
� , �x � I �
r .- -�, o
I I.' ` .� � a �
� ,
I r �� �
��1 � I � �
� I\ � �. �. Z F
I> � � .? I � .�I � �
�
o' �
; � �� � "a ,�< caI �
- - �' r ' `' � � �� � �
- �� --•— - ( ; - � � ' �' ' 1g � ' �
� \ O � 'l1 t1 l_ %� "h � � . 3
I ,, ' Y
� � � ' 'j��'; fi: ���� � � � �
� g� �
I �+.? �,��! � , I �
�i l � �r' ''�1^ 1 � � _ � , �
\ .. o
� \ '� I
f --- _ -- ---� �
' _... . :;.. :. .
.:- _ ,
k• 1 �
� . : ., . . M . �
�� . -� I 8
� �� � g � `
��" � - <
�� 3 ndaai�iw ---- ---I----_ �
� � � j �
� Z �
� � �
� � �
o� � �
� �� � �
- �; � � �
_
� � =� ;
r .
► E} � � �
�w.� '�;�' Z�
i �' ` j
0 -� g a�
� �r� � _
�_
0 I �saasaa
ci I
� ,.S' � 5 p00000 �� �
ti "' �`� ' NNNNN � W
$� �� ; ilE �� � bL096V0'ONIlki3df10 ZaN � �F � N
• 3 y; �� i �[ ab'OEI kl3�JNI�'109 L619 0� k B k k k �� �� � t
� � E� v1
� j � Q'r f � t � F E , � 0��0�� �n NC� W�
�, z � ���� 8 �� � �� 1 S'�d� a�E �� g�
U � s-..... � W
�-_�
m �
�.
a
� �k
0
w
�
\_. . -- — � ,
---_I �, .. _. .... _,.
1 .-- ---, - �. _ __ - ,
� • � �_
.� 8 � � .._ -- ' _
T-
.... � f . .__.....
_ . �. � � ' _ , .
\ � �� � � .
� - 1 ___ .
� � � � R �
. -- , _-
_- -
--.
� � ��� - � _ -
--_ --
,
_ _�_
. . . -_- _ , __ _ 8 , _ _
. � .
r�. ---
�\,� ,�,� ,, ,
. . ... � -
__
�, � � ---. . _.
_._
�. 3 .� , . . . ____ '_'
�� � '__ __
. �__ ^ ____
"�_ ____'
___
I § ____ _�__
8 � I � - -----
/ „ _ —
_ _ �—� — �--1— �--- , ---- �� ,
_ ._ . �R- � .. . . . .
, y g y g
. ... . E�� .. . � ' _ �. . __..
_'
< . Q _ _ .
:.�. ;� -� .
I - .. - _ _.
,' . n < ; -' ' �. . .... __ Y-y' - � . ,
__
�.. � � ,: _ ' � . ,.. . � . : . . '_"'" ___ .
_�' '__' ...
i _... . __"'_ .
"__'__
�� �ye� �r� � - i ------- i r
e � Q � �� �i _
- - �� �� W
M� ��� � . � .I I I . :. �
R w �.__.�. � I I I
� �� � � � �_v �� � v —v'—� i ii � � e
� � � ,� �� �
:- ,
g N.... � . � 1 I I 1 _ __ n
_ � -
� II � � �
� .. . . . . �_...1 I____ _ _. ___"��
_____ .
__.._,__-'____- � � I I_" ' _ _ -- I I . �
___"___'� I I1'__. ._-..,
. '�'__ II
g 1 1 _ ._ ¢
I �� �. �
\ � ' , L"_ _ __ '_____ „ "___. . . �
_ � - I o
.. � . , .._ .._ n
eE$R ._. . � _ __.. 5
� ���9 __ x
� Q � � ' �' .i �__ .. . ... �
@ i ..._... _.
g � -�� . . .i ...._� €
E �<� '" .'� . . _--- •
i
� ___ �� .._.... ._. �
�:' � g� _._.._. '� .
g _. s
WW '_..._._. o
� � �� ��� ��� s�� ��� W
U �
� � . � ���� g �g� �g� �g� �� � � � �
� � ';� ���� �� � �$ �� � ° � � �, �
�E�,�. ,.� _��� � N
o � ► ,. �
�... � ��eRe -------- g
� � r , — ----
-------------
---- �
a � , • ; � ------ �
`b����� . �
, _
� .. ..s
� - ; --- �
� � ------------------ �
Q � :.: �
,� .:,.. % 8
�
� W
Z�
�` �� g '
�� �r�� � o
��� ��� ° �
���� ����� g �
W=
�
� I ��xaaaa
� ��
� ,S� � ' oonaon
.� g� ��'� E �� 4LOS6 VO �ONI�ki3df10 �� N N N N N N �� w Z W M
$� � i� �( Q`dOk! H3�JNI?109 L619 0� K g K k K �` �� i 1
� �� 1;,� ���� �npooaoo �� �� � Q
� ' � zl � �� �..IO�YO�I �� �EpOc000 gQ W
x
k �� E ��
U � �=�....
noao w s .v .f�
�v �
� OIQIII� (� 9 Ol .o-A
�� � � � ,:: ��
g
.R
� ..,
��
�� � �� ��
�� �� �� �� ,. ��
,-.,-:�- ...
,....
��
9�
C i'�:
w ee � � ��.��.�.
; ��:@
_ ���
tF .FJ F 9 �
.t! tJ �d� �
WW
.i�5�
.r� � �
� � �� ���
� g g
> d `'�`' " s� ��s
J
W �.:_��
y � ..�l.tt 0
W g
3 a
° w
w
Q w
g N .
w
w 3�
N N �
p � tl
0
� � 8 :.�1�1'i':�..: � y�
8
b *�
� �� ���
�
� ' S
�
�� � �� �� � � � �
� . �
�� �� �� �� e ; : : . , ., �
0
� � ° �
o �
� N ° �
� �
o _.. �
1'f YJ 1 �+ �
� ` � a-, �-a ° �
A= , n °� rF� 0 v
�
c y �
� `. o � �
� ,,
, : . � �.� Z
� :.� 1 '�,; ° s
► � � � L w �� .., �
O , e �� � � � � .�-.w p �
� , a � �� � �
� � � ❑ vom n dw .r.n � �
� w � W W s
� � _�
� f , �' Z N €
{ _. ,
_ _ Attachment 3
����. --
� o K ���s
, � ' City of Cupertino ��N � ��
10300 Tc�rre Avenue
Cupertin��, CA 95014 �UpERTINO CITY CLERK
C U P E RT I N O (408) '777
3
AP PEAL
1. Application No. �'l�" ( � J "�`
2. Applicant(s) Name: ���-� ���
--T
3. Appellant(s) Name: 0�� 'r' �OP.�� yU��'
Address � ../��- ����ri�`�J�`'�!� c������
Phone Number ��� ���
Email � - �YL ` ��
4. Please check one:
� Appeal a decision of Direct�r of Community Development
❑ Appeal a decision of Direct�r of Public Works
❑ Appeal a decision of Planning Commission
0 Appeal a decision of Desig�i Review Committee
❑ Appeal a decision of Code :�nforcement
5. Date of determination of Director c�r mailing of notice of City decision:
�� 2�, �- � �
6. Basis of appeal: � � Cl��r�
"�. �C�'jf� i�1 ����? ��Q' C0�'�"c
° ��!'� � �yle 1�.� �
�`a� a� � ` T '� ��� d /�/�,�'��
C�S � ���/��� /S /���°�''
`{'j'1 r� UJ rV�'� � / i� . � � �jOn� /� T� �J'����� ��/��
SC�� * f t�./ �
�-rn���L� �� p��o��
Signature s}
Please complete form, include appeal fee ��f $162.00 pursuant to Resolution No. 09-OS 1
($155.00 for massage application appeals; , and return to the attention of the City Clerk,
10300 Torre Avenue, Cupertino, (408} 777-3223. �
1-25
/1�� 4�z�
Colin Jung Attachment 4
From: The Yuens [sixyuens@yahoo.cc�m]
Sent: Wednesday, June 23, 2010 9:41 PM
To: Mikkel Lantz; Colin Jung
Subject: Antennae at West Valley Presb��terian Church
Hi all,
Please take a look to this news came up this n�orning. Cell phones do not radiate as much as
Wimax. I just wanted to give you this inform�tion to let you know that there are many who
are concerned about the possible radiation efiects.
Thank you,
Ione Yuen
http://www.�ovtech.com/�t/articles/765484
San Francisco Approves Cell Phone Radiation W�rnings Created by Brian Shields on 6/22/2010
3:42:00 PM
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) - San Francisco's Bo�rd of Supervisors has approved a new law
requiring cell phone retailers to post the amc�unt of radiation emitted from their phones.
The board voted 10-1 Tuesday to approve a first-of-its-kind ordinance requiring stores
to disclose the specific absorption rate, or �AR, of each phone they sell.
The measure is backed by Mayor Gavin Neu�som, who is expected to sign it within 10 days.
Opponents say the city is responding to unfounded concern over cell phone radiation.
Whether or not the radiation produced by cell phones causes cancer or other health problems
is still a matter of debate among scientists.
Advocates say they hope the labels will dissuade consumers from buying higher-radiation
phones until the science is clearer.
(Copyright 2010 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.) print
Here is the link:
http://www.kron.com/News/ArticleView/tabid/29f;/smid/1126/ArticleID/6303/reftab/536/t/San�20Fr
anciscoq20Approvesq20Ce11%20Phone%20Radiationi�20Warnin�s/Default.aspx
1
�-26
Colin Jung
From: The Yuens [sixyuens@yahoo.cc�m]
Sent: Tuesday, June 15, 2010 10:05 ��M
To: Mikkel Lantz; Colin Jung
Cc: daniel zhu; kemito kemito; Norn�an Yuen; The Yuens
Subject: , Hazards regarding Antenna at �WPC
Attachments: ICNIRP Guidelines FOR LIMITI VG EXPOSURE TO TIME-VARYING.pdf
Dear Mikkel (and Colin),
Upon your request for information, here is some resear�h regarding our concerns about the installation of the
WiMax Antenna at West Valley Presbyterian Church.
Some of these refer to Cell phone towers and WiMaa� i� different than Cell phone towers. WiMax toweres will
radiate more power than cell phone towers and the amc�unt of time people spend on their computers is
significantly more than they spend on cell phone calls.
Thank you for your willingness to hear our concerns.
Regards,
Ione Yuen
After quite some reading, I think there are few points v�orth to mention:
1. Radiation limit, per ICNIRP guideline (see attached), are "based on short-term, immediate health effects
such as stimulation of peripheral nerves and musclf:s, shocks and burns caused by touching conducting
objects, and elevated tissue temperatures resulting irom absorption of energy during exposure to EMF. In
the case of potential long-term effects of exposure, such as an increased risk of cancer, ICNIRP concluded
that available data are insufficient to provide a basi � for setting exposure restrictions,"
2. What we are most concerned about most are th �"unknown" non-thermal" effects. Per FCC info below
"It is generally agreed that further reseazch is needf-d to determine the generality of such effects and their
possible relevance, if any, to human health.", that i;; why prudent avoidance has been adopted in Australia,
Sweden, and several U.S. states, including California, Colorado, Hawaii, New York, Ohio, Texas, and
Wisconsin. http://www.who.int/peh-emf/meetin�;outhkorea/en/Leeka Kheifets�rinciple .pdf
I have found two very useful web pages:
1. This one has a lot of info. http://emfsafetynetwxk.org/?p=116, especially
a. International Resolutions Advocating a Precautionary Approach to the Use and Expansion of
Wireless Technologies
b. HUNTINGTON BEACH - City leaders unanimously voted Monday night to move a cell phone
tower that was slated to be built next to Harbour View School and sparked public outcrv. Note "T-
Mobile said that the cell phone tower is regzlated by the Federal Communications Commission".
c. Taiwan removes 1500 cell towers near
i
1-27
schools: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiw;�n/2007/11/06/129715/1500-cellphone.htm
d. Australian Democrats "Demand crackd��wn on mobile phone .
towers" http://www.democrats.org.au/news,'index.htm?press id=6417,
http://www.democrats.or�.au/docs/2007/Joining the Dotsll.pdf
e. Oregon , USA city school board unplu�;s cell
towers: http://www.oregonlive.com/news/ir�dex.ssf/2008/09/west linnwilsonville school. Note "It
hasn't been proven to be a hazard, but it hasn't been proven to be safe"
2. Peer-reviewed journal Pathophysiology has a s�ecial issue on science and health risks due to
electromagnetic fields. Scientist, researchers, and �ublic health policy professionals discussed the effect on
DNA, brain, and in our environment. This is an excellent link.
http://www.j ournals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/patphy/issues/contents?issue_key=S0928-
4680%2809%29X0003-9
--- On Mon, 6/14/10, The Yuens Ssi.acyuens@yahoo.c��m> wrote:
This is from the FCC Website:
WHAT BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS CAN BE CAU��ED BY RF ENERGY?
Biological effects can result from exposure to RF ene�•gy. Biological effects that result from heating of tissue
by RF energy are often referred to as "thermal" effect;�. It has been known for many years that exposure to very
high levels of RF radiation can be harmful due to the ,�.bility of RF energy to heat biological tissue rapidly. Thi�
is the principle by which microwave ovens cook food, Exposure to very high RF intensities can result in
heating of biological tissue and an increase in body temperature. Tissue damage in humans could occur during
exposure to high RF levels because of the body's inability to cope with or dissipate the excessive heat that could
be generated. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the: testes, are particularly vulnerable to RF heating because
of the relative lack of available blood flow to dissipat�; the excess heat load.
At relatively low levels of exposure to RF radiation, i e., levels lower than those that would produce significant
heating; the evidence for production of harmful biolo;;ical effects is ambiguous and unproven. Such effects, if
they exist, have been referred to as "non-thermal" effe;cts. A number of reports have appeared in the scientific
literature describing the observation of a range of bioJ ogical effects resulting from exposure to low-levels of RF
energy. Howev_er, in most cases, further experimental research has been unable to reproduce these effects.
Furthermore, since much of the research is not done ��n whole bodies (in vivo), there has been no determination
that such effects constitute a human health hazard. It is generally agreed that further research is needed to
determine the generality of such effects and their pos:;ible relevance, if any, to human health. In the meantime,
standards-setting organizations and government agen�;ies continue to monitor the latest experimental findings tc
confirm their validity and determine whether changes in safety limits are needed to protect human health. Back
to Index
1 �2 8
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -
WiMAX Attachment 5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Micrawave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that
provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. Th � current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 MbitJs
�1��2� with the IEEE 802.16m update expected offe�` up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. (WiMAX is based on
the IEEE 802.16 standard, also called Broadband �%Jireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created
by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of
the standard. The forum describes WiMAX�3� as "�. standards-based technology enabling the delivery of
last mile wireless broadband access as an alternati� e to cable and DSL".�
---------------- -,
__ __
�,
Contents . ` `�� � -�
_ +� �
i ■ 1 Terminology � � � � �
� ■ 2 Uses ' '
� ■ 2.1 Broadband
� . 2.2 Back-haul '
�
I . 2.3 Triple-play
' ■ 2.4 Rapid deployment
I
■ 3 Connecting to WiMAX
■ 3.1 WiMAX Gateways WiMAX base station equipment
' ■ 3.2 WiMAX Dongles with a sector antenna and wireless
■ 3.3 WiMAX Mobiles modem on top
■ 4 Technical information ___ ---- __ _- ._ ___
■ 4.1 WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 Standard
■ 4.2 Physical layer
. 4.3 MAC (data link) layer
� ■ 4.4 Deployment
■ 4.5 Integration with an IP-based netw �rk
■ 4.6 Spectrum allocation - �
� ■ 4.7 Spectral efficiency
_ -- - -_ _. _ - -
_ _ __ --
■ 4.8 Inherent Limitations
� ■ 4.9 Silicon implementations
■ 4.10 Comparison with Wi-Fi A pre-WiMAX CPE of a 26 km
� ■ 5 Conformance testing (16 mi) connection mounted
i ■ 6 Associations 13 metres (43 ft) above the ground
■ 6.1 WiMAX Forum (2004, Lithuania).
- _ _ ___ -_ _ ._ _ _
I ■ 6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliar. ce
■ 7 Competing technologies
■ 7.1 Harmonization
■ 7.2 Comparison
■ 8 Future development
■ 9Interference
■ 10 Deployments
; ■ 11 See also
1 �
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 15
� �
I, ■ I2 References
■ 13 External links
Terminology
WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations o P the IEEE 802.16 wireless-networks standard
(ratified by the WiMAX Fonun), in similarity with Wi-Fi, which refers to interoperable implementations
of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard (ratified by the Wi-Fi Alliance). The WiMAX Forum
certification allows vendors to sell their equipment as WiMAX (Fixed or Mobile) certified, thus
ensuring a level of interoperability with other certii ied products, as long as they fit the same profile.
The IEEE 802.16 standard forms the basis of'Wi1VAX' and is sometimes referred to colloquially as
"WiMAX", "Fixed WiMAX", "Mobile WiMAX", '802.16d" and "802.16e."� Clarification of the
formal names are as follow:
■ 802.16-2004 is also known as 802.16d, which refers to the working party that has developed that
standard. It is sometimes referred to as "Fixed WiMAX," since it has no support for mobility.
■ 802.16e-2005, often abbreviated to 802.16e, is an amendment to 802.16-2004. It introduced
support for mobility, among other things anc is therefore also known as "Mobile WiMAX".
Mobile WiMAX is the WiMAX incarnation that h��s the most commercial interest to date and is being
actively deployed in many countries. Mobile WiM�X is also the basis of future revisions of WiMAX.
As such, references to and comparisons with "WiN[AX" in this Wikipedia article mean "Mobile
WiMAX". �
Uses
The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suit�ble for the following potential applications:
■ Providing portable mobile broadband connec;tivity across cities and countries through a variety of
devices.
■ Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile" broadband access.
■ Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) ;�nd IPTV services (triple play).
--- _ --
■__Providing_a_source of Internet connectivity__as part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a
_ --- -- -- __ _
business has both a fixed and a wireless Inte:net connection, especially from unrelated providers,
it is less likely to be affected by the same service outage.
■ Providing a network to facilitate machine to machine communications, such as for Smart
Metering.
Broadband
Companies are deploying WiMAX to provide mo�ile broadband or at-home broadband connectivity
across whole cities or countries. In many cases thi� has resulted in competition in markets which
typically only had access to broadband through an existing incumbent DSL (or alike) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low cost to deplcy a WiMAX network (in comparison to GSM, DSL
or Fiber-Optic), it is now possible to provide broac band in places where it may have not been
economically viable.
1-30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 3 of 15
Back
WiMAX is a possible replacement candidate for ce �lular phone technologies such as GSM and CDMA,
or can be used as an overlay to increase capacity. F ixed WiMAX is also considered as a wireless
backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks in both developed and poor nations.�
In North America, backhaul for urban cellular oper�tions is typically provided via one or more copper
wire line T1 connections, whereas remote cellular c�perations are sometimes backhauled via satellite. In
most other regions, urban and rural backhaul is usu�lly provided by microwave links. (The exception to
this is where the network is operated by an incumb�;nt with ready access to the copper network, in which
case T1 lines may be used). WiMAX is a broadban3 platform and as such has much more substantial
backhaul bandwidth requirements than legacy cellu lar applications. Therefore, traditional copper wire
line backhaul solutions are not appropriate. Consequently the use of wireless microwave backhaul is on
the rise in North America and existing microwave l�ackhaul links in all regions are being upgraded.�
Capacities of between 34 Mbit/s and 1 Gbitls�ciration needed] �.e routinely being deployed with latencies
in the order of 1 ms. In many cases, operators are a�gregating sites using wireless technology and then
presenting traffic on to fiber networks where convenient.
Triple
WiMAX supports the technologies that make triple-play service ofFerings possible (such as Quality of
Service and Multicasting).
As a result, it is possible for a WiMAX operator to not only provide high-speed broadband internet
access, but also VoIP and IPTV services to custom�rs with relative ease. This enables a WiMAX service
to be a replacement for DSL, Cable and Telephony services.
On May 7, 2008 in the United States, Sprint Nexte:, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time
Warner announced a pooling of an average of 120 VIHz of spectrum and merged with Clearwire to form
a company which will take the name Clear. The ne w company hopes to benefit from combined services
offerings and network resources as a springboard past its competitors. The cable companies will provide
media services to other partners while gaining access to th� wireless network as a Mobile virtual
network operator to provide triple-play services.
S ome analysts have questione ho the deal will v�ork ou Althou fixed- mobile conv ergenc e ha
been a recognized factor in the industry, prior atter.ipts to form partnersfiips among wireless and cable
companies have generally failed to lead to signific��nt benefits to the participants. Other analysts point
out that as wireless progresses to higher bandwidth, it inevitably competes more directly with cable and
DSL, thrusting competitors into bed together. Also, as wireless broadband networks grow denser and
usage habits shift, the need for increased backhaul and media service will accelerate, therefore the
opportunity to leverage cable assets is expected to increase.
Rapid deployment
■ WiMAX access was used to assist with comnunications in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami in
December 2004. All communication infrastructure in the area, other than amateur radio, was
destroyed, making the survivors unable to cc�mmunicate with people outside the disaster area and
vice versa. WiMAX provided broadband acc ess that helped regenerate communication to and �
from Aceh.
1-31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 4 of 15
■ WiMAX was donated by Intel Corporation tc� assist the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) and FEMA in their communications efforts in the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina.� In
practice, volunteers used mainly self-healing mesh, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), and a
satellite uplink combined with Wi-Fi on the local link.�
Connecting to Wi�VIAX
There aze numerous devices on the market that pro vide connectivity to a �-----_------ .__. _.__._____.. ____ _.
WiMAX network. These are known as the "subscriber unit" (SU).
L _,
There is an increasing focus on portable units, this includes handsets
(similar to cellular smartphones), PC peripherals (F'C Cards or USB
dongles), and embedded devices in laptops, which �re now available for
Wi-Fi services. In addition, there is much emphasi:; from operators on
consumer electronics devices such as Gaming consoles, MP3 players ',-:
'� .
and similar devices. It is notable that WiMAX is more similar to Wi-Fi �
than to 3 G cellular technologies. __
:_,_
The WiMAX Forum website provides a list of cert.fied devices. __
However, this is not a complete list of devices available as certified A WiMAX Gateway which
modules are embedded into laptops, MIDs (Mobile internet devices), provides VoIP, Ethernet and
and other private labeled devices. WiFi connectivity
WiMAX Gateways
WiMAX gateway devices are available as both indoor and outdoor �
versions from several manufacturers. Many of the �NiMAX gateways - �!,.
that are offered by manufactures such as ZyXEL, rZotorola and �� �'' �
Greenpacket are stand-alone self-install indoor uni�:s. Such devices � ,��'�
typically sit near the customer's window with the best WiMAX signal, ; �
_— -_
and provide:
A WiMAX USB modem for
■ An integrated Wi-Fi access point to provide the WiMAX Internet mobile internet
connectivity to multiple devices throughout �:he home or business.
--- -■-Ethernet ports-should-you wish-to connect directly-to-your-computer-or-D-V-R instead.------- ---- --- -
■ One or two PSTN telephone jacks to connec: your land-line phone and take advantage of VoIP.
Indoor gateways are convenient, but radio losses rr�ean that the subscriber may need to be significantly
closer to the WiMAX base station than with profe�sionally-installed external units.
Outdoor units axe roughly the size of a laptop PC, �ind their installation is comparable to the installation
of a residential satellite dish. A higher-gain directi�>nal outdoor unit will generally result in greatly
increased range and throughput but with the obvio�zs loss of practical mobility of the unit.
WiMAX Dongles
There are a variety of USB dongles on the market ��vhich provide connectivity to a WiMAX network.
Generally these devices are connected to a noteboc�k or netbook whilst on the go. Dongles typically have
omnidirectional antennae which are of lower-gain �ompared to other devices, as such these devices are
best used in areas of good coverage.
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 5 of 15
WiMAX Mobiles
HTC announced the first WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the Ma�c 4G, on Nov 12th 2008. [ 11 ] The
device was only available to certain markets in Ru:;sia on the Yota network.
HTC released the second WiMAX enabled mobile phone, the EVO 4G, March 23, 2010 at the CTIA
conference in Las Vegas. The device made available on June 4, 2010� is capable of both EV-DO(3G)
and WiMax(4G) as well as simultaneous data & vc ice sessions. The device also has a front-facing
camera enabling the use of video conversations. � 13 � A number of WiMAX Mobiles are expected to hit
the US market in 2010.�
Technical information
WiMAX and the IEEE 802.16 Standard -- -
The current WiMAX revision is based upon IEEE .�td 802.16e-
2005,� approved in December 2005. It is a suppl�ment to the
IEEE Std 802.16-2004,L and so the actual standard is 802.16-
2004 as amended by 802.16e-2005. Thus, these spE:cifications
need to be considered together.
IEEE 802.16e-2045 improves upon IEEE 802.16-2004 by:
■ Adding support for mobility (soft and hard h�ndover Illustration of a WiMAX MIMO
between base stations). This is seen as one o:'the most board
important aspects of 802.16e-2005, and is th�; very basis
of Mobile WiMAX. ,
■ Scaling of the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the channel bandwidth in order to keep the carrier
spacing constant across different channel bar�dwidths (typically 1.25 NIHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz or
20 MHz). Constant carrier spacing results in a higher spectrum efficiency in wide channels, and a
cost reduction in narrow channels. Also kno�vn as Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA). Other bands not
multiples of 1.25 MHz are defined in the staiidard, but because the allowed FFT subcarrier
numbers are only 128, 512, 1024 and 2048, c�ther frequency bands will not have exactly the same
- -- - - — -- carrier-spacing,-which-might not= be- optimal-i or-implementations. - ---- -
■ Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request (HARQ)
■ Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and NIIM � technology
■ Denser sub-channelization, thereby improvir. g indoor penetration
■ Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)
■ Introducing downlink sub-channelization, allowing administrators to trade coverage for capacity
or vice versa
■ Fast Fourier transform algorithm
■�Adding an extra QoS class for VoIP applicat.ons.
SOFDMA (used in 802.16e-2005) and OFDM256 i"802.16d) are not compatible thus equipment will
have to be replaced if an operator is to move to the later standard (e.g., Fixed WiMAX to Mobile
WiMAX).
Physical layer
1-33
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 6 of 15
The original version of the standard on which WiN[AX is based (IEEE 802.16) specified a physical layer
operating in the 10 to 66 GHz range. 802.16a, upd� ted in 2004 to 802.16-2004, added specifications for
the 2 to 11 GHz range. 802.16-2004 was updated by 802.16e-2005 in 2005 and uses scalable orthogonal
frequency-division multiple access (SOFDMA) as �pposed to the fixed orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDIVn version with 256 sub-carriei s(of which 200 are used) in 802.16d. More advanced
versions, including 802.16e, also bring multiple an:enna support through MIMO (See WiMAX MIMO).
This brings potential benefits in terms of coverage, self installation, power consumption, frequency re-
use and bandwidth efficiency.
MAC (data link) layer
The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only
once for initial entry into the network. After netwo rk entry is allowed, the subscriber station is allocated
an access slot by the base station. The time slot car. enlarge and contract, but remains assigned to the
subscriber station, which means that other subscribers cannot use it. In addition to being stable under
overload and over-subscription, the scheduling alg��rithm can also be more bandwidth efficient. The
scheduling algorithm also allows the base station tc� control Quality of service (QoS) parameters by
balancing the time-slot assignments among the ap� lication needs of the subscriber stations.
Deployment .
As a standard intended to satisfy needs of next-generation data networks (4G), WiMAX is distinguished
by its dynamic burst algorithm modulation adaptiv� to the physical environment the RF signal travels
through. Modulation is chosen to be more spectrally efficient (more bits per OFDM/SOFDMA symbol).
That is, when the bursts have a high signal strengtY� and a carrier to noise plus interference ratio (CINR),
they can be more easily decoded using digital sign,il processing (DSP). In contrast, operating in less
favorable environments for RF communication, thf; system automatically steps down to a more robust
mode (burst profile) which means fewer bits per O FDM/SOFDMA symbol; with the advantage that
power per bit is higher and therefore simpler accur �te signal processing can be performed.
Burst profiles are used inverse (algorithmically dy�iamic) to low signal attenuation; meaning throughput
between clients and the base station is determined _argely by distance. Maximum distance is achieved by
the use of the most robust burst setting; that is, the profile with the largest MAC frame allocation trade-
off requiring more symbols (a larger portion of the MAC frame) to be allocated in transmitting a given
- amount of data thari if tlie client were to base ---- - -- --- ----
The client's MAC frame and their individual burst profiles are defined as well as the specific time
allocation. However, even if this is done automatically then the practical deployment should avoid high
interference and multipath environments. The reas��n for which is obviously that too much interference
causes the network function poorly and can also misrepresent the capability of the network.
The system is complex to deploy as it is necessary to track not only the signal strength and CINR (as in
systems like GSM) but also how the available frequencies will be dynamically assigned (resulting in
dynamic changes to the available bandwidth.) Thi� could lead to cluttered frequencies with slow
response times or lost frames.
As a result the system has to be initially designed in consensus with the base station product team to
accurately project frequency use, interference, and general product functionality.
Integration with an IP-based network
1-34
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 7 of 15
The WiMAX Forum has proposed an architecture that defines how a WiMAX network can be connected
with an IP based core network, which is typically chosen by operators that serve as Internet Service
Providers (ISP); Nevertheless the WiMAX BS pro•ride seamless integration capabilities with other types
of architectures as with packet switched Mobile Ne tworks.
The WiMAX forum proposal defines a number of �;omponents, plus some of the interconnections (or
reference points) between these, labeled R1 to RS <<nd R8:
■ SS/MS: the Subscriber Station/Mobile Station
■ ASN: the Access Service Network�
■ BS: Base station, part of the ASN
■ ASN-GW: the ASN Gateway, part of the ASN
■ CSN: the Connectivity Service Network
■ HA: Home Agent, part of the CSN
■ AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Ac �ounting Server, part of the CSN
■ NAP: a Network Access Provider
■ NSP: a Network Service Provider
It is important to note that the functional architecture can be designed into various hardware
configurations rather than fixed configurations. Fo�• example, the architeciure is flexible enough to allow
remote/mobile stations of varying scale and functic�nality and Base Stations of varying size - e.g. femto,
pico, and mini BS as well as macros.
Spectrum allocation
There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for V�iMAX, however the WiMAX Forum has published
three licensed spectrum profiles: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GH:: and 3.5 GHz, in an effort to drive standardisation
and decrease cost.
In the USA, the biggest segment available is aroun3 2.5 GHz,� and is already assigned, primarily to
Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the wor: d, the most-likely bands used will be the Forum
approved ones, with 2.3 GHz probably being most important in Asia. Some countries in Asia like India
and Indonesia will use a mix of 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and other frequencies. Pakistan's Wateen Telecom
uses 3.5 GHz.
Analog TV bands (700 MHz) may become available for WiMAX usage, but await the complete roll out
of digital TV, and there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum. In the USA the FCC auction for �
this spectrum began in January 2008 and, as a resu�t, the biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon
Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T.� Both of these companies have stated their intention of
supporting LTE, a technology which competes dirf:ctly with WiMAX. EU commissioner Viviane
Reding has suggested re-allocation of 500-800 MFiz spectrum for wireless communication, including
WiMAX. [20]
WiMAX profiles. define channel size, TDD/FDD and other necessary attributes in order to have inter-
operating products. The current fixed prof les are c efined for both TDD and FDD profiles. At this point,
a11 of the mobile profiles are TDD only. The fixed profiles have channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz,
7 MHz and 10 MHz. The mobile profiles are 5 M�[z, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz. (Note: the 802.16 standard
allows a far wider variety of channels, but only the above subsets are supported as WiMAX profiles.)
1-35
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 8 of 15
Since October 2007, the Ra.dio communication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU-R) has decided to include WiMAX technology in the IMT-2000 set of standards.� This enables
spectrum owners (specifically in the 2.5-2.69 GHz band at this stage) to use WiMAX equipment in any
country that recognizes the IMT-2000.
Spectral efficiency
One of the significant advantages of advanced wire less systems such as WiMAX is spectral efficiency.
For example, 802.16-2004 (fixed) has a spectral efj-iciency of 3.7 (bitls)/Hertz, and other 3.5-4G
wireless systems offer spectral efficiencies that are similar to within a few tenths of a percent. The
notable advantage of WiMAX comes from combining SOFDMA with smart antenna technologies. This
multiplies the effective spectral efficiency through multiple reuse and smart network deployment
topologies. The direct use of frequency domain org anization simplifies designs using MIMO-AAS
compazed to CDMA/WCDMA methods, resulting in more effective systems.
Inherent Limitations
A commonly-held misconception is that WiMAX �vill deliver 70 Mbitls over 50 kilometers. Like all
wireless technologies, WiMAX can either operate ;it higher bitrates or over longer distances but not
both: operating at the maximum range of 50 km (3 l miles) increases bit error rate and thus results in a
much lower bitrate. Conversely, reducing the rangE: (to under 1 km) allows a device to operate at higher
bitrates.
A recent city-wide deployment of WiMAX in Pertli, Australia, has demonstrated that customers at the
cell-edge with an indoor CPE typically obtain speeds of around 1� Mbit/s, with users closer to the cell
tower obtaining speeds of up to 30 Mbit/s.
Like all wireless systems, available bandwidth is sliared between users in a given radio sector, so
performance could deteriorate in the case of many �ctive users in a single sector. However, with
adequate capacity planning and the use of WiMA�'s Quality of Service, a minimum guaranteed
throughput for each subscriber can be put in place. In practice, most users will have a range of 4-
8 Mbit/s services and additional radio cards will be added to the base station to increase the number of
users that may be served as required.
Silicon im plementations
A critical requirement for the success of a new tec�inology is the availability of low-cost chipsets and
silicon implementa.tions.
WiMAX has a strong silicon ecosystem with a nuniber of specialized companies producing baseband
ICs and integrated RFICs for implementing full-fe�itured WiMAX Subscriber Stations in the 2.3, 2.5 and
3.SGhz band (refer to'Spectrum allocation' above) It is notable that most of the major semiconductor
companies have not developed WiMAX chipsets of their own and have instead chosen to invest in
and/or utilise the well developed products from smaller specialists or start-up suppliers. These
companies include but not limited to Beceem, Seq�ians and PicoChip. 'The chipsets from these
companies are used in the majority of WiMAX de��ices.
Intel Corporation is a leader in promoting WiMA�:, but has limited its WiMAX chipset development
and instead chosen to invest in these specialized cc�mpanies producing silicon compatible with the
1-36
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 9 of 15
various WiMAX deployments throughout the globe .
Comparison with Wi
Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi aze frequent because both are related to
wireless connectivity and Internet access.
■ WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometers, that uses licensed or unlicensed
spectrum to deliver connect�on to a network, in most cases the Internet.
■ Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide ac;cess to a local network.
■ Wi-Fi is more popular in end user devices.
■ Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's C�;MA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and
contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a cc nnection-oriented MAC.
■ WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different qual .ty of service (QoS) mechanisms:
■ WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user
device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms.
■ Wi-Fi uses contention access - a11 subs �riber stations that wish to pass data through a
wireless access point (AP) are competing for the AP's attention on a random interrupt basis.
This can cause subscriber stations dist�nt from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by closer
stations, greatly reducing their throughput.
■ Both 802.11 and 802.16 define Peer-to-Peer ��P2P) and ad hoc networks, where an end user
communicates to users or servers on another Local Area Network (LAN) using its access point or
base station. However, 802.11 supports also �iirect ad hoc or peer to peer networking between end
user devices without an access point while 8(12.16 end user devices must be in range of the base
station.
Wi-Fi and WiMAX are complementary. WiMAX r.etwork operators typically provide a WiMAX
Subscriber Unit which connects to the metropolitar. WiMAX network and provides Wi-Fi within the
home or business for local devices (e.g., Laptops, �Vi-Fi Handsets, smartphones) for connectivity. This
enables the user to place the WiMAX Subscriber Unit in the best reception area (such as a window), and
still be able to use the WiMAX network from any ��lace within their residence.
Conformance testing
--- TTCN=3 test language for purposes tests-for—
WiMAX implementations. The WiMAX test suite .s being developed by a Specialist Task Force at
ETSI (STF 252).�22� ,
Associations
WiMAX Forum
The WiMAX Forum is a non profit organization formed to promote the adoption of WiMAX compatible
products and services.�
A major role for the organization is to certify the ir_teroperability of WiMAX products.� Those that
pass conformance and interoperability testing achiE;ve the "WiMAX Forum Certified" designation, and
can display this mark on their products and market: ng materials. Some vendors claim that their
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 10 of 15
equipment is "WiMAX-ready", "WiMAX-compliaat", or "pre-WiMAX", if they are not officially
WiMAX Forum Certified.
Another role of the WiMAX Forum is to promote the spread of knowledge about WiMAX. In order to
do so, it has a certified training program that is cun•ently offered in English and French. It also offers a
series of inember events and endorses some indust�y events. ,
WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance
WiSOA was the first global organization composect exclusively of owners of
WiMAX spectrum with plans to deploy WiMAX tf;chnology in those bands. ,. ���
WiSOA focussed on the regulation, commercialisa:ion, and deployment of �'
� `..
WiMAX specirum in the 2.3-2.5 GHz and the 3.4-�3.5 GHz ranges. WiSOA
� : ''
merged with the Wireless Broadband Alliance in Apri12008. �25� � „4x ��/���,�
WiSOA logo
Competing technologies
Within the marketplace, WiMAX's main �,,;, - - ___ __ _ _ _ _
competition comes from existing, widely deployed
wireless systems such as UMTS, CDMA2000, '' �""�'`
existing Wi-Fi and mesh networking. 't
1
�5
In the future, competition will be from the evolution �'���,\
of the major cellular standards to so-called 4G, \ """'�
high-bandwidth, low-latency, all-IP networks with ��,
voice services built on top. The worldwide move tc� �`
4G for GSM/UMTS and AMPS/TIA (including ��`'� _
��, --..� �, �.
CDMA2000) is the 3GPP Long Term Evolution -�--� _°^�
effort. However, it has been noted that the likely 1 �`�� M�Aik�
performance difference between WiMAX as it Speed vs. Mobility of wireless systems: Wi-Fi,
stands today and LTE when it is eventually HSPA, UMTS, GSM
commer cially a vailab le in 2- y ears time, will be - -
- — - — citafion neede ------- ----- - -
---
negligible. - - — --- - ---- --_ _ __
LTE is expected to be ratified at the end of 2010, v��ith commercial implementations becoming viable
within the next two years.. End of 2009 TeliaSonera started commercial deployment in Oslo and
Stockholm, In Denmark the 3 big telecoms are upgrading their network, and will make LTE available
during 2010.
In some areas of the world, the wide availability of UMTS and a general desire for standardization has
meant spectrum has not been allocated for WiMA�:: in July 2005, the EU-wide frequency allocation for
WiMAX was blocked.
Harmonization
Early WirelessMAN standazds, the European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro have
been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no lor.ger seen as competition but as complementary. All
1-38
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 11 of 15
networks now being deployed in South Korea, the :lome of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.
Comparison
Main article: Comparison of wireless data stG ndards
The following table should be treated with caution because it only shows peak rates which are
potentially very misleading. In addition, the comparisons listed are not normalized by physical channel
size (i.e., spectrum used to achieve the listed peak ��ates); this obfuscates spectral efficiency and net
through-put capabilities of the different wireless te�;hnologies listed below.
Comparison of M��bile Internet Access methods ____
Downlink Uplink
� Standard� Family0 Primary UseC Radio Tech''� bit/s bit/s Not�
i �M ) �M �+ )
LTE-Ad`
update e�
to offer p
LTE , UMTS/4GSM General4G OFDMA/NIIMO/SC- 360 ; gp rates of a
FDMA ' Gbit/s fix
speeds ar
Mbit/s to
users.
--- -- -- - � WiMAX
' IEEE 80�
i WiMAX 802.16e Mobile Interne� MIMO-SOFDMA 144 35 expected
to 1 Gbit
speeds.
i Mobile Interne� Mobile r�
Flash-OFDM Flash-OFDM mobility up to Flash-OFDM 10 6 3.6 18miles (
200mph e�ended
(350km/h) 15.9 5.4 34 miles
HIPER1VrANN HIPERMAN Mobile Interne�: OFDM - - 56.9 -- 56.9
Antenna,
front end
enhancen
and mina
2gg•9 I protocol
802.11 (Supports 600Mbps ' �eaks h:
Wi-Fi (11 n) Mobile Interne�: OFDM/MIMO @ 40MHz channel helped de
width) long ran�
I networks
comprorr
radial co�
throughp
� andlor sp
1-39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 12 of 15
efficienc�
� (310km 1
3 82km).
Cell Radi
� �12km
' ' , Speed: 2:
� p
� iBurst 802.20 Mobile Internet SDMA/TDD/MIMO � 95 36 I S ectral
Efficienc
� I � ! � bits/s/Hz,
�
� � Spectrurr
Factor: "
EDGE Evo lution GSM Mo bile Int ernet TD MA/FDD 1.9 0.9 3GPP Re
i - -- -- -- -- --- --- HSDPA �
deployed
UMTS W- Typical c
CDMA CDMA/FDD 0.384 0.384 rates tod�
HSDPA+HSUPA UMTS/3GSM General 3G 14.4 5.76 Mbit/s, �
HSPA+ CDMA/FDD/NIIMO 56 22 kbitls up]
HSPA+
downlink
56 Mbitl:
Reported
accordin�
IPWirele
UMTS-TDD UMTS/3GSM Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16 16QAM
modulati�
� � similar tc
� � � � HSDPA�
----- -- --- -- - --- — —�---- ----
1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 0.144 Succeede
EV-DO
EV- Rev B nc
DO lx Rev. 0 2.4 0.1 the num�
-- - ---- ----
- EV= — — CDMA2000 Mo - i e Tnternet - D - - - DD — — .- - - : - 1:25 - 1VIH -- -
DO lx Rev.A 4.9xN 1.8�cN chunks o
EV-DO Rev.B spectrum
Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and w: ll vary by a number of factors, including the use of
external antennae, distance from the tower and the ;round speed (e.g. communications on a train may be
poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandvridth is shared between several terminals. The
performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral
efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, an�i the amount of spectrum available. For more
information, see Comparison of wireless data stanc�ards. See also Comparison of mobile phone
standards, Spectral efficiency comparison table anc OFDM system comparison table.
Future development
The IEEE 802.16m [1] standard is the core technol��gy for the proposed WiMAX Release 2, which
1 �
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 13 of 15
enables more efficient, faster, and more converged data. communications. The IEEE 802.16m standazd
has been submitted to the ITU for IMT-Advanced :�tandardization� IEEE 802.16m is one of the major
candidates for IMT-Advanced technologies by ITL . Among many enhancements, IEEE 802.16m
systems can provide four times faster data speed th�.ri the current WiMAX Release 1 based on IEEE
802.16e technology.
WiMAX Release 2 will provide strong backward c �mpatibility with Release 1 solutions. It will allow
current WiMAX operators to migrate their Release 1 solutions to Release 2 by upgrading channel cards
or software of their systems. Also, the subscribers ��vho use currently available WiMAX devices can
communicate with new WiMAX Release 2 system;; without difficulty.
It is anticipated that in a practical deployment, using 4X2 MIMO in the urban microcell scenario with
only a single 20-MHz TDD channel available system wide, the 802.16m system can support both
120 Mbit/s downlink and 60 Mbitls uplink per site simultaneously. It is expected that the WiMAX
Release 2 will be available commercially in the 20 _ 1-2012 timeframe. �
The goal for the �ong-term evolution of WiMAX is to achieve 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbitls fixed-
nomadic bandwidth as set by ITU for 4G NGMN (�1ext Generation Mobile Network).
Interference �
A field test conducted by SUIRG (Satellite Users I�iterference Reduction Group) with support from the
U.S. Navy, the Global VSAT Forum, and several niember organizations yielded results showing
interference at 12 km when using the same channels for both the WiMAX systems and satellites in C-
band.� The WiMAX Forum has yet to respond.
Deployments
Main article: List of deployed WiMAX networ �s
As of Apri12010, the WiMAX Forum claims there are over 558 WiMAX (fixed and mobile) networks
deployed in over 147 countries.�
Yota is the largest WiMAX network operator in thf: world� but has announced that it will move new
— — --- -----
---- _ __
network deployments to LTE, and subsequently ch�nge its existing networks also.�
See also
■ Evolved HSPA
. High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA)
■ List of deployed WiMAX networks
■ Mobile broadband
■ Mobile VoIP
■ Municipal broadband
■ Packet Burst Broadband (PBB)
■ Switched mesh
■ Wireless bridge � �
■ Wireless local loop �
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 14 of 15
References
1. ^"Mobile WiMAX Speed Test Results in Perth, �lustralia - 1 to 37 Mbps, 12mbps Average".
http://forums.whirlpool.net.au/forum-replies.cfin?t=1418240. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
2. ^"Speeding Up WiM�, Today the initial WiMa.�: system is designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit per second
data rates.". http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/c��mmunity/features/interviews/blog/speeding-up-wimax/?
cs=40726. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
3. ^"Facts About WiMAX And Why Is It "The Futi�re of Wireless Broadband"".
http://www.techpluto.com/wimax-in-detail/.
4. ^"WiMax Forum - Technology". http://www.winiaxforum.org/technology/. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
5. ^"IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN Standard: Myths �nd Facts". ieee802.org.
http://www.ieee802.org/16/docs/06/C80216-06_0�7rl.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
6. ^"Sprint Eyes WiMax Backhaul". lightreading.cc�m. http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?
doc id=104349. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
7. ^"WiMax signals get stronger in India". eetimes.�;om.
http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206901605. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
8. ^"Overcoming the wire-line bottleneck for 3G w reless services". supercommnews.com.
http://supercommnews.com/wireless/features/wire:line wireless networks 060305/. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
9. ^"FCC Pushes WIMax OK for Katrina Victims, : ntel supplies the hardware". mobilemag.com.
http://www.mobilemag.com/content/100/102/C4618/. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
10. ^°Volunteers use mesh, wimax, wi-fi, in katrina- lit regions". wifinetnews.com.
http://wifinetnews.com/archives/2005/10/voluntee rs use_mesh wimaac wi-fi_in katrina-hit regions.html.
Retrieved 2009-03-31.
11. ^ http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=76204&lang=1033
12. ^ http://newsreleases.sprint.com/phoenix.zhtml?c°=127149&p=irol-
newsArticle Print newsroom&ID=1426178&hig ilight=
13. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/03/23/htc-evo-� g-is-sprints-android-powered-knight-in-superphone-armo/
14. ^ http://www.eetimes.com/news/latesdshowArtic:e.jhtml?articleID=224201135
15. ^"IEEE 802.16e Task Group (Mobile WirelessMAN)". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tge/.
Retrieved 2008-03-12.
16. ^"IEEE 802.16 Task Group d". ieee802.org. http://www.ieee802.org/16/tgd/. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
17. ^"The Access Service Network in WiMAX: The Role of ASN-GW". mustafaergen.com.
http://www.mustafaergen.com/asn-gw.pdf. Retrie red 2008-03-12.
18. ^"U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart". Department of Commerce.
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
19. ^"Auctions Schedule". Federal Communications Commission. http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/default.htm?
job=auctions sched. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
20. ^"European Commission proposes TV spectrum for WiMax". zdnetasia.com.
_ http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications�0,39044192,62021021,00.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-08__ _
--- -- _ __ _- -
21. ^"ITU Radiocommunication Assembly approves new developments for its 3G standards". itu.int.
http://www.itu.int/newsroom/press_releases/2007'30.htm1. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
22. ^"HiperMAN / WiMAX Testing". ETSI. http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/technologies/HiperMAN-
WiMAXTesting.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
23. ^"WiMAX Forum Overview". http://www.wima�forum.org/about. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
24. ^"WiMAX Forum - Frequently Asked Questioiis". wimaxforum.org.
http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/faq. Ret�ieved 2008-03-12.
25. ^"WBA and WiSOA join efforts on WiMAX global roaming".
http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2008/04/24/wba-ar�d-wisoa join-efforts-on-wimax-global-roaming. Retrieved
2008-12-10.
26. ^"802.16m submitted to ITU for IMT-Advanced standardization".
http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/news/index.html?WT.mc id=hpn_newsroomu. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
27. ^"Global WiMAX network deployments surpass 500". http://www.wimaxforum.org/node/1724. Retrieved
2009-10-18.
28. ^"SUIRG full interference test report". suirg.org.
http://www.suirg.org/pdf/SUIRG_WiMaxFieldTestReport.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
29. ^ http://www.wimaxforum.org/
1-42
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
WiMAX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 15 of 15
30. ^ Maravedis, 4Q 2009, http://www.unova.ru/article/2631, http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?
DocsID=1310343
31. ^ Russia Today, 21 May 2010 - Scartel dropping Wimax, aiming for LTE - RT -[rt.com/Business/2010-OS-
21 /scartel-dropping-wimax-lte.html]
■ K. Fazel and S. Kaiser, Multi-Carrier and S��read Spectrum Systems: From OFDMand MC-
CDMA to LTE and WiMAX, 2nd Edition, Jor�n Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-99821-2
■ M. Ergen, Mobile Broadband - Including WiMAX and LTE, Springer, NY, 2009 ISBN 978-0-387-
68189-4
Egternal links
. w�Max Fo�
■ How WiMAX Works at HowStuffWorks
■ Intemet Protocol Journal Overview of Mobil � WiMAX
■ Patent alliance formed for WiMAX 4G techr.ology
■ WiMAX.com
■ WiMAX vs. LTE
� -- --�� -- --- ---- ----
i Intern access ----------- -_�- -----'
� Wired Wireless
� Network Unlicensed � �
� �3'pe O tical Coaxial Twisted Phone lin e Power terrestrial Licensed I Satellite
i P cable pair line bands terrestrial bands i
— --- ---,
Wi-Fi �
Bluetooth • '
HomePN�, '
LAN Ethernet G.hn Ethernet . G � G.hn DECT • '
Wireless ;
USB i
GPRS • iBurst • � I
PON • Dial-up • WiBro/WiMAX • '
w � Ethernet DOCSIS Ethernet ISDN • BPL Muni Wi-Fi UMTS-TDD, Satellite �
DSL HSPA • EVDO •
- -� -- -- - - - - -- - --- ----_ ILT�_---- --- - � -- --- -
, -
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi1VL�X"
Categories: IEEE 802 � Wireless networking � Metr��politan area networks � Ethernet � Network access
■ This page was last modified on 8 July 2010 at 16:47.
■ Text is available under the Creative Commor�s Attribution-ShaxeAlike License; additional terms
may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia� is a registered trademark of the 'JVikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
■ Privacy policy
■ About Wikipedia -
■ Disclaimers
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX 7/8/2010
Attachment 6
County of Santa Clara �
Office of the Sl�eriff �
, �:�;.
,�:
$� �Vf°St YOI.l11�Cr A\'E'Ilt�l' "' ,•`� ` -
Sen IpSC'. Cal]YOnlia 951 I 0-1721
(-10S) SOS-
Lauric• Sniitli
�heriif
June 23, 2010
� Rick Kitson �
City of Cupertino
10300 Torre Ave.
Cupertino, Ca. 95014
Dear Rick,
Recently I had been requested to respond to any concerns or needs relating to Public Safety
services, and needs that the Sheriff s Office ma:� have for cell phone services in the City of
eupertino.
The SherifPs Office provides the Public Safety services to the city of Cupertino. One of the
tools used by the SherifPs Office is the Mobil L�ata Terminals in the vehicles, as well as cell
phones. The MDTs in the vehicle rely upon cell service in order to have a connection, and keep
a connection while on patrol in the city. The deputies also use their cell phones to communicate
from time to time. We have noticed that there are several areas within the city limits of
Cupertino that we do not l�ave good cell service. When the cell service fails, it causes the MDT
in the vehicle to shut down. This creates and service problem for the deputy working in that
area, or passing through that area. He/She then has to wait until they are back in an area where
there is good cell service before they can use the; MDT in the vehicle, or their cell phone to
communicate with dispatch. It becomes frustrating to the deputies to contiilue to lose cell service
and continually have to restart their systems. C�zpertino's coverage is re(atively good, but there
are several areas where cell service becomes a� roblem.
______________ ___ The Sheriff's Office would strongly support an�� additional cell towers that could be placed in the_____
city of Cupertino to improve those areas that lack coverage. This would help assure that deputies
remain connected in order to provide service obligations to the city. The additional cell coverage
will help to increase officer safety by not losing access to MDTs and cell phones. It would also
assist when we have to set up an Incident Comn�and Post to monitor and run an incident. When
in an area with little to no cell service, commun.cation for an incident becomes critical and no
service puts residents and law enforcement pers�nnel at risk.
Sincerely, �
�—�� /36 �
� r
Captain Terry Calderone
West Valley Division Commander
�
6 UOB
1-44
` Attachment 7
-----Original Message-----
From: Traci Caton �
Sent: Wednesday, ]uly 14, 2010 6:16 PM
To: 'Claire Arnold'
Cc: Colin ]ung
• Subject: RE: Wimax
Hi Ms. Arnold,
Thank.you for your e-mail. Please find attached the original approval for the project of
interest.
The decision of the Community Development Director is being appealed by a resident in the
neighborhood. The appeal hearings are scheduled as follows:
Planning Commission Tuesday, July 27, 2010 �
City Council Tuesday, August 3, 2010
Please let me know if you have any further questions.
Sincerely,
�Traci Caton
408.777.3253
Community Development ' �
City of Cupertino
-----Origina� Message-----
From: Claire Arnold [mailto:ClaireA_2006@hotmail.com]
Sent: Wednesday, July 14, 2010 8:41 AM
To: City of Cupertino Planning Dept.
Subject: Wimax
Hi,
I am a resident near Hyde middle�school and have had a letter dropped into my mailbox last
night that I would like some clarification on. .
____ Zh�_letter_states a WiMax_Tower is going_up_on the corner_of Bollinger and_Miller on Church_
property. I got the report from the church that reported on various bands of radiation that
' seem very innocuous. However, when my husband looked up WiMax, it seemed different than those
listed in the report. Could you please verify what exactly the tower will be putting out, the
radiation in the report or, something slightly different not stated in the report?
Thanks,
Claire Arnold
898 Hyde Avenue
Cupertino
1-45
Beth Ebben
From: Gary Chao
Sent: Wednesday, July 21, 2010 9:1�i AM �
To: Beth Ebben
Subject: FW: Planning public input
From: Pkot@aol.com [mailto:Pkot@aol.com]
Sent: Friday, July 16, 2010 10:05 PM
To: Piu Ghosh
Cc: Gary Chao
Subject: Planning public input
Hi Piu
I see that the City is soliciting public input on its planning p��ocess. I have 2 suggestions:
1. Make the bldg permits more readable as underwriters at BofA cannot read a bldg permit. We went thru 2 recent refis,
and BofA just did not understand that our bldg permit WAS final. Maybe add a clearly defined bold block with final date
and signature and remove the bottom small reference to firials as that is misleading.
2. The planning process really needs to come into the 21st century and consider safety of technological developments
going on in the city. I am particularly concerned with the placement of Wimax towers near ANY residential homes. WiMax
is NOT a cell tower. It emits 20 watts and that is HUGE. 1he cell companies are giving financial incentives to churches
to allow a Wimax to be placed on their roofs and the radiat on emitted is NOT safe. My understanding is that planning
really doesn't care (as long as its not ugly). Need to bring n some knowledge to the staff on this Wimax stuff as its way
more radiation than a cell tower. Maybe add something to the environmental impact to address radiation safety.
thanks
Pat Kot
i
1-46
Beth Ebben
From: Traci Caton on behalf of City c�f Cupertino Planning Dept.
Sent: Monday, July 19, 2010 9:24 AM
To: Colin Jung; Gary Chao
Cc: Beth Ebben; Aarti Shrivastava
Subject: FW: Objection to installing WilJlax Radio tower at 6191 Bollinger Rd, Application NO
DIR-2010-05
fyi
From: Xin Guo [mailto:xin.guo08@gmail.com]
Sent: Saturday, July 17, 2010 4:09 PM
To: City of Cupertino Planning Dept.
�Subject: Objection to installing WiMax Radio tower at 61!�1 Bollinger Rd, Application NO DIR-2010-05
City of Cupertino,
I am writing regarding to the matter of Application N� DIR-2010-OS that proposing installing of WiMax radio
tower at 6101 Bollinger Rd. I won't be able to make i�: to the pulic hearing so I want my opinion being counted.
I am very concerned with long term health effect of s,zch a high power radio tower being installed in such a
� densely populated area. My house is less than 200 yat d from it. Without an unbiased long term health study
showing that it is safe to do so, I strongly object the plan to install such tower.
Regards,
Xin Guo
Resident at 6105 Castleknoll Drive, San Jose, CA 95l 29.
1-�4 7